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    WAVES

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    adam_lane_18
    Mechanical waves are periodic disturbances that require a medium for propagation and include sound and water waves. Sound waves are important for sonar and propagate through a medium by wave motion. Sonar uses transmitted and reflected underwater sound waves to detect objects. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, gamma rays, microwaves, infrared, X-rays, and more, and they differ from mechanical waves in their frequencies, mediums, and velocities of propagation.

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    WAVES

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    adam_lane_18
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    Mechanical waves are periodic disturbances that require a medium for propagation and include sound and water waves. Sound waves are important for sonar and propagate through a medium by wave motion. Sonar uses transmitted and reflected underwater sound waves to detect objects. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, gamma rays, microwaves, infrared, X-rays, and more, and they differ from mechanical waves in their frequencies, mediums, and velocities of propagation.

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    Mechanical waves are periodic disturbances that require a medium for propagation and include sound and water waves. Sound waves are important for sonar and propagate through a medium by wave motion. Sonar uses transmitted and reflected underwater sound waves to detect objects. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, gamma rays, microwaves, infrared, X-rays, and more, and they differ from mechanical waves in their frequencies, mediums, and velocities of propagation.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    36 views6 pages

    WAVES

    Uploaded by

    adam_lane_18
    Mechanical waves are periodic disturbances that require a medium for propagation and include sound and water waves. Sound waves are important for sonar and propagate through a medium by wave motion. Sonar uses transmitted and reflected underwater sound waves to detect objects. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, gamma rays, microwaves, infrared, X-rays, and more, and they differ from mechanical waves in their frequencies, mediums, and velocities of propagation.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    WAVES

    Mechanical Waves
    A mechanical wave is a periodic disturbance, which requires a material state (solid, liquid or
    gas) for its propagation. These waves are also known as elastic waves because their
    propagation depends upon the elastic properties of the medium through which they go
    through. Examples for mechanical waves are sound waves and water waves. In these waves,
    the particles of the medium just vibrate backwards and forwards about their mean position.

    Sound waves
    The study of sound is important because of the role sound plays in the depth finding
    equipment (fathometer) and underwater detection equipment (sonar) used by the Navy.

    As you know, sound travels through a medium by wave motion. Although sound waves and
    the electromagnetic waves used in the propagation of radio and radar differ, both types of
    waves have many of the same characteristics. Studying the principles of sound-wave motion
    will help you understand the actions of both sound waves and the more complex radio and
    radar electromagnetic waves. The major differences among sound waves, heat waves, and
    light waves are their frequencies; their types; the mediums through which they travel; and
    the velocities at which they travel.

    Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum so if an alarm clock is put inside a bell jar and
    all of the air is removed, when the alarm starts ringing there will be no sound. This is
    WAVES
    because inside a vacuum there are no air particles to vibrate and create sound

    However, even though people say that outer space is a vacuum, it is not a complete
    vacuum. There are some widely spaced particles floating around but they are not enough to
    be detectable.

    SONAR
    Sonar is a system that uses transmitted and reflected underwater sound waves to detect
    and locate submerged objects or measure the distances underwater. It has been used for
    submarine and mine detection, depth detection, commercial fishing, diving safety and
    communication at sea. The Sonar device will send out a subsurface sound wave and then
    listens for returning echoes, the sound data is relayed to the human operators by a
    loudspeaker or by being displayed on a monitor.

    As early as 1822, Daniel Colloden used an underwater bell to calculate the speed of sound
    underwater in Lake Geneva, Switzerland. This early research led to the invention of
    dedicated sonar devices by other inventors.
    WAVES
    ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
    Radio waves
    The lowest frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, and are used mainly for
    communications.

    Radio waves are divided into:-Long Wave, around 1-2 km in wavelength. The radio station
    "Atlantic 252" broadcasts here. Medium Wave, around 100m in wavelength, used by BBC
    Radio 5 and other "AM" stations.VHF, which stands for "Very High Frequency" and has
    wavelengths of around 2m. This is where you find stereo "FM" radio stations, such as BBC
    Radio 1and Further up the VHF band are civilian aircraft and taxis.UHF stands for "Ultra
    High Frequency", and has wavelengths of less than a metre. It's used for Police radio
    communications, television transmissions and military aircraft radios - although military
    communications are now mostly digital and encrypted.

    Gamma Rays
    Gamma radiation is very high-energy ionizing radiation. Gamma photons have about 10,000
    times as much energy as the photons in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

    Gamma photons have no mass and no electrical charge--they are pure electromagnetic
    energy.

    Because of their high energy, gamma photons travel at the speed of light and can cover
    hundreds to thousands of meters in air before spending their energy. They can pass through
    WAVES
    many kinds of materials, including human tissue. Very dense materials, such as lead, are
    commonly used as shielding to slow or stop gamma photons.

    Their wave lengths are so short that they must be measured in nanometers, billionths of a
    meter. They range from 3/100ths to 3/1,000ths of a nanometer.

    Micro Waves
    Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter
    to as short as one millimetre, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz)
    and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimetre), and various
    sources use different boundaries. In all cases, microwave includes the entire SHF band (3 to
    30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often putting the lower boundary at
    1 GHz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 GHz (3mm).

    Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the


    wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the equipment, so that
    lumped-element circuit theory is inaccurate. As a consequence, practical microwave
    technique tends to move away from the discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors used
    with lower frequency radio waves. Instead, distributed circuit elements and transmission-
    line theory are more useful methods for design and analysis. Open-wire and coaxial
    transmission lines give way to waveguides and stripline, and lumped-element tuned circuits
    are replaced by cavity resonators or resonant lines. Effects of reflection, polarization,
    scattering, diffraction and atmospheric absorption usually associated with visible light are of
    practical significance in the study of microwave propagation. The same equations of
    electromagnetic theory apply at all frequencies.
    WAVES
    Infra-Red
    Infrared radiation (IR) Electromagnetic radiation that produces a sensation of heat emitted
    by hot objects. An example is seen in the glowing wires of a toaster. Intermediate in energy
    between visible light and microwaves, its wavelength range is about 750nm to 1mm. It has
    applications in astronomy, medicine and warfare (for targeting the enemy at night).

    Infrared light is a form of electromagnetic waves. Infrared can be visible light or can be in
    the form of microwaves. In its visible form, infrared can be seen as red or violet. Visible
    infrared waves are very short, measuring about 750 nm in length; longer infrared waves
    which are closest to microwaves are about 1mm in length, about the size of a microbial cell.

    While shorter infrared waves can be seen as colours, as infrared waves get longer they give
    off radiation in the form of heat. Infrared waves are considered to be thermal. For instance,
    the sun gives off infrared wave lengths, your toaster gives off infrared wave lengths and
    even living organisms such as humans, dogs and cats give off thermal heat in the form of
    infrared wave lengths.

    X-Rays
    X-ray energies increase with atomic number; Z. X-rays originate from photon emissions as
    electrons drop back into the K and L shells of atoms. Thus they have characteristic
    wavelengths.

    Hydrogen has the lowest energy X-rays (Ek=13.6 eV) which is the first ionization potential. It
    WAVES
    has one electron in the K-shell.

    The highest energy is about 142 keV, which corresponds to Z=100 (Fermium).

    I hope you enjoyed my presentation 

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