Jimma University, Jimma Institute of Technology, JiT, Civil Engineering department

CHAPTER-1
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS
1.1. INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete slabs are one of structural elements used as floors, roofs and stairs of
building, and deck of bridges etc. The floor system of a structure can take many forms such
as in situ solid slabs, ribbed slabs or precast units. Slabs may span in one direction or in two
directions and they may be supported on monolithic cast reinforced concrete beams, steel
beams, walls and columns or continuously supported on the ground.

Two- way beam supported slabs are composed of rectangular pane where all of the four edge
are supported by beams or walls, (which are considered as stiffs enough to be treated
unyielding), with the long to short ration less than or equal to two. Thus, bending takes place
along both spans resulting in dished surface (double curvature) rather than cylindrical one.

When the grid of column supporting the slabs is square or approximately squire, two-way
action develops. Each rectangular of the grid formed by column centerlines is termed as a
panel .thus, these slabs required reinforcement in two direction to –raven excessive cracking
and to limit deflections.
Generally elastic analysis of these slabs required a three- dimensional approach and is the
most highly indeterminate ones. Hence, several approximations and simplifying assumptions
are used to arrive at approximate Solution of the analysis problems.
Through several procedures, theories and design tables have been developed, in the
subsection to follow a general approximate approach shall be first discussed which shall be a
accompanied by design tables which provided by recent developments of Building Code (ES
EN-2 2, 2015)

For practical design problem, codes provide tables of coefficients for moments and shear
forces obtained from elastic analysis of individual rectangular slab-panel corrected for
redistribution of moments. The coefficients in the tables are given depending on aspect ratios,
⁄ and support conditions of slab panel. These tables may be used for analysis of any
two-way slab system made of a numbers of rectangular slab panels.

Slabs, however, can be analyzed using approximate theories which have proved to be quite
satisfactory for some cases of two-way slab. Rankine-Grashoff’s method is the most

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commonly used theory. This method is suitable for analysis of simply supported two-way
slabs if corners are not held down. This method neglects torsion at corners.

The finite element method (FEM) can be used to analyze slabs of any shape, boundary
condition and subjected to any loading. This method can also account for stiffness of the
supporting beams. This method is extremely useful for slabs with openings and those
subjected to concentrated load.

Two-way slabs can also be analyzed using the ultimate load theory. Johansen’s yield line
theory is the most popular. In this theory, the strength of the slab is assumed to be governed
by flexure alone. The effects of shear and deflection are to be considered separately. It is
assumed that a collapse-mechanism is formed in the slab at failure. The reinforcing steel is
assumed to have fully yielded along the yield lines or cracks at failure. Then, analysis of slab
is made using either equilibrium or virtual-work method on assumed yield lines of slab.

1.1.1. Elastic Analysis of Plates

The theory of elasticity such as the one by Timoshenko and Krieger contain exact solutions
for two-way slabs. The fundamental assumption used in the analysis of plates under pure
bending is that the deflection of the plate (z) is small in comparison to its thickness. The basic
differential equation for the uniformly loaded-simply supported rectangular plate shown in
Figure 1.22 is given by

+2 + = (1.1)

Where z is the deflection of the plate, w is the uniform load and D is the flexural rigidity of
the plate (similar to EI in beams) and given by

= (1.2)
12(1 − )

Where E is the modulus of elasticity of the plate, t is the plate thickness and is Poisson’s
ratio.

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Figure 1.1: Elastic analysis of plates

Solving the previous differential equation gives the deflection of the plate. The solution must
satisfy the conditions at the boundaries of the plate. For example, for a simply supported plate
the deflection z along the edges must equal to zero ( = 0 =0 =0 =
). Levy presents one of the famous solutions for this problem in 1899 in the form of a series
of sin curves as follows:

= = (1.3)

Where is function of y only and determined to satisfy the boundary condition.

having determined the deflection equation, the developed bending moments in the plate can
be obtained using the following relations:

=− + (1.4)

=− + (1.5)

=− = (1 − ) (1.6)

Where ⁄ is the curvature of the slab in x direction, and ⁄ is the curvature in y

direction. A positive curvature corresponds to a curve that is concave downwards. The
magnitude of the moment is proportional to curvature. Equation 1.2. can be written in the
following form:

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The exact analysis of stresses in two-way slab is quite complex and is based on elastic theory;
and it requires solution of higher order differential equation. It is usual to neglect Poisson’s
ratio in such calculations. For analysis of homogeneous isotropic plate the basic differential
equation used to determine internal forces is given as,

+ −2 =− (1.7)
.
Where:
 Bending moments in strips running in the x-direction( )
 Bending moments in strips running in the y-direction( )
 Torsional moments ( )
 is intensity of applied load on the plate

Photo 1.1: Preparation of reinforcement of solid slabs

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1.2. Analysis using Approximate Compatibly relation

Bending moment coefficient for two way spanning rectangular slabs were first determined
using Grashof-Rankine formula [ Grashof in Germany and Rankin in the U.K], derived by
equating the central deflections of two stripes of slab, each of unit width, at right –angle to
each of unit width , at right-angle to each other and each bisecting the slab. The method
neglect torsion at the corner of slab.
Lets considered the two way single slab, simply supported on its four edge spans
(short direction), (long direction) as shown in Figure 1.2

Lx
o
( short span)

L y (long span)

Figure 1.2: simply supported single panel RC slab

These slab strips are not independent in action. At their common intersection point, their
deflections should be equal. Considering these slab strips as beams, the values of the share of
load in both directions, wand are obtained from compatibility of equal deflections of
the strips at the center of the slab.

Consider a simply supported two-way slab loaded by uniformly distributed load,

( ⁄ ). Let and share of in x- and y-directions, respectively. Assuming
slab strips as simply supported beam subjected to uniform load, the maximum deflection and
maximum bending moment of slab strips are obtained as shown Figure1.3.

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5w . l 4
 max 
384E. I

w.l 2
M max 
8

Figure 1.3: Maximum deflection and maximum bending moment

Let = uniformly distributed design load, with and the share in x and y
directions, respectively.
Deflections at the intersection of the two strips are equal , ⇒ ∆ = ∆
5 5
=
384 384

⇔ = (1.8)

and,
+ = (1.9)

Let = ⁄ , Eq.(1.8) and eq.(1.9) implies that

1
= =
1+ 1+

Therefore, the bending moment per unit width in both directions are given by substituting
and into equations of maximum bending moment of slab strip as,

= = = (1.10 )
8 1+ 8

1 ( )
= = = = (1.10 )
8 1+ 8 1+ 8

Where: −service or factored uniform design load depending on design method

= (1.11 )
8(1 + )

= (1.11 )
8(1 + )

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From these two equations of moment, it can be seen that a larger share of moment goes along
the shorter span. Note that bending moment using Rankine-Grashoff’s does not consider the
effect of torsion at the corners. Values of bending moment coefficients, and are given
Table1.3: Bending moment coefficients for simply supported two-way rectangular slabs

= ⁄ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0

k 0.0625 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118 0.122 0.124

k 0.0625 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014

EXAMPLE 1.1:

Find and for simply supported panel given w, & and = 1.0 , 1.66 , 2.0.
SOLUTION:
In this way, the maximum span moment for simple pane slab can be determined.
When = ⁄ = 1.0

= = 0.5 , = = 0.5 ℎ

= = = 0.5 = 0.0625
8 8

When, = ⁄ = 1.66
(1.66) 1 1
= = = 0.884 = = = 0.116
1+ 1 + (1.66) 1+ 1 + (1.66)

= = 0.884 ∗ = 0.1105
8 8

= = 0.116 ∗ = 0.0145
8 8
When, = ⁄ = 2.0

(2) 1 1
= = = 0.94 = = = 0.060
1+ 1 + (2) 1+ 1 + (2)

= = 0.94 ∗ = 0.1175
8 8

= = 0.060 ∗ = 0.0075
8 8

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Thus, more than 94% of the total load is carried in the short direction when the aspect ratio is
greater than 2.0.
The coefficients determined using this approach are good approximations for
evaluating the load on edge beams as

However, this approach gives greeter bending moments than what actually exists, because the
problem of corners tending to lift and twisting effects were considered complex. Accounting
these defects, and based on experience and extensive tests, various National Building Codes
provide bending moment’s coefficients for slab panels restrained along all edges (hinged or
fixed). Values of bending moment coefficients, & are given Table1.3.
EXAMPLE 1.2:
6m

4m

The above floor slab is support to carry a total live load of 5K/m2 and total dead load of
10KN/m2.
(a) Analyze the support and field moments using Approximate Method.
(b) Calculate the shear force of the four supports using the Approximate Method
SOLUTION
Approximate Method
L 6
= = = 1.5
L 4

2.08 ∝ (2.08)1.5
= = = 0.913
1 + 2.08 ∝ 1 + 2.08(1.5)

1 1
= = = 0.087
1 + 2.08 ∝ 1 + 2.08(1.5)

=1− = 1 − 0.913 = 0.087

Loading:

= 1.35 + 1.50 = (1.35 ∗ 10) + (1.5 ∗ 5) = 21 ⁄

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(a) Moments
= = 0.913 ∗ 21 ∗ (4 ) = 25.56

= = 0.913 ∗ 21 ∗ (4 ) = 12.78

= = 0.087 ∗ 21 ∗ (6 ) = 8.22

= = 0.087 ∗ 21 ∗ (6 ) = 4.62

(b) Shear forces

1
, =
2
2.08 ∝ (2.08)1.5
= = = 0.913
1 + 2.08 ∝ 1 + 2.08(1.5)

1 1
= = = 0.087
1 + 2.08 ∝ 1 + 2.08(1.5)

=1− = 1 − 0.913 = 0.087

1 1
, = = ∗ 0.913 ∗ 21 ∗ 4 = 38.35
2 2

5 5
, = = ∗ 0.913 ∗ 21 ∗ 4 = 47.93
8 8

, = = 0.087 ∗ 21 ∗ 6 = 10.96

3 3
, = = ∗ 0.087 ∗ 21 ∗ 6 = 4.11
8 8

1.3. Analysis of Two-way Rectangular Slab using Coefficients Method in accordance

with ES EN-2,1992-1-1: 2015

The coefficients and as obtained using the previous discussion are approximate
because the actual behavior of a slab is more complex the than the two intersecting strips.
The outer strips not only bend, but also twist. The twisting results in torsional moments and
stress pronounced near the corners.

Maximum moments for individual slab panels with edges either simply supported
(discontinuous) or fully fixed (continuous) are given by,

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= (1.12)

Where,
 is the design moment per unit width at the point of references x or y
 is moment coefficient at the point of reference given by code as function of aspect
ratio, ⁄ and support condition (refer Table 1.4 and Table 1.6).
 are short and longer spans of the panel, in the respective direction.
 serviceor factored uniform design load depending on design method ( ⁄ )

Notation used for different critical moments and edge numbers are as shown figure 1.5.

M ys

1
2

Figure 1.5: Notation for critical moments

Subscripts used for moments and moment coefficient have the following meaning.
− Support-ve moment
− Field or span + ve moment
−Direction of shorter span
−Direction of longer span
Therefore, the maximum support and span moments per unit width develop at particular
critical points of slab panel of two-way system are given by the following equations:

= (1.13)

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Moment coefficient Table 1.4 or Table 1.6 given by EBCS-2 provide moment coefficients
for nine separate slab panels with different possible support conditions as shown below.

7 4 3 4

5 2 1 2

7 4 3 4

9 8 6 8

Figure 1.6: Possible two-way rectangular slab panel with different support

For slab panel with support condition different from those given above, interpolate linearly
between the neighboring supports condition of slab panels. Analysis two-way slab system
consist of a number of rectangular slab panels are made based on analysis of individual slab
panels simultaneously loaded by the maximum design load of slab, = + in working
stress method or = 1.35 + 1.50 in strength limit state method by treating edges of
slab panels as either simply supported or fully fixed. External edges are generally considered
simply supported, and continuous edges are considered fully fixed.

The bending moment coefficients have been obtained form a theoretical elastic analysis and
adjusted in the light of experimental data. The panel is considered as divided in each direction
into middle strip and edge strips of width three-quarter and one eight of the panel,
respectively as shown in figure 1.7. Notations and subscripts for description of critical

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Reinforcement in − direction Reinforcement in − direction

Edge strip ⁄8

Edge strip
Middle strip
Edge strip

Middle strip 3 ⁄4

Edge strip ⁄8

⁄8 3 ⁄4 ⁄8
For Reinforcement in long span

For Reinforcement in short span

Figure 1.7: Distribution of slab into Middle and Edge Strips

The confidents provided in the Table 1.4 or Table 1.6 are used for determine the moments in
the middle strip of the slab only. For each support over which the slab is continuo, there will
be two different moments. The difference may be distributed between the panel one either
side of support to equalize their moments, as in the moments distribution method for frames.
Two alternatives of balancing have been sighted in EBCS-2.

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Table 1.4: Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with
provision for torsion at corner (EBCS-2)
Long span
Short span coefficients for Values of ⁄ coefficients,
Coeff & ,
Support .
Condition For all
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 values
Of ⁄

 xs 0.032 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032

1
 xf 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024

 xs 0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.039

2
 xf 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.029

 xs 0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.039

3
 xf 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.030

 xs 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.047

4
 xf 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.036

 xs 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070

5
 xf 0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034

 xs 0.045
6
 xf 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034

 xs 0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 0.098

7 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074
 xf 0.044

 xs 0.058
8
 xf 0.044 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044

9  xf 0.056 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056

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The confidents provided in the tables are used for deterring the moments in the middle strip
of the slab only. For each support over which the slab is continuo, there will be two different
moments. The difference may be distributed between the panel one either side of support to
equalize their moments, as in the moments distribution method for frames. Two alternatives
of balancing have been sighted in EBCS 2.
Two methods of differing accuracy are specified by EBCS-2 to distribute the intermediate
support moments: Method I and Method II.
Method I: - Dimensioning in this method is carried out either for:
(a) Initial moment directly, or
(b) Average of initial moments at the support
This method may be used:

The first alternative is applied where the change in support moments is smaller than 20 % of
the larger moments, and for internal structures the variable load ≤ 2.5 times the
permanents load ; for external structures ≤ 0.8 . In this approach the average of the
initial moments at support may be used to dimension the slab at support.

Method II:- The conditions given in method I are not met, method II or other more accurate
method shall be used to distribute unbalanced support moment. In method II consideration of,
the effects of changes of support moments are limited to adjacent spans. The procedure
involves:

 Support and span moments are first evaluated for individual panel using coefficients
in Table1.4 , assuming each panel is subjected to full design load
 The unbalanced moment is distributed using moment distribution. Here, the relate
stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moments of initial
divided by the smaller span ( = ⁄ ).
 If the support moment is decreased, the span moments are then
increased to allow for the change of support moments. This increase is calculated as
being equal of the charge of the support moment multiplied by the factors gives in
Table 1.5 when support is increased no adjustment shall be made to the span
moment.
As the maximum deign moment calculate applies to the middle strip, reinforcement in an
edge strip shall be at least larger than the 20% of the reinforcement provided to

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corresponding middle strips. However, this need no be less than the minimum reinforcement
specified by equation 1.8.
Table 1.5: Factors for adjusting span moments, and

1.0 0.380 0.280 0.280 0.380

1.1 0.356 0.220 0.314 0.374
1.2 0.338 0.172 0.344 0.364
1.3 0.325 0.135 0.373 0.350
1.4 0.315 0.110 0.398 0.331
1.5 0.305 0.094 0.421 0.310
1.6 0.295 0.083 0.443 0.289
1.7 0.285 0.074 0.461 0.272
1.8 0.274 0.066 0.473 0.258
1.9 0.258 0.060 0.481 0.251
2.0 0.238 0.055 0.484 0.248

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Table 1.6: Bending moment Coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision
for torsional reinforcement in corners EC-2
Long span
Short span Coefficients for ⁄ coefficients,
Type of panel and
moment considered For
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 ⁄
1. Interior panels
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032
Positive moment at mid span 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
2. One short edge discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous
edge 0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
Positive moment at mid-span 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028
3. One long edge discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.039 0.049 0.056 0.063 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.037
Positive moment at mid-span 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
4. Two adjacent edges discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.045
Positive moment at mid-span 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.07 0.034
5. Two short edges discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070 -
Positive moment at mid-span 0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034
6. Two long edges discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.045
Positive moment at mid-span 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034
7. Three edges discontinuous (one long
edge continuous)
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 0.098 -
Positive moment at mid-span 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.06 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044
8. Three edges discontinuous (one short
edge continuous)
Negative moment at continuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.058
Positive moment at mid-span 0.042 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
9. Four edge discontinuous
Positive moment at mid-span 0.055 0.065 0.071 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056

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4 3

2 1

5 6

7
8

Figure 1.8: Support conditions for slab panels in Table 1.6

0.2 Edge beams

0.2

3
0.2
4

3
8

3
8

0.2
None

Interior beams

Edge beams

Figure 1.9: Placing and quantities of torsional reinforcement, EC-2

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0.3

0.1L 0.15
0.5

0.5

0.5 0.5

50 0.15

0.15
0.25

= =

Figure 1.10: Simplified detailing rules for two-way spanning slabs with restrained edges

The method illustrated in Figure 1.10 is proposed when moments at the mutual support to
two-way adjacent slabs differ.

| + |
= + = −
2

Figure 1.11: Bending moment from equation 1.14

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= +
or
= −

| + |
= +
Figure 1.12: Adjusted Bending moments 2

1.4. Load transfer to supporting beams

The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right angle
subjected to uniformly distributed loads may be computed using

= (1.14)

In which the subscripts i stands for x or y directions, and the load transfer coefficients
for each restraint condition of the panel side are given in Table 1.7

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Table1.7: Shear Force Coefficients for Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Panel Supported on Four
Sides with provision for Torsion at Corners

Types of panel and location for values of ⁄

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

Four Edge Continuous
1 Continuous edge 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

One short edge discontinuous

2 Continuous edge 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.36
Discontinuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.24
One Long edge discontinuous
3 Continuous edge 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.36
Discontinuous edge 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 -
Two adjacent edges
discontinuous
4 Continuous edge 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.40
Discontinuous edge 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.26
Two Short edges discontinuous
5 Continuous edge 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.54 -
Discontinuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.26
Two Long edges discontinuous
6 Continuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.40
Discontinuous edge 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.47 -
Three edges discontinuous (one
long edge discontinuous)
7 Continuous edge 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.63 -
Discontinuous edge 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.30
Three edges discontinuous (one
short edge discontinuous)
8 Continuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.45
Discontinuous edge 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.30
Four edges discontinuous
9 Discontinuous edge 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

The assumed distribution of the load on a supporting beam is as shown in Figure 1.14. The
shear capacity of RC slab may be checked in the same way as in rectangular beam except b is
unit width.

The design load on supporting beam is assumed to be distributed over a length of 0.75 times
the span length of beam as shown below.
2

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Vy

0.75

Vx

0.75

Figure 1.14: distribution of load on a beam supporting a two- way spanning slab

1.5. DESIGN OF TWO-WAY BEAM SUPPORTED SLABS

1.5.1. Span-effective depth Ratios

Excessive deflections of slabs will cause damage to the ceiling, floor finishes or other
architectural finishes. To avoid this, limits are set on the span-depth ratio. These limits are
exactly the same as the beams. As a slab is usually a slender member, the restrictions on the
span-depth ratio become more important and this can often control the depth of slab required.
In terms of the span-effective depth ratio, the depth of slab is given by

ℎ= (1.15)
×

For two-way spanning slabs, the check for the base span-effective depth ratio should be based
on the shorter span where as for flat slabs calculations should be based on the longer span.

The two columns given in Table 1.8 correspond to level of concrete stress under
serviceability conditions; highly stressed when the steel ratio exceeds 1.5 percent and
lightly stressed when equals 0.5 percent, is given by 100 , ⁄ where , is the
area of tension reinforcement required in the section. Interpolation between the values of
indicated is permissible. In the case of Slabs it is reasonable to assume that they are lightly
stressed.

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Table 1.8: Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial
compression ( = 500 )
Concrete highly stressed Concrete lightly Stressed
Structural System K = 1.5% = 0.5%
Simply supported beam, one-or
two-way spanning 1.0 14 20
simply supported slab
End span of continuous beam or one
–way continuous slab or two-way 1.3 18 26
spanning slab continuous over one
long side
Interior span of beam or one-way or
two-way spanning slab 1.5 20 30
Slab supported on columns without
beams (flat slab) (based on longer 1.2 17 24
span)
Cantilever 0.4 6 8

The basic ratios given in Table 1.8 are modified in particular cases according to:
(a) For span longer than 7m (except flat slabs) and where it is necessary to limit
deflections to ensure that finishes are not damaged, the basic values should be
multiplied by 7⁄ .
(b) For flat slabs with spans in excess of 8.5m, multiply the basic ratios by 8.5⁄ .
(c) For characteristic steel strengths other than 500 ⁄ , multiply the basic ratios
by 500⁄ .
(d) Where more tension reinforcement is provided ( , ) than that calculated ( , )
at the ultimate limit state, multiply the basic ratios by , ⁄ , . The span-
effective depth ratio should not however exceed that indicated for ‘nominally
reinforced’ concrete.
1.5.2. Determine depth for deflection Requirement

The deformation of a member or structure shall not be such that it adversely affects its proper
functioning or appearance. Appropriate limiting values of deflection taking into account the
nature of the structure, of the finishes, partitions and fixings and upon the function of the
structure should be established. These limiting values are given on ES EN-2, 1992-1-1:2015

Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios, ⁄ :

= ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ (1.16)

Where:

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⁄
= 11 + 1.5 + 3.2 −1 ≤

1
= 11 + 1.5 + >
− 12
⁄ is the Span-effective depth Ratios
is the factor to take into account the different structural systems
is the reference reinforcement ratio = ⁄1000
is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the
design loads (at support for cantilevers)
′ is compression reinforcement ratio , ′ has been taken as o.
is in MPa units.
is basic ratio

Determine Factor 1 ( ):
For ribbed or waffle slabs

= 1 − 0.1 ⁄ − 1 ≥ 0.8

( is flange breadth and ℎ)

Otherwise /or other slab, =1
Determine Factor 2( ):
Where the slab span exceeds 7 m and it support brittle partitions, 7 ⁄
Otherwise = 1.
Determine Factor 3 ( ):
500
=

= 0.4

= 1.0

= 1.3

= 1.5

Figure 1.15: Support condition

1.6. RULES FOR SPACING AND QUANTITY OF REINFORCEMENT

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To resist cracking of the concrete, codes of practice specify details such as the minimum area
of reinforcement required in a section and limits to the maximum and minimum spacing of
bars. Some of these rules are as follows.
1.6.1. Minimum area of principal reinforcement
The Minimum area of principal reinforcement in the main direction is

0.26
, = (1.17)
0.0013

Where:
 Denotes the mean width of the tension zone; for a T-beam with the flange in,
only the width of the web is taken into account in calculating the value of .
 Should be determined with respect to the relevant strength class according to
Table 3.1.ES EN-2, 2015.

Alternatively, for secondary elements, where some risk of brittle failure may be
accepted, , may be taken as 1.2 times the area required in ULS verification.

1.6.2. Minimum area of secondary reinforcement

The minimum area of secondary transverse reinforcement is 20% , .In areas near
supports, transverse reinforcement is not necessary where there is no transverse bending
moment.
1.6.3. Secondary transverse reinforcement areas

Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less than 20% of the main reinforcement (or
principal reinforcement) should be provided in one way slabs. In areas near supports
transverse reinforcement to principal top bars is not necessary where there is no transverse
bending moment.

1.6.4. Maximum area of reinforcement

Outside lap locations, the maximum area of tension or compression reinforcement should not
exceed , = 0.04
1.6.5. Minimum spacing of reinforcement
The minimum clear distance between bars should be the greater of:
 Bar diameter
 Aggregate size plus 5 mm
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 20 mm
1.6.6. Spacing of Bars
When the area of main reinforcement required is deeming for 1m strip, the spacing S of
bars is usually the parameter used to define the flexural requirement in case of slabs. This
spacing, S, of bars may be computed using

= (1.18)

Where:
 = ,
 = Width of the slab strip considered (1m = 1000 mm)
Except those used to prevent shrinkage and temperature stress, the maximum spacing
between bars is limited as

3
≤ or the principal reinforcement (1.19 )
400
3.5
≤ for the secondary reinforcement (1.19 )
450
Where D = the thickness of slab.

In areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment those provisions become
respectively:

2
≤ or the principal reinforcement (1.20 )
250

3
≤ for the secondary reinforcement (1.20 )
450

Secondary reinforcement

Principal (main)
Secondary reinforcement reinforcement

Figure1.16: Bar spacing in slabs

1.7.COVER DESIGN
Concrete cover is the distance between the outer surface of the reinforcement and the concrete face.
The concrete cover shall have a value to satisfy the following conditions:
Bond stress transfer between the concrete and the steel

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Durability and environmental exposure

Fire resistance
1.7.1. Minimum concrete cover
The minimum concrete cover as recommendation by ES EN-1 1992-1-1:2015. The nominal
cover can be assessed as follows:

= +∆ (1.21)

Where should be set to satisfy the requirements below:

 Safe transmission of bond forces
 Durability
 Fire resistance
and ∆ Dcdevis an allowance which should be made in the design for deviations from the
minimum cover. It should be taken as 10 mm, unless fabrication (i.e. construction) is
subjected to a quality assurance system, in which case it is permitted to reduce ∆ to 5
mm.
1.7.2. Minimum cover for bond
The minimum cover to ensure adequate bond should not be less than the bar diameter, or
equivalent bar diameter for bundled bars, unless the aggregate size.(see Table 1.12)

1.7.3. Minimum cover for durability

The recommendations for durability in ES EN 206-1 are gives durability requirements that
comply with BS 8500, but which significantly modify the approach taken in ES EN 206-1.
To determine the minimum cover for durability (and also the strength class and minimum
water cement ratio) National Annex or BS 8500 can be used (see Table 1.13).

The various exposure classes from ES EN 206-1 are given in Table 1.9. Selected
recommendations are given in Table 1.10, for the concrete strength, minimum cement ratio,
minimum concrete cover and maximum cement content for various elements in a structure
based on the exposure of that element.

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Table 1.9: Exposure classes related to environmental conditions in accordance with ES-EN 206-1
Class Description of the Environment Informative examples where exposure classes may
Designation occur
1. No risk of corrosion or attack
For concrete without reinforcement or embedded
metal: all exposures except where there is
X0 freeze/thaw, abrasion or chemical attack
For concrete with reinforcement or embedded Concrete inside buildings with very low air humidity
metal: very dry
2. Corrosion induced by carbonation
Dry or permanently wet Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity
XC1
Concrete permanently submerged in water
Wet, rarely dry Concrete surfaces subject to long-term water contact
XC2
Many foundations
Moderate humidity Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air
XC3 humidity
External concrete sheltered from rain
Cyclic wet and dry Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within
XC4
exposure class XC2
3. Corrosion induced by chlorides
XD1 Moderate humidity Concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides
Wet, rarely dry Swimming pools
XD2 Concrete components exposed to industrial waters
containing chlorides
Cyclic wet and dry Parts of bridges exposed to spray containing chlorides
XD3 Pavements
Car park slabs
4. Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact Structures near to or on the coast
XS1
with sea water
XS2 Permanently submerged Parts of marine structures
XS3 Tidal, splash and spray zones Parts of marine structures
5. Freeze/Thaw Attack
Moderate water saturation, without de-icing Vertical concrete surface exposed to rain and freezing
XF1
agent
Moderate water saturation, with de-icing agent Vertical concrete surfaces of road structures exposed
XF2
to freezing and airborne de-icing agents
High water saturation, without de-icing agents Horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to rain and
XF3
freezing
High water saturation with de-icing agents or sea Road and bridge decks exposed to de-icing agents
water Concrete surfaces exposed to direct spray containing
XF4
de-icing agents and freezing
Splash zone of marine structures exposed to freezing
6. Chemical attack
Slightly aggressive chemical environment Natural soils and ground water
XA1
according to ES-EN 206-1,Table 2
Moderately aggressive chemical environment Natural soils and ground water
XA2
according to ES-EN 206-1, Table 2
High aggressive chemical environment according Natural soils and ground water
XA3
to ES-EN 206-1, Table 2

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Table 1.10: Recommended structural classification

Exposure Class according to Table 1.9

Corrosion
Carbonation-induced corrosion Chloride –induced corrosion Chloride-induced
corrosion from sea-water
X1 XC2 XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2 XD3 XS1 XS2 XS3
Indicative Strength Class 20⁄25 25⁄30 30⁄37 30⁄37 35⁄45 30⁄37 35⁄45
Damage to Concrete
No risk Freeze /Thaw attack
X0 XF1 XF2 XF3 XA1 XA2 XA3
12⁄15 30⁄37 25⁄30 30⁄37 30⁄37 35⁄45

Table 1.11: Recommended structural classification

Structural Class
Criterion Exposure Class according to Table 3.1
X0 XC1 XC2 / XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2/ XS1 XD3/ XS2/ XS3
Design working life Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase class
of 100 years class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 by 2
Strength Class1)2) ≥C30/37 ≥C30/37 ≥C35/45 ≥C40/50 ≥C40/50 ≥C40/50 ≥C45/55
reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce class by
class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 1
Member with slab reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce class by
geometry class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 1
(Position of
reinforcement not
affected by
construction
process)
Special Quality reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce class by
Control of the class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 1
concrete production
ensured

Table 1.12: Minimum cover, , ,requirements with regard to bond

Bond Requirement
Arrangement of bars Minimum cover cmin,b*
Separated Diameter of bar
Bundled Equivalent diameter (n) (see 8.9.1)
*: If the nominal maximum aggregate size is greater than 32 mm, Cmin,b, should be increased by 5 mm.

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Table 1.13: Values of minimum cover, , , requirements with regard to durability for
reinforcement steel in accordance with EN 10080
Environmental Requirement for cmin,dur (mm)
Structural Exposure Class according to Table 1.9
Class X0 XC1 XC2 / XC3 XC4 XD1 / XS1 XD2 / XS2 XD3 / XS3
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55

1.7.4. Design for fire resistance

For determining the fire resistance of concrete elements; further guidance can be obtained
from specialist literature. Design for fire resistance may still be carried out by referring to
tables to determine the minimum cover and dimensions for various elements, as set out
below.
Rather than giving the minimum cover, the tabular method is based on nominal axis distance,
a. This is the distance from the centre of the main reinforcing bar to the surface of the
member. It is a nominal (not minimum) dimension (see Table 1.14).
Table 1.14: Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs

Standard fire resistance Minimum dimensions (mm)

Slab
thickness Axis -distance ,a
ℎ( )
One-way Two-way
⁄ ≤ 1.5 1.5 < ⁄ ≤2
1 2 3 4 5
30 80 10∗ 10∗ 10∗
60 20 20 10∗ 15
90 100 30 15∗ 20
120 120 40 20 25
180 150 55 30 40
240 175 65 40 50
are the spans of a two-way slab (two direction at right angles), where is the longer direction and is short
direction.

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EXAMPLE 1.3: (Design of two-way solid slab)

A monolithic reinforced concrete floor is composed of rectangular bays whose plan
dimensions are as shown in the figure E 1.3. The beam webs are 300 mm width and the floor
shall carry a service live load of 5 ⁄ and dead load form partion and
finishing 3 ⁄ , in addition to self weight. Determine the design bending moment of all
panel and flexure reinforcement requires all panel, when concrete 25⁄30 and steel S-400.
Determine also the load transferred to supporting beams and structures for slab.

5.2m 5.2
5.2mm

b=300mm
6.24m
6.20 m

BB
B

4.00m
4.0 m

A
AA

1 22 33

Figure E 1.3: Floor plan

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SOLUTION:
Step-1: Identify the panel types in the floor system

5.2m 5.2
5.2mm

b=300mm
6.24m
Panel S-1 Panel S-3 6.20 m

BB

Panel S-2 Panel S-4 4.00m

4.0 m

AA

1 22 33

Step-2: Determine depth of the slab

Since ⁄ ≤ 2 for all panes, they can be design as two-way solid slab.
2.1 Depth determination: Serviceability requirement

= ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

Where:
⁄
= 11 + 1.5 + 3.2 −1 ≤

1
= 11 + 1.5 + >
− 12

Martial property:
Use: Concrete, 25⁄30 , Rebar − 400

0.85 0.85 ∗ 25
= = = 14.2
1.5

400
= = = 347.83
1.15
Panel S-1and S-3, Panel S-2and s-4 :

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= ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

√25
= = = 0.005 = 0.5%
1000 1000

= 0.5% ( : 2015)

⁄
= 11 + 1.5 + 3.2 −1 = = 0.5%

= 11 + 1.5
= 18.5
500 500
= = = 1.25
400
=1
=1

= 18.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.25 ∗ = 23.125

2.1.1. End panel S-1and S-3 (K=1.3 or see Table 1.8)

= 23.125 ∗ 1.3 = 30.06

= = 5.20 = 5200

5200
≥ = = 172.99
⁄ 30.06

2.1.2. End Panel S-2 and S-3 (K=1.3 , see Table 1.8 )

= 23.125 = 23.125 ∗ 1.3 = 30.06

= = 4.0 = 4000

4000
≥ = = 133.06
⁄ 30.06
Step 3: Cover Design:

 Corrosion
 Bond./durability
 fire
3.1. Cover Design : Exposure class → 2 1.9
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3.2. Design for corrosion: (see Table 1.10)

3.3. Design for Bond /durability:
The concrete cover is the distance between the surfaces of the reinforcement closest to the
nearest concrete surface. The nominal cover shall be specified on the drawings. It is defined
as a minimum cover, plus an allowance in design.

3.3.1. Minimum concrete cover , shall be provided in order to ensure:

 The safe transmission of bond forces.

 The protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
 An adequate fire resistance
,
= ,
10
Where:
 , −
For this case , = {10 )
 , − = 10
−1& 2( 1.11& 1.12)

, 10
⇒ = , = 10
10 10
⇒ = 10
3.3.2. ∆ ( ) The value of ∆ for use in
country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 10mm
3.3.3. Nominal cover, :
The nominal cover shall be specified on the drawings. It is defined as a minimum cover,
plus an allowance in design for deviation, ∆

= +∆ = 10 + 10 = 20

3.3.4. Cover Design: FIRE: Panel S-1, = 5.2 , = 6.20 ⇒ ⁄ = 1.2 –

→ = 20 (see Table 1.14 )
3.4. Governing cover for:
 Corrosion
 Bond/Durability
 Fire

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=
3.5. Depth of Slab, D:
= + + ⁄2
= 20 + 172.99mm + 12⁄2
= 198.99
= 200
Step-4: Calculate Design Loading:
The slab is loaded both by dead load and live load that we obtain from self weight of the slab
and partion load. The dead loads comes from the slabs self weight, floor finish, cement
screed, plastering and partion wall. The live load is based on category of the structure stated
given EBCS-1, 2015
4.1. Dead Loads, :
 ℎ = 0.20 ∗ 25 ⁄ = 5.0 ⁄
 ℎ =3 ⁄
 , =5 ⁄ +3 ⁄ = 8.0 ⁄
4.2. Live loads , =5 ⁄
4.3. Design load ,
= 1.35 + 1.50 = (1.35 ∗ 8 ⁄ ) + (1.5 ∗ 5 ⁄ )
= 18.30 ⁄
Step-5: Analysis of individual Panel

Checking if we can use coefficient method for analysis:

= 0.625 < 2.5 !

≤5 ⁄ , =5 ⁄ < 0.8 = 6.4 ⁄ !

Uniformly distributed load ok!
Rectangular slab ok
No openings Ok!
Supported by Beam in all Edges ok!
Therefore, The analysis Using Coefficients Method in accordance with EBCS 2, 2015

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 Panel S-1 and S-3 = 5.2 , = 6.2 = 1.2

Ly=6.2m

Lx=5.2m

= 0.063 = 0.063 = 31.17 /

= 0.047 = 0.047 ⎫ = 23.26 /
⇒ ⁄
= 0.047 = 0.047⎬ × 18.3 × (5.2) ⇒ = 23.26 /
= 0.036 = 0.036⎭ = 17.81 /

 Panel S-2 and S-4 =4 , = 5.2 = 1.3

Lx= 4 m

Ly = 5.2m

= 0.069 = 0.069 = 20.20 /

= 0.047 = 0.047⎫ = 13.76 /
= 0.051 ⇒ = 0.051⎬ × 18.3
⁄ 2
× (4)2 2
⇒ = 14.93 /
= 0.036 = 0.036⎭ = 10.54 /

5.2m 5.2m
5.2m

CC

17.81
13.48
17.81
13.48
23.26
31.17

6.24m
31.17

23.59 23.59
23.26 6.2m
17.6
17.6

23.26 17.6 23.26

17.6

B B
20.20 15.29 20.20
15.29

7.98
13.76

7.98
13.76

10.42 10.42 10.54 4.0m

4.00m
10.54 11.30 11.30

14.93 14.93

AA

11 2
2
33
Figure E1.3 (b): Moments value

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Step-5: Adjustment of moment

5.1. Support Moment adjustment
Balancing of support moment, Panel S-1,S-3 and S-2 , S-4–on axis B adjustment is required.
∆ = 23.26 − 20.20 = 3.06 < 0.2 , = 4.652 ⁄
Balancing shall made using average of the moments can be taken
1
, = (23.26 + 20.20) = 21.75 /
2
5.2.Adjustment of span moment:
As the support moment of panel S-1and S-3 in the short directions decreased, adjustment for
span moment shall be made for panel S-1and S-3 only the increment is computed as
∆ = ∆
∆ = 23.26 − 21.75 = 1.51 ⁄
For ⁄ = 1.2 ⇒ = 0.338 , = 0.172
∆ = 0.338 ∗ 1.51 ⁄ = 0.510
⇒ = 0.51 + 23.26 = 23.77 ⁄
∆ = 0.172 ∗ 1.51 ⁄ = 0.260 ⁄
⇒ = 0.260 + 17.81 = 18.07 ⁄

5.2m 5.2m
5.2m

CC

18.07
13.48
18.07
13.48
23.77
31.17

6.24m
31.17

23.59 23.59
23.77 6.2m
17.6
17.6

21.75 17.6 21.75

17.6

B B
21.75 15.29 21.75
15.29

7.98
13.76

7.98
13.76

10.42 10.42 10.54 4.0m

4.00m
10.54 11.30 11.30

14.93 14.93

AA

11 2
2
33

Figure E1.3 (c): Adjustment of moment

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Step-6: Determine Design constants:

6.1.Compression strength concrete:

25⁄30 , = 25

0.85 0.85 ∗ 25
= = = 14.20
1.5

6.2. Tensile strength concrete at 28 days equation:

⁄
= 0.3 < 50⁄60

= 2.12 ln 1 + ≥ 50⁄60
10
⁄
⇒ = 0.3 ∗ (25) = 2.60

6.3.Strength for Steel in tension and compression

S-400, = 400

400
= = = 347.83
1.15

Step-7: Flexural Design for slab

7.1. Maximum spacing of reinforcement
For the principal reinforcement:

3ℎ = 3 ∗ 200 = 600
≤
400

⇒ = 400

For the secondary reinforcement:

3.5ℎ = 3.5 ∗ 200 = 700

≤
450
⇒ = 450
7.2. Minimum area of reinforcement
Effective depth, = 200 − (20 + 5) = 175 ( )
Effective depth, = 200 − (20 + 10 + 5) = 165 ( )

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35

25
Figure E1.3 (d): Section through slab showing effective depth
ℎ , =1 = 1000

175 + 165
= = 170
2

0.26
, =
0.0013
2.6 ∗ 1000 ∗ 170
= 0.26 = 287.30
400
0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 170 = 221.00

, = 287.30

7.3. Maximum area of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement

 Maximum limits (for tension or compression reinforcement) are needed to achieve
adequate concrete compaction
, = 0.04 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 170 = 6800

7.4. Calculation Bending Reinforcement Bars

Panels S-1 and S-3

With class S-2, XC-2 exposure condition, = 20

= 170
2.6
0.26 0.26 = 0.0017
= = 400
0.0013 0.0013
= 0.0017

= 0.04

7.4.1. Bending – Short span

= 21.26 ⁄

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Maximum area of reinforcement:

, = 0.04 = 0.04 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 175 = 7000
Minimum area of reinforcement

0.26
, =
0.0013
2.6 ∗ 1000 ∗ 175
= 0.26 = 295.75
400
0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 175 = 227.50

, = 295.75

, ⁄ 260

Bending reinforcement:
= 21.26 ⁄
21.26 × 10
= = = 0.0278
1000 ∗ (175) ∗ 25
For the lever arm, Z:

= 0.5 + 0.25 − ⁄1.134

= 0.5 + 0.25 − 0.0278⁄1.134 ∗ 175

= 0.975 ∗ 175 = 170.60

⇒ = 170.60
Area of reinforcement bars due to = 21.26 ⁄ :

= ≥ ,

21.26 × 10
=
(347.83) ∗ 170.6

= 357.77 ⁄ > , = 295.75

⇒ = 357.77 ⁄
Spacing:
(10)
= , ℎ , = = = 78.54
4 4

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1000(78.54)
= = 219.53 < = 400
357.77

Provide ⁄

Bending reinforcement:
= 23.77 ⁄
23.77 × 10
= = = 0.0310
1000 ∗ (175) ∗ 25
For the lever arm, Z:

= 0.5 + 0.25 − ⁄1.134

= 0.5 + 0.25 − 0.0310⁄1.134 ∗ 175

= 0.972 ∗ 175 = 170.07

⇒ = 170.07
Area of reinforcement bars due to = 23.77 ⁄

= ≥ ,

23.77 × 10
=
(347.83) ∗ 170.07

= 401.82 ⁄ < , = 295.75

⇒ = 401.82 ⁄
Spacing:
(10)
= , ℎ , = = = 78.54
4 4

1000(78.54)
= = 195.46 < = 400
401.82

Provide ⁄

7.4.2. Bending – Longer span

= 31.17 ⁄

= 200 − (20 + 10 + 5) = 165

Minimum area of reinforcement:

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0.26
, =
0.0013
2.6 ∗ 1000 ∗ 165
= 0.26 = 278.85
400
0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 165 = 214.50

⇒ , = 278.85

, ⁄ 280
Maximum area of reinforcement:

, = 0.04 = 0.04 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 165

= 6600
Bending reinforcement:
= 31.17 ⁄
31.17 × 10
= = = 0.0458
1000 ∗ (165) ∗ 25
For the lever arm, Z:

= 0.5 + 0.25 − ⁄1.134

= 0.5 + 0.25 − 0.0458⁄1.134 ∗ 165

= 0.958 ∗ 165

⇒ = 158.04

Area of reinforcement bars due to = 31.17 ⁄ :

= ≥ ,

31.17 × 10
=
(347.83) ∗ 158.04

= 567.026 ⁄ > , = 278.85

⇒ = 567.03 ⁄
Spacing:
(10)
= , ℎ , = = = 78.54
4 4
1000(78.54)
= = 138.51 < = 450
567.026

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Provide ⁄
Bending reinforcement:
= 18.07 ⁄
18.07 × 10
= = = 0.0265
1000 ∗ (165) ∗ 25
For the lever arm, Z:

= 0.5 + 0.25 − ⁄1.134

= 0.5 + 0.25 − 0.0265⁄1.134 ∗ 165

= 0.976 ∗ 165

⇒ = 161.04
Area of reinforcement bars due to = 18.07 ⁄

= ≥ ,

18.07 × 10
=
(347.83) ∗ 161.04
= 322.59 ⁄ < , = 278.85
⇒ = 322.59 ⁄
Spacing:

1000(78.54)
= = 243.46 <
322.59
Provide ⁄

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Table E1.3: Summary of Reinforcements bars

Z ≥
Moment ,
d (mm) 2 , Provided Edge Strip
(KN m) (mm )
Panels (mm) (mm2) (mm) reinforcement
S 21.26 0.0278 170.60 295.75 357.77 219.53 Φ ⁄ 210 Φ ⁄ 400
175
f 23.77 175 0.0310 170.07 295.75 401.82 195.46 Φ ⁄ 190
S-1
s 31.17 165 0.0458 158.04 295.75 567.03 138.51 Φ ⁄ 130 Φ ⁄ 400
f 18.07 165 0.0265 161.04 295.75 322.59 243.46 Φ ⁄ 240
s 13.76 175 0.0180 172.18 295.75 229.75 265.53 Φ ⁄ 260 Φ ⁄ 400
f 14.93 175 0.0195 171.94 295.75 249.64 265.53 Φ ⁄ 260
S-2
s 21.75 165 0.0320 160.21 295.75 390.30 201.23 Φ ⁄ 200 Φ ⁄ 400
f 10.54 165 0.0155 162.72 295.75 186.23 281.66 Φ ⁄ 280
s 21.26 175 0.0278 170.60 295.75 357.77 219.53 Φ ⁄ 210 Φ ⁄ 400

f 23.77 175 0.0310 170.07 295.75 401.82 195.46 Φ ⁄ 190

S-3
s 31.17 165 0.0458 158.04 295.75 567.03 138.51 Φ ⁄ 130 Φ ⁄ 400

f 18.07 165 0.0265 161.04 295.75 322.59 243.46 Φ ⁄ 240

s 13.76 175 0.0180 172.18 295.75 229.75 265.53 Φ ⁄ 260 Φ ⁄ 400
f 14.93 175 0.0195 171.94 295.75 249.64 265.53 Φ ⁄ 260
S-4
s 21.75 165 0.0320 160.21 295.75 390.30 201.23 Φ ⁄ 200 Φ ⁄ 400
f 10.54 165 0.0155 162.72 295.75 186.23 281.66 Φ ⁄ 280

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Step 8: Detailing

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Step-9: Shear Design:

9.1.Shear stress:

Assuming the beam width to be 300mm

= (0.5 − )

Where:
= 18.3 ⁄ , = 170 , =1 = 1000
=6 − 0.3 = 5.9

= (0.5 − ) = 18.30[(0.5 ∗ 5.9) − 0.170] ∗ 1

= 50.87
9.2. Shear Strength:
 The shear resistance of the concrete , , in such situations is given by an
empirical expression:
⁄
0.12 (100 )
, = ⁄ ⁄
0.035
Where:
, = The design shear resistance of the section without shear reinforcement

200 200
= 1+ = 1+ = 2.08 ≤ 2.0
170

→ =2
Taking minimum reinforcement, ⁄ 240
322.59
= = 0.0462%
1000 ∗ 170
⁄
0.12 ∗ 2(100 ∗ 0.001898 ∗ 25) ∗ 1000 ∗ 170 × 10 = 68.56
, = ⁄ .
0.035(2) (25) ∗ 1000 ∗ 170 × 10 = 84.15

, = 84.15 > = 50.80

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Step-10: Checking the depth of slab:

567.03
⁄ 130 ⇒ = = = 0.3437%
1000 ∗ 165
⁄
= 11 + 1.5 + 3.2 −1 ≤

⁄
0.5 0.5
= 11 + 1.5√25 + 3.2√25 −1
0.344 0.344
= 26.81

= ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

End Panel (K=1.3)

= 26.81 ∗ 1.3 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.25 = 43.57

Where: = 5.2 = 5200

5200
≥ = 119.35
43.57
ℎ = 119.35 + 20 + 5 = 144.35
ℎ = 150
Step-11: Load transfer and shear capacity:-
V =β w L

⁄ 2
 Panel S-1 and S-3 = 1.2 , = 18.3 , = 5.2

= 0.47 = 0.47 ⎧ = 44.73 ⁄

= 0.31 = 0.31⎫ ⎪ = 29.50 ⁄
= 0.40 ⇒ = 0.40 ⎬ × 18.3 ⁄ × 5.2 ⇒ ⁄
⎨ = 38.06
= 0.26 = 0.26⎭ ⎪ = 24.74 ⁄
⎩
⁄ 2
 Panel S-2 and S-4 = 1.3 , = 18.3 , =4

= 0.50 = 0.50 ⎧ = 36.60 ⁄

= 0.33 = 0.33⎫ ⎪ = 24.16 ⁄
= 0.40 ⇒ = 0.40 ⎬ × 18.3 ⁄ ×4 ⇒ ⁄
⎨ = 29.28
= 0.26 = 0.26⎭ ⎪ = 19.03 ⁄
⎩
: − & −

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5.2m 5.2m
5.2m

CC
24.74 24.74

29.50

44.73
13.48

44.73
6.24m

29.50
S-1 S-3 6.2m
23.59 23.59

38.06 38.06 17.6

BB
36.60 36.60
19.03

19.03
13.76
29.28

29.28
S-2 S-4 4.00m
4.0m

13.76
10.42 10.42

24.16 24.16
AA

11 22 33

Step-11: Check shear / section capacity /

Shear force carried by concrete in slab will be

⁄ ⁄
, = [0.035 ]

Where:

200
= 1+ ≤2

200
= 1+ = 2.08 > 2
170

=2
⁄ ⁄
, = 0.035(2) ∗ (25) 1000 ∗ 170 ∗ 10
= 84.14
Which is greater than any of the shear forced obtained due to design action

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5.2m 5.2m
5.2m

CC
24.74 24.74

29.50

89.46
6.24m

29.50
S-1 S-3 6.2m

74.66 74.66
BB

48.31
19.03

29.28
S-2 S-4 4.00m
4.0m

24.16 24.16
AA

11 22 33

Figure E 1.3 (e): Loading transfer to support

Note: Here the total shear force assumed to be distributed over the entire interior to interior length of
the beam. But 90% of the shear may also be taken to be distributed over the entire length.

674.66 ⁄
57.62KN/m 57.62KN/m

5.2m 5.2m

Figure 1.3(f): Axis B

EXAMPLES 1.4: on Load Transfer to Supporting Beams

Design the beam on axis ′ ′ for a for a floor system shown below ,which supports live loads
of 4 ⁄ and dead load from finishing and partion of 3 ⁄ in addition to self-
weight. Materials used 25⁄30 , − 360 . Available bars are: Φ ,

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1 2 3

6m 4m
6m

CA

4m
BB

5m
m5

CA

SOLUTION:
Step-1: Identify the panel types in the floor system

1 2 3

6m6 4m
6m

CA

b=300mm Panel S-3 4 m4

4m

Panel S-1

BB

Panel S-2
5m

Panel S-4 5

CA

1 22 33
Step -2: Check for two way slab
Panel S − 1 , =6 =4

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6
= = = 1.5 < 2
4
Panel S − 2 , L = 6m L = 5m
6
= = = 1.2 < 2
5
Panel S − 3 , L = 4m L = 4m
4
= = = 1.0 < 2
4
Panel S − 4 , L = 5m L = 4m
5
= = = 1.25 < 2
4
Therefore, all are two way slabs
Step-3: Determine depth of the slab
3.1. Depth determination: Serviceability requirement

= ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

Where:
⁄
= 11 + 1.5 + 3.2 −1 ≤

1
= 11 + 1.5 + >
− 12

Martial property:
Use: Concrete, 25⁄30 , Rebar − 360

0.85 0.85 ∗ 25
= = = 14.2
1.5

360
= = = 313.04
1.15

= ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

√25
= 10 = = = 0.005 = 0.5%
1000 1000

= 0.5% ( : 2015)

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⁄
= 11 + 1.5 + 3.2 −1 = = 0.5%

= 11 + 1.5
= 18.5
500 500
= = = 1.389
360
=1
=1

= 18.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.389 ∗ = 25.69

3.1.1. End panel S-1and S-3 (K=1.3 or see EBCS EN 1992-1-1 2015,Table 7.4N )

= 25.69 = 25.69 ∗ 1.3 = 33.397

= = 4.0 = 4000

4000
≥ = = 119.77
⁄ 33.397

3.1.2. End Panel S-2 (K=1.3 , see EBCS EN 1992-1-1 2015 , Table 7.4N )

= 25.69 = 25.69 ∗ 1.3 = 33.397

= = 5.0 = 5000

5000
≥ = = 149.71
⁄ 33.397
3.1.3. End Panel S-4 (K=1.3 , see EBCS EN 1992-1-1 2015 , Table 7.4N )

= 25.69 = 25.69 ∗ 1.3 = 33.397

= = 4.0 = 4000

4000
≥ = = 119.77
⁄ 33.397
Step 4: Cover Design:

 Corrosion

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 Bond./durability
 fire
4.1. Design for corrosion: 2 4.1 2, ∶ 2015
4.2. Bond /durability:
= +∆
4.2.1. Minimum concrete cover , shall be provided in order to ensure:

 The safe transmission of bond forces.

 The protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
 An adequate fire resistance
,
= ,
10
Where:
 , −
For this case , = {10 )
 , − = 10
−1& 2( 4.4 2, , 2015)

, 10
⇒ = , = 10
10 10
⇒ = 10
4.2.2. ∆ ( ) The value of ∆ for use in country
may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 10mm
4.2.3. Nominal cover, :

= +∆ = 10 + 10 = 20

4.2.4. Cover Design: FIRE: Panel S-2, =5 , =6 ⇒ ⁄ = 1.2 – →

= 20 (see Table 5.8 EBCS 2, ES EN ,2015 )
4.3. Governing cover for:
 Corrosion
 Bond/Durability
 Fire
=
4.4. Depth of Slab, D:
= + + ⁄2

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= 20 + 149.71 mm + 12⁄2

= 175.71

= 180
Step-5: Calculate Design Loading:
5.1. Dead Loads, :
 ℎ = 0.180 ∗ 25 ⁄ = 4.5 ⁄
 ℎ =3 ⁄
 , = 4.5 ⁄ +3 ⁄ = 7.50 ⁄
5.2. Live loads , =4 ⁄
5.3.Design load ,

= 1.35 + 1.50 = (1.35 ∗ 7.5 ⁄ ) + (1.5 ∗ 4 ⁄ )

= 16.125 ⁄
Step-4: Load transfer to Beam

Panel S-1 = = 1.5 , = 16.125 ⁄ =4

= 0.26

= 0.35 Lx=4m
= 0.54
S-1

Ly=6m

= 0.40

( .) = = 0.54 ∗ 16.125 ∗ 4 = 34.830 ⁄

( .) = = 0.35 ∗ 16.125 ∗ 4 = 22.575 ⁄

( .) = = 0.40 ∗ 16.125 ∗ 4 = 25.800 ⁄

( .) = = 0.26 ∗ 16.125 ∗ 4 = 16.770 ⁄

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Panel S-2 = = 1.2 , = 16.125 ⁄ =5

S-2 Lx=5m
S-1

Ly=6m

= 0.47 = 0.47 ⎧ = 37.89 ⁄

= 0.31 = 0.31⎫ ⎪ = 24.99 ⁄
= 0.40 ⇒ = 0.40 ⎬ × 16.125 ⁄ ×5 ⇒ ⁄
⎨ = 32.25
= 0.26 = 0.26⎭ ⎪ = 20.96 ⁄
⎩
Panel S-3 = = 1.0 , = 16.125 ⁄ =4

Lx=4m S-3

Ly=4m

= 0.40 = 0.40 ⎧ = 25.80 ⁄

= 0.26 = 0.26⎫ ⎪ = 16.77 ⁄
= 0.40 ⇒ = 0.40 ⎬ × 16.125 ⁄ ×4 ⇒ ⁄
⎨ = 25.80
= 0.26 = 0.26⎭ ⎪ = 16.77 ⁄
⎩
Panel S-4 = = 1.25 , = 16.125 ⁄ =4

S-4 Lx=5m

Lx=4m

= 0.50 = 0.50 ⎧ = 32.25 ⁄

= 0.33 = 0.33⎫ ⎪ = 21.29 ⁄
= 0.40 ⇒ = 0.40 ⎬ × 16.125 ⁄ ×4 ⇒ ⁄
⎨ = 25.80
= 0.26 = 0.26⎭ ⎪ = 16.77 ⁄
⎩
: ,

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1 2 3

6m 4m
6m

CA

20.96 16.77

37.89
24.99

16.77
25.80
4m

4m
32.25 25.80
BB
32.25 33.25

16.77
24.99

37.89

25.80

5m
5m

20.96 21.29
CA

11 22 33

6m 4m
6m

CA

20.96 16.77
24.99

63.69

17.47

4m

4m
64.50 59.05
BB
16.77
24.99

63.69

5m

5m

20.96 21.29
CA

1 2 3

Figure E 1.4 (b): Loading transfer to support

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On Axis –B; the loading are shown as follow:

64.50 ⁄ 59.05 ⁄

4.5m 3m
1 2 3
6m 4m

Step 5: change the load in to uniformly distribution load over the span length.

3⁄ 4

Case-I Case-II

Case I: FEM = 3 −

Case II:FEM =

Equating the two fixed end moments

3 9
⇒ 3 − =
4 24 16 12

117
⇒ = ⇔ = 0.914
128

= 0.914(64.50) = 58.95 ⁄
= 0.914(59.05) = 53.97 ⁄

6m 4m

Figure 1.4 (c): The transfer loading on Axis –B

Step 6: Design the beam as a continuous beam

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EXAMPLE 1.5: (DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SOLID SLAB)

In client need to build the residential house of G+1 building to maintain the inside parts of the
building with moderate or high air humidity. This building floor system shown in the Figure
E1.5 is subjected to 4.6 ⁄ live load, dead load from Partition and finishing contributes
load of 3.0 ⁄ in addition to self weight. the building was constructed for 100 years
service life. Given that column size is taken as 300 × 300 and Materials used are
30⁄37, 400 , determine. - Column
- Beam
- Slab
(a) The thickness of the slab.
(b) The design moments of the floor system.
(c) The positive reinforcement of panel 4.

(RC-II final Exam for Hydraulic & Water Resource Engineering, JIT, 2008E.C./2016)

5 4 3 2 1

C C

6m Panel 5

B B

3m Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 3 Panel 4

A A

3.2 m 4.5 m 4.2 m 3.6 m

5 4 3 2 1

Figure E1.5: Residential building Typical Floor plan

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SOLUTION
Step-1: Identify the panel types in the floor system residential building

5 4 3 2 1

C C

6m Panel 5

B B

3m Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 3 Panel 4

A A

3.2 m 4.5 m 4.2 m 3.6 m

5 4 3 2 1

Given:
The concrete weight , = 25 ⁄
Live load , =6 ⁄
The finishing and Partition load= 3 ⁄
Exposure class is XC-3
30⁄37 − 400 → = 400
=
= ℎ
Step-2: Determine depth of the slab
2.1. Depth determination: Serviceability requirement

= ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

Where:
⁄
= 11 + 1.5 + 3.2 −1 ≤

= 11 + 1.5 + >

= ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

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√30
= 10 = = = 0.0055 = 0.55%
1000 1000

= 0.5% ( : 2015)

⁄
= 11 + 1.5 + 3.2 −1 < = 0.55%

⁄
0.55 0.55
= 11 + 1.5√30 + 3.2√30 −1
0.5 0.50
= 20.59
500 500
= = = 1.25
400
=1
=1

⇒ = 20.59 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.25 ∗ = 25.74

2.1.1. End panel S-1,S-2, S-3and S-4 (K=1.3 or see EBCS EN 1992-1-1 2015,Table 7.4N )

= 25.74 = 25.74 ∗ 1.3 = 33.462

= = 3.0 = 3000

3000
≥ = = 89.65
⁄ 33.462

2.1.2. End Panel S-5 (K=1.3 , see EBCS EN 1992-1-1 2015 , Table 7.4N )

= 25.74 = 25.74 ∗ 1.3 = 33.462

= = 4.5 = 4500
4500
≥ = = 134.48
⁄ 33.462
Step 3: Cover Design:

 Corrosion
 Bond./durability
 fire
3.1. Design for corrosion: 3
3.2. Bond /durability:

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The concrete cover is the distance between the surfaces of the reinforcement closest to the
nearest concrete surface. The nominal cover shall be specified on the drawings. It is defined
as a minimum cover, plus an allowance in design.
= +∆
3.2.1. Minimum concrete cover , shall be provided in order to ensure:

 The safe transmission of bond forces.

 The protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
 An adequate fire resistance
,
= ,
10
Where:
 , −
For this case , = {10 )
 , − = 15
−2& 3( 4.4 2, , 2015)

, 10
⇒ = , = 15
10 10
⇒ = 15
3.2.2. ∆ ( ) The value of ∆ for use in country
may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 10mm
3.2.3. Nominal cover, :

= +∆ = 15 + 10 = 25

3.2.4. Cover Design: FIRE: Panel S-2, =3 , = 4.5 ⇒ ⁄ = 1.5 – →

= 20 (see Table 5.8 EBCS 2, ES EN ,2015 )
3.3. Governing cover for:
 Corrosion
 Bond/Durability
 Fire
=
3.4. Depth of Slab, D:
= + + ⁄2

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= 25 + 134.48mm + 12⁄2

= 165.48

= 170
Step-4: Calculate Design Loading:
4.4. Dead Loads, :
 ℎ = 0.170 ∗ 25 ⁄ = 4.25 ⁄
 ℎ =3 ⁄
 , = 4.25 ⁄ +3 ⁄ = 7.25 ⁄
4.5. Live loads , = 4.6 ⁄
4.6. Design load ,
= 1.35 + 1.50 = (1.35 ∗ 7.25 ⁄ ) + (1.5 ∗ 4.6 ⁄ )
= 16.69 ⁄
Step-5: Analysis:
Checking if we can use coefficient method for analysis:

= 0.634 < 2.5 !

< 4.6 ⁄ , = 4.6 ⁄ < 0.8 = 5.8 ⁄ !

Uniformly distributed load, Rectangular slab, No large openings and Supported by

Beam in all Edges ok!
Therefore, Using Coefficients Method in accordance with EC-2

= =

= 16.69 ⁄
Table E1.5: Analysis of moment of slabs

Panels ⁄ , , , , , , , ,

S-1 1.1 0.00 0.054 0.058 0.044 0.000 8.111 8.712 6.609
S-2 1.5 0.073 0.055 0.037 0.028 10.965 8.262 5.558 4.206
S-3 1.4 0.00 0.072 0.045 0.034 0.000 10.815 6.759 5.107
S-4 1.2 0.048 0.036 0.037 0.028 7.210 5.408 5.558 4.206
S-5 1.3 0.052 0.039 0.037 0.028 17.575 13.181 12.505 9.463

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Step-6: Design
6.1. Martial property:
Use: Concrete, 30⁄37 → = 30 , Rebar − 400 → = 400
0.85 0.85 ∗ 30
= = = 17
1.5
400
= = = 347.83
1.15

⁄
Tensile strength Concrete, = 0.3 = 0.3(30) = 2.9
=1 = 1000

6.2. Maximum spacing of reinforcement

For the principal reinforcement:

3ℎ = 3 ∗ 170 = 510
≤
400

⇒ = 400

6.3.Calculation Bending Reinforcement Bars

Panels S-1
With class S-2, XC-3 exposure condition, = 25

2.9
0.26 0.26 = 0.001885
= = 400
0.0013 0.0013
= 0.001885

= 0.04

6.1.1. Bending – Short span

, = 8.111 ⁄

= 170 − (25 + 5) = 140 , =1 = 1000

Minimum area of reinforcement:

2.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 140

0.26 0.26 = 263.90
, = = 400
0.0013 0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 140 = 182.0

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⇒ , = 263.90
Maximum area of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement

Maximum limits (for tension or compression reinforcement) are needed to

achieve adequate concrete compaction
, = 0.04 = 0.04 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 140 = 5600
Bending reinforcement:
, = 8.111 ⁄

8.111 × 10
= = = 0.01379
1000 ∗ (140) ∗ 30
For the lever arm, Z:

= 0.5 + 0.25 − ⁄1.134

= 140 ∗ 0.5 + 0.25 − (0.01379⁄1.134)

= 138.28

Area of reinforcement bars due to , = 8.111 ⁄

8.11 × 10
, = = = 168.56 ⁄ > ,
0.87 0.87 ∗ (400) ∗ 138.28

⇒ , = 263.90 ⁄

Spacing:
(10)
= , ℎ , = = = 78.54
4 4

1000(78.54)
= = 297.61 < = 400
263.90

Provide ⁄

6.1.2. Bending – Longer span

Effective depth: = 170 − (25 + 10 + 5) = 130

Minimum area of reinforcement:

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2.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130

0.26 0.26 = 245.05
, = = 400
0.0013 0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130 = 169.0

⇒ , = 245.05

Maximum area of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement

Maximum limits (for tension or compression reinforcement) are needed to
achieve adequate concrete compaction
, = 0.04 = 0.04 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130 = 5200
6.1.2.1. Bending reinforcement:

, = 8.712 ⁄

8.712 × 10
= = = 0.01718
1000 ∗ (130) ∗ 30

For the lever arm, Z:

= 0.5 + 0.25 − ⁄1.134

= 130 0.5 + 0.25 − (0.01718⁄1.134)

= 128
Area of reinforcement bars due to , = 8.712 ⁄ :

,
, = ≥ ,
0.87

8.712 × 10
=
0.87(400) ∗ 128

= 195.58 ⁄ > , = 245.05

⇒ , = 245.05 ⁄

Spacing:
1000(78.54)
= = = 320.51 < = 450
245.05

Provide ⁄
6.1.2.2. Bending reinforcement:

Reinforced Concrete structure II Prepared by Ashagre Fetene Page 64

 Jimma University, Jimma Institute of Technology, JiT, Civil Engineering department

, = 6.609 ⁄
6.609 × 10
= = = 0.013036
1000 ∗ (130) ∗ 30
For the lever arm, Z:

= 0.5 + 0.25 − ⁄1.134

= 130 0.5 + 0.25 − (0.013036⁄1.134)

= 128.49
Area of reinforcement bars due to , = 6.609 ⁄
,
, = ≥ ,
0.87

6.609 × 10
=
0.87 ∗ (400) ∗ 128.49

= 147.81 ⁄ < , = 245.05

⇒ , = 245.05 ⁄

Provide ⁄

Reinforced Concrete structure II Prepared by Ashagre Fetene Page 65

 Jimma University, Jimma Institute of Technology, JiT, Civil Engineering department

Table E1.5: Summary of Reinforcements bars

Z Spacing
Panels Moment (KN m) k Provided rebar
(mm) ( ) ( ) required (mm)
, 8.111 0.01379 138.28 140 168.56* 297.61 ⁄ 290
S-1 , 8.712 0.01718 128.00 130 195.58* 320.51 ⁄ 320
, 6.609 0.013036 128.49 130 147.81* 320.51 ⁄ 320
, 10.965 0.01865 137.66 140 228.89* 297.61 ⁄ 290
, 8.262 0.01405 138.24 140 171.74* 297.61 ⁄ 290
S-2
, 5.558 0.01096 128.73 130 124.07* 320.51 ⁄ 320
, 4.206 0.00830 129.04 130 93.66* 320.51 ⁄ 320
, 0.000 0.00000 140.00 140 0.00 297.61 ⁄ 290
, 10.815 0.01839 137.69 140 225.70* 297.61 ⁄ 290
S-3
, 6.759 0.01333 128.45 130 151.20* 320.51 ⁄ 320
, 5.107 0.01007 128.83 130 113.91* 320.51 ⁄ 320
, 7.210 0.01226 138.47 140 149.62* 297.61 ⁄ 290
, 5.408 0.00920 138.86 140 111.92* 297.61 ⁄ 290
S-4
, 5.558 0.01096 128.73 130 124.07* 320.506 ⁄ 320
, 4.206 0.00830 129.04 130 93.66* 320.506 ⁄ 320
, 17.575 0.02989 136.21 140 370.78 304.763 ⁄ 300
, 13.181 0.02242 137.18 140 276.12 284.445 ⁄ 280
S-5
, 12.505 0.02466 127.11 130 282.70 277.818 ⁄ 210
, 9.463 0.01866 127.82 130 212.73* 320.506 ⁄ 320

N.B:* the minimum area of reinforcement bars.

Reinforced Concrete structure II Prepared by Ashagre Fetene Page 66