Water distiller: purify water

What is a water distiller ? A water distiller is a system to obtain very pure water from potable water
normally provided by the aqueduct services in urban centres. Distilled water is
characterized by a lack of solids in suspension.

What is the use of distilled water ? It is used in multiple applications health centres, especially in laboratory units,
in cleaning and sterilization.

Is all distilled water No, to obtain very pure substances, consecutive distillation cycles are
of the same quality ? performed with the aim of progressively eliminating other substances present
in the mix.
The more specialized the procedures are in the laboratory, the greater will be
the level of purity required. For example: the preparation of reagents or
biological material requires water of the highest quality.

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

Water cycle

The function of a distiller is based on a

phenomenon demonstrated in nature
known as the water cycle.

The energy coming from the sun heats the

water from the seas and transforms part of it
into water vapour. This vapour is
concentrated in clouds. When atmospheric
conditions are suitable, these cool and
condense the water which returns to the
surface of the Earth in the form of rain.

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

Use
Distilled water is needed in hospitals for running autoclaves and in the workshop for the maintenance of
lead-acid batteries for cars and electrical backup systems. Normal tap water must not be used for
technical applications because it contains minerals. Minerals are important for the human body, but
harmful for any technical application. Technical water has to be free of minerals and other solids. 
Unfortunately the quality of distilled water is very different. Specially in the hospitals of developing
countries usually simple tap water is used instead of distilled water and the bottles of distilled water you
can buy in the streets is far behind European or US standards. Often these 'distilled waters' are also just
normal tap water.
This causes a lot of problems. Car batteries will be destroyed soon after refilling and operating theatre
personnel complain about the damaged surfaces of their expensive surgical instruments.
To prevent these problems it is important to make sure that only distilled water of good quality is used. It
is the task of the hospital technician to check the water quality frequently.

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

Water distiller: construction

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

 Water distiller: construction
1. Vapour generator or boiling tank is the container
where the water to be distilled is stored. It is generally
made of glass in small distillers or of stainless steel
with copper, tin or titanium coverings in large capacity
machines.
2. Water level. Device which allows the quantity of
water to be regulated inside the vapour generator.
When the quantity of water in liquid phase contained
in the boiling tank decreases, the device allows the
quantity of liquid evaporated to be recovered.

3. Control valve. Mechanical or electromechanical device which allows the flow of water towards the vapour
generator tank to be regulated.
6. Immersion resistors. Devices generating heat when an electrical current circulates through them. These are
isolated by a ceramic cap and protected from the external environment by a metal shield.

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

 Water distiller: construction
7. Refrigeration water outlet. Line carrying the water
used for condensing the water vapour (cooling).

8. Condenser. Device in which the vapour loses

thermal energy, cools and returns to its liquid phase. In
order to accelerate the process, forced convection by
low temperature fluid circulation (air or water) around
the line through which the vapour flows is used.

9. Filter. Distillers have activated carbon filters located at the exit of the condenser or collector. These eliminate flavours or
particles which may be present in the vapour being condensed.
10. Distilled water container. Device in which the fluid completing the distillation process is collected. Distilled water
must be stored in special plastic containers to avoid ionic contamination. Polyethylene, polypropylene or
polytetrafluoroethylene containers are generally used.

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

Water distiller: Preventive maintenance (example)
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
The maintenance described in this manual focuses on a distiller equipped with a stainless steel vapour generator tank with immersion
resistors and a condenser refrigerated through a ventilator impelling air (on or through the condenser’s diffusing fins).
Warning: Before carrying out an inspection or routine maintenance, verify that the distiller is turned off and disconnected from the
electrical source.

Monthly: Inspection and cleaning of the vapour generator tank

1. Remove the protective panel or open the door allowing access to the vapour generator. 2. Remove the cover of the boiling tank.
3. Visually verify if the interior walls or the immersion resistors show solid deposits or sediments. The quantity of deposits present
depends on the quality of water fed to the distiller. If there is an accumulation of sediments, it must be cleaned to avoid damaging the
resistors1.
4. Clean accumulated deposits. In general, the cleaning process requires a chemical product especially designed for removing them. The
product must be selected according to the characteristics of the water used. This is determined by a chemical analysis.
5. Drain water from the generator tank until its level is approximately 10 cm above the location of the water level probe or the immersion
resistance (verify that the water level is higher than the base of the tank to ensure that all of the elements stay submerged in water).
6. Add the chemical product recommended for the type of water used. 7. Mix well.
8. Allow the chemical to act overnight or as recommended by the manufacturer.
9. Drain the contents of the tank on the following morning.
10. Add clean water, wash and drain until the chemical has been completely removed along with the mineral residues from the affected
surfaces. Check the user
11. Reinstall the cover. 12. Place the front panels or adjust the door. manual !
dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller
Water distiller: Preventive maintenance (example)
Every three months: Change of the activated carbon filter
Normally, the activated carbon filter is submerged in water below the dispenser system which comes from the distilled water storage
tank. It is assembled on a casing installed on the distilled water distribution line. In general, it is a device which can be easily substituted.
The following process is generally done:
1. Unscrew the top of the filter. 2. Remove the used filtering element. 3. Install a new element with the same characteristics as the
original.
4. Reinstall the top of the filter.
Warning: The filter is adjusted inside its casing by means of O-rings or gaskets that must be installed carefully within their grooves in
order to avoid leaks of distilled water.

Annually: Cleaning of the condenser

1. In order to clean the condenser, it is necessary to remove the protective panels or open the door, giving access to the condenser.
2. Verify that the distiller is disconnected from the electrical outlet.
3. Remove the condenser. Disconnect the linkage system for the entry of vapour and the connection which links the condenser to the
distilled product storage tank.
4. Remove screws joining the ventilator with the condenser. Disconnect the ventilator terminals from its connection points.
5. Remove the ventilator and clean the dirt accumulated on the blades. Lubricate the rotation axis with mineral oil (two drops).
6. Remove the condenser. Aspirate dirt, dust and fluff accumulated on the surface of the diffusing fins. Compressed air or a brush
dampened with soap and water can also be used. Check the user manual
7. Rinse the parts. 8. Dry. 9. Assemble again in the reverse order to that described. !

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

 Trouble
shooting
Water distiller: Safety considerations
• Ensure a suitable electricity supply
• Constant supervision to ensure
• sufficient supply of cooling water,
• the boiling flask does not run dry (sometimes an automatic protection is
available)
• the receiver is not overfilled
• The boiling flask and element must be checked for inorganic deposits and descaled as
appropriate. This must be done frequently in hard-water areas.
• All glassware must be checked for cracks
• The system must be checked regularly to ensure that it is leak proof

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

Water distiller: Performance Monitoring

regularly check water purity via

conductance measurement !

dr. Chris R. Mol, BME, NORTEC, 2015 Maintain a water distiller

 END
The creation of this presentation was supported by a grant from THET:
see https://www.thet.org/