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    Introduction To Programming EC-105

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    noor
    This document discusses different types of conditional statements in programming including if, if-else, else if, nested if, and switch statements. It provides examples of how to use each statement type to evaluate conditions and execute different blocks of code based on whether the conditions are true or false. Key points covered include using if for single selection, if-else for double selection, else if to check multiple conditions in order, nesting if statements to check multiple levels of conditions, and using switch statements to select among multiple constant cases. Homework problems are provided to practice applying these concepts without using loops.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Introduction To Programming EC-105

    Uploaded by

    noor
    20 views35 pages
    This document discusses different types of conditional statements in programming including if, if-else, else if, nested if, and switch statements. It provides examples of how to use each statement type to evaluate conditions and execute different blocks of code based on whether the conditions are true or false. Key points covered include using if for single selection, if-else for double selection, else if to check multiple conditions in order, nesting if statements to check multiple levels of conditions, and using switch statements to select among multiple constant cases. Homework problems are provided to practice applying these concepts without using loops.

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    cs l4

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    This document discusses different types of conditional statements in programming including if, if-else, else if, nested if, and switch statements. It provides examples of how to use each statement type to evaluate conditions and execute different blocks of code based on whether the conditions are true or false. Key points covered include using if for single selection, if-else for double selection, else if to check multiple conditions in order, nesting if statements to check multiple levels of conditions, and using switch statements to select among multiple constant cases. Homework problems are provided to practice applying these concepts without using loops.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views35 pages

    Introduction To Programming EC-105

    Uploaded by

    noor
    This document discusses different types of conditional statements in programming including if, if-else, else if, nested if, and switch statements. It provides examples of how to use each statement type to evaluate conditions and execute different blocks of code based on whether the conditions are true or false. Key points covered include using if for single selection, if-else for double selection, else if to check multiple conditions in order, nesting if statements to check multiple levels of conditions, and using switch statements to select among multiple constant cases. Homework problems are provided to practice applying these concepts without using loops.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 35

    Introduction to Programming

    EC-105
    Lecture 4
    Selection/Conditional statements
    Program types
    • All programs can be written in terms of only
    three control structures, namely,
    – the sequence structure,
    – the selection structure (Branching) and
    – the repetition structure (Looping).
    Selection/Conditional statements

    • Selection statements cause one section of code


    to be executed or not depending on a
    conditional clause.
    – if statement
    – switch statement
    The if statement

    • Used where the execution of an


    action depends on the satisfaction of
    a condition. T

    – if condition is true -> action is done


    The if statement

    • Used where the execution of an


    action depends on the satisfaction of F

    a condition.
    – if condition is true -> action is done
    – if condition is false -> action is not done
    The if statement
    Any statement that
    results in True or False

    Syntax Logical or Relational

    if (condition)
    T
    { statement1; F

    statement 2;
    ….
    statement n;
    }
    The if statement
    • Develop a system that tells the user that he is
    over-speeding if his speed crosses120km/hr.

    • Pseudocode
    IF speed is greater than 120km/hr
    THEN print “over-speeding”
    The if statement
    if (speed>120)
    {cout<<"over speeding";
    cout << "reduce speed now";
    } T
    … F

    …
    …
    If - else

    • if is a single-selection statement which


    performs an indicated action only when the
    condition is TRUE; otherwise the action is
    skipped.

    • if-else is a double-selection statement which


    performs an action when the condition is
    TRUE and a different action when the
    condition is FALSE.
    If - else
    • Used where there are
    different actions to be
    executed depending on the
    result of a given condition.
    – if condition is true -> action is
    done
    – if condition is false -> a
    different action is done
    If - else
    • Syntax:
    if (condition)
    {statement1; statement 2;…. statement n;
    }
    else
    {statement1; statement 2;….statement n;
    }

    • Note: if the specified condition is true, then all the


    statements in the first curly braces will be executed, else all
    the statements in the next curly braces will be executed.
    If - else
    • Determine whether a number is positive or
    negative.

    • Pseudocode
    • IF number is greater than or equal to 0,
    THEN print “positive”
    • ELSE print “negative”
    If - else
    if (number>=0)
    cout<<"number is positive";
    else
    cout<<"number is negative";
    If - else
    • TRY ME! : for even numbers add half the
    number to y. For odd numbers, subtract half.

    if (x%2==0)
    y += x/2;
    else
    y -= x/2;
    Some notes
    • If there is only one statement following the if,
    then the curly braces are optional.
    • If there are multiple statements, the braces
    are necessary.
    • Same is true for the statements following the
    else.
    Some notes
    – E.g.
    if (a<b)
    a=b+1;
    b = 10;
    cout<<"print A"<<a;

    Output (if condition is true)


     a = b+1;
     the cout statement is ignored in this case because of the
    missing { }
    Some notes
    • An if can exist without an else.
    • An else, without an if has no meaning.
    The else if keyword

    • Used where there are multiple actions to be


    executed based on different conditions.
    – if condition is true -> action is done
    – if condition is false -> next condition is checked
    The else if keyword
    • Syntax:
    if (condition)
    {statement1; statement 2;…. statement n;
    }
    else if (condition 2)
    {statement1; statement 2;….statement n;
    }
    else
    {statement1; statement 2;….statement n;
    }
    The else if keyword
    if (x==0)
    {cout << " x is ZERO" <<endl;}
    else if (x>0)
    {cout << " x is positive"
    <<endl;}
    else
    {cout << " x is negative"
    <<endl;}
    The else if keyword
    • Additional alternative control paths
    • Conditions evaluated in order until one is met;
    inner statement (or statements) are then
    executed
    • If multiple conditions are true, only first
    condition is executed, the remaining are
    ignored
    Nested if statements

    • An if statement within the


    executable block of another if
    statement
    • Use?
    • Used where several conditions
    need to be met for the
    execution of an action.
    • Is this completely true? How?
    Nested if statements

    • Conditions are checked in order,


    i.e. the inner condition is
    checked only if the outer
    condition is satisfied.
    – if condition is true -> inner
    condition is checked
    – if inner condition is true -> action
    is done
    Nested if statements
    • Syntax:
    if (condition)
    {if (condition)
    statement1;//(…. to n)
    else
    statement;
    }
    else
    {statement1;statement 2;….
    statement n;
    }
    Nested if statements

    • Determine whether the number


    is positive even, positive odd, or
    zero.
    • Pseudocode
    IF number is greater than 0,
    IF number is divisible by 2,
    THEN print “positive even”
    ELSE print “positive odd”
    ELSE print “zero”
    Nested if statements
    if (num>0)
    {if ((num%2)==0)
    cout << "positive even" <<
    endl;
    else
    cout << "positive odd" <<
    endl;
    }
    else
    cout << "zero" << endl;
    Nested if statements
    1. if (x%4 == 0)
    {if (x%2 == 0)
    To associate else with outer if statement:
    y= 2;
    use braces
    }
    else
    y= 1;

    2. if (x < 0)
    if (y != 4)
    z = y * x;
    else
    z = y / x;
    else if (y > 4)
    z = y + x;
    else
    z = y - x;
    If else-if
    if (day == 1) if (day == 1)
    cout<< "Sunday”; cout<< "Sunday”;
    if (day == 2) else if (day == 2)
    cout << "Monday”; cout<< "Monday”;

    if (day == 3) else if (day == 3)


    cout << "Tuesday”; cout<< "Tuesday”;
    if (day == 4) else if (day == 4)
    cout << “Wednesday”; cout <<"Wednesday”;

    Here, each if condition will be Here, the compiler will skip the
    checked even if the true one is remaining if conditions
    found earlier on. following the true one.
    switch-statement Syntax
    • switch (controlling expression)
    {
    case Constant_1: statement_Sequence_1
    break;
    case Constant_2:
    Statement_Sequence_2
    break;

    case Constant_n:
    Statement_Sequence_n
    break;
    default:
    Default_Statement_Sequence
    }

    33
    The Controlling Statement
    • A switch statement's controlling statement
    must return one of these types
    - A bool value
    - An enum constant
    - An integer type
    - A character
    • The value returned is compared to the
    constant values after each "case"
    - When a match is found, the code for that case is used

    34
    The break Statement
    • The break statement ends the switch-statement
    - Omitting the break statement will cause the code
    for the next case to be executed!
    - Omitting a break statement allows the use of
    multiple case labels for a section of code
    • case 'A':
    case 'a':
    cout << "Excellent.";
    break;

    • Runs the same code for either 'A' or 'a'

    35
    The default Statement
    •If no case label has a constant that matches
    the controlling expression, the statements
    following the default label are executed
    - If there is no default label, nothing happens when
    the switch statement is executed
    - It is a good idea to include a default section

    36
    The switch statement
    cout <<"Enter a number between 1 & 3";
    cin >> a;
    switch(a)
    {
    case 1:
    cout <<"it is case 1\n";
    break;
    case 2:
    cout <<"it is case 2\n";
    break;
    case 3:
    cout <<"it is case 3\n";
    break;
    default:
    cout <<"it is default";
    break;
    }
    Home task (Try to do these without
    Loops)
    • Program to Check input character as Vowel or
    Consonant
    • Program to Find the Largest Number Among
    Three integers
    • Program to Make a Simple Calculator to Add,
    Subtract, Multiply or Divide Using
    switch...case
    • Write a program which takes 5 integers as
    input and sort them in ascending order.

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