Executive Function Performance Test (Efpt)
Executive Function Performance Test (Efpt)
Executive Function Performance Test (Efpt)
FUNCTION
PERFORMANCE TEST (EFPT)
C.M. BAUM, T.J. WOLF
May 5,2013
INTRODUCTION
The Executive Function Performance Task was developed to provide a performance‐based
standardized assessment of cognitive function (Baum and Edwards, 1993). Generally, traditional
neuropsychological tests gather information about specific aspects of cognition, such as
memory, attention, or planning (Duchek, 1997). The EFPT takes a macro‐level view of cognition:
Functioning as a whole is examined as individuals perform an entire task.
The EFPT was designed to examine executive functions in the context of performing a task.
Executive functions are a group of cognitive processes which mediate goal‐directed activity
(Kaye et al., 1990; Stuss, 1992). Thus, executive functions are involved in task execution.
The EFPT serves three purposes:
(1) to determine which executive functions are impaired.
(2) to determine an individual’s capacity for independent functioning.
(3) to determine the amount of assistance necessary for task completion.
Unlike other tests of IADL, the EFPT does not examine what individuals cannot do. Rather, it
identifies what they can do, and how much assistance is needed for them to carry out a task.
The EFPT does not simply discriminate between individuals who can do the test and those who
cannot. By using a cueing system, a wider range of abilities are captured in people previously
thought to be untestable. The cueing system is standardized and relates to the degree of
cognitive impairment. Finally, the cueing system gives the tester a straightforward assessment
of the assistance that the individual will require to safely perform tasks; thus, it is a clinically
useful test that can be used in practice and research.
ASSESSMENT
The EFPT examines the execution of four basic tasks that are essential for self‐maintenance and
independent living: simple cooking, telephone use, medication management, and bill payment.
The EFPT assesses an individual’s ability to complete the following components of the task (an
elaboration of definitions is given below).
Initiation, execution, and completion have been operationally defined to guide the development
of this test. Using these definitions, the rater is able to analyze the executive functions that
mediate each task. Accordingly, the EFPT allows the rater to observe how executive functioning
is impaired in the individual and ascertain the type and amount of help the individual needs to
maintain self‐sufficiency. This valuable information can then be shared with team members,
caregivers and care providers.
The following table describes how these cognitive constructs are used in the EFPT. The person
administering the assessment will respond to the person’s need for help to be successful in
performing the task. It is very important that the test administrator accurately records the level
of cue the person needs in the right category of the test. The performance to observe is in bold
for each category.
EXECUTIVE
FUNCTION DEFINITION EXPECTED BEHAVIOR
COMPONENT
Initiation The start of motor activity that begins a task. The individual moves to the
materials table to collect items
needed for the task.
Execution The proper completion of each step, The individual carries out the steps
consisting of three requirements: of the task.
organization, sequencing, and safety and
judgment (see below).
Organization The physical arrangement of the The individual correctly retrieves
environment, tools, and materials to and uses the items that are
facilitate efficient and effective performance necessary for the task.
of steps.
Sequencing The coordination and proper ordering of the The individual carries out the steps
steps that comprise the task, requiring a in an appropriate order, attends to
proper allotment of attention to each step. each step appropriately, and can
switch attention from one step to
the next.
Judgment and The employment of reason and decision‐ The individual exhibits an
Safety making capabilities to intentionally avoid awareness of danger by actively
physically, emotionally, or financially avoiding or preventing the creation
dangerous situations. of a dangerous situation.
Completion The inhibition of motor performance driven The individual indicates that he/she
by the knowledge that the task is finished. is finished or moves away from the
The person does not perseverate and keep area of the last step.
going
CUE TYPE CUE DESCRIPTION
No Cues Required The participant requires no help or reassurance, does not ask questions for
clarification, goes directly to the task and does it. Self‐cueing is acceptable.
Ex. speaking to oneself.
Indirect Verbal Guidance The person requires verbal prompting, such as an open‐ended question
or an affirmation that will help them move on. Indirect cues are also not
task specific and should come in the form of a question: Do you need
anything else?, Is there anything you need to do first?, Do you need
another item?, What do you need to do next?, Is there another way to do
that?, Is there anything you forgot?, Anything else you need to consider?
Avoid direct phrases such as “read the instructions” or “turn on the
stove.”
Gestural Guidance The person requires gestural prompting. At this level, you are not physically
involved with any portion of the task. Instead, you should make a
gesticulation that mimics the action that is necessary to complete the
subtask, or make a movement that guides the participant, e.g., you may
move your hands in a stirring motion, point to where the participant may
find the item, point to the appropriate level on the measuring cup, etc. You
may not physically participate, such as handing the participant an item.
Direct Verbal Assistance You are required to deliver a one‐step command, so that you are cueing the
participant to take the action. For example, say, “pick up the pen” or “pour
the water into the pan.”
Physical Assistance You are physically assisting the participant with the step, but you are not
doing it for him/her. You may hold the cup while he/she pours, hold the
check book while he/she writes, loosen the cap on the medicine container,
etc., but the participant is still attending to and participating in the task.
Do for the Subject You are required to do the step for the subject.
NOTE: This assessment is designed to determine what level of cue is required for the person to be
successful with the task. The person should be given time to process but should not commit
errors. The idea is to keep them going. The level of cue required to do the task is the support
given by the test administrator and it indicates the persons need for assistance. The test
administrator must deliver the cue to support the person’s performance; the cue should not be
given until the person demonstrates that they need help to move to the next step. In other words
do not overcue: But do not let them commit errors. Even people with severe cognitive
impairment can complete this test because the test administrator “provides the help that makes
the doing possible.”
If the person has a motor impairment and asks for assistance, the assistance is not recorded as a
cue. It indicates that the person know what needs to be done to continue with the task.
Cueing Instructions ‐ See Appendix A for a detailed Cue Sheet
The test administrator delivers the cues necessary to help the person avoid errors and complete
the task. Do not wait for the person to make an error to cue.
Unless the participant is in danger (e.g., putting the pitcher of water down where it could
fall off the table and break, putting a hot pad on the burner, touching the burner to see if it
is on, placing their sleeve in the fire, etc.), do not intervene until the participant shows
he/she is not processing to move to the next step.
If the person has difficulty with any aspect of any of the tasks, you must wait to give them
time to process before giving the participant a cue, don’t wait to allow them to make an
error, the cue avoids the error.
Give two cues of each kind before progressing to the next cueing level.
Give cues progressively (see below) from verbal guidance gestural guidance direct
verbal assistance physical assistance. If the participant is still unable to perform a step in
a task, the examiner should do the step for him/her, then the participant should be cued
back to the next sequential step of the task.
Once you have determined that the person needs direct verbal cues in one aspect of the
observation (organization, sequencing, safety and judgement) go ahead and give the verbal
cues to finish the task without starting over each time at a verbal and then gestural levels .
You will often find yourself combining different levels of cues (several verbal prompts, a
gestural movement, a specific direction, or assistance). The score of your degree of
assistance must reflect the highest level of cue used to get the task done.
Do not initiate conversations during the test, and do not “cheer lead,” i.e., do not give
positive or negative feedback.
The rater observes the person performing the task, focusing specifically on the 5 executive functions (initiation, organization, sequencing,
judgment and safety and completion). The tester records the level of cue that was necessary for the person to perform the task. The highest
level of cue needed is the score, not the number of cues required. (See sample form). Record the time for each task.
TASK: Simple Cooking Independent Verbal Gestural Verbal Direct Physical Do For Score
0 Guidance Guidance Instruction Assistance Participant
1 2 3 4 5
INITIATION: beginning the task.
Upon your request to start, participant moves to table to gather X __0__
tools/materials for making oatmeal.
EXECUTION: carrying out the actions of the task through the use of
organization, sequencing, and judgment.
Organization: arrangement of the tools/materials to complete the X __3__
task. Participant retrieves the items needed (pan, pot holder,
x x
measuring cup, oats, instructions, spoon).
Sequencing: execution of steps in appropriate order. X X X __3__
Participant performs steps according to the directions participant
measures water, puts water into pan, turn on stove, sets heat
according to what is needed, boils water, measures oats, puts oats
into boiling water, stirs, turns off stove, uses pot holder to lift hot
pan, and pours oats into bowl.Participant does not confuse steps,
e.g., turns off stove before water boils, replacing oats in cupboard
before measuring some out, but may measure oats before boiling
the water or put salt in the water before or as it boils.
Judgment & Safety: avoidance of dangerous situation. X X X __3__
Participant prevents or avoids danger, e.g., turns water off, does
not lay pot holder near burner, turns burner off, uses pot holder to
lift hot pan, etc.
COMPLETION: termination of task.
Participant knows he/she is finished, e.g., pours oatmeal into bowl X __0__
and moves away from pot. If participant washed dishes, he/she
moves away from the sink, doesn’t continue to scrape the pan,
etc.
Task Score 9 Time 805 seconds
The EFPT is a formal cognitive test which requires strict adherence to testing protocol. There should be no
modifications of the instructions. Any deviation from standard testing procedure will decrease validity. In
order to avoid bias, the rater must not form preconceived ideas about the participant’s capacity to perform
the tasks. Test items must be administered regardless of the participant’s preferences or experiences
towards/with task items (one exception, if the person has never used a check book and does not know
how to use it you would find yourself cueing to give directions so you do not do that task).. The EFTP was
designed to accommodate all levels of functioning and to establish the levels of support needed for a
range of tasks. Therefore, all participants can be scored on this measure, especially because it is possible
to score when physical assistance is provided and when the person is not able to perform the task.
PRE‐TEST CHECKLIST
Check oatmeal container—should be approximately half full and no less than 1 cup of oats
Medication label completed with participant’s name and placed on pill bottle
Distracter medication bottle has another person’s name on it
Ensure the pill bottles have adequate amount of “fake” medication
Address envelopes with participant’s name and address, and seal the envelopes
Remove any old envelopes from mail bag
Do not put the checkbook in the mail bag and make sure the bills are interspersed with mail that is
not addressed to them.
Date cable bill approximately 3 weeks from date of test
Paper towels are in the testing box
Write participant’s name and an account number on 2 checks in checkbook
Perforate the bills so they can be torn to return in the envelop
Balance checkbook register as follows:
Number Date Description of Payment/ Code Fee (‐) Deposit/ $ Balance
Transaction Debit (‐) * Credit (+)
123 00
5/1 Groceries 33 24 89 76
DIRECTIONS FOR THE EFPT
The tasks should be carried out in the following order:
Simple Meal Preparation (Score Sheet B)
Telephone (Score Sheet C)
Taking Medication (Score Sheet D)
Paying Bills (Score Sheet E)
Be sure that the area is clear of other items so there is room for the participant to work.
1. Begin the EFPT with the script and all of the pre‐test questions.
2. Leave all of the items necessary for all of the tasks in the box on a table (the “materials table”). Put it
on a lower table or stool if the person sits in a wheel chair
[Bills and mail should be mixed together in a Ziploc bag. The account/check book should have checks
included inside. All other items are loose in the box.]
3. Ask the person to begin the task (use the script).
4. Offer assistance only after the participant has made a good attempt to process the actions necessary to
carry out the step. The cueing guidelines should be used.
5. Complete the cueing chart and behavior assessment chart for each task.
6. Time each of the tasks and write down the time in minutes and seconds on each task sheet.
7. Complete the score sheet with the information from each task sheet.
When administering the test in an office like environment make sure the table top burner is where they can
reach the controls and the water pitcher is at least half full and where they can see and reach it.
SCRIPT
“Today I’ll be asking you to make some oatmeal, use the telephone, take some “fake” medication,
and pay some “fake” bills. You may not be doing these tasks at home, but they have been selected
for this test as representing those most like daily tasks. If you need help at any point in this test, let
me know”.
This is an assessment and I will respond to questions that you ask me but we will not have a
conversation during the test, I wanted to let you know so you would not think I was not friendly.
“All the items you need to do these tasks are here in the box (show it to them). I want to know a
few things about you before I begin the testing, so I’m going to ask you a few questions. Please
answer them as best as you can. This card should guide your responses.” (Show the participant
the response card and read directly from it.)
PRE‐TEST QUESTIONS
Do you cook? 1= Yes 2= No
Do you use the stove to cook meals?
1= Yes 2= No
Have you recently made oatmeal on the stove? 1= Yes 2= No
Will you be able to make oatmeal?
0= by yourself.
1= with verbal guidance
2= with physical assistance
3=I won’t be able to do this task
Do you use the phone on a regular basis? 1= Yes 2= No
How many times a week do you use the phone? __________________
What is the phone number you call in an emergency? ______________
1= correct 2= incorrect
Will you be able to make a phone call . . .
0= by yourself.
1= with verbal guidance
2= with physical assistance
3=I won’t be able to do this task
Do you take medication? 1= Yes 2= No
Can you tell me where you keep your medications? 1= Yes 2= No
When do you take your medicine? __________________________
1=morning
2=afternoon
3=evening
4=before bed
5=more than once a day
_ other times ex. 2x week
Will you be able to take the medicine?
0= by yourself.
1= with verbal guidance
2= with physical assistance
3=I won’t be able to do this task
Do you pay your bills? 1= Yes 2= No
Does someone help you with your bills? 1= Yes 2= No
Have you ever used a checkbook? 1=Yes 2=No
Do you know how to use a checkbook? 1= Yes 2= No
Note: If they have NEVER used a checkbook and they say they do not know how to use one, avoid the bill
paying task (Form E) as you will be cuing because of lack of knowledge, not lack of processing.
Will you be able to pay the bills?
0= by yourself.
1= with verbal guidance
2= with physical assistance
3=I won’t be able to do this task
The tasks I am about to ask you to do may involve some movements that may be difficult for you. Please
ask me for help if you need it.
TASK: SIMPLE COOKING
Items required for task:
Pan (with handle that gets hot and requires a pot holder)
Pot holder
Measuring cup (glass) – 1 cup
Dry measuring cups
Spoon for stirring
Rubber spatula
Old‐fashioned Oats
Enlarged copy of the instructions for the stovetop version only
Bowl
Spoon for eating
Salt shaker
Timer – a timer with a dial rather than a digital recording
Commence Task:
“I want you to make oatmeal. The instructions are on the oatmeal box. Here is an enlarged version of the
instructions if you need them (hand to participant). Please read the directions to me so that I know that
you understand what it is that you are to do. Follow these directions and when you are done, put the
oatmeal in a bowl. The items you need are in the box.”
If they do not have all the items they need first ask them “do you need to get anything else?”, second‐ point
to the box, third, give them a direct cue as to what to pick up, or assist them] If they have a motoric
limitation they may ask you to get the items from the box for them (do not score a cue when they request
physical help).
Note: The participant should not be penalized if he/she does not clean the bowl or pan.
Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT): Form B
TASK: Simple Cooking Independent Verbal Gestural Verbal Direct Physical Do For Score
0 Guidance Guidance Instruction Assistance Participant
1 2 3 4 5
INITIATION: beginning the task.
Upon your request to start, participant moves to table to ____
gather tools/materials for making oatmeal.
EXECUTION: carrying out the actions of the task through the
use of organization, sequencing, and judgment.
Organization: arrangement of the tools/materials to ____
complete the task. Participant retrieves the items needed
(pan, pot holder, measuring cup, oats, instructions, spoon).
Sequencing: execution of steps in appropriate order. ____
Participant performs steps according to the directions
participant measures water, puts water into pan, turn on
stove, sets heat according to what is needed, boils water,
measures oats, puts oats into boiling water, stirs, turns off
stove, uses pot holder to lift hot pan, and pours oats into
bowl. Participant does not confuse steps, e.g., turns off
stove before water boils, replacing oats in cupboard before
measuring some out, but may measure oats before boiling
the water or put salt in the water before or as it boils.
Judgment & Safety: avoidance of dangerous situation. ____
Participant prevents or avoids danger, e.g., turns water off,
does not lay pot holder near burner, turns burner off, uses
pot holder to lift hot pan, etc.
COMPLETION: termination of task.
Participant knows he/she is finished, e.g., pours oatmeal ____
into bowl and moves away from pot. If participant washed
dishes, he/she moves away from the sink, doesn’t continue
to scrape the pan, etc.
Task Score ____________ Time ___________________
TASK: USING THE TELEPHONE
Items required for task:
Pencil
Paper
Phone book
Magnifying Glass
“I want you to look up a local grocery store in the phone book, telephone them, and ask them
if they deliver groceries. Let me know what you find out. The items you need are in the box.”
Put the phone on speaker phone so that you can hear that the number has been dialed and
hear if you need to cue them.
If they do not have all the items they need first ask them “do you need to get anything else?”,,
second‐ point to the box, third, give them a direct cue as to what to pick up, or assist them] If
they have a motoric limitation they may ask you to get the items from the box for them (do not
score a cue when they request).
Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT): Form C
TASK: Using the Telephone Independent Verbal Gestural Verbal Direct Physical Do For Score
Guidance Guidance Instruction Assistance Participant
0 1 2 3 4 5
INITIATION: beginning the task.
Upon your request to start, participant moves to ____
table to gather tools/materials for making a phone
call.
EXECUTION: carrying out the actions of the task
through the use of organization, sequencing, and
judgment.
Organization: arrangement of the tools/materials ____
to complete the task.
Participant retrieves the items needed (phone
book, pencil, paper).
Sequencing: execution of steps in appropriate ____
order. Participant performs steps in appropriate
sequence, e.g., looks up number, lifts receiver,
dials number, reaches correct number, and tells
you the correct answer.
Participant does not confuse steps, e.g., dials
number before looking it up, hangs up receiver in
middle of dialing, puts away phone book instead of
looking up number, etc.
Judgment & Safety: avoidance of dangerous ____
situation.
Participant prevents or avoids danger, e.g., dials
the correct number, reports information
accurately to you, replaces receiver on hook so
phone can be used, etc.
COMPLETION: termination of task.
Participant knows he/she is finished, e.g., hangs up ____
phone and does not continue pushing buttons.
Task Score________________ Time _________________
Upon your request to start, participant moves to table to ____
gather tools/materials for taking medication.
EXECUTION: carrying out the actions of the task through the
use of organization, sequencing, and judgment.
Organization: arrangement of the tools/materials to ____
complete the task.
Participant retrieves the items needed (medicine bottle,
instructions, pills, glass).
Sequencing: execution of steps in appropriate order. ____
Participant performs steps in appropriate sequence, e.g.,
reads the directions on the pill bottle, opens pill bottle,
pours pills into hands or onto table, chooses correct
number of pills according to prescription, puts unused pills
back into bottle, puts pills into mouth, swallows, and puts
cap back on bottle. Participant does not confuse steps, e.g.,
puts cap on before takes pills out and counts them, drinks
all the water before puts pills into mouth, etc.
Judgment & Safety: avoidance of dangerous situation. ____
Participant prevents or avoids danger, e.g., takes correct
pills, counts and takes correct number of pills, doesn’t put
water too near to the edge of table, doesn’t pour water
outside of the cup, etc.
COMPLETION: termination of task.
Participant knows he/she is finished, e.g., moves away ____
from the task, doesn’t open pill bottle and play with pills,
etc.
Task Score ___________ Time ______________
TASK: PAYING BILLS
Note: If they have NEVER used a checkbook, ask them if they know how checkbooks are used.
If they say they do not know how to use one, avoid this test as you will be cuing because of lack
of knowledge, not lack of processing.
Note: This task will be skipped if they answered “no” to both questions of (1)ever using a
checkbook and (2)if they know how to use a checkbook in the pre‐test questions.
Items required for task:
Two bills (one cable, one phone) mixed with 5 other pieces of mail (letter from credit card
company, announcement of a sale, etc.) in a Ziploc bag
Checks
Balance sheet (i.e., account book) with a balance $5.00 less than the bills total
Pen
Calculator
Note: One of the bills is past due; the other is due upon receipt so they need to review both
bills before they start to pay one. This may require cues.
Commence Task:
“I want you to take what you need to pay the bills out of the bag, find all the bills, open all
the bills, pay them, and balance the account. These are fake bills and this is not your account
but I need you to pretend that these are your bills and your account as this is part of the
assessment.”
If they do not have all the items they need first ask them if they need to get other materials,
second‐ point to the box, third, give them a direct cue as to what to pick up, or assist them] If
they have a motoric limitation they may ask you to get the items from the box for them (do not
score a cue when they request).
Note: use of the calculator is not mandatory.
Be sure to know which bill is due immediately so that you cue them to pay the bill that is due
immediately if they start paying the wrong bill.
Note: some have a strategy of paying part of each bill and calling the company to tell them that
this is their plan. This should not be counted wrong if they tell you what they are doing and
why and don’t exceed the balance.
Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT): Form D
TASK: Paying Two Bills Independent Verbal Gestural Verbal Direct Physical Do For Score
Guidance Guidance Instruction Assistance Participant
0 1 2 3 4 5
INITIATION: beginning the task.
Upon your request to start, participant moves to table to ____
gather tools/materials for paying two bills.
EXECUTION: carrying out the actions of the task through the
use of organization, sequencing, and judgment.
Organization: arrangement of the tools/materials to ____
complete the task. Participant retrieves the items needed
(pen, checkbook, bills, envelope, stamp).
Sequencing: execution of steps in appropriate order. ____
Participant performs steps in appropriate sequence, e.g.,
locates the bill due immediately, checks the balance,
writes the check for the correct amount, puts check into
envelope , seals it. Participant does not confuse steps,
e.g., writes check before checking the balance, seals
envelope before putting check in, puts check into
envelope before signing it, etc.
Judgment & Safety: avoidance of dangerous situation. ____
Participant prevents or avoids danger, e.g., makes check
out in the correct amount and signs it, writes correct
address, subtracts check amount from the balance,
doesnít write second check (or indicates in some way that
there are insufficient funds in the account to write the
second check), etc.
COMPLETION: termination of task.
Participant knows he/she is finished, e.g., puts down the ____
checkbook, doesn’t continue writing checks or fussing
with the bills or checkbook, etc.
Task Score _____________ Time __________________
EFPT SCORING SUMMARY SHEET
CONSTRUCTS
Must review all 4 task sheets to count totals; the highest in each construct goes on this form
CONSTRUCT Cook Telephone Meds Bills TOTAL SCORE
Initiation
Organization
Sequencing
Judgment & Safety
Completion
TOTAL Construct Score (should match total task score, if not recheck):
TASKS
Add from the total on each task sheet
Task Total Task Score Time
Cooking
Telephone
Medication
Bills
TOTAL
PRE‐TEST SELF EFFICACY
ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
Person’s Report Administrator’s Experience
No Help Can’t No Help Can’t
Help Do Help Do
Cook 0 1 2 Cook 0 1 2
Telephone 0 1 2 Telephone 0 1 2
Medication 0 1 2
Medication 0 1 2
Bills 0 1 2 Bills 0 1 2
POTENTIAL AWARENESS PROBLEM
Yes No
Accurately estimated need for help (if 100% match between pre‐test and actual
performance). If no, please specify:
Overestimated need for help
Underestimated need for help
# Estimated Incorrectly: _________ of 4 (If greater than 1 of 4, mark yes below.)
Possible Awareness Problem: Yes No