C64 Music for Dummies!

Welcome to my C64 for Dummies tutorial. It is designed to get you to a point where you can
make basic songs on a C64 or C64 emulator. From that point onwards you shall have to read
manuals and use trial and error, but starting tends to be the most difficult part and the tutorial
is designed to assist you with that.

For this tutorial we shall use the tracker "SID-Wizard". I chose it because it runs on a real
C64, which some people will like (for everyone else there is VICE), and because I think it has
the right mix of ease-of-use and power that an aspiring noob like yourself will want in a
tracker. It's also brand new, released in 2012, which is maybe an advantage. If you have used
a tracker before, such as LSDJ or Famitracker, you won't find this too hard. If you haven't
used a tracker before, you will find this quite an odd experience at first, but I assure you it is a
very powerful method of making chiptunes.

What you will need:

-- Some understanding of the hexadecimal number system (look at wikipedia, maybe)

-- Some knowledge of basic synthesizer terminology (or the internet)
-- A C64 and means of getting software onto it, or a C64 emulator (I recommend VICE for
GNU+linux, Windows, and MS-DOS)
-- The tracker, SID-Wizard 1.0, which can be downloaded in the code/trunk/binary folder
found here: http://sourceforge.net/projects/sid-wizard/files/ - I use the .d64 file of SID-
Wizard-extra, but it may be easier to choose a .prg file and use that (You will also need to
download the corresponding prg of SID-Maker if you do this). If you use a prg file, the bits of
the tutorial that refer to c1541.exe and extracting files from d64 images can be ignored. Files
will be saved to disk as .P00 files in the folder which the prg file is in instead. If you are using
prg files, you will also need SWMconvert.exe (or on GNU+linux, SWMconvert), which
converts P00 files to swm files and S00 files to SID files. This runs on Windows or
GNU+linux, so if you are not using one of these operating systems, I recommend using the
d64 image and following the d64 instructions, or you will not be able to convert your songs to
SID!
-- Once you have finished reading this tutorial, you will want the SID-Wizard manual, which
can be downloaded here: http://noname.c64.org/csdb/release/down … ?id=137027

Let's get started!

It's time to get started. Run the SID-Wizard program from the d64 image or prg file. With
VICE, this is as simple as opening VICE, and choosing File > Autostart Disk Image for d64,
or , and then choosing the d64 image and opening it. Your operating system should also be
able to associate d64 images with VICE, so you can just double click the d64 to run it. If you
have a real C64, I will not be teaching you in this tutorial how to load and run files, that is up
to you to figure out. If you are using VICE, the section at the end called "VICE configuration"
will be useful to you.

SID-Wizard takes a short while to load. Wait, and then you should see the tracker screen.
Everything you need to write a song is visible on this one screen. In the middle of the screen
are three columns. This is the pattern editor, and each column represents one channel of the
C64's SID chip. You can access this screen by pressing F5. You can move around it with the
directional keys (on a C64 these say "CRSR" on them, and are used in conjunction with the
shift key), and you can use tab (in VICE) or CONTROL (on the C64) to jump between
columns.

On the right hand side of a screen is another column, which is the instrument editor. You can
access this area by pressing F7, navigate through the different sections of this area with tab
(CONTROL), and move around within the sections using the directional keys.

At the bottom of the screen are three rows of numbers. This is the orderlist. Each row
represents one channel of the C64's SID chip. You can access this area by pressing F6 (Shift +
F5), and move around within it using the directional keys.

These are the three main areas, and are all you need to make a simple song. I will introduce
the other areas later. Familiarise yourself with navigating around the screen using the keys
until you can remember it all, or just continue and learn that later.

Creating simple instruments

Before we can make sounds, we need to make an instrument. Switch to the instrument editor
with F7. I'll briefly explain the most important sections of the instrument editor now. The first
section at the top contains general parameters for an instrument, including an ADSR volume
envelope, vibrato settings, hard-restart settings, and more. The next section (switch sections
with tab/CONTROL, remember?), labelled "WFARP", contains commands to set the
waveform (WF) of the instrument, and the pitch (ARP). All instruments must have something
in this table to make sound. The next section, labelled "PULSE", contains commands to
change the pulsewidth of instruments that use the pulse waveform. Instruments that use the
pulse waveform must have something in this table. The final section I will introduce to you,
labelled "FILT.", contains commands to operate the filter of the C64. I will briefly introduce
this section at the end. All values in these tables are in hexadecimal.

So, let's create an instrument. Switch to the first section. As you can see, the ADSR envelope
is set by default to 00F0. This means the envelope will have 0 attack, 0 decay, F sustain, and 0
release time. You may have already encountered ADSR envelopes, but if not, I will briefly
explain them. "Attack" means the time it takes the volume to swell from zero to its maximum
level. "Decay" means the time it takes for the volume to settle from its maximum level to its
"sustain" level. "Sustain" means the level the volume will then stay at until the note is
released, and "Release" means the time it takes for the volume to fall back to zero after the
note is released.

You may be able to figure out then, that with the ADSR set to 00F0, the instrument is going to
instantly reach maximum volume, and stay at maximum volume until it is released, at which
point it will instantly cut out. This kind of envelope has no "dynamics", but is fine for a basic
envelope.

(If you are using an older version of SID-Wizard, I think there is one more setting you must
set in this section. In the column labelled "HRTY", put the cursor over the number 2 and press
return. A picture of a square wave should appear next to the number 2. This setting means that
the gate bit is reset between each note, which is important because otherwise notes will not
sound if they come after another note rather than a note off. Every instrument you make for
now should have this setting. Download the new version and you do not have to!)
You can leave the rest of the settings in this section alone, the defaults are fine, and if you
wonder what they do, you can look in the manual. Switch now to the WFARP section with
tab/CONTROL. This section is quite complicated, and will take a bit of explaining. As you
can see, there are a series of rows, with ".. .." in them. The ".. .." in grey can be replaced by
two two-digit numbers, which are what you control the waveform with. Ignore the ".." in
green (the column labelled DT) for now. On the C64, you can add and remove rows with DEL
and Shift-DEL. In VICE, use insert and backspace to add and remove rows.

Add a row at the start of the table with insert (Shift-DEL on a C64). Now, type "21" into that
row. The row will look like "21 .." now. I'll explain what this means shortly. Switch to the
pattern editor and press any of the keys "zsxdcvgbhnmq2w3er5t6yu" on your keyboard. You
should hear a saw wave. Great, you have made sound!

Let me explain what that "21 .." means, now. The first digit of the first number is the
waveform. This can be 1 for triangle, 2 for saw, 4 for pulse, or 8 for noise. You can also
combine the first three waveforms by adding the numbers together, 1+2 = 3, so 3 will create a
combination of the triangle and saw, 1+2+4 will create a combination of the triangle, the saw,
and the pulse. Change the first digit to 1 now (the row will look like "11 ..") and then come
back to the pattern editor and play some more notes. You should hear a triangle wave sound.
If you try changing the first digit to 4, you will not hear a pulse wave though. I will explain
why later, for now, you are trying to run before you can walk.

The second digit of the first number (the 1 in 21) can be used to set various things. For now it
is set to 1, which means "gate bit on". This tells the channel the instrument is played on to
make noise. If you set it to 0, your instrument will not make a noise any more. Try it if you
like. I will explain other things you can do with this digit later on, but the most important
thing of all is 1, the gate bit. All instruments should have the gate bit set to make sound
(although, as I will explain later, that doesn't necessarily mean setting that digit to 1).

So, what of the second column, which we left blank ("..")? This column is responsible for the
arp, or pitch-shifting. A number here represents a pitch shift in semitones (well, this is an
oversimplification but it will do for now). So, try putting 0C in this column (0C in hex is 12 in
decimal), so the first row looks like "21 0C", and then go back to the pattern editor and test
your instrument. You should hear that it is now an octave higher in pitch. Go back to the
waveform table and add another row. Set the first row to "21 0C", and the second row to
"21 ..". Test your instrument now. You should hear that the instrument starts an octave up,
and then quickly flicks back down to the octave you played. Each row of the tables in a C64
tracker lasts for a 50th of a second (or a 60th in NTSC-land). By using multiple rows in the
tables, we can make complex instruments.

Let's make another, more complex, instrument now. The keys + and - are used to select
instruments (in VICE, this is the + and - on the main keyboard, not on the numpad. Also, by
default in VICE, PC + is C64 - and PC - is C64 +, because these keys are the other way round
on a C64 to on a QWERTY keyboard). Press + to choose the next instrument. Set the ADSR
to 0800. This envelope means the volume will rise to its maximum level instantly (the attack
is 0), and then fairly quickly fall to 0 (the decay is 8), without sustaining (the sustain is 0).
Envelopes like this, with a fast attack and short decay, are great for percussive sounds - which
is what we will be making now!

In the WFARP table, add the rows "41 30", "41 20", "41 10", "41 0C" and "41 ..". If you have
been paying attention, you may be able to figure out that this will create a pulse waveform
instrument that falls rapidly in pitch from 48 semitones above, to 0 semitones above what is
played. You will also know, however, that we didn't yet learn how to make instruments with
pulse waveforms work. Try this instrument now and it will not work for you. The reason it
doesn't work is because pulse instruments on the C64 can have a variety of pulse widths.
There is no default pulse width in this tracker, and we haven't told it what pulse width to use
yet, so it doesn't know what to do.

We set pulse widths in the PULSE table. Setting the first digit of a row to 8 indicates that the
next three digits of the row are what we want to set the pulse width to. Ignore the purple "KT"
digits after that for now. So, putting "80 10" in the PULSE table will give us a very thin pulse
width. Try it - this is a very thin sound. You can gradually increase the pulse width until
"88 ..", which is a square wave, and then on past that, getting thinner again. Set this to "88 .."
and try out the instrument. You may have noticed that this sound has the potential to sound
somewhat like a kick drum, but is far too high in pitch. Switch back to the pattern editor and
change the octave using Ctrl + a number from 1 to 8 (C= + a number from 1 to 8) - octave 1
will be good for a kick. Try it now, does this sound more like a kick?

Another useful percussion sound you can make is a hi-hat. What is a hi-hat? A short blast of
white noise. How could we do that? Choose a blank instrument with + and -. Set the ADSR to
something appropriately percussive. For a closed hat maybe 0400 and for an open hat maybe
0800. In the WFARP table, we want a noise instrument. Can you remember how to do that?
Set the first two digits to 81 - this means the noise waveform with the gate bit on, as you may
remember. Noise on a C64 can be slightly tonal, so if you like you could use the third and
fourth digits of this column to select a pitch for the noise. Switch to the pattern editor and try
this out (remember to put the octave back up after you put it down for your kick drum). Does
it sound like a hi-hat? Well, not a lot, but a bit I hope.

So, you have learned how to make triangle, saw, and pulse instruments, with simple pitch
shifts and ADSR envelopes. That's more than enough for the "Creating Simple Instruments"
section, I feel. On to the next section!

Creating simple melodies - the pattern editor

Let's write a simple tune. Switch to the pattern editor with F5, and choose a tonal, non-drum
instrument. First, use backspace (DEL) to remove all the notes you accidentally added while
you were testing instruments. In future, if you want to avoid adding all these notes while you
are testing instruments, press space to turn off edit mode. If you play notes now they won't be
added to the song. You can press space again to turn it back on.

Now, use the directional keys to select the very first sub-column of the first column, on the
first row, and press one of the keys "zsxdcvgbhnmq2w3er5t6yu" on the keyboard. If you try
all of these keys you will see they are arranged somewhat like two piano keyboards, one
above the other. Add a note of your choice (if you can't choose, I'll choose for you. Press z to
add the note C). Now you can move up and down this column and add more notes. As you
will already know if you were paying attention, you can change the octave with Ctrl (C=) and
a number from 1 to 8. You can press return to add a note-off or note-cut as it is sometimes
known, which sets the gate bit to 0 (ADSR will enter the release phase).

There's one more thing you need to do now. Move to the second sub-column of the first
column on the first row, which at the moment is completely blank, and type in the number of
the instrument you want to use. You don't have to put this on every row, only when you want
to change it.

If you want to hear what you have written, press F1 to play your song from the
beginning.Does it sound good? Press F4 (shift-F3) to stop playback.

Now, use tab (CONTROL) or the directional keys to move to the second (big) column, which
says something like "P.02 Size 20" above it. Repeat what you did above, but in the instrument
column (the completely blank one), use the numbers to alternate between the kick and the hi-
hat you made, to add drums to your song. If you want you could make a new instrument and
add a bass sound in the third column.

You may find it quite tedious to add all these notes by hand, so now is a good time for me to
tell you how to copy and paste. First, you choose the place where you want to copy or cut
from, by pressing Ctrl-c (C= and c) or Ctrl-x (C= and x). Now you choose the end of your
selection with Shift-C. The area copied or cut will be from wherever the cursor is when you
used the copy/cut shortcut, to the place you marked as the end of the selection (or the end of
the pattern if you didn't). Now you can use Ctrl-v (C= and v) to paste.

Now you should be able to create a few bars of music. A song is many bars of music. To the
next section!

Sequencing - the orderlist

The orderlist is where you put patterns end-to-end to make a full song. Quite a long time ago,
I told you that you could access the orderlist by pressing F6 (Shift + F5). Do that now. As you
can see, the order list at the moment contains in the first row ".1 FE", in the second row ".2
FE" and in the third row ".3 FE". If you look at the top of the pattern editor, you will see that
the current pattern on the first channel is 01 ("P.01"), on the second channel 02 ("P.02"), and
on the third channel 03 ("P.03"). So this matches up with the 01 (".1" means 01 in the
orderlist), 02 and 03 that are in the orderlist. What about the "FE"s? FE means stop, so the
song ends at FE.

To create a pattern, you first add it to the orderlist, and then you select it with the cursor and
press return. So, move the cursor to the column that contains the "FE"s, and use insert to add a
column between the 01,02,03 column and the FE columns that are already there. In this new
column, add 04 on the first row, 05 on the second row, and 06 on the third row. You have
created three new patterns (one for each channel). Now, select 04 and press return. You will
be transported to the pattern editor, where the new empty pattern 04 is waiting to be edited.
You can do that, but first it would be better to go back to the orderlist and do the same for 05
and 06, so you are viewing the three new patterns simultaneously.

Add music to these patterns, and then press F1 to play your song from the beginning (F4 or
shift-F3 to stop, remember). The first patterns you made will be played, and then the new ones
04, 05 and 06. Your song is now twice as long. Of course you can make your song as long as
you want (almost) like this, and you can also re-use patterns.

If you just want to hear the patterns you are currently editing, press F3 to play through
whatever patterns are currently displayed in the pattern editor.
That's the basics of the orderlist covered. You are now able to make songs of basic or medium
complexity using the instrument editor, the pattern editor and the orderlist. If you want, you
can give up on my tutorial here (although it'd be helpful to jump to the end where you can
learn how to save and load songs), and practise yourself, referring to the manual when you
want to learn more. But I will explain a few more things if you want to stay.

More about instruments

A feature I didn't tell you about of instrument tables in general is that you can use FE in the
first two digits to loop a table. The third and fourth digit set the row of the table to jump to.
This can jump to itself too, but why would you want to do that?

Useful tips for the WFARP table:

Where you have set the gate bit to 1, there are other values you can set. You could put 0 here
if you want to turn the gate bit off and make your instrument stop sounding, but there is more.
A value of 2 here will activate an effect called "Hard-sync". But you need to keep the gate bit
turned on, so 1+2 is 3. Use 3 to turn on Hard-sync. A value of 4 will turn on the Ring
Modulator, but again you need the gate bit on, so use 5. You can also combine Hard-sync
with the Ring Modulator by putting 7 here (1+2+4).

In the arp column (the third and fourth digits), as well as setting pitch shift offsets, you can
also force the pitch to stay fixed, no matter what note is being played. This might be used for
a kick drum attack which stays the same always (using absolute pitch), followed by a bass
sound which can change in pitch (using relative pitch shifts or nothing in the arp column). The
absolute pitches are set with values from 81 to DF (remember, it's all in hex) in this column.

Also in the arp column, you can have relative pitch shifts downwards, as well as up. Values
E0 to FF do this, and the pitch shift is calculated by 100 - the value (in hex!), e.g. FF will
produce a 100-FF=1 downwards pitch shift, 1 semitone.

Finally, the green DT column, which earlier I told you to ignore, is used to detune
instruments. This is a great feature. 00 ("..") here means no detune, and then detune ranges
from slight detune at 01 to a lot of detune at FF.

Useful tips for the PULSE table:

As well as setting pulse widths with 8x xx in the pulse table, you can sweep smoothly through
pulse widths. A value from 01 to 7F in the first two digits sets the amount of time to sweep
for, and the third and fourth digits set the speed to sweep at - downward sweeps can be
achieved in the same way as I described for downward pitch shifts, FF being a slow
downward sweep, and 81 being a very fast downward sweep, with anything in between
working too.

The purple "KT" column of the PULSE table is key tracking. If you have used synthesizers
you may have come across key tracking before. By setting a value here (set the pulse width as
normal too), the pulse width follows the pitch of the note being played. The larger the number
you put in here, the stronger this effect is.

The filter
You may have noticed I haven't said anything about the filter table yet. It is quite complex, so
I left it until (almost) last. To use the filter, you would put something like "9F 30" in a row in
the filter table. The first digit of this is the mode the filter should use. It can be 8 (filter
deactivated), 9 (low pass), A (band pass), B (low pass and band pass simultaneously), C (high
pass), D (low pass and high pass simultaneously), E (band pass and high pass simultaneously)
or F (all modes simultaneously). The second digit sets the resonance of the filter, which can
range from 0 to F, with 0 being no resonance and F being the most resonance. The third and
fourth digits set the cutoff, which ranges from 00 to FF (lowest to highest).

SID-Wizard automatically decides which channels to filter based on whether there is anything
in the filter table of the instrument currently playing on that channel. But, there is only one
filter, so the filter tables of multiple instruments may come into conflict. If you want an
instrument to be filtered, but not to control the filter, you can add a blank row (".. ..") into the
filter table.

You can sweep the filter in exactly the same way as sweeping the pulse width. A value from
01 to 7F sets the sweep time, and digits three and four set the sweep amount and direction.
See above for more.

The keyboard tracking ("KT") column also works in the same way as the pulse table.

Effects

SID-Wizard has a range of effects which can be put in the pattern editor and different effects
which can be put in the order list. I am not going to cover most of them here as there are too
many of them. They can all be found in the manual. I recommend you look at them there as
they are useful and can bring a song to life.

One effect I will tell you about is the orderlist effect FF. FF tells the orderlist to loop, so your
song can play indefinitely. You can either just put FF, in which case the song loops back to
the start, or you can put a number after FF, which specifies the point in the orderlist to loop
back to. This effect works per channel, so you must put FF on all channels to make the whole
song loop.

You have also already encountered the orderlist effect FE, which stops playback.

Another effect worth mentioning is the pattern effect 10xx, which sets the tempo. This is a
"big" pattern effect, and it goes in the last four digits (by default they say ".. ..") of a column.
The default tempo is 08 (10 08). Lower values are faster and higher values are slower, since
the tempo denotes the amount of 50Hz (or 60Hz) frames per row of the pattern. The tempo
will not effect the speed of instrument tables. You can also set tempo (for individual channels)
by placing numbers from B0 to FD in the orderlist.

Saving and loading songs

Press F8 to bring up a menu. It's really self-explanatory. Use the directional keys to move
around and return to select an entry. Tab (CONTROL) navigates around the save song
dialogue, and return saves the song. Press F8 to close it again.

VERY IMPORTANT: You cannot overwrite files when saving from SID-Wizard. You will
lose any changes you have made if you try to do this. If you have edited your song, create a
new version with a new name. You can delete all the old versions later with a d64 editor such
as c1541.exe (or if you are using the prg version, by deleting them from your filesystem). This
issue may be fixed in forthcoming versions of SID-Wizard.

Making a SID
Load and run the program SID-MAKER from the d64 (in VICE, do File>Reset>Hard, and
then use LOAD"SID-MAKER",8 (or LOAD"SID-MAKER-EXTRA",8 if you are using SID-
Wizard-extra.d64) and then RUN to run the program), or by running the SID-Maker prg file.
Use the directional keys to move around and return to select an file. Use the directional keys
to select "SID/SEQ", and then press return, and return again to leave the relocation address as
it is. Now select the SID model your C64 is equipped with (or your emulator is set to use).
Then type a filename and press return again. You can reset your C64 or reset VICE when this
is done. If using a d64 disk image, use LOAD"$",8 and then LIST in C64 BASIC to list the
files and check your SID exists. If using a prg file, you can just check using the file browser
of your operating system.

If you are using a C64, it's up to you to get the SID off the disk. If you are using VICE with a
d64 image, it's up to you to get the SID out of the d64. I use a program that came with VICE
called "c1541", the manual for it should have come with VICE too. Run on the command line:

c1541.exe "C:\path\to\d64\SID-Wizard.d64"

and then type "extract" to extract all files from the disk.

If you are using a prg file, the SID should just be saved as a .S00 file in the same folder as
SID-Maker. You can convert this to a SID file with SWMconvert.

VICE Configuration

There are some settings in VICE you may want to set for the best sound (or preferred) sound.
In Settings>SID Settings, there is a dropdown called "SID Engine/Model". You can select
here the engine VICE will use for the SID emulation, and the chip model it emulates.

There are two main types of SID chip, the 6581 from the original "breadbox" C64s, and early
versions of the C64C, and the 8580 chip from the later C64Cs. The 6581 is notable for each
chip behaving in a unique way, whereas all 8580s will sound almost the same. The 6581 tends
to have a filter curve with lower cutoffs in the bottom of the range, compared to the 8580, and
the 6581 filter has a bit more distortion than the 8580. It's up to you which chip you pick,
although most people seem to prefer the 6581 (myself included).

You'll also see that some of the options are labelled "FastSID", some "ReSID", while others
are labelled "reSID-fp". FastSID is the fastest but least accurate emulation, ReSID is more
accurate but not as fast, and reSID-fp is the most accurate but most CPU-intensive option. I
would recommend starting with one of the reSID-fp options and changing down if your
computer can't handle it.

If you have a HardSID or Catweasel, you can choose to use that, as well, but if you have a
HardSID or Catweasel, you probably already knew that.

If you want to work fullscreen, I recommend going to Settings>Video Settings, and ticking
the "Keep aspect ratio" box.
There shouldn't be anything else you have to configure in VICE.