CIVL6003 Advanced Reinforced

Concrete Structure Design

Ir. Dr. Calvin Siu, Wing Ho

Associate, ARUP
Email: [email protected]
 Course Outline
• Lecture 4 – Section Analysis of RC members under flexure
• Lecture 5 – Deflection of beams, analysis of shear and torsion
• Lecture 6 – Confinement of RC members
• Lecture 10 – Fire limit state design and consideration for use
of high strength concrete (HSC)
• Lecture 11 – Design of RC frame
• Lecture 12 – Summary and review
 CoP Structural Use of Concrete 2013

https://www.bd.gov.hk/en/resources/codes-and-references/codes-and-
design-manuals/index.html
CIVL6003 Advanced Reinforced
Concrete Structure Design
Lecture 4
Section Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Members under Flexure
 Lecture outline
• Section analysis for beams and RC sections in general
– Major steps/items in section analysis
– Analysis for beam under pure bending for
strength/stiffness and ductility considerations
• Analysis RC columns under combined axial force and flexure in
x- and y- directions
– Columns under uniaxial bending
– Columns under bi-axial bending and strength envelope for
full N-Mx-My interation
After this lecture, you are expected to
• Familiar with the fundamental principle and
in-depth knowledge to the behavior of RC
sections under bending
• Understand the workflow and major elements
in a section analysis and develop simple
spreadsheet to carry out Section Analysis for
particular design tasks.
• Capacity envelop for RC columns with bi-axial
bending
Performance required for RC members
• Strength – To prevent collapse at ultimate limit state (ULS)
load
• Stiffness – To ensure no un-desirable deflection at
serviceability limit state (SLS) load and deflection will not be
too large and affect assumption in global analysis
• Ductility – To provide warning in case of overload and
sufficient deformation and energy absorption during dynamic
loading situation e.g. earthquake
• Reinforcement arrangement in sections to one of the major
key items that affects all the above performance required in
RC design
Section Analysis for RC beam
sections
 Section analysis
• Section analysis – The tool for analysis of behaviour of RC
sections under bending with/without axial force
• It relates the internal force to the deformation of section or
vice versa with pre-defined properties of section being
considered

Force
(Bending Response/Deform
moment M ation of section
and/or Axial (Axial/Curvature) Evaluation of
force F) SECTION section
ANALYSIS performance e.g
Internal force strength/stiffnes
Pre-scribed (Bending moment s/durability
deformation M and/or axial
force F)
 Section analysis

• Section analysis to be an iterative procedure

• Three elements/key steps involved
– Item 1 – Parametric presentation to strain profile across
section
– Item 2 – Adoption of certain assumed stress-strain
relationship of material which usually to be non-linear and
thus to transform the strain profile to an associated stress
profile
– Step 3 – integration to obtain internal force of section
(moment and/or axial force), and verify if the conditions
for equilibrium are met.
 Section analysis for Uniaxial bending of
beams
• Key procedures involved
Condition
 = c f = fc
Fc FT = Fc (For
beams without
x
net axial force)

FT

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

Strain profile Stress profile Force

Iterative until condition is satisfied

 Strain profile across section
• Consideration of the section of element with finite width along span
• The y-axis is the physical dimension along depth of member while the x-
axis is the longitudinal strain of the element at the corresponding level
• Assumption involved – Plane sections remain plane after bending
– The strain profile across the beam section is linear
– The slope of the strain profile is the curvature of section while the strain
profile is defined by a pair of strain and curvature, where the strain is defined
at certain level e.g. top fibre of beam section
 (Strain)  (Strain)

y (Depth
y (Depth along section) along
section)

RC section Arbitrary Strain Strain profile fulfilling

profile of section ‘plane section’
 Strain profile across section
• The strain profile can be defined by strain at particular level + curvature of section are known
• The strain at neutral axis to be zero, however the level of neutral axis to be unknown in a
section with non-linear material properties. Thus the strain at top fibre to be one of the
common level to define the strain profile that corresponds to the largest concrete
compressive strain
By definition, curvature 
1 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝜙= =
(y) = 0 +  × y 𝑅 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑅 0 At top fibre, shortening e0
y 𝑒0 = 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑅 − 𝑦0 )𝑑𝜃
y0 = 𝑅𝑑𝜃 − (𝑅 − 𝑦0 )𝑑𝜃
= 𝑦0 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 This angle in
strain profile to Longitudinal strain at top fibre
be the
curvature of 𝜀0 = 𝑦0 𝑑𝜃/𝑑𝑥
section
𝜀0
=
𝑦0
Elevation Strain profile
 Strain profile

• For a section with plane section remain plane assumption, the

strain profile
– Express as a linear function of section curvature and longitudinal strain
at certain level

(y) = 0 +  × y

– The reference strain level is usually adopted at the top fibre where the
concrete compressive strain is the most critical

– The two parameters can be a pre-defined value due to design

consideration e.g. concrete failure, or to be a value to be converged
through iteration
 Stress-strain relationship of steel
• Actual non-linear behaviour from initial stage to failure vs.
idealised elasto-plastic simplification in code with infinite
deformability

Stress (s)

fy

Strain ()

-fy
 Stress-strain relationship of concrete
• The stress-strain relationship of concrete is
usually obtained by concrete cube/cylinder
test with simultaneous measurement to
force and deformation of specimens
• The cylinder test is considered as the method
being more appropriate in reflecting the
compressive strength of concrete under
flexure and adopted by researchers (Kwan et
al. 2001, Su and Cheng, 2007

Further reading
Attard MM and Setunge S (1996), Stress-strain relationship of confined and unconfined concrete.
ACI Materials Journal, 93(5); pp432-442
Kwan AKH, Zheng W and Lee PKK (2001), Elastic modulus of normal- and high-strength concrete
in Hong Kong, Transactions of Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, 8(2), pp10-15
Su RKL and Cheng B (2008), The effect of coarse aggregate size on the stress-strain curves of
concrete under uniaxial compression, Transactions of Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, 15(3),
pp33-39
 Stress-strain relationship of concrete
• Ascending branch – From initial point to peak point where the stress increase with strain. The
tangential stiffness reduces gradually up to the peak point which the tangential stiffness
reduces to zero
• Descending branch – The tangential stiffness is negative until residual stress becomes zero.
The ultimate point is defined at the stage where the stress is certain percentage of the peak
stress (e.g. 0.85)
• Under tension – Under small magnitude of tension, the elastic modulus is same as that under
compression
f Ascending Descending
branch branch

fc Peak Point
afc Ultimate Point

a = 0.85

Ec 
c cu
1
 Stress-strain relationship of concrete
• Behaviour under different concrete grades

– Initial elastic modulus

increase with strength
– Peak stress and strain
increase with strength
– Post peak strength
degradation more rapid for
higher grade concrete


 Stress-strain relationship of concrete
• The effect of confinement to stress-strain behaviour
– Confinement refers to the passive confining stress applied to concrete
core by rebar cage when concrete expands due to Poisson’s effect
(detail refer to subsequent lectures)
– Confinement significantly enhance the ductility of concrete, and also
improve the stiffness and strength

Stress (f)
Without confinement
Increase in peak Improved
stress (strength) ductility

Without confinement
Increase stiffness

Strain ()
c cu
Analytical Stress-strain relationship of concrete

Algebraic function Polynomial function Multi-linear function

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 y=Ax2+Bx+C
𝑦=
1 + 𝐴 − 2 𝑥 + 𝐵 + 1 𝑥2

Accuracy – Deviation
in force/moment in
acceptable range Model complexity –
Simple and
Practical to be used

DESIGNER’S CHOICE
 Codified stress-strain curve of concrete
• Response in ascending branch to follow parabolic curve
• Slope of curve equals to initial stiffness of material (Ed)
• Slope of curve equals to zero at peak stress
• Initial stress and strain equals to zero

Ascending branch Plastic plateau

Effective confinement
assumed to achieve
plastic plateau

m varies in different limit

(f) state (1.5 for member
under flexure or axial load
for ULS design)

()
Figure 3.8
CoP Structure Use of Concrete 2013
 Codified stress-strain curve of concrete
• Consider the general case when m is taken as 1
• Stress-strain curve to be sole function of peak stress fp (Taken as 0.67fcu in
code)
• FOS can be considered by dividing fp by m
Parabolic equation:
𝑓p − 𝐸𝑐𝑖 𝜀𝑝 2
Ascending branch Plastic plateau
𝑓 = 𝐸𝑐𝑖 𝜀 + 2 𝜀
𝜀p
𝑓p
where peak strain (slope of
curve = 0)
2𝑓p
𝜀p =
𝐸𝑐𝑖
(f) and initial stiffness
𝑓p
𝐸ci = 3.46 + 3.21
0.67 𝑓p
𝐸ci = 3.46 + 3.21
0.67
𝜀p ()
 Codified stress-strain curve of concrete
• The initial elastic modulus is based on series of test carried out by Kwan et
al. (2001) using local concrete ranging from 5 to 140 MPa
• The tests are in accordance with BS1881(1983)
• The initial elastic modulus Eci was defined as the secant modulus at 33% of
concrete cube strength
• Based on the best fitting curve, the initial elastic modulus Eci is suggested
as a function of concrete peak stress fp

𝐸ci = 3.46 𝑓p + 3.21

Kwan AKH, Zheng W and Lee PKK (2001), Elastic modulus of normal- and high-strength concrete
in Hong Kong, Transactions of Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, 8(2), pp10-15
 Codified stress-strain curve of concrete
• Design stress-strain curve of different concrete grades according to
HK Code 2013 (m taken as 1.5)

Design Stress-strain Curve of Concrete under Bending/Axial Load (HK Code 2013)
60
Ultimate strain
C30 C45 C60
Peak stress NOT reduces for concrete
equal to concrete 50 C80 C100 grade >60MPa
grade due to
0.67 for flexural
strength and 40
material factor of Ultimate strain
reduces for
Stress (MPa)

safety
concrete grade
30
>60MPa

20

Stiffness
increases with 10
concrete grade

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
Strain
 Integration for resultant force and moment
• Due to the non-linearity of material properties is assumed, numerical
means is usually required to estimate the section moment and axial force
• For beam analysis with a plane section remain plane assumption, a beam
section can be divided into horizontal layers, while the section force to be
the summation of forces of each layer
Concrete
(y) = 0 +  × y stress
FC (STEEL) FC (CONC)
y

FT (STEEL)

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

Strain profile Stress profile Force
Numerical simulation of load-deformation
response of reinforced concrete sections
Section analysis for Uniaxial bending of beams
• Presentation of strain profile as a function of section curvature and concrete strain at
reference level (parametric function)
• Adoption of relevant material properties that converts the strain profile to relevant stress
profile
• By using numerical approaches that divides the whole beam to horizontal layers and
integrates to reveal section moment and axial force
• Iterative until equilibrium of horizontal force in section is achieved
Condition
 = c f = fc FT = Fc (For
Fc beams without net
x axial force)

FT

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

Strain profile Stress profile Force
Iterative until condition is satisfied
 Applications

• Some applications to be illustrated here for

reference
– Strength estimation of sections (ULS)
– Stiffness estimation of sections (SLS)
– Curvature ductility estimation of sections
 Bending capacity of beams
• Material assumption
– Select appropriate assumption for rigorous analysis
– Factor of safety of concrete and reinforcement to be applied (1.5 for
concrete under bending and 1.15 for reinforcement)

(f)

( )
 Bending capacity of beams
• Failure condition
– When strain of extreme fibre in compression reached ultimate strain
– The tensile strain of reinforcement seldom exceeded ultimate strain due
to its high ductility
• Equilibrium condition – Net axial force of section equals 0
• Adjust curvature until equilibrium is reached
Failure condition controls Equilibrium condition
the strain profile to check for solution
 = c f = fc
Fc Fc > FT ,increase
curvature to reduce
x compression
Fc < FT ,reduce
curvature to increase
compression
Fc = FT ,equilibrium
FT reached and
corresponding
f = fy bending moment is
the bending capacity
Strain profile Stress profile Force of beam
 Bending capacity of beams
• Algorithm of the methodology
Define all geometric
parameters and material
models

Fix concrete failure strain

and set trial curvature 

Calculate stress and

force profile across
section
New trial on
curvature
Net axial force
equilibrium achieved
? NO

YES
Calculate moment
capacity
 Stiffness estimation of RC beam section

• Stiffness of RC beam section is required for actual deflection

estimation of members under bending
• For homogenous section, stiffness equals to 1/EI, but not
applicable to RC sections due to the non-homogenous nature
of material
• The stiffness is equals to Force divided by displacement, and
in this particular case to be

𝑀 Where M is the applied moment (force) and  is the

Stiffness =
∅ curvature (deformation)
 Stiffness estimation of RC beam section
• Elastic nature of beam assumed i.e. stress-strain relationship taken as
linear)
• Material factor of safety to be taken as 1.0
• Identify the corresponding creep and shrinkage factor for elastic modulus
adjustment (Should long term stiffness to be concerned
• Arbitrary strain to be applied (within failure and suggest adopting about
60% of failure strain as the ratio of load factor is around 60%) and
corresponding curvature to be solved based on equilibrium consideration
• With the moment integrated and curvature found, the bending stiffness
can be estimated

𝑀 Where M is the applied moment (force) and  is the

Stiffness =
∅ curvature (deformation)
 Stiffness estimation of RC beam section
• Algorithm of the methodology
Define all geometric
parameters and material
models

Set concrete strain,

followed by trial curvature

Calculate stress and

force profile across
section
New trial on
curvature
Net axial force
equilibrium achieved
? NO

YES
Calculate section moment and
stiffness = moment/curvature
Moment-curvature curve for ductility estimation

• Ductility in general refers to the energy absorption capability

of the subject being considered
• It can be estimated in graphical terms where any load-
deformation curve is provided
• Subject to loading situation, we may have displacement
ductility, rotation ductility, curvature ductility etc.
• Ductility factor is the value to quantify the ductility
performance. A value of 4-6 in general implies a good ductility
performance
Moment-curvature curve for ductility estimation

• Ductility factor for elastic-plastic section

Moment (M)
∅u
Ductility factor 𝜇 =
∅y
Mu

y u
Curvature ()
Moment-curvature curve for ductility estimation

• Ductility factor for general non-linear response

Moment (M)
∅u
Ductility factor 𝜇 =
∅y

Mu
0.8Mu

Actual Response

Idealized Elastic-
Plastic Response
y u
Curvature ()
Moment-curvature curve for ductility estimation

• Moment-curvature curve for ductility estimation

– Complete the moment curvature responses by repeating
section analysis with increasing curvature value and obtain
the corresponding section moment
Moment (M)

Curvature ()
Moment-curvature curve for ductility estimation
Define all geometric
parameters and material
models Increase curvature and
repeat procedure for another
point on curve
Set curvature 

Calculate stress and

force profile across
section
New trial on
curvature
Net axial force
equilibrium achieved
NO
?
YES
Calculate section
moment and gather a
(M, ) point on curve
 Before proceeding to the next section…

• Section analysis of member subject to uniaxial bending is

introduced. It is a method base on the first principle to relates
the load and the deformation of a general section
• Stress-strain behaviour of reinforcement and concrete are
discussed in detail. Various numerical models are introduced
and appropriate selection with correction application of
material factor of safety is important to the result
• Some applications are discussed and being a general method,
section analysis can be applied to more design tasks,
especially the complicated cases where analysis from 1st
principle is needed
Analysis of columns under
flexure
 Columns under uni-axial bending

• Similarities and differences to beam sections

Similarities Differences
Both to be members which is Net axial force within column, but
under bending not for beam in general
Similar material assumptions can Strength of beam expressed in
be applied to beams and columns bending moment (M), while
column is a set of axial force and
bending moment (N,M)
Plane section remain plane Tension reinforcement first yield
assumption valid, i.e. section (fy)and failure is controlled by
deformation can be presented as concrete failure strain (cu) for
a set of strain and curvature beams but is more complicated in
value (,) columns
 RC columns under uni-axial bending

• Under any pre-defined strain profile, the axial load-moment

capacity pair can be solved by section analysis

 = cu f = fc
Cs1
N = Ts + Cc + Csi
Cs2 M = Tsx+ Ccx+ Csixi
x
Centroidal
Cc
Axis
Cs3
Neutral Axis

Ts

𝑓s = 𝜀s 𝐸s but ∈ −𝑓y , 𝑓y
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3
Strain profile Stress profile Force at ULS
at ULS at ULS
 RC columns under uni-axial bending
• By fixing the concrete strain at the top compression fibre and
gradually reducing the curvature, sets of axial load-moment
capacity pairs can be obtained
• This is the Axial load-Moment interaction curve (N-M curve)

 = cu N

x REDUCING
Centroidal CURVATURE
Axis

M
STEP 1
Strain profile
at ULS
 RC columns under uni-axial bending
• By fixing the concrete strain at the top compression fibre and
gradually reducing the curvature, sets of axial load-moment
capacity pairs can be obtained
• This is the Axial load-Moment interaction curve (N-M curve)

x REDUCING
Centroidal CURVATURE
Axis

 = y
M
STEP 1
Strain profile INCREASING
CURVATURE
at ULS
 RC columns under uni-axial bending
• N-M interaction curve
– The curve represents all axial load-moment capacity pairs
– If ULS force within curve, column strength considered as
sufficient
N
Column strength
inadequate

Column strength
adequate
 RC columns under uni-axial bending
• Strain profile of column under compression in ULS
Increasing curvature

 cu  cu  cu  cu
Pure
bending

≈ cu  =0 > y
 y At tension
rebar
Whole section in compression Combined tension and compression

Compression (concrete) control Tension (reinforcement) control

i.e. post-peak behavior i.e. post-peak behavior
controlled by concrete ductility controlled by ductility of steel
 Numerical simulation of N-M capacity curve
• N-M interaction curve
– The curve represents all axial load-moment capacity pairs
– If ULS force within curve, column strength considered as
sufficient
N
Pure axial capacity (Compression)

Whole section in Balanced failure point

compression

M
Bending capacity of section
Tensile capacity (By reinforcement)
 Numerical simulation of N-M strength envelop
• Simulation using N-M capacity curve using commercial
packages

Concrete
control No Tension point

Balanced yield point

Common for concrete

column to be controlled by
concrete in compression
either in axial or bending
 Column under Bi-axial bending

• Column in general under bi-axial bending due to

layout of framing plan
• To maintain stability in both directions, columns
usually connected to wind frame beams in more than
one directions
• Reinforcement detailing leading to unavoidable
moment induced in columns
• Fundamental principle of section analysis still applies
with additional complexity
 Column under Bi-axial bending
• First principle applicable for strain profile
– Superposition of strain profile (plane section remains
plane after bending in different directions)
C
A -D
A+C

+ =

-B

-(B+D)
 Biaxial bending of beams
• Orientation of neutral axis (homogenous section,
elastic material with NO axial force)
My My
x x
x
y
Mx Mx

= +

y y y

x
 Biaxial bending of beams
• Orientation of neutral axis (homogenous section, elastic
material with NO axial force) is
My
M My
y = x x = x
EI xx EI yy x

y
 x , y =  y ( y − yna ) + x ( x − xna ) xna Mx yna

Along neutral axis  x, y = 0

Substituting and rearranging, the
equation of neutral axis can be solved as y y
x x +  y y − ( y yna + x xna ) = 0
x
 x   EI xx M y  Orientation of Neutral axis is a function
 = tan  −
−1 −1
 = tan  − 
  EI M of both applied moment AND stiffness
 y   yy x 
of section in BOTH axis
Resultant moment NOT parallel to neutral axis
 RC columns under bi-axial bending
• Columns under bi-axial bending is more complicated
considering there is additional parameter to the issue

 cu
C
M My

Mx

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

Strain profile Stress profile Force at ULS Convert into
at ULS at ULS original axis
The resultant moment M may not be in the
same plane as the neutral axis assumed !!!
 Design of columns under bi-axial bending
• Codified uni-axial bending simplification

• Clause 6.2.1.4 (d)

• Bi-axial bending equivalent to uni-axial bending with
increased bending moment
• Design as columns under uni-axial bending
• Limited to symmetrically-reinforced rectangular sections
 Design of columns under bi-axial bending
• Application of equivalent rectangular stress block for strength
estimation

Neutral axis

• Orientation of neutral axis first set

• Section horizontal force equilibrium satisfied
(Resultant force = axial load of column)
• Net concrete compressive force act at
centroid of the concrete block assumed in
compression
 Design of columns under bi-axial bending

• Simplified stress block approach (with bi-axial bending

considered

Centroid of the
concrete block in
compression

Source: [Park R. and Paulay T.

“Reinforced concrete structures”.
John Wiley & Sons, 1975
 Design of columns under bi-axial bending

• Rigorous approach using section analysis (In commercial

packages)
– Capacity of different sets of (N-Mx-My) are solved based on pre-
defined section
– Capacity of compare with design loading
 Capacity envelop of RC columns
• Consider Mx, My and N as the x-, y- and z- axis in a 3D domain
• By solving various capacity sets (Mx, My, N)ULS and plot in the
3D domain, an capacity envelop at 3D space can be formed
• For force set (Mx, My, N) within the envelop, the design
capacity of column is considered as adequate
My

Mx
N
 Capacity envelop of RC columns
• Relationship between capacity envelop (for bi-axial bending)
and capacity curve (for uni-axial bending)
• 2D section of the envelop through My=0 reduced to N-Mx
capacity curve

My = 0

Mx
N
 Capacity envelop of RC columns
• 2D section of the envelop through Mx=0 reduced to N-My
capacity curve

My

Mx = 0

N
 Capacity envelop of RC columns
• 2D section of the envelop through N=0 reduced to Mx-My
capacity curve

My

Mx

N=0
 Capacity envelop of RC columns
• In general, with a particular design axial load N1, we can
obtain the corresponding Mx-My capacity curve
 2D presentation of column capacity
envelope
• The 3D strength envelope can be presented in
2D similar to the contour lines in maps
2D presentation of column capacity
envelope
 Numerical illustration
• Design example
– Provide longitudinal reinforcement design to a
800 x 1200 C60 column subject to following
design load cases

N (kN) Myy (kNm) Mzz (kNm)

Factored load case 1 28000 2000 1200
Factored load case 2 24000 3000 1400
Factored load case 3 24000 1600 2000
 Numerical illustration
• Assume ~2.5% reinforcement arranges evenly in one layer at
column perimeter
 Numerical illustration
• Simulation results for strength design
 Numerical illustration

Factored load case 1 Factored load case 2 & 3

 Numerical illustration
Checking factored load case 1, 2 & 3 by series of
moment interaction curves with different axial loads
 Summary
• Section analysis for flexural members
– Parametric presentation of strain profile in terms of pre-defined strain
and curvature
– With defined stress-strain relationship of material which is non-linear,
iterative approach to be adopted for solving section internal force
– Application example e.g. bending capacity estimation, flexural stiffness
estimation and complete moment-curvature response to evaluate
section ductility
• ULS design of columns
– Columns under uni-axial bending and bi-axial bending and associated
relationship to section analysis
– Capacity envelop in a 3-dimensional N-M-M space
– Commerical software in column analysis and interpretation of
analytical results