To Study Mobile Communication System

Name : Shirisha Mohan Bethi

Semester : EXTC/Sem.VII
Roll No. & Batch : 17ET7001/D2
ET7
Subject : Mobile Communication System

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

 Experiment No. 1
1. Aim: To Study mobile communication system.

2. Theory:

Q1) Find the difference between dual band and quad band phones. Note down the
frequency of operation.

Dual-band
Dual-band refers to the phones ability to work with two different bands. It is important to specify
which bands exactly.
The U.S. requires that mobile devices have dual band capability for GSM network roaming and
support 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands.
A dual-band phone operates at both the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz spectrum. Dual-bandworks in
Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and much of South America. In Europe two bands
(900/1800 MHz) are used in the same country to improve coverage. The U.S. requires that mobile
devices have dual band capability for GSM network roaming and support 850 MHz and 1900 MHz
bands.
Dual band phones are also used to enable roaming between different countries. For example, a
cell-phone with dual band 850/1800 MHz will work in both the United States (850 MHz) and India
(1800 MHz).

Advantage of Dual Band :They offer significantly better connection in terms of stability, speed
and less congestion of internet devices connected to internet.
Moreover, the chances of interference due to other devices is minimal as compared to single band
routers.

Quad-band –
Quad band is a device feature that supports four different frequency bands used in communication:
850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1,800 MHz and 1,900 MHz.
A quad-band phone allows you to roam almost anywhere globally.
Many countries in South America only have 850 MHz GSM service while both 1900 MHZ and
850 MHz GSM services are supported in the USA.
99% of all countries use the GSM standard.

We believe eventually GSM will be the only cell phone standard in the world.
A quad-band mobile phone is used to designate a phone that can operate in the following GSM
frequency bands:

• 850 MHz (U.S./Canada/Latin America/Brazil (Only the carrier Vivo))

• 900 MHz (Africa/Europe/Brazil/Africa/Australia/Asia (ex Japan and S. Korea))
• 1800 MHz (Africa/Europe/Australia/Asia/Brazil)
• 1900 MHz (U.S./Canada/Latin America)

Q2) What is SAR of a mobile phone? Specify the maximum rating allowed. Note down SAR
of your own Mobile phone.

Cell phones and other mobile devices emit radiofrequency (RF) waves, a type of non-ionizing
electromagnetic radiation (commonly called “cell phone radiation”). When you hold or carry a
mobile device close to your head and body, you can absorb over half of the transmitted RF energy.
Many people mistakenly assume that using a cell phone with a lower reported SAR value
necessarily decreases a user’s exposure to RF emissions, or is somehow “safer” than using a cell
phone with a high SAR value. While SAR values are an important tool in judging the maximum
possible exposure to RF energy from a particular model of cell phone, a single SAR value does
not provide sufficient information about the amount of RF exposure under typical usage conditions
to reliably compare individual cell phone models.

SAR values are heavily dependent on the size of the averaging volume. Without information about
the averaging volume used, comparisons between different measurements cannot be made. Thus,
the European 10-gram ratings should be compared among themselves, and the American 1-gram
ratings should only be compared among themselves.

Cell phone radiation level varies from device to device and is measured by the Specific Absorption
Rate (SAR). A mobile device’s SAR rating is used to estimate the maximum rate of RF energy
absorption by a user’s head and body when using the device. In the United States, the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) sets the exposure limit for the general public to be an SAR
level of 1.6 watts per kilogram (1.6 W/kg). A mobile device’s SAR rating must not exceed 1.6
W/kg in order to receive FCC certification and be sold in the United States. SAR is measured for
placement of the phone next to the head and on the body. For example, the iPhone 6 has a Body
SAR of 1.14 W/kg and Head SAR of 1.08 W/kg.
Q3) Write in detail about generation of mobile phones (till 5G)/Release 4/Release 5 etc.

1G
Main article: 1G
1G or (1-G) refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile
telecommunications). These are the analog telecommunication standards that were introduced in
1979 and the early to mid-1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital
telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G),
is that the radio signals used by 1G network are analog, while 2G networks are digital.

2G
Main article: 2G
2G (or 2-G) provides three primary benefits over their predecessors: phone conversations are
digitally encrypted; 2G systems are significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far
greater mobile phone penetration levels and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with
SMS (Short Message Service) plain text-based messages. 2G technologies enable the various
mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS
(Multimedia Message Service). It has 3 main services: Bearer services is one of them which is also
known as data services and communication.
Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM
standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.
The North American Standards IS-54 and IS-136 were also second-generation (2G) mobile
phone systems, known as (Digital AMPS) and used TDMA with three time slots in each 30 kHz
channel, supporting 3 digitally compressed calls in the same spectrum as a single analog call in
the previous AMPS standard. This was later changed to 6 half rate time slots for more
compressed calls. IS-95 was the first ever CDMA-based digital cellular technology. It was
developed by Qualcomm using Code Division Multiple Access and later adopted as a standard
by the Telecommunications Industry Association in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995.
2.5G
2.5G denotes 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the
circuit-switched domain. It doesn't necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots
is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.

3G
3G technology provides an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often
denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones
and mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice
telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV
technologies.
CDMA2000 is a family of 3G mobile technology standards for sending voice, data, and signalling
data between mobile phones and cell sites. It is a backwards-compatible successor to
secondgeneration cdmaOne (IS-95) set of standards and used especially in North America and
South Korea, China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It was standardized in the international
3GPP2 standards body, The name CDMA2000 denotes a family of standards that represent the
successive, evolutionary stages of the underlying technology. These are:
Voice: CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1X Advanced
Data: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized): Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) A
new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems
were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher
data rates and non–backward-compatible transmission technology. The first 3G networks were
introduced in 1998 and fourth generation 4G networks in 2008.

4G
4G provides, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, mobile broadband Internet
access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices.
Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming
services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is commonly marketed as 4G LTE & Advance 4G, but it did not
initially meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8
and 9 document series for LTE Advanced. Consequently, LTE is also commonly known as 3.95G,
but given the competitive pressures of WiMax and its evolution with Advanced new releases, it
has become synonymous with 4G. It was first commercially deployed in Norway and Stockholm
in 2009 and in the United States by Verizon in 2011 in their newly acquired 700 MHz band.

5G
5G is a generation currently under development. It denotes the next major phase of mobile
telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards.
NGMN Alliance or Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance define 5G network requirements
as:
Data rates of several tens of Mb/s should be supported for tens of thousands of users.
1 Gbit/s to be offered, simultaneously to tens of workers on the same office floor.
Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections to be supported for massive sensor
deployments.
Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced compared to 4G.
Coverage should be improved.
Signalling efficiency enhanced.
Latency should be significantly reduced compared to LTE.
Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feel that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet
business and consumer demands. In addition to simply providing faster speeds, they predict that
5G networks will also need to meet the needs of new use-cases such as the Internet of things (IoT)
as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline communications in times of disaster.

Q4) What is millimetre wave technology? Is it anyway related to mobile communication?

Millimeter Wave is also known as MMW, E-band, V-band or Millimetre Wave technology is being
rapidly adopted for users ranging from enterprise level data centres to single consumers with smart
phones requiring higher bandwidth, the demand for newer technologies to deliver these higher data
transmission rates is bigger than ever before.
A wide range of technologies exist for the delivery of high throughput, with fibre optic cable
considered to be the highest standard. However, fibre optics is not unmatched, especially when all
considering economic factors. Millimeter wave wireless technology offers the potential to deliver
bandwidth comparable to that of fibre optics but without the logistical and financial drawbacks of
the deployments.
Millimeter waves represent the RF Signal spectrum between the frequencies of 30GHz and
300GHz with a wavelength between 1 – 10 millimetres but in terms of wireless networking and
communications equipment, the name Millimeter Wave generally corresponds to a few select
bands of radio frequencies found around 38, 60 and, more recently, the high potential 70 and 80
GHz bands that have been assigned for the public domain for the purpose of wireless networking
and communications.
Millimeter wave is an undeveloped band of spectrum that can be used in a broad range of products
and services like high speed, point-to-point wireless local area networks (WLANs) and broadband
access. In telecommunications, millimeter wave is used for a variety of services on mobile and
wireless networks, as it allows for higher data rates up to 10 Gbps.

Q5) Find more about SAT phone.

• A satellite phone is in actuality nothing but a radio transceiver. It sends signals directly to
a satellite (part of a network of satellites). When the satellite phone is turned on, the signal
goes up to any number of satellites in a compatible constellation where it is then registered
with the constellation.
• Those signals are then sent back to earth to a station. The Gateway (earth station) processes
and takes care of the switching of the calls rather than the satellite network. This station
then directs the call to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or to a cellular
network.
• If calling from a cell or wired phone to a satellite phone, the system works in reverse. Or
suppose a satellite phone calling another satellite phone. The signal goes up to the satellite,
down to earth, back up to a satellite and then back down to earth again.
• The frequency specification of a satellite phone is 626.5 to 1660.5 MHz for transmitter and
1525.0 to 1559.0 MHz for receiver.
• Satellite phones boldly go where cell phones can’t. They let you make phone calls from
almost anywhere because their primary infrastructure is literally out of this world. Satellite
phones don’t rely on a terrestrial cell phone network. Instead, they beam their data directly
to and from satellites orbiting Earth.
• The advantage of a satphone is that its use is not limited to areas covered by cell towers; it
can be used in most or all geographic locations on the Earth’s surface.
• Satphones are popular on expeditions into remote areas where terrestrial cellular service is
unavailable.
• Internet service satellite phones have notoriously poor reception indoors, though it may be
possible to get a consistent signal near a window or in the top floor of a building if the roof
is sufficiently thin. The phones have connectors for external antennas that can be installed
in vehicles and buildings.
• Some satellite phones use satellites in geostationary orbit, which appear at a fixed position
in the sky. These systems can maintain near-continuous global coverage with only three or
four satellites, reducing the launch costs. The satellites used for these systems are very
heavy (about 5000 kg) and expensive to build and launch.
Q6) Download product sheet of your own cell phone and find all wireless technologies that
it supports. (PRINT)

Product sheet of Samsung j2 and introduction to all wireless technologies that it supports.
• Product sheet and specification
Technology GSM / HSPA / LTE
Comms
Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Wi-Fi Direct, hotspot
WLAN
Bluetooth 4.1, A2DP, LE
GPS with A-GPS, GLONASS
Radio FM radio, RDS
USB microUSB 2.0

OS Android 6.0.1 (Marshmallow)

Chipset Spreadtrum SC8830
CPU Quad-core 1.5 GHz Cortex-A7
GPU Mali-400MP2
Sensors Accelerometer, proximity

Mobile networks and carriers in India use 2 GSM bands, 2 UMTS bands, and 3 LTE bands.
GSM: global system for mobile
UMTS: The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
LTE: Long Term Evolution
4G Technology and Networks
4G technologies are designed to provide IP-based voice, data and multimedia streaming at speeds
of at least 100 Mbit per second and up to as fast as 1 GBit per second.
4G LTE is one of several competing 4G standards along with Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) and
WiMax (IEEE 802.16). The leading cellular providers have started to deploy 4G technologies,
with Verizon and AT&T launching 4G LTE networks and Sprint utilizing its new 4G WiMax
network. In terms of mobile devices, many newer Android-based smartphones are 4G LTE
capable, and both the iPhone 5 and the iPad 3 are expected to have built-in 4G LTE capabilities
when released in the second half of 2012.

Global LTE Speeds

In November 2016, OpenSignal's The State of LTE report indicates than while LTE continues to
expand and see strength, globally, download speeds average 17.4 Mbps but speeds approach 50
Mbps in the most advanced 4G countries.

Abbreviation: MME (Mobility Management Entity), S-GW (Serving Gateway), HSS (Home
Subscriber Server), PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function), P-GW (Packet Data Network
Gateway), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), EPC (Evolved
Packet Core) Radio Access Network for LTE The radio access network is used for wireless radio
connection between the mobile phones and antennas from the mobile operator. The radio access
network is also called EUTRAN or Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Terrestrial Radio Access Network. EUTRAN can be also called just LTE (Long Term Evolution).
Radio infrastructure is formed of the following nodes:
LTE Mobile Terminals: LTE mobile terminals are the mobile phones and other devices
that support the LTE standard.
Radio Interface: Radio interface is a wireless connection between the LTE mobile terminals
and eNodeB. It is wireless signals that form the mobile cells.
 eNodeB: E-UTRAN Node B or eNodeBs are situated all over the network of the mobile operator.
They connect the LTE mobile terminal via radio interface to the core network. Core Network for
LTE Core Network is the brain of the system. It is formed of telephony switches that enable the
different services for the mobile users. Core network devices connect the mobile devices in the
mobile network. They also connect the mobile network with the fixed telephony network and
internet. The LTE core network is called EPC (Evolved Packet Core) or System Architecture
Evolution (SAE). The core network is formed from the five nodes:
MME: Mobility Management Entity or MME is the central control node in the EPC
network. It is responsible for mobility and security signalling, tracking and paging of mobile
terminals. S-GW: Serving Gateway or S-GW transports the user traffic between the mobile
terminals and external networks. It also interconnects the radio access network with the EPC
network. It is connected to the P-GW.
P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway connects the EPC network to the external
networks. It routes traffic to and from PDN networks.
HSS: HSS (Home Subscriber Server) is the database of all mobile users that includes all
subscriber data. It is also responsible for authentication and call and session setup.
PCRF: PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function) is node responsible for real-time
policy rules and charging in EPC network.

Q7) Download Opensignal app and try to locate the BTS which is currently giving you the
service.