LLASSES O

srep-'rnW* fmurfluOO

utDDrtlg Oe

-
1 th r.ri,
I

P{l.F-'
mJer.1--
"

auhtft ,lthstuc NoN- S?hDA'€D- Slt€t;

'
t&so st<"bt ,4ryt ) LOhl,DANDr^rl0Tlt
.\"if,'-'i--,
;i;,,2,
-" ';;. ril!
{h. (!"ht Uq ."lr du. /.I
i bJ a tr ete: 4
l''i' lr'* lt''t o4'rfe c-c '
6(,nb lNDt.:y.'.l'luLTtftlDe

I T
t{7a ,T
I
I . " ' l'\,...");,rl., tr0,,tlro !
I ( ^ . o -i \ , . . t " " " . i * ,
&vAR't?, trhugwt)?ft90? 7a -u 6 qHa.kilr
* ,|v tgl,,rliw^r.Lr7rt i\c c". h"r.*u y\\t
SrN(cc_r4olA fr- *W +"'\ c"'a'bo"Q9/
-

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I t6b ctLte,l<-, (goilt*0ebt;

&uhve , BftrloD|ltr?kt
 rt MTS 7.2.6.1
Basic Experiments in Fiber"Optic
Communications Engineering
Theory

Theory

Transmis|ion technologJ, an oveniew PhJsical pri\ciples

ID 1]792t\e FreDchengineerClaudeCbappei!- Theelectromagnetic spectrum,lieht
' ventedtheopticaltelegaph:Hls devicescoDsisted For thetransmissio[ofmessages the propagatron
of tower-tlpe or platfom coDstructions,which of elecfomagnetic.waves. ir a Eansmissiorme ,.......
-: ' .i ' ' :'l1ransmitt€dmessagesby alteringthe positiod of' .dium is of fundamentaumportance."Ihis doesnot,.r,.. -. .
: l their moveable afms. His. apparatusescalled "necessarily.have lo..bea melal conductor,vaves '
: "'jsemaihorcswereid operaioo until the foid-lgth 'can alsopropagatein a vacuumor in a dielecfic .
' ' ,century.TheyWerecapable-oftransmittingmes-.-material.lfhespectrumofelectromagneticwav
sagesfrom Lille to Paris iaside of two ninutes. reachesfrom theiloag ra.lio wavesup to sholt-.
;'_..I ! n , Messagetansmissionvia.moke signalsand'light. ,,vravecosmic.rays,;Fol,'optical,co[rDunications- -.
siglals werebasedotrthesameprinciple.Thedis- techrology oDlya'very,,sma11 rangeis surtable,
' ' advantages ofthesbmethddsareevideot inforrna- Mmely i!ftared (IR)ddi{isible (l{S), asv,/ellas -,..
'tion'could easily be interceptedby udwanted,,.theuitravioletg:iy) component ofthe electromag-..
' r"receive$,'andllanstrlissionwas,distortedduritrg netic spechum.iHere,'visible light takesup.only,
' .poor \reaf]1eror at-dght.lHowever,utrtil far into the narow rargeof 380nm (violet)up to 780 Dm
' the industrial agethe{ewas no betterpossibility (red). Borclenngthis mnge toward the smaller
'! '_.i-' -' for: rapidlyrtlaDsmittiDginformation,to rcmote, waveleDgths arethe ultaviolet lays while the,IR . . .:
: comersof theplatretOnly aiterthe discovery of iaysarelocatedatiargerwavelengths.Lightilthe.
-theelectrictelega?hwasitpossibletosolvetiis.trarowsenseofthewordrefentotheelectromag-.
problem.Whereasat the beginningof the 19th netic wavesin the visible range, althoughihis
centurythe Ea$mission of one Ietter (1 Byte) definition often includesthe IR and IIV range.
i,ook6 minutesto travel from Paristo Sfasbourg, The folowing lelatiooship(1) existsbetweenthe
correspondirgto 0.m bfts per second,Gaufiard waveleng&,, andthe Aequencyf,
Weberwere ableto transmit7leneN per minute
in 1835 in Giittingen usirg theh electric tef (1)
egraphsandonly E0yearslaterfast-operatingsys-
tems were fiansmitting 1000lettersper mitrute.
We do not wish to give a detaileddesuiption of
this developmeffbut preferlather to makea his-
toricaljumpto ttre.recetr|past.C.Kao (1963)and
M. B0rner(1964)areDowrecogoized asthe in
ventorsof opticaltransmissionof electromagnetic
waves ia ithe, near-inaaredrange using glass
fibers.Naturaly, at thal time the attenuationcoef-
ficient of glasswasstjll over 1000dB/o, so that
any pnctical applicatiotrwas still unthinlable.
The breahhough camein {970, whenthe com-
panyComing GlassWork wasableto manufac-
ture optical fibers with an attenuationof20 alB/
km. ln fact by the beginningofthe seventiesall of
the basic comporcnts decessaryfor optical
conmunications- light source, optical wave-
gnidesandphotodetertors- had beetrdeveloped,
ushedngin the processof optimiz€tioDwbrchhas
coDtinuedto this day. Fig. T1: Thc .Lahomcgretic sFctrb
 CI MTS 7.2.6.1 Basic Experiments in Fiber-Optic
Communications Engineering
Theory

Wherec standsfor: 3. 103m/s, the yelocity of dicatesby how muchthe light velocity in a m+
light il1treespac€. dium is smallerthaDin a vacuum.
Therangeftom 500nm up to 1500rm is particu-
lrrly wel-suitedfor opticaltransmissioD.
(14)
Beatnoptics,detign of on opticd trat)egude
Usitrgthe equation(1.3) we obtain:
Liglt gopagatiodin a multimode optica.lwaee-
guide can be explaircd usitg the laws of geo- sind n,
metrical optics. "Light beads" are theoretical sirl ut o.5)
coosfucts.Theyrepresent tbe idealfolm of cones
rl I ir : ofliglJ with sman.apertureangles;Fopagatijrgir:' :Wlientthe
angle ofincidence:d,is.illcreased, the , .,- :
shaight lines. They cal1be guided or deflected into angle of.reftaction I rcaches the vatue I = 90', -
,otherdircctions,usingmirlots,.pdsmsorlensqs..duringtlejtiansitiot.fromaD.optically,.denser
The process of g'.riding ligbi ir-r aji .opiicai DediuE wiih reftactive index ,l io aD optica y
waveguideis baseaL on thelaws of refraction and. r less densemedinD.jnithreftaciivetitdex 12.In the
' rellection. As a tule bothptocessesoccut when a -case oftwo opaquemediathcotedesignireO op-
rayoftightincidentsadielectsicsurface.Ifaray.ticallydedseristtreioneftlwtrich.tirelightveloi_
i. ii,. .lof,light strikes:the.sudace-,of:two,diferent sub- :ity,islower,{he cofiqspotrdi$g algle ofincideDceJ._. _ ,
stadces\rith differeat refractive iodexes /l, theD ,q is called tbe critical aDgle, for which the fol_
the folowing holds tnre according to the law of lowing applies:
reflectioD:
d = d' (2r sina. =ll
n1
Here the angle of incidence e and a[gle of
reflection d' are ilt the same plane. Thus, ilthe angle of incialencesurpassesthe criti-
Accordirg to SrcIl's law of rcfiactioD lhe non-re- cal algle d., no reftaction catr occur and the light
flected componel1tof the light beam proceeds on rays arc totally reflected at the surface. This phe-
'
its path h the second medium with an attered nomenonis called total reflection.-This can only - .,.
propagation ,directio!: - The law of'refractioD is -. take place during the transition frod an opdcaly ..
stated as follows: densermedium 10 an optically less deDseone and

siod-c, ""
'
;"?"'#l"S&ff#"ff'f,rT:SHi'"'1?;1
sitL,6 cz (3) guide
the optical vave consists of a cylinaldcal
cole and a cotrcentric cladding surrounding it (see
The mtio of lighL.velocity co inla vacuitm to the- :"'Figr"T3)j Herelthe.refractive,inalex l,in*he core
velocity of light c of tie medium is called the re- I glass is somewhat lalger,than"thatofthe lefiactive .
fractive index n. It is a material coDstantand irF ildex z" itr the'glass :cladding. l
' , .r , "Fr0rf(6)itf0llowsnhar6hofitre,Ught.rays rvhich
do dot deviateEore than ( 90" - qc ) from the
. axial .direction of the optical waveguide are
guidedinside"theglasscorc.ID orderto lauch or .
, couplea'lighfbeaminto,tle glass:corc,ftom an
exterDalsouce (air v.ith reAactiveindex.r0 = i),
the folowi[g holdstrue for the couplingallgle O,
1 . which conf|lresthe lightbeamto.the direction of
2 the optical waveguide axis (see Fig. T3), in
accordance with (n:
sin@
=n,
sin(90'-d) no (O
From lhis it follows with /lo= 1 tiat
Fig, T2: Reflection dd E&aclion sin @= ,1 . cosd = nl (7-siI,z d ) (8)
 CI MTS 7.2.6.1 Basic Experiments in Fiber-Optic
Communications Engineering
Theory

'Fig. T3: Iight

sEidedtbrousha nbd opticwmgdde

, Tbe correspoDdiag;largestfeasiblecouplingaD- tha! the otrestravellitrgat a steepangtebecause , .

. ..:: .:. - ;. n '[email protected]]ledthe ac6e!,tame.ange of,tre liber, ..thelailertlpes a@rcflect€d
moreaequenfly.:Ilis , -,. ,.
optic wavegnideandis only depende onthetwo - . js referredto asqnodes,ofia.higher order(multiple r .
' rcfractioDindetes zr,andrb. . ,zigzagcoulse).a1ldiaccordiqglymodesofalo;er , -
The sineoflhe acceptance.atgleis calledtbenu- ordtr (few.reflecti0ns)liModes..area complex
-i"i \ ,! rinrerical alerture:NA bf'theioptical;waveguide:
mathematicat randlphysical coftept,describirg r i _..
possiblepropagarion pat$ in a Sber optic
-"i ^
{Y, wavegniale.
' : .rhis
variabre
is:extremeryimportanr
rorcoupring
' ffif.X'# T1"#T#*::i'f"'j iftT# ,
, ffi'"::T^X.#;:Tr:1fiilff;H,ru:T# -:
i"*iig.*-,i-.rii-0"-"nstrares.Alisht
risht
*rat
canbecoupre4 ,r* *::^r:l.n ;[::i".SfT":S*:f
'o;;;f;;.f, :H"*T1"ffi:f"';
morepropagationtiEealifferences
betweenlugber
ordel modes;seebelow. ;;;; .harply tioe limited hput
pulses,a severctydispersedputse(mode disper- .
Fiber optic profiles sion)appearsattheoutput,rthich is the $m oi all
If we considerthe reftactive sisnalsrcachinsthefiher'sendonea.fterthe other_
- j . ".r1,,
:..r-- i,#il] l^::_ry:g4 .pli{alfibef,
r'optio.wavesuio",""*.,*oo,JfffJ,J"it, isnots'il€dforthe .
,' 'J'rJ'tr'i:
, ,,.coremateriar,.this
rer"o"""tp"**r""ilii" "r; Yy_:.i:l:i,b:".:btodwidthslr"-fr':;
. index.?rom;. rnF*u*.ti,"i.t"."".-i; -;|fii*.,fd[ff":.:T1ffi:,i}ffi?-
,_*" :. "
proflles have mevailed: -: iruys in a,f,ber..optic.waveguidedo.not propagate -,i,.
- Slep-index protite ,
.._Gra.l€d.indexprofile.inzigzagfaiihio]'"lhesefiactionindexprofileof
. ,rhe
step-index
ischa$crer,zed
n,ome b,"."* iSiujfl,l#ifl.jfl.trlffiffH:;#*'li
', ,' lsliht {eftactive irdexrthrirvit}in:the cor€ ald a .
drcgadedopticalfibeais.nolonger,based ontotlil .. .?, ]
. shalpdrop to 12 (rl.>.rt at thejuncrion betweeq
' , the core refl;don bur on reAaction.Frequently.€para-.
andcladaling.Fig..T4showsttrattherays bolic profile is usecl.Due to: the contfuruously. - .
.r- !;.r,:i,rguidedi&€flatter:fashioD,travelashonerdistarce "n*girg r.fr".tiue,itrder,:,r(r).in_Jhegtass;core,t.ri.;i*,
' theraysarcconstaldysubjectedto rcftaction.The
propagatioD djreclioD
isconstantiy cbanging..run- .. -. . ,
niog ir wavelikepatbsalongthe axis ofthe fiber; :,
In theprccesstbesteepra)'soscillatinga$und tbe
ardsalwayshavefaflherto 0-avelrhanfte Ughlray
travellidg aloDgthe axis. However, due to the
ever-lowerrcftacdveirdex outsialethe axisof the
Iiber Lhese raysnavelat correspoDdingly fa$er
speeqXbrough whichthe longerdista[ceis made
upfor rndme.As aresulttlle differencesin propa-
Eg. T4: Modsr djspsion in s step-indexfibe. gationtime for the individual rays disappearal-
 n MTS 7,2.6.1 Basic Experiments in Fiber-Optic
Cornmunications Engineering Tbeory

IN OUT

a)
I
230lm
I
Zn Fn
-T-
h
TI;
t l i"
lt I
H 1l
n'=1527
tA
]N otn
t
ffi f1
L

b) 125lr]1 50 irE
rl l! nt
.t a-77 tll
I l/\
n'=1'562
U\ I
I
n\r L- 1.457 ouT

c)
tI
125pm
zaF*\

ffi {
I utrr
fr
L--l-
) f n
n
t l
1l
lf
:lll
\ry
' Fis. T5: ovwiew of col'm!
ts .'; t /\
t"$ of fiber o!1ic wavesuoes
, a) Multimode srep-hdex
b) MtrItinode graded,iDdex
c) Mo.omode 6bcs

most completely. Modal dispersion is or y sign of a PMMA trber. The NA amountsto

slight. 0.47whichcoflespondsto aha]f-apertureangie(=
' . III order to achievemaxiDumtlaismissiotrper- angle of acceptance)of 2g"..,Foi ,long:or :well-
'iformance,
a specialkitrd of stepindex fiber is tra.fficealtarsD:ission linlc (e.g. cablenetworks
:;;r t:rusecl;theisingle-mode-fiber^(motonode,iber)..andtelecommndcation.nerworksopelatealby.tel.,_-,
Thefber radiusmustbeitr therangeof2, 10[m. ephorc aodcommunicalionscompaniestbrough_
. , Oily one single modeca[ propagatealong the out the world)
molomode .trbers.are .rreeded.
- corethuseliminatjngthepossibilig of any.propa-. Theseate.maaufasturedoul of silica glasslike
,'",':gation'dme:difference.l(t,Iormodal1clispersion)i,|rstep-index.Sbeis,-Tlradvantagqof_silicarfibersis
' .Fig.T5 pmvidesan overviewconcemingthe di- -. a considerablylower.attetruation.level. -
mensions,refractiveindexprcfiles andsoEe ad"
-_r:.r,:ditionalcharacteristicvar.iables.

I iber p roduation.moteriolselection
.For vadousreasons,'tlematerialsplasticand
,. : . silica,gass havegladuallybecome.prectominant
for the procfuctionof fiber optic waveguides.For
' ,alDroximately 10 yea$
rcw ildustry has used
waveguidesconsistingof plasticfor simplecom-
municatioDsystems.Themostcommonfiber q.?e
coDsistsof an approx.970 pm thick coreof poly-
methyl methacrytate (PMMA) ard an approx.
15 Fm thick claddingmadeof siticoDeor Teflon. (1) (2)
PMI-{A is primarily usedto manufacturestep-irl-
dexfibers.Theyareeasyto hanalle,robustand8le Fi8.T6: Designof a PMMA fiber
\uellsuiredfor empiolmeDt in indusfiat,pptjca- (l) coe lZ = 97o tLb, \= 1.492
(2) opticctaddinsthickne$
Lion for shon aIId medjumletrgrtr links tup lo thicliless:15 F4 rt = 1.417
approx.100m). Fig. T6 showsthe schematicde- (3)!rctectivejacke!U = 2-2l@ (b!ffer)

10
 CI MTS 7.2.6.1 Basic Experimenb in Fiber-Optic
Communications Engineering Theory

Ught sources asalormal Sldiode or Gediode.Whetranexter-

In tetmsof [ght soucesusediD optical commu- mt voltageis appliediq the fotrraraldilectionthe
nlcattonstecbnology we are clealitg primadly electical neld generatedat fte pN_junctiondoes
'rittr LEDS and solid-state1ase60_D). Taten not idtialiy suf&ceto evoke
a chargeflow. Odly
ftom the elechical poirt-of-view thesesemicon- aftei theso-caliedthreshold voltag; Ushasbeea
ductor light sourcesare consideredpN diodes, exceeded the curent inffeasesraalically.The di-
' vr'hicbate operatedin the'forward direction. ID oalecha..acteristic in thgflow direciioD(U"> O)is
. . .,senicooductor.techoology electro-opticconvert_ describedby the differeotialresisrance rF .
ersEadeof UI - ry - V - matedalsandtheir cod-
bi&tions,e.g.InGaAsP/ InPhaveprovento be -'r-;_AUp
'.:",: r:rery.suitable.iHere we.ale-deaing wir4cbemical
' ,, .(11). , ..
eleoentsof lhethird trolii-b goupsoI ttreperiodic
: '-, table.Frcnaphysical-point-of-view
theeffectof pory"ayqltreditferentialredstance.assumesa,.
siruiirriicur6recomDirraEon iSexploiled.Inthe . largevalue"and
processelectro4.trole-pai4:coDbilewithout ex fur Ur> Us.a srtAllvallue,
. lo! ,Uofrolaru^-fu",can, be.cleterminedapprori_
temalinfluence,.wbiletheir eneqy is releasedi-n
*"t"fy iy,"tt"g;aangont againsttlre steep
light photons.The frequency-oflhesepb,otons is ;J. ;'f #" ;*;;,iclar1d
\,::'.:..: i detemiDed.by,the,band,gap,Ic pmlongng the tine
betwee-n thecoD_..ro,tfre votragea*is..ihe.actualnoDjlheat steep,..,_..,-
ductiqqbandardthevalence.bandofthesemi-,ang;"fth";;;;;bedescribedbytlrcfoltow- _
- - --'
conducbrmaleriatused.Thefouowingappties:
i""it_.ai"",
Ec=h.D (10)
Where:
, : plancksconstant I =Is .(eur _l) o2t
(6.6256. 1G'Js)
Ec i Energydifference
Bydopins
wiiiroreign (aruminium,
atoos phosfi'4";:":H?":JJ:lX"JU:,'ifr"T""ffi:
rptrorous'indium)thecrystalstructureandtius.assumedtobeconstant.Becauseoftheirlow
' the gap are-coDstat{y cbanging.In , off frequercy anatoutput power _ comparedro .....,
3!1 land
'-LEDsthisleacrstodifferedemhsionwaverengtl$ . taseroioaas - I-EDsareoDliuseditr syste'swith : . i.-
' (colo$). The LED suppliesan incohereDt
beam,'- shorttransmissionlints atrd.lovr'atatabit.rates.,Ifi. , . ,
whicheitherexitspefpendicularlytothepNlayer.1}epolarityof.thevoltagebeing.applied_
(surfaceeminer) or at an opentateraledge(edge . diod; is mistalenly interclaagea,tljn a cnarge_ ,
r"_ir:'rr':r:" !remitter)iemittingn:diffusel1ight-coDerirrto,theen-:ircarrier-fee.spaceisp.oducedinsidethepN-
' 'tire neighbouriw,ha.r.sr'ace. -,:::
ithe curent/vohage,...
ture.c\trrentcannoionger flow,thediodebrocks._.,..
charactelisticesseDtialiy
showsthesamebebavior.r, Only.whenrtheapplied.blocKngvoltageexceeds ..
. i ..itscriticalvaluadoes-the.excessive.fleldstretrgth
''destloytbgPNjurction:Inadditiontothecurenv
voltage characteristicthe representaiionof the
a b 4 cotrducliorb3ad gemratedoptical power P2 as a fuDctionof the
a - o forwardcurent /Fis alsoof interestin:LED's (PI
characteristic).,TFicalcfuracteristicsareshovn
,ta ,/\JI
t
E^
itr Fig. T8.
A saturationeffectcanbeobservediJIthe culreny
E i l i powercharactedstic(dots).Thereasonfor this is
the power dissipationaiisiag at higher crlrrents.
o . 4 raleocebad As dre djodehea6up. rbe rise in poweris re-
duced.In orderto keepthe heatingtemperatureas
lovr'aspossible,effonsbaveto bemadeto ensure
Fig. T7: The semicolductor band qodel gooclthermaldissipatioD.The efiiciency of the
a : elecLu LED is relatiletylow, as thegeoelaLed beamis
partially re-absorbedor doesnot eveDescapelhe

11
 rD MTS 7.2.6.1 Basic Experiments in Fiber-Optic
Communications En gineering Theory

Fig. T3: LEDchdat listics

A): Ideal MeDftolrlge chs&rerirtic
.''. - , B):^Opticallowq 4 of dr LED dla fmcto of.ite foNdil cEent rF,(dEilsso<lularion)
l

crystaldueto total leflectioL Oneadvantagefor 1(seeFjg. fi),{heQbotolr3nishes;in ltre prccess

' ; : ;:{ znalog modulation,is:tre:lircafiPr€baracteristic; ..:.ahclleavesbehild.lFfteeq)irce"rr:thevaleDce
, " which spansa 'widelange.This prcventsthe gen, (also bard r . r :, l
' leratioDof harmonics..Therefore callecla mobile hol; or just hole), which is
atrLED .is par- usecrto tra'sport cun"'lt..primar y s icone anar
' ': .ticularly:weu_suitedfor usein analogtechniques :germanium. or the IrI - rv';v ..compounarsare - j - . .: .
!-r ' i . : i witi their.attendenldeDan(ls.oDlircarily. - . . .!- r-usedlonatrufacturere{eivitg-elemeat;..SilicOn .
is ::r-: .,.,.1
paniculatly well suited for tbe.ralge.below
Detectots
rheoptoetecrricar
corversion
brought
about
by i"t}#""":'rffi:^H"Hil:1.1"^:Hl,ffi
the absoelion of the light ray takesplacei! the S*t is iqtportant.Ihis indicateswhich curert I" is
phoaodiode.Itr this processaDariviDg, photon obtainedatthe photodiodefor prespeci.fied, i;ci_
wilh a higher energylevel thantbat of the band dentfight powe;pr. .Tlpical vatuesfor silicon di- . .
''.gaptc, tra$fe$ its energy.to ,
an electronof the odesfor.; wavelengtF*of ,850::m .are -at.about: r . . -'..
' . . valetrcebatrd,which causes
this etecuoqto be S;r = 0.5 ArrW.Fig. ,I9 ldemonstrates the rclative .
.: : ::r::,bumpedlinlothe.higherenergyjcotrductiorl"band., r,s;;sftivity ,ofrphoodiooes;asra .irncton: oi:tle : ; .,. r .:i::,
' i wavele4gthsfor vadoussemicotductorelemellts
when comparcdto the-sensitivity of the human
eye-
r00 '"' In.?ure semiconductordnateEials
ittrout .a'pN
I
I . :lunctiontheteis tlejdange hatithqelectronhole
r :Eo
lars generatedrby+hotodahsorption pattially re-
60 :ri.-combirc:i:eiiaaedesftoyertsgain,and,thus arer]-q-
.ableto cotrtdbuieany longerto tie photocurent.
4D A PN junction biasediD the revelsedireouonrc-
spoDds benerjn rhisrespeclWifioul ligbr i_uci-
20 , dence ody .a.verysligbtidark-cuiredt .flows.
Because lhe absorpuo0 of.rhepbotonsoccursin
part outside of the.drift arca, fhese _kiDalsof
r0 1500 2000 photodioGsarerelativelyslow.In this tespectttre
Yi{blc | ;aa"' use of PIN diodesis morc favolable.In this case
lisht ilnlrEd I iifiuad an ifiIinsically codductivelayer is idtegmtedbe-
,hd +
tween the P- and the N-doped area-In this so-
caled l-zone.rhe oegreeof N.dopirg js ju$ as
Fig. T9: Rclative sleckal Flsitivity of pholodiodA large asthat of the P-doping.

72
 k?,- Basic Experiments in Fiber_ootic
Commulications Engineering

Attenuation rnechanisms
Any foro of energytaDsmjssionitvojves LShretr.ps
oower oi-bcar
Iosses.Itr comnuuicarions this is refeffi lo as alareer-
atteruatiotr.Importantexamplcsof this in opticat
corDmunicario nsengineering
are: t**_ -**\
- Couplingattenuationofthe
connector
- Material attenuationof the
fiber optic
waveguide
lThe.attenBationoflhe trber optic waveguide
is
oepenoent: on ihe waveleDgth, as sbown
' Fig."Tlo..Incontasl in
rhe^tt"louatoooitf coll_ jFi8 T11:'T.sition aln glide<l
rEglors rs to a Sreat exteot iadepeddentre to esuidedmdes
wavetengib- The coupling aneouatloDmainjy
de-
penclsotr the beamangle.of lhe ligbl
sourceanct
tDe aperhre angle or numerjca_laperMe
ot the
: opticaLfber.
Durilgthetraasitionfronco
' rc corureexor : causesfor]i:eerscatterirg(Rayleighscatterlng)
'.,-
the.lightt. r.tact"a,r5i6 llllr
rrrou-gh.'theair:as"aiesuri;;;";;:,r1$At':fi*i#fl.1TTffiT
:
no rotrgerafiives arlhe apertureatrgleontheJrcnr .
rherraveguidemaFriA u.J fta-."t"_"" ,oO"*
andis thuslost varies
wi6inraages
.uai"rL"toar in "n-p",i-
i:";iff"^JhTff.:aveguide ,. .
ur"*"'a-^".*".""i
"irheriber
opric
wavesvide
ii':liiT*ff:dl#,ll"u,*'o**, o"n*,
with tlrc' conversionof beam;nergy into heat
- Licht
scanering
- Lightabsopti;n ;:flffjffi,"j;X;T,ltl",ft:H:iff:tr;j
- Beamlossesrelatedto rhe zuidino
Droper- tr:e wavetingn andsll. ,n!-"o:rir" .*g", ,o*
ties of tbe waveguide. "rtu"r" a ;*irJlo"" p"*'iil y i" u" "ao-
,ssL. , :.is
li#,"1,"j,"#:*JJh:::;I"1T#J
@i_ ]|. the .waveguide
m o l e c u l:a
s tr r u c t u:roef .t h e
ol \ I ..-
+ | \ N
.,
Taterif.. _Il: -additiol
-*--'. to
! v the
q! rscattering
lctEu!ts ancl
iuru
*l V absorpioD,thereaisoexistsbeamlossestbrcugh
I J conve$ion Aom guid€d to unguicteomooes.
I tul_ I . i ' -.r ,,FLuctuationgh<tiameteror.concerifiations
_ ?lt I etc..are
5 .1- I respotrsible
forrhis .-
' - Fxrthemorg.there.jate
Furthermore.
E ,f .l ", 1. lhere.atejmodes
Dode in which energy
- jifhe$dr.{inr^,$.-
i,,1,jF \- /l A/
lflows,.from o,'rh*craddins:
-r-:i:--, . Leaky
, --,
modes arepmduced. TheteDdercy toleakymode
.E \\/W" fomatiotritcreases,
E ;I ] \-r wlrenthefiberbecomes bedt
(see.Fig. Tl1). However,due ro.theretarively
E,L'f | \ . ' i highattenuarioD.iorthe.ctadding
€ I l\ o) materialma4tle
. l-., modesareincapable of pmpagatiotr-evenwithout
,1 1 \-+
-... '-:ffii6 ffi a bent opticatwaveguide:.Rarges ill.,which the .
Light waveletrgtb ^[Dm] --.....* alenuationassumes minimumvaluesarerefered
to as optical windows.
Fig-T10:Fibe!opricanenuation In conjurctionwith the corespondtg emittef el-
disEibdnon emedsrherangearcund660nrnisusedinpLasrrc
rr,, err *ur" ,aii ir"lii iiu*..".prrrl",
paf
/2): cab.eapl4tjcctaddbgFr-b€re.E. opucal E)ers atrd dte range around gSOnm (lsl
Hcs) window) andarouDd1300Dm(2nd window) for
(3): Gtalsfiler glassoptical fibers.

I3