Ch4 Lecture 9

Example -4.
19-
Water at 4.4°C is to flow through a horizontal commercial steel pipe having a length of
305 m at the rate of 150 gal/min. A head of water of 6.1 m is available to overcome the
skin friction losses (hFs). Calculate the pipe diameter. e = 4.6 x10-5 m ρ = 1000 kg/m3,
μ= 1.55 x10-3 Pa.s.
Solution:
hFs = [4 f ( L / d ) ] u 2 / 2 g = 6.1 m
Q = 150 gal/min (ft / 7.481gal)(min/60s) (m/3.28 ft)3 = 9.64 x10-3 m3/s
3
u = Q/A = (9.64 x10-3 m3/s)/(π/4 d2) ⇒ u = 0.01204 d-2.

⇒ 6.1 = 4 f (305/d)(0.01204 d-2)/(2 x9.81)
⇒ f = 676.73 d5 ⇒ d = (f /676.73)1/5 ----------------------(1)
-2 -3 -1
Re = (1000 x (0.01204 d ) x d)/ 1.55x10 = 7769.74 d ----------------------(2)
e/d = 4.6 x10-5 d-1 ----------------------(3)
Solution by trial and error
Eq.(1) Eq.(2) Fq. (3) Figure (3.7)
f d Re e/d f=2Φ
Assumed
0.00378 0.089 8.73 x104 0.00052 0.0052
0.0052 0.095 8.176 x104 0.000484 0.0051

0.0051 0.0945 8.22 x104 0.00049 0.0051
⇒ d = 0.0945 m.
Example -4.20-
A petroleum fraction is pumped 2 km from a distillation plant to storage tank through a
mild steel pipeline, 150 mm I.D. at 0.04 m3/s rate. What is the pressure drop along the
pipe and the power supplied to the pumping unit if it has an efficiency of 50%. The
pump impeller is eroded and the pressure at its delivery falls to one half. By how much
is the flow rate reduced? Take that: sp.gr. = 0.705, μ= 0.5 m Pa.s, e = 0.004 mm.
Solution:
u = Q/A = (0.04 m3/s)/(π/4 x 0.152) ⇒ u = 2.26 m/s
Re = (705 x 2.26 x 0.15)/ 0.5x10-3 = 4.78x105
e/d = 0.000027 ⇒ Figure (3.7) f = 2 Φ ⇒f = 0.0033
− ∆PFs = [4 f ( L / d ) ]ρ u 2 / 2 = 4 (0.0033) (2000/0.15) (705 x 2.262/2) = 316876 Pa.
Power = Q(− ∆P ) / η = (0.04 m3/s)(316876 Pa)/0.5 = 25.35 kW
Due to impeller erosion (-ΔP)new = (-ΔP)old/2 = 316876 Pa/2 = 158438 Pa
ΦRe2=(-ΔPfs/L)(ρd3/4μ2)=[(158438)/(2000)][(1000)(0.15)3/(4)(0.5x10-3)2] = 1.885x108
e/d = 0.000027⇒ From Figure (3.8) Re = 3 x105 ⇒u = 1.42m/s
The new volumetric flow rate is now Q = 1.42 (π/4 x 0.152) = 0.025 m3/s.
26-Ch.4
4.9 Friction Losses in Noncircular Conduits
The friction loss in long straight channels or conduits of noncircular cross-section
can be estimated by using the same equations employed for circular pipes if the diameter
in the Reynolds number and in the friction factor equation is taken as equivalent
diameter. The equivalent diameter De or hydraulic diameter defined as four times the
cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter of the conduit.
Cross - sectional area of channel
De = 4
Wetted perimeter of channel
• For circular cross section.
De = 4 (π/4 x d2)/ π d = d
• For an annular space with outside diameter d1 and inside d2. d2 d1
De = 4 [π/4 x (d12 – d22)]/ π (d1 + d2) = d1- d2
• For a rectangular duct of sides a and b. a
De = 4 (a.b) / 2(a + b) = 2ab / (a + b) b
• For open channels and pattly filled ducts of y-liquid depth and b width
De = 4 (b.y) / (b + 2y)
y
b
4.10 Selection of Pipe Sizes

In large or complex piping systems, the optimum size of pipe to use for a specific
situation depends upon the relative costs of capital investment, power, maintenance, and
so on. Charts are available for determining these optimum sizes. However, for small
installations approximations are usually sufficient accurate. A table of representative
values of ranges of velocity in pipes is shown in the following table: -
Velocity
Type of fluid Type of flow
ft/s m/s
Inlet to pump 2-3 0.6 – 0.9
Nonviscous liquid Process line or
5-8 1.5 – 2.5
Pump discharge
Inlet to pump 0.2 – 0.8 0.06 – 0.25
Viscous liquid Process line or
0.5 - 2 0.15 – 0.6
Pump discharge
Gas 30 - 120 9 – 36
Steam 30 - 75 9 – 23
4.11 The Boundary Layer

When a fluid flow over a surface, that part of the stream, which is close to the
surface, suffers a significant retardation, and a velocity profile develops in the fluid. In
the bulk of the fluid away from the boundary layer the flow can be adequately described
by the theory of ideal fluids with zero viscosity (μ = 0). However in the thin boundary
layer, viscosity is important.
27-Ch.4
Laminar Transition Turbulent
us us us
us ux
us
ux
us us
ux
ux
y δ
us x
Buffer layer Boundary sublayer

Leading edge
Figure of boundary layer for flow past a flat plate
If the velocity profile of the entrance region of a tube is flat, a certain length of the
tube is necessary for the velocity profile to be fully established (developed). This length
for the establishment of fully developed flow is called “entrance length”.
Laminar B.L. Turbulent B.L.
Fully developed flow
LE
Entrance length
Figure of conditions at entry to pipe.
At the entrance the velocity profile is flat; i.e. the velocity is the same at all
positions. As the fluid progresses down the tube, the boundary layer thickness increases
until finally they meet at the centerline of the pipe.
For fully developed velocity profile to be formed in laminar flow, the approximate
entry length (Le) of pipe having diameter d, is: -
LE/d = 0.0575 Re --------------------Laminar
For fully developed velocity profile to be formed in turbulent flow, no relation is
available to predict the entry length. As an approximation the entry length (LE) is after
50 diameters downstream of pipe. Thus;
LE/d = 50 ------------------Turbulent
28-Ch.4

Ch4 Lecture 9

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Example -4.

u = Q/A = (9.64 x10-3 m3/s)/(π/4 d2) ⇒ u = 0.01204 d-2.

0.0052 0.095 8.176 x104 0.000484 0.0051

4.10 Selection of Pipe Sizes

4.11 The Boundary Layer

Buffer layer Boundary sublayer

Fully developed flow

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