FE Reinforced Concrete
FE Reinforced Concrete
FE Reinforced Concrete
Concrete Design
Flexural members
Bending, shear
Axial members
Compression
Load path
Configurations
g
Rectangular beam T beam Inverted T beam
Stress‐strain relationship
Section forces
Stress, strain and moment
Stress strain and moment
arm
Section moment capacity
f`c=4000 psi, fy=60 ksi
a=As*fy/ (0.85*f`c*b)
( )
a=4*0.79*60/(0.85*4*12)=4.65 in
c=a/β1=4.65/.85=5.47 in
εt=(dt‐c)/c*0.003
=(17
(17.5
5‐5
5.47)/5.47
47)/5 47*0
0.003
003=0
0.0066 in/in
0066 in/in
εt>0.004 OK, εt>0.005 therefore φ=0.9
φMn=φ*As*fy*(d‐a/2)
* * *6 *( 6 / ) 8 k i
0.9*4*0.79*60*(17.5‐4.65/2)=2589 k‐in
Minimum steel
As,min=min(200/fy,3*√(f`c)/fy)*b*d
=0.0033*12*17.5=0.7 in2 → 4(0.79)=3.16in2 OK
Section strain
Multiple steel layers
Over‐reinforced section
f`c=4000 psi, fy=60 ksi
a=As*fy/ (0.85*f`c*b)
a=6
a=6*11.0 60/(0.85
0*60/(0 4 12)=8.82in
85*4*12)=8 82in
c=a/β1=8.82/.85=10.38 in
εs=(d‐c)/c*0.003
=(16.8‐10.38)/10.38*0.003=0.00186 (in/in)
εs < εy (εy=fy/Es=60/29000=0.00207)
Note: Top bars not used as Since the tensile strain is less than the yield
Since the tensile strain is less than the yield
compression steel strain, the section is over‐reinforced
Over‐reinforced sections fail with a brittle
(dangerous) failure mode instead of a safer
ductile failure mode
Doubly‐reinforced section
Split Mn into two components: Mn1 and Mn2
such that Mn = Mn1 + Mn2
Mn1= compression concrete and the
compression concrete and the
balancing steel
Mn2= compression steel and balancing
amount of tension steel
Tension steel is As, compression steel is A`s
Effect of compression steel is to adjust the
location of the neutral axis (reducing c),
changing the steel tensile strain
Substitute As1 for As and As2 for A
for A`s.
Then:
Mn1 = As1*fy*(d‐a/2)
Mn2 = As2*fy*(d‐d`)
Mn = Mn1 + Mn2
Begin by assuming compression steel
yields and check strain to confirm
If compression steel does not yield,
If compression steel does not yield
adjust As2 by the ratio of f`s to fy
To accomplish this, find ε`s and compare to εy
If ε`s ≥ ε
If ε ≥ εy , ff`s = f
= fy
If ε`s < εy , f`s = Es* ε`s
In this case, assumption of steel yielding is invalid. Use
different equations.
f`s = fy
As*FFy = 0.85 f c*b*β
= 0 85*f` b β1*c+A`
c+A s*ffy
c= (As‐A`s)*fy/(0.85*f`c*β1*b); ε`s =(c‐d`)/c*0.003
f`s = Es* ε`s
As*fy=0.85*f`c*β1*b*c+A`s*(c‐d`)/c*0.003*Es
Note to count as compression steel, compression
reinforcement must be confined with stirrups that meet the
reinforcement must be confined with stirrups that meet the
column tie size and spacing requirements
Minimum size #3
Max spacing : min(16d
i i ( db, 48d
ds, min dimension)
i di i )
T‐ and L‐beams (flanged
sections)
a ≤ hf
Design as a rectangular section
a > hf
Design as a T or L beam
Flange:
Mnf=Asf*fy*(d‐hf/2)
5 c*(b‐b
Asf=0.85*f` ( w))*hf/fy
Web:
Mnw=Asw*fy*(d‐a/2)
Asw=A
As‐A
Asf
Total Mn
Mn=Mnf+Mnw
Minimum steel
As,min=max(3*√f`c/fy*bw*d, 200/fy*bw*d)
For flanges in tension, replace bw with smaller
of (2*bw or b)
Determine effective width be
5” slab
be≤L/4=24ft/4=72in (choose)
be≤bw+2*8*hf
=12+16*5=92in
be≤bw+(10ft‐bw)=120in
Shear in Reinforced Concrete
Stirrups and SFD
Critical sections
Locations at which shear force is taken
for design
Shear design equations summary
φVn ≥ Vu; φ=0.75
Vn = V
= Vc + V
+ Vs
Simplified method for Vc
Vc = 2λ√f`c*bw*d
Vs = Av*fyt*d/s; or smax=Av*fyt*d/Vs
For normal weight concrete λ=1.0
Maximum spacing limits
p g
Based on minimum steel
smax=min[Av*fyt/(0.75*√f`c*bw, Av*fyt/(50*bw)]
Based on beam geometry
Based on beam geometry
If Vs ≤ 4√f`c*bw*d, smax= min(d/2, 24in)
If Vs > 4√f`c*bw*d, smax= min(d/4, 12in)
Limit on beam dimensions or concrete strength
Vs required cannot exceed 8√f`c*bw*d
Shear example
Assume #3 stirrups at 12” oc, f`c = 4000 psi, fyt = 60
ksi
Vu = 40 kip
Vn req’d = 40/0.75 = 53.3 kip
Vc = 2*1.0*√4000*12*17.5=26.5 kip
Vs = V
Vn – Vc=53.3‐26.5= 26.8 kip
53 3 26 5 26 8 ki
smax = 2*0.11in2*60*17.5/26.8= 8.6in
smax
a limits
smax=min(0.11*60,000/(0.75*√4000*12,
0.11*60,000/(50*12))=min(11.6in,11in)=11in
p max =
Vs < 4√4000*12*17.5=53.1 kip, s
min(d/2,24in)=8.75 in
Use #3 stirrups with spacing of 8 inches.
Axial loads (Columns)
Confinement: Spiral and Tied
Discrete ties Continuous spiral
Maximum capacity
Spiral
φPn,max=0.85*φ*[0.85*f`c*(Ag‐Ast)+fy*Ast
Tied
φPn,max=0.80*φ*[0.85*f`c*(Ag‐Ast)+fy*Ast
Note the increase for spiral columns due to the
superior confinement provided by spirals vs ties
For compression controlled sections (εt ≤ 0 002
For compression controlled sections (εt ≤ 0.002,
φ=0.65 (ties) or φ=0.70 (spiral)
Tie configurations
Maximum axial capacity
f`c = 5 ksi, fy = 60 ksi
Po=0.85*f`c*(Ag‐Ast)+fy*Ast
=0.85*5*(256‐8)+60*8
=1050 kip + 480 kip = 1530 kip
φPn,max=0.80*φ*Po
=0.80*0.65*1530=796 kip (tied)
Column slenderness
Short columns:
Klu/r ≤ 34‐12*M1/M2 ≤ 40
K = effective length factor
K ff ti l th f t
lu = unsupported column height, from top of floor to
bottom of beam or slab above
r = radius of gyration, 0.288*h for rectangular
columns, 0.25*D for circular columns
M1/M2 = ratio of moments at two ends of columns.
M1 is smaller end moment and is negative for
double (reverse) curvature, positive for single
curvature. M2 is always positive
Effective length factor
Approximate
Use to being
design when
you don’t
d ’t
know section
size
a, b and d are
nonsway
c, e and f are
sway
Alignment charts for K
Use to refine K
when beam and
column sizes and
materials are
known
Alignment charts
G=ΣKc/ΣKb=(Ec*Ic/Lc)/(Eb*Ib/Lb)
At each joint, sum the EI/L for the columns
a d bea s a g o a jo , pa a e
and beams framing in to that joint, parallel
to the frame (not in and out of the page)
Ic and Ib may be taken as Ic = 0.70*Ig and Ib =
0.35*Ig
For each column segment between joints,
plot G at top and G at bottom on alignment
charts, connect with a straight line, and read
, g ,
the K value at the intersection of that line
with the K graph in the middle
Alignment chart example
Find K for column CD
Ib = 0.35*Ig,approx = 2*Ig,web (T‐beam)
* * 6* 3/12=12900 in
=0.35*2*16*24 / i 4
Ic = 0.70*Ig = 0.70*144/12= 2240 in4
Lb = 30ft; L
30ft; Lc1=20ft; L
20ft; Lc2=24ft
24ft
G bottom = 10 (assume pinned)
G top =
(Ic1/Lc1+IIc2/Lc2)/(Ib/Lb)=(2240/20+2240/24)/(12900/
) ( / / )/( /
30)=0.48
Note frame is braced (nonsway)
Plot values of G=0.48 (top) and G=10
(bottom) and connect with a line.
Where that line interesects the K
column, read the K value
K=0.81