FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT

ORIFICE (PART 1)
P R E P A R E D B Y :
ENGR. PRECIOUS PRINCESS T. SABA
I n s t r u c t o r
 DEVICE COEFFICIENTS
A B O U T H Y D R A U L I C S

A.)Coefficient of Discharge, C or Cd

 There are numerous  The coefficient of discharge is the

number of devices ratio of the actual discharge
used to measure flow through the device and the
of fluids. In any of theoretical or ideal discharge which
these devices, would occur without losses. This
Bernoulli’s Energy may be expressed as,
Theorem is greatly
utilized and additional 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝑸
𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒅 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = 𝑸𝒕
knowledge of the
characteristics and
coefficients of each  Actual discharge may be
device is important. accomplished by series of
 In the absence of observation, usually by measuring
reliable values and the total amount of fluid passing
coefficients, a device through the device for a known
should be calibrated period of time.
for the expected  Theoretical values can be attained
operating conditions. using Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem
neglecting losses.
B) COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY, Cv

hydraulics
 Coefficient of velocity is the ratio of the actual
mean velocity and the theoretical velocity which
would occur without any losses.

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒗
Cv = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒗𝒕

C) COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION, Cc
 Coefficient of contraction is the
Jet = actual area
ratio of the actual area of the
contracted stream or jet to the
area of opening through which
opening = theoretical area
fluid flows.

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂
Cc = =
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨
RELATIONSHIP OF THE THREE COEFFICIENTS
𝑄 𝑣 𝑎
From: C = , Cv = and Ca =
𝑄𝑡 𝑣𝑡 𝐴

Actual discharge, Q = C x Qt (1)

Also,
Q = actual are, a x actual velocity, v
Q = C cA x C vv t
Q = C cA C vv t
But Avt = Qt
Q = C cC vQ t (2)
From equations (1) and (2)

C = Cv x Ca
ORIFICE
 An orifice may be defined as an opening with a closed perimeter provided in the side or
bottom of a tank, for the purpose of discharging the liquid contained in the tank. It
should be noted that the opening will be considered as an orifice only when the liquid
surface in the tank is above the upper edge of the opening.
 If the perimeter is not closed or the flow is only partially full, the orifice becomes weir.
 An orifice with prolonged sides, such as a piece of pipe with diameter of two to three
times the length set in the side of a reservoir is called tube. Also, an orifice with thick
wall has the hydraulic properties of a tube.
 Long tubes such as culverts under embankments are usually treated as orifice although
they be treated as short pipes.

Types of orifice
1) Orifice may be circular, rectangular,
square, etc. (based on the cross- section
of opening)
2) Orifice may be sharp –edged or bell –
mouthed, etc. (based on the shape of
the entrance edge)
 Circular sharp – edged orifice is commonly
used because of the simplicity of design
and construction
Characteristics of jet:
o The stream of liquid which issues from an orifice is termed as jet.
o An orifice with a sharp upstream edge so formed that liquid passing touches only the
edge is called a sharp – edged orifice (as shown above).
Channel of jet
o The term velocity of approach is applied to orifices means the mean velocity of the approach
liquid in a channel leading up to an orifice (can be considered also as the theoretical
Vena
velocity). contracta
velocity of
o The portion of channel where the velocity of approach is considered to occur is approach
designated as the channel of approach.
o An orifice is spoken of as a vertical or horizontal orifice depending upon whether it lies
in a vertical or horizontal plane.
o The particles of the liquid approach the orifice in a converging direction as shown by the paths in the figure because of inertia, thus
causing the jet to contract for some distance beyond the orifice. This phenomenon is referred to as the contraction of the jet and the
section where the contraction stops and the area becomes constant is called vena contracta.
FUNDAMENTAL ORIFICE FORMULA
o Energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting head lost
E1 = E2
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
+ + z1 = + + z2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴+𝛾ℎ 𝑣2 𝑃𝐵
+ +0= + +0
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣2 𝑃𝐵
+ +h= +
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

𝑣2 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑣𝐴2
=ℎ + − + Torricelli’s Law (Evangelista Torricelli)
2𝑔 𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔
o a theorem in fluid mechanics relating the speed of fluid
𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵 flowing from an orifice to the height of fluid above the
v= 2𝑔[ℎ + +( − )] opening. The law states that the speed v of a fluid
2𝑔 𝛾 𝛾
through a sharp-edged hole at the bottom of a tank
vA2 PA PB filled to a depth h is the same as the speed that a body
Let: Total head, H = h + +( − )
2g γ γ (in this case a drop of water) would acquire in falling
v= 2gH (Torricelli’s Theorem) freely from a height h.
Where:
vt = 2gH ( values can be attained through BEE are theoretical values) v1 and v2 = velocity @ point 1 and 2 ϒ = unit weight of the liquid
P1 and P2 = pressure @ point 1 and 2 g = acceleration due to gravity
v = Cv 2gH (actual values) Z1 and z2 = elevation of point 1 and 2 A = area of orifice
va = velocity of approach C = coefficient of discharge
Qt = A 2gH (theoretical discharge) v = velocity of flow passing the orifice Cv = coefficient of velocity
Q = C A 2gH (actual discharge) PA and PB = gage pressure at liquid Qt = theoretical discharge
surface Q = actual discharge
 SAMPLE
PROBLEMS
PROBLEM #1
A VOLUMETRIC TANK 1.20m IN DIAMETER AND 1.50M HIGH WAS FILLED WITH OIL IN 16MINUTES AND
32.4SECONDS. WHAT IS THE AVERAGE DISCHARGE?

SOLUTION:
Given:
Tank: Diameter = 1.20m
height = 1.50m
Time = 16min and 32.4sec = 16.54min

o To solve for discharge, use the formula:

Q = volume of tank/time needed to fill the tank
𝜋
Volume of tank: 4 1.2 2 1.5 = 1.6965𝑚3
1.6965
Q = 16.44
Q = 0.01025m3/min
 Since the problem did not specify what should be the unit of the discharge, m3/min would be
okay.
 The value of discharge we obtained in this problem is the actual discharge. Since we calculated the
discharge using the measured amount of oil to fill up the tank for a known period of time.
PROBLEM #2
CALCULATE THE DISCHARGE IN LITERS PER SECOND THROUGH A 100mm DIAMETER ORIFICE UNDER A HEAD
OF 5.5m OF WATER . ASSUME Cc = 061 AND Cv = 0.98

SOLUTION:
Given: o Note: if it’s not specified, the problem pertains to actual discharge.
Orifice: Diameter = 100mm = 0.1m To solve for discharge (actual), use the formula:
Total Head, H = 5.5m Q = CA 2𝑔𝐻
Cc = 0.61  To find the value of C,
Cv = 0.98 C = CcCv = 0.61 (0.98) = 0.5978
 To find the v]alue of A (area of the orifice)
𝜋
A = 4 0.1 2 = 0.007854𝑚2
o Solving for Q
Q = 0.5978 (0.007854) 2(9.81)(5.5)
Q = 0.04877m3/s
In liters per second:
Q = 0.04877 (1000)
Q = 48.77L/s
PROBLEM #3
AN ORIFICE HA S A COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF 0.62 AND A COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION OF 0.63.
DETERMINE THE COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY OFOR THE ORIFICE.

SOLUTION:
Given:
C = 0.62
Cc = 0.63

o To solve for coefficient of velocity, we can use the formula:

C = CcCv
0.62= 0.63 (Cv)
Cv= 0.984
PROBLEM #4
CALCULATE THE DISCHARGE THROUGH THE 140mm DIAMETER ORIFICE SHOWN. ASSUME C = 0.62

SOLUTION:
o Note: if it’s not specified, the problem pertains to actual discharge.
To solve for discharge (actual), use the formula:
Q = CA 2𝑔𝐻
 To find the value of H,
vA2 PA PB
H=h + +( − )
2g γ γ
• For velocity of approach, we can assume that the tank is
large enough to make the fluid inside to be stagnant, then
va=0
50 15
H = 3 +0 + ( 9.81 − 9.81)
Given: H = 6.568
P1 = 50KPa  To find the v]alue of A (area of the orifice)
𝜋
P2 = 15KPa A = 4 0.14 2 = 0.015386𝑚2
h = 3m o Solving for Q
C = 0.62
Q = 0.62 (0.015386) 2(9.81)(6.568)
Orifice: Diameter = 140mm = 0.140m
Q = 0.108m3/s
Water = 9.81kN/m3