Junior problems

J193. Let ABCD be a square of center O. The parallel through O to AD intersects AB and
CD at M and N and a parallel to AB intersects diagonal AC at P . Prove that
 4
4 MN
OP + = M P 2 · N P 2.
2

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J194. Let a, b, c be the side-lenghts of a triangle with the largest side c. Prove that

ab (2c + a + b) a+b+c
≤ .
(a + c) (b + c) 3

Proposed by Arkady Alt, San Jose, California, USA

J195. Find all primes p and q such that both pq − 555p and pq + 555q are perfect squares.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J196. Let I be the incenter of triangle ABC and let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the feet of altitudes from
vertices A, B, C. If IA0 = IB 0 = IC 0 , then prove that triangle ABC is equilateral.

Proposed by Dorin Andrica and Liana Topan, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania

J197. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers. Prove that

s   r r r
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 (x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 ) + + ≥x + +y + +z + .
x3 y 3 z 3 y z z x x y

Proposed by Vazgen Mikayelyan, Yerevan, Armenia

J198. Find all pairs (x, y) for which x! + y! + 3 is a perfect cube.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2011) 1

 Senior problems

S193. Find all pairs (x, y) of positive integers such that x2 + y 2 = p6 + q 6 + 1, for some primes
p and q.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

S194. Let p be a prime of the form 4k + 3 and let n be a positive integer. Prove that for each
n n
integer m there are integers a and b such that a2 + b2 ≡ m (mod p).

Proposed by Tigran Hakobyan, Yerevan, Armenia

S195. Let ABC be a triangle with incenter I and circumcenter O and let M be the midpoint
of BC. The bisector of angle A intersects lines BC and OM at L and Q, respectively.
Prove that
AI · LQ = IL · IQ.

Proposed by Ivan Borsenco, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

a3 +b3
S196. Find the least prime that can be written as 2011 for some positive integers a and b.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

S197. Let (Fn )n≥0 be the Fibonacci sequence. Prove that for any prime p ≥ 3, p divides
F2p − Fp .

Proposed by Dorin Andrica, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

S198. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers such that (x − 2)(y − 2)(z − 2) ≥ xyz − 2. Prove that
x y z 3
p +p +p ≤√ .
x5 + y 3 + z y5 + z3 + x z 5 + x3 + y x+y+z

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2011) 2

 Undergraduate problems

U193. Let n be a positive integer. Find the largest constant cn > 0 such that, for all positive
real numbers x1 , . . . , xn ,
 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ ··· + 2 + ≥ cn + ··· + + .
x21 xn (x1 + · · · + xn )2 x1 xn x1 + ... + xn

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA and

Dorin Andrica, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
2 +1
U194. Prove that the set of positive integers n for which n divides 2n + 3n has density 0.

Proposed by Gabriel Dospinescu, Ecole Polytechnique, France

U195. Given a positive integer n, let f (n) beP

the square of the number of its digits. For example
f (2) = 1 and f (123) = 9. Show that ∞ 1
n=1 nf (n) is convergent.

Proposed by Roberto Bosch Cabrera, Florida, USA

U196. Let A, B ∈ M2 (Z) be commuting matrices such that for any positive integer n there
exists C ∈ M2 (Z) such that An + B n = C n . Prove that A2 = 0 or B 2 = 0 or AB = 0.

Proposed by Gabriel Dospinescu, Ecole Polytechnique, France

U197. Let n ≥ 2 be an integer. Find all continuous functions f : R → R such that for all
x1 , x2 , ..., xn ∈ R,
n
X X
f (xi ) − f (xi + xj ) + · · · + (−1)n−1 f (x1 + ... + xn ) = 0.
i=1 1≤i<j≤n

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

1
U198. Define a sequence (xn )n by x0 = 1 and xn+1 = 1 + xn + xn for n ≥ 0. Prove that there
is a real number a such that
n
lim · (a + n + log n − xn ) = 1.
n→∞ log n

Proposed by Gabriel Dospinescu, Ecole Polytechnique, France

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2011) 3

 Olympiad problems

O193. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that

1 1 1 a+b+c
1 + 1 + 1 ≤ .
a + b + abc + 1 b + c + abc + 1 c + a + abc + 1 a+b+c+1

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

O194. Let A be a set of nonnegative integers, containing 0 and let an be the number of solutions
of the equation x1 + x2 + · · · + xn = n, with x1 , . . . , xn ∈ A, a0 = 1. Find A, if for all
n ≥ 0,
n
X 3n+1 + (−1)n
ak an−k = .
4
k=0

Proposed by Gabriel Dospinescu, Ecole Polytechnique, France

O195. Let O, I, H be the circumcenter, incenter, and orthocenter of a triangle ABC, and let D
be an interior point to triangle ABC such that BC · DA = CA · DB = AB · DC. Prove
that A, B, D, O, I, H are concyclic if and only if ∠C = 60◦ .

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, Dorin Andrica, and Catalin Barbu

O196. Let ABC be a triangle such that ∠ABC > ∠ACB and let P be an exterior point in its
plane such that
PB AB
=
PC AC
Prove that
∠ACB + ∠AP B + ∠AP C = ∠ABC.

Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Bucharest, Romania

O197. Let x, y, z be integers such that 3xyz is a perfect cube. Prove that (x + y + z)3 is a sum
of four cubes of nonzero integers.

Proposed by Dorin Andrica, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

O198. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that

 
2 2 2 1
(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) +1 = 2011.
a b2 c2
2

Find the greatest possible value of max(a(b + c), b(c + a), c(a + b)).

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA and

Gabriel Dospinescu, Ecole Polytechnique, France

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2011) 4