AoPS Community 1980 IMO Shortlist

IMO Shortlist 1980

www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c3931
by orl

1 Let α, β and γ denote the angles of the triangle ABC. The perpendicular bisector of AB in-
tersects BC at the point X, the perpendicular bisector of AC intersects it at Y . Prove that
tan(β) · tan(γ) = 3 implies BC = XY (or in other words: Prove that a sufficient condition
for BC = XY is tan(β) · tan(γ) = 3). Show that this condition is not necessary, and give a
necessary and sufficient condition for BC = XY .

2 Define the numbers a0 , a1 , . . . , an in the following way:

1 a2k
a0 = , ak+1 = ak + (n > 1, k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1).
2 n

Prove that
1
1− < an < 1.
n

3 Prove that the equation

xn + 1 = y n+1 ,
where n is a positive integer not smaller then 2, has no positive integer solutions in x and y for
which x and n + 1 are relatively prime.

4 Determine all positive integers n such that the following statement holds: If a convex polygon
with with 2n sides A1 A2 . . . A2n is inscribed in a circle and n − 1 of its n pairs of opposite sides
are parallel, which means if the pairs of opposite sides

(A1 A2 , An+1 An+2 ), (A2 A3 , An+2 An+3 ), . . . , (An−1 An , A2n−1 A2n )

are parallel, then the sides

An An+1 , A2n A1
are parallel as well.

5 In a rectangular coordinate system we call a horizontal line parallel to the x -axis triangular if
it intersects the curve with equation

y = x4 + px3 + qx2 + rx + s

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AoPS Community 1980 IMO Shortlist

in the points A, B, C and D (from left to right) such that the segments AB, AC and AD are
the sides of a triangle. Prove that the lines parallel to the x - axis intersecting the curve in four
distinct points are all triangular or none of them is triangular.

6 Find the digits left and right of the decimal point in the decimal form of the number
√ √
( 2 + 3)1980 .

7 The function f is defined on the set Q of all rational numbers and has values in Q. It satisfies
the conditions f (1) = 2 and f (xy) = f (x)f (y) − f (x + y) + 1 for all x, y ∈ Q. Determine f .

8 Three points A, B, C are such that B ∈]AC[. On the side of AC we draw the three semicircles
with diameters [AB], [BC] and [AC]. The common interior tangent at B to the first two semi-
circles meets the third circle in E. Let U and V be the points of contact of the common exterior
tangent to the first two semi-circles. Denote the area of the triangle ABC as S(ABC). Evaluate
the ratio R = S(EU V)
S(EAC) as a function of r1 = 2 and r2 = 2 .
AB BC

9 Let p be a prime number. Prove that there is no number divisible by p in the n − th row of
Pascal’s triangle if and only if n can be represented in the form n = ps q − 1, where s and q are
integers with s ≥ 0, 0 < q < p.

10 Two circles C1 and C2 are (externally or internally) tangent at a point P . The straight line D is
tangent at A to one of the circles and cuts the other circle at the points B and C. Prove that
the straight line P A is an interior or exterior bisector of the angle ∠BP C.

11 Ten gamblers started playing with the same amount of money. Each turn they cast (threw) five
dice. At each stage the gambler who had thrown paid to each of his 9 opponents n1 times the
amount which that opponent owned at that moment. They threw and paid one after the other.
At the 10th round (i.e. when each gambler has cast the five dice once), the dice showed a total
of 12, and after payment it turned out that every player had exactly the same sum as he had at
the beginning. Is it possible to determine the total shown by the dice at the nine former rounds
?

12 Find all pairs of solutions (x, y):

x3 + x2 y + xy 2 + y 3 = 8(x2 + xy + y 2 + 1).

13 Given three infinite arithmetic progressions of natural numbers such that each of the numbers
1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8 belongs to at least one of them, prove that the number 1980 also belongs
to at least one of them.

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AoPS Community 1980 IMO Shortlist

14 Let {xn } be a sequence of natural numbers such that

(a)1 = x1 < x2 < x3 < . . . ; (b)x2n+1 ≤ 2n ∀n.

Prove that, for every natural number k, there exist terms xr and xs such that xr − xs = k.

15 Prove that the sum of the six angles subtended at an interior point of a tetrahedron by its six
edges is greater than 540.

Prove that i1 i2 ...ik = n is taken over all non-empty subsets {i1 , i2 , . . . , ik } of {1, 2, . . . , n}.
P 1
16
(The k is not fixed, so we are summing over all the 2n − 1 possible nonempty subsets.)

17 Let A1 A2 A3 be a triangle and, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 3, let Bi be an interior point of edge opposite Ai .

Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of Ai Bi for 1 ≤ i ≤ 3 are not concurrent.

18 Given a sequence {an } of real numbers such that |ak+m − ak − am | ≤ 1 for all positive integers
k and m, prove that, for all positive integers p and q,
ap aq 1 1
| − |< + .
p q p q

19 Find the greatest natural number n such there exist natural numbers x1 , x2 , . . . , xn and natural
a1 < a2 < . . . < an−1 satisfying the following equations for i = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1:
1980
x1 x2 . . . xn = 1980 and xi + = ai .
xi

20 Let S be a set of 1980 points in the plane such that the distance between every pair of them is
at least 1. Prove that
√ S has a subset of 220 points such that the distance between every pair
of them is at least 3.

21 Let AB be a diameter of a circle; let t1 and t2 be the tangents at A and B, respectively; let C
be any point other than A on t1 ; and let D1 D2 .E1 E2 be arcs on the circle determined by two
lines through C. Prove that the lines AD1 and AD2 determine a segment on t2 equal in length
to that of the segment on t2 determined by AE1 and AE2 .

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