Elum Valley Public High School Islampur Swat Chapter #: 2 Biology For Class 9

ELUM VALLEY PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL ISLAMPUR SWAT
Chapter #: 2 Biology for class 9

Solving A Biological Problem:
Introduction: As in the common world when a problem arises there is a certain procedure
to solve it. So is the case with science in which the procedure is called scientific method.
Scientific method is a body of techniques to investigate a phenomenon and to obtained
knowledge about it. It is a complex phenomenon and consists of many steps which are discussed
below.
Steps of Scientific Method:

The first step in scientific method is to make observation about the problem.
It is done by using the sense or by using instruments or by studying about it.
(ii) Asking A Question:

After observing the problem a question is made about it. This questions narrows the focus of
the inquiry and the investigation is started about it.
(iii) Formulating a Hypothesis:

Hypothesis is proposed explanation about the question and it may be true or false. Before
putting any hypothesis the person should be aware of the problem. It is done by rezoning which is
of two types.
(a) Deductive Resuming:

Here the scientist draw conclusion from the general principles to the specific one Eg. If we
argue that all humans have two legs and that sudais is a human so he will also have two legs.
(b) Inductive Resuming:

Here the scientist moves from specific to genera principals. To the specific one. Eg: Sudais
have two legs and he is a human so we conclude that all human have two legs.
Hypotheses must be testiable and falsiable also the proposition has “if ……. Then”.
Statement
(iv) Experiment:
To check whether the given hypotheses is correct or not it must be tested experimentally.
The experiment should be controlled in order to get the precise result of it ie its variable are
controlled. Variable are of two types.
(a) Dependent variable and (b) independent variable usually two groups are taken during
experiment controlled group, and experimental group.
(v) Data Analysis And Drawing Conclusion:

After experiments scientist starts collecting information by analyzing the data. For this
purpose they use many tools the aim is to find weather the experimental evidences support the
hypothesis or not.
Drawing conclusion means to make judgment about the data that has been analyzed by
considering the information. If the conclusion is in favour of the hypothesis then it is preceded
forward and if not then it is rejected.
(vi) Theory:
When the hypothesis is confirmed by experiments for many years then it takes form of a
theory.
(vii) Law:
The theory when survives for a long time without undergoing any change and is forwarded
by all the evidence then it forms the law. Once the law is made it must be true, simple, absolute and
universal.
Malaria As A Biological Problem:

Malaria is a very old and fatal disease (about 50000 years). It is found in tropical and sub-
tropical regions. The word Malaria has been derived from latin “mala” “means” bad “aria” mean air.
(i) Observation:
It was belived that malaria is associated with damp and marshy places. Some valounteers
drunk the water of marshy places but did not suffered from malaria. The first observation comes
from the work of lavaran in 1883.
He found small creatures in the blood of malaria patient who died due to malaria these
creatures were called plasmodium.
Hypothesis:
The hypothesis for above observations “Plasmodium is the cause of malaria”.
Deduction:
If plasmodium is the cause of malaria then every person suffering from malaria will have
plasmodium in its blood.
(iv) Experiment:
To check the hypothesis experiment is carried out. In experiment two groups are taken one is
experimental group and other controle group. The controle group comprises of healthy persons
while the experimental group consist of persons affected with malaria.
The blood of all the members of controle group and experimental group was examined, and
plasmodium was found only in the blood of members of experimental group.
So, the hypothesis is correct. Now other questions arose that how plasmodium enters human
blood. To answer this A.F.A ling and Ronald Ross proposed a hypothesis. “Mosquitoes are involed
in spread of malaria”.
Deduction:
If mosquito is involed in spread of malaria then it must have plasmodium in its body after
bathing a malaria patient.
Experiment:
Ronald Ross carried out the experiment on sparrows. He allowed both cules and anopheles
mosquitoes to bite a malarial affected sparrows. He then allowed these mosquito to suck the blood
of a healthy sparrow.
Only the cules bitter sparrow got malaria from which it was proved that malaria is
fransferred through mosquitoes.
In human malaria is transferred by female anopheles mosquitoes.
More than 100 species of anopheles can transmit malaria.
Data “Organization And Analysis”:
Data:
These are values in the form of grouphs, numbers, Images of quantitative and qualitative
variable.
Quantitative Data:
It is also called numerical data. It is in the form of numerical numbers e.g PH of human
blood is 3.8.
Qualitative Data:
This type of data gives us detail information about the object.
Organization of Data:
For organization of data scientist uses all the available recourses and collects information
about it. This is done either directly or by using equipment e.g microscope, telescope etc. these
information of are steo many serve as raw material for other step.
Analysis of Data:
It is the detail examination of a data by breaking it into smeller’s parts. After organization
and analysis of data the structure of object becomes very clear and we this obtain complete
knowledge about it.
Ratio and Propartione:
Ratio is a relation between two numbers of the some kind, e.g money, objects etc. And
proportion is the comparison of ratios. From the data collected and analyzed conclusion is drawn at
last. But in some cause it cannot be done without intervening the data to ration and proportion.
Mathematics as an integral part of science:
Maths is that branch of science which describes relationship between different numbers. It
has got a wide range of applications in different fields of science and have increased in the recent
times tremendously. Maths plays a vital role in solving many processes of biology e.g human
genome profect. (Started in 1990 and published in 2003). Also it computational methods are used in
various field of biology.
So, we can conclude that for better and propose understanding of science, applications, of
maths are necessary.

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ELUM VALLEY PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL ISLAMPUR SWAT

Chapter #: 2 Biology for class 9

Steps of Scientific Method:

(ii) Asking A Question:

(iii) Formulating a Hypothesis:

(a) Deductive Resuming:

(b) Inductive Resuming:

(v) Data Analysis And Drawing Conclusion:

Malaria As A Biological Problem:

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