KOLEJ MARA KULIM

PROGRAM
PRA-UNIVERSITI
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

TITLE : BOYLE’S, CHARLES’S AND GRAHAM’S LAWS

STUDENT NAME: NURUL NATASYA ZULAIKA BINTI ISMAIL FAHMI

CLASS : C2
LECTURER NAME : CIKGU AZMAN BIN SHARIF
GROUP MEMBER : NURUL NATASYA ZULAIKA BINTI ISMAIL FAHMI
: SAFRA AUNI SANUSI
: NUR NAJLA QISTINA BINTI KHAIRULNIZAM
INTRODUCTION
Boyle’s law
Robert Boyle and others formulated a law relating the pressure and volume of a constant
quantity of gas at constant temperature. The basic of the law was first published by Boyle in
1662.
Boyle’s law states that the volume of the fix mass of a given gas is inversely proportional to its
pressure at constant temperature. Mathematically, the law is written as
1
v∝ or PV = a constant
P
This also implies that if pressure is altered on a confined volume of gas, the initial pressure
times the initial volume equals the final times the final volume
P1V1 = P2V2
The above relation is only approximately true. This experiment will allow you to explore this
relation of pressure and volume for a fixed quantity of dry air.

Charles’s Law
Gases will expand when heated. When more energy is provided to the particles, they will move
faster. Charles’s Law states that at a constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of a given
gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
Mathematically,
V ∝T or V = kT

If V1 and V2 are the volumes of a gas at absolute temperature , T1 and T2 respectively, we have:
v1 v2
=
T1 T 2
Graham’s law of diffusion

The movement of one gas through another is known as diffusion. The diffusion rate depends on the gas
density, a less dense gas diffuses more rapidly than a denser gas. Thomas graham studied this
relationship and introduces Graham’s Law of Diffusion , which states that. At constant pressure and
temperature, the diffusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.

1 k
r ∝ ∨r=
√d √d
where ,

r = diffusion rate

d = density

k = constant

For two different gases A and B, at equal pressure and temperature , the relative rate of diffusion is :

rA k √ dB
= ×
rB √ d k
Since rate = volume/ time

vA /tA dB
rA/rB = =√
vB/tB dA
If the two gases have similar volume , the relative time taken by them to diffuse is given by;

dA
tA/tB =√
dB
The molar mass of a gas is directly proportional to its density. Graham Laws can therefore define the
molar mass of an unknown gas against a known sample.

M unknown
T unknown/ t known = √
M known
OBJECTIVES

 To verify the validity of Boyle’s Law

 To verify validity of Charles Law
 To determine the diffusion rate of a gas and the relative diffusion rate of two gases

APPARATUS

Needle Beaker 600 ml

Barometer Analytical balance

Wire Gauze open tube manometer

Tripod stand Retort stand and clamp

Rubber band Charles law apparatus

Thermometer Conical flask 100 ml

Bunsen Burner Measuring cylinder 100 ml

Aluminum foil

CHEMICALS

Water

BOYLES’S LAW ; METHOD 1-SYRINGE AND RETORT STAND

Materials and equipment

 Stand and clamp

 10 ml syringe with 0.5ml divisions
 5cm length of thin-walled rubber or silicone tubing to fit nozzle of syringe
 Pinch clip
 2kg mass
 Loop of string
 9 times 100g masses on a 100g mass holder
 Micrometer
Diagram

Method

1. The plunger is removed from the syringe and the diameter of the rubber seal is measured, using the
micrometer. Convert this into meters

2. The cross-sectional area of the seal A = Trd214 in m2 is calculated.

3. The plunger is replaced and draw in 4 Mol of air.

4. The rubber is fitted tubing over the nozzle, the tubing is folded over and clamp it with the pinch clip as
close to the nozzle as possible.

5. The apparatus is set as shown in the diagram initially with the 100g mass holder carrying one 100g
mass. The string is securely attached to the plunger handle. The clamp should be above the plunge.

6. r so that the scale can be read. Clamping the syringe barrel can distort it, r so that making it more
difficult for the plunger to move freely. Consequently, ensure the clamp is high enough on the barrel
above the position where plunger moves. There should be sufficient room below the masses SO the that
the plunger can move down as masses are added.

7. The plunger is gently move up and down a few millimeters to ensure it is not sticking.

8.The new volume on the syringe scale is read(fractions of a division should be estimated).

9.The procedure is repeated with an extra two 100g masses added to the holder each time. up to a total
mass of 1000g.

10. The whole experiment should then be repeated to obtain a second set of results, and the mean
volumes found.

11. The force exerted by the masses can is calculated using F = mg where m is the mass in kg and g. the
gravitational field strength, is 9.81Nkg-1.
12. The pressure exerted by this force on the air sample IS then F/A in Pascals (Pa). Convert this into kPa.

13. This should be subtracted from standard atmospheric pressure, 101kPa, to obtain the pressure of
the air sample, P. (Note: the initial volume of the air with no masses hung on the loop will be at standard
atmospheric pressure).

14. A graph of 1/V against P is plotted (where V is the mean volume of the air sample for each value of
P).

15 Provided care has been taken to ensure the plunger does not stick, a reasonable straight line through
the origin should be obtained. (Any slight sticking could result in a graph which curves slightly and/or
does not pass through the origin.)

B. VERIFYING CHARLES'S LAW

In this experiment, a quantity of air is trapped between the sealed end of a thick-walled glass tube (with
a small cross-sectional area) and a movable plug of mercury. If the glass tube is held upright, the plug of
mercury will move to a position where the pressure of the air in the tube is equal to the atmospheric
pressure and a small pressure exerted by the plug. Thus, the pressure of the trapped air is constant

The volume, V. of the trapped air is obtained by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the tube, A with
the height of the air column, h.

V =Axh

Assuming that the cross-sectional area is constant, the volume is directly proportional to the height i.e.,
v α h. Therefore, the height of the air column can be used as a measure of the volume in this
experiment. By measuring this height at different temperatures, we can determine the relationship
between the volume of the trapped air and is temperature at constant pressure.

Procedure

1.A thermometer is tied to a glass tube containing a plug of mercury with a rubber band. The bulb of the
thermometer is placed approximately half-way up the column of the trapped air as shown in Figure 4.3.

2. A 100 mL measuring cylinder is filled with tap water. The tube and the thermometer are placed into
the water until the air column in the tube is immersed

3.Leave for 5 minutes to ensure that the temperature of the trapped air is equivalent to the
temperature of the tap water.

4.The temperature is recorded and measured the height of the air column, h.

5.Repeat steps 2-4 using warm water (40 - 50 'C)

C.VERIFYING GRAHAM'S LAW
Apparatus

Glass tube

Rubber hose and clip

Corks

500 ml beaker

Cotton wool

Bunsen burner

Forceps thermometer

Thermometer

Stopwatch

Triangle stand

Erlenmeyer flask and cap

Marker pen

Chemicals

Distilled water

Concentrated HCI

Concentrated NH3 solution

Procedure

1. A glass of 16 in. long and 0.5 in. diameter is cleaned and dried.

2.The glass tube is clamped horizontally to a retort stand (refer Figure 4.4).

3.Two corks or rubbers is prepared which could fit into the two ends of the tube and stick each end with
a damp cotton ball.

4. Using forceps, one of the cotton balls is saturated with concentrated HCI and the other with
concentrated NH3 solution .Caution: Be careful ! These concentrated solutions are corrosive.

5.The two cotton balls is pushed into the opposite ends of the tube simultaneously and place the corks
at both ends.

6.The positions of the two cotton balls is marked with marker pen and start recording the time.
7.The time taken is observed and recorded when a white mist starts to form in the glass tube. Mark the
position.

8. The distance is measured between the cotton ball and the white mist from each direction. The
distance is directly proportional to the diffusion rate.

9.the ratio of the distances travelled is calculated equal the relative diffusion rate. by HCI and NH3 over
time. This ratio should equal the relative diffusion rate.
RESULTS AND DISC USSION

A. BOYLE’S LAW
1. Internal diameter= 0.0139 m2
Manometer c/s = π(d2 /4) in m2
Thus, the area is = 1.5175 10-4 m2
1 kg cm-2 = 9.81×104

Mass Force Pressure Gas Volume, V 1/v

(kg) exerted(N) exerted pressure (×10-5m3) (×104m-3)
(kPa) (kPa)
0.0 0.000 0.000 101.00 4.0 2.50
0.1 0.981 6.489 94.50 4.3 2.32
0.2 1.962 12.929 88.07 4.5 2.22
0.3 2.943 19.393 81.61 4.8 2.10
0.4 3.924 25.858 75.14 5.0 2.00
0.5 4.905 32.322 68.68 5.2 1.90

B. CHARLES’S LAW

Temperature ( C
̊ ) Temperature (K) Height of air column, h (mm)
59.5 332.5 250
52 325.0 225
44.5 317.5 200
34.5 307.5 175
28 301.0 150

C. GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION

Gas X Gas Y
Average distance travelled a = 20.5 cm b =12.5
Average time taken to form tx = 400 sec ty = 400 sec
white mist
Rate of diffusion, r rx = 0.05 ry = 0.03
Diffusion ratio rx
=
ry
1.667
DISCUSSION

BOYLE’S LAW

Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse
relationship. If volume increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa, when the temperature is held
constant. Therefore, when the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled; and if the volume is doubled,
the pressure is halved.
In Boyle’s Law experiment, we set up the volume of the air is 4.0 × 10-5 did not put any force so no
external pressure produced and the gas pressure same as theory which is 101 kPa. Next, we give the
force which is 6.489N and the gas pressure is 94.5 kPa. Overall, we can conclude that the volume of a
fixed mass of a given gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.

So long as temperature remains constant the same amount of energy given to the system
persists throughout its operation and therefore, theoretically, the value of k will remain constant.
However, due to the derivation of pressure as perpendicular applied force and the probabilistic
likelihood of collisions with other particles through collision theory, the application of force to a surface
may not be infinitely constant for such values of v, but will have a limit when differentiating such values
over a given time. Forcing the volume V of the fixed quantity of gas to increase, keeping the gas at the
initially measured temperature, the pressure p must decrease proportionally. Conversely, reducing the
volume of the gas increases the pressure. Boyle's law is used to predict the result of introducing a
change, in volume and pressure only, to the initial state of a fixed quantity of gas.

The graph that had been plotted which is 1/v against p is the same with theory graph. So, we
can conclude that pressure is proportional to 1/v .

The initial and final volumes and pressures of the fixed amount of gas, where the initial and final
temperatures are the same (heating or cooling will be required to meet this condition), are related by
the equation.

CHARLES LAW

The experiment is performed at a constant atmospheric pressure. The experiment proceeds by

placing an empty flask in a boiling water bath. As the temperature increases, the air inside the flask
expands. Afterwards, the gas is cooled in a water bath by maintaining the amount of the air in the flask
constant. By measuring/determining the initial and final temperature and volume, we verify Charles's
law.

When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature
and the volume will be in direct proportion .This relationship of direct proportion can be written as:

𝑉∝𝑇

So, this means:

𝑉𝑇= 𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇
 Where V is the volume of the gas, T is the temperature of the gas and k is a non-zero constant.
This law describes how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a
decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume. For comparing the same substance
under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:

𝑉1𝑇1=𝑉2𝑇2

The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also
increases in proportion. Based on the graph, we could conclude that the height of the air column
represented the volume of the gaseous, which decreased when the temperature decreased. For the
precaution step, our eyes must be perpendicular to the reading scale of the thermometer and the ruler
for measuring the height of the air column. In addition, we had to make sure that the thermometer
not touched the base of the beaker so we could get the exact temperature for the gaseous.

Based on the graph, we can conclude that the experiment is success as we get the exactly the
same with the theory graph that has extrapolation .

GRAHAM’S LAW DIFFUSION

From Experiment C, we learnt about Graham’s Law. If we used formula :

𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = rx/ry

We could get nearly by the value from the experiment which :

rx
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 1.667
ry

We concluded that our experiment was conducted successfully. We observed

that there was a white mist, which is the solid of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl based on the
equation :

𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) + 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑔) 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙(𝑠)

The ring formed nearly to the HCl end of the tube because HCl diffused more slowly
than ammonia. The molecular weight of HCl is also twice time from the molecular weight of
NH3. The higher the molecular weight, the lower the diffusion rate.

To avoid corrision , we conducted the experiment in fume hood, we wore mask and gloves as
precaution towards the high concentration solution. The apparatus that we used also was washed by
water cleanly.

CONLUSION :

To conclude, we could verify the Charles’s Law, the Boyle’s Law and the Graham’s Law, which each of
them has their own formula and constant value. Our experiment can consider successful because the
results is almost the same with the theory. At the end of this experiment, we verify the validity of
Boyle’s Law and Charles Law and determine the diffusion rate of a gas and the relative diffusion rate of
two gases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :

I dedicate my gratitude to Sir Azman for helping us conducting this experiment and my lab partners,
Najla Qistina and Safra Auni for the cooperation and team works to complete this experiment.

REFERENCES :

1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles's_law
2. https://chemistrygod.com/charles-law-experiment#:~:text=The%20experiment%20is
%20performed%20at,air%20inside%20the%20flask%20expands.&text=By%20measuring
%2Fdetermining%20the%20initial,volume%2C%20we%20verify%20Charles's%20law.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%27s_law