Computer Networking: Beyond Routing & Switching Series

Welcome Everyone!
• Session 1 was Network Security & Cybersecurity

• Session 2 was Intro to Data Centers

• Session 3: Going Wireless – Wireless Communications and Technologies

All session recordings and presentations can be found here

© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
 Internet of Everything Webinar Series

TOPIC
IoE & Smart Connected Industries
DATE
January 28th, 9:00 AM PST
Register Here

More IoE recordings can be found

here.

© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
• Session 2: Security in the Cloud
10 December, 8:00 A.M. Pacific Standard Time , Register Here
• Session 3: Open Stack—what is it? Connecting ACI to Open Stack
26 January, 8:00 A.M. Pacific Standard Time, Register Here

• Session 1 – What is the Cloud? How will it affect my network and I? – recoding
and presentation can be found here.
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
Upcoming Sessions
• Discovering the Magic of Teamwork
6 January, 2016 – 9:00 PM PST, Register Here

• How to Communicate Effectively With Body Language

3 February, 2016 – 9:00 PM PST, Register Here

• Browse all previous on-demand sessions here

© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
Wireless Fundamental
Eric Kwok
Technical Manager, GC+JP
Networking Academy
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 1. Why is Wireless More and More important?
2. Wireless Technologies
3. Wireless Standards – 802.11 a/b/g/n
4. The new kid on the block – 802.11ac
5. NetAcad Courses

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8
 Wi-Fi laptop
I can use Wi-Fi in
the meeting room, Everything else is wired
but I lose signal if I
move away
Wired Phone
I heard that some
phones have Wi-Fi
capabilities, but where
would I use them?

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 9 Cisco Confidential 9
 I get Wi-Fi from home,
the office, most public
places, some streets

Multi Wi-Fi More Applications

Like most people, I I rely on Wi-Fi for critical
have 2 or 3 Wi-Fi applications… and do
devices not see why video is so
slow…

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 10 Cisco Confidential 10
 802.11ac
802.11n
Everything uses Wi-Fi…
Everything?

Far Reaching Wi-Fi More Applications

I get Wi-Fi from Everyone uses Wi-Fi…
almost everywhere for almost everything

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 11 Cisco Confidential 11
 802.11ac -> 802.11ad
Your media server can stream
to your TV, your laptop, your
phone, your tablet… multiple
streams everywhere in the
house

802.11ah – Wireless for IoT

12

Wi-Fi is used to monitor your

electricity, gas meters, industrial
sensors (wind-mills etc.),
hospital remote patients vitals,
etc.

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
12
 • In 2020 there will be 50 billion connected devices
• Smartphone & Tablet adoption growing 70%+ annually.**
•In 2014, more than 60% of network devices shipped
without a wired port.***

TIME

Source: *ABI Research, **IDC, *** Morgan Stanley Market Trends

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 13 Cisco Confidential 13
• In 1970, the University of Hawaii developed the first
wireless network, called ALOHAnet
• 400 MHz frequency range
• IEEE ratified the original 802.11 standard (1997) -
2Mbps

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 • The International Telecommunication Union
Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) and Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) - regulate frequencies,
power levels, and transmission methods

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) -

Standard and compatibility between equipment

• Wi-Fi Alliance – Certification testing for wireless equipment

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – OSI 7

layers for data communication

• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - creating Internet

standards (RFC)
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
• http://www.wi-fi.org/product-finder

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 • http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.11.html
• Download the standard document (PDF)

• http://www.ieee802.org/11/

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• PAN/WPAN (Personal Area Network)
Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4

• LAN (Local Area Network)

IEEE 802.11

• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20

• WAN (Wide Area Network)

GSM, CDMA, Satelite

• http://www.ieee.org/index.html

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20
• Wireless technologies use electromagnetic waves

• What types of communication mediums do we have in wired networks?

Coper, Fiber

• What communication medium do we have in wireless?

The Earth’s Athmosphere

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

21 Cisco Confidential 21
• Frequency (f - Hz)
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.

• Higher frequency:
Greater speed
Shorter range
High reflection rate
Higher absorption in the Earth’s atmosphere
Higher costs

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22
• Physical layer is radio frequency (RF)
communications.
• Wired vs Wireless
travel across the bounded medium contains or
confines the signal.
travel across the unbounded medium.
• Absorption
• Reflection
• Scattering
• Refraction
• Diffraction
• Loss (attenuation)
• Free space path loss
• Multipath

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
 Refraction

Reflection

Scattering Absorption Diffraction Multipath

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
• ISM – Industrial Scientific Medical
Free to transmit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_band

• 2.4GHz and 5 GHz bands

• Disadvantage:
They are very occupied
5.725-
The frequencies are high
5.850 GHz
3 KHz 3 GHz 3 THz

Radiowaves Microwaves

902-928 2.401-2.483 5.470-5.725

MHz GHz GHz

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
• Analog modulation: AM, FM, PM etc
• Digital modulation: ASK, APSK, QAM-64 etc

• Encoding digital data into wireless signals (OFDM)

• Higher bandwidth requires higher modulation techniques
• Spread Spectrum: DSSS, FHSS, OFDM

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26
 FHSS

DSSS
channel

OFDM

channel

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 BPSK
QPSK
(1bit)
(2 bits)

Amplitude, Frequency, Phase

QAM-16 QAM-64
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
(4 bits) (6 bits)
Cisco Confidential 28
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• The wireless transmition medium is shared
• It is not possible to transmit in the exact same frequency without collisions
• How many Hz do we need to transmit 54 Mbps in 802.11g?
Answer: 22 Mhz

• Solution: we could split the ISM band into channels and map each WLAN/SSID on a
single channel, thus having multiple networks in the same band

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
 2.4 GHz
1 6 11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 20 21 22 23 24
5 GHz

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

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 Channel Channel Channel
6 1 11 Channel
6
Channel
Channel
11 Channel
6 1

Channel Channel
Channel
1 6
11

It is possible to cover any surface using just 3 channels

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
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• Legacy – released in 1997
• Specified in infrared and wireless
• Spread Spectrum – FHSS/DSSS
• Speed: 1-2 Mbps
• Frequency: 2.4 Ghz and 900 Mhz

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• Both standards appeared about the same time - 1999
• 802.11a
Introduces OFDM and takes speed up to 54 Mbps
Frequency band: 5 GHz
Distance to transmit signal: 25m

• 802.11b
Bandwidth: 11 Mbps
Frequency band: 2.4 GHz
Became very popular – called WiFi

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
• Standardized in 2003
• Best of both worlds (a & b)
• Frequency band: 2.4 GHz
• Bandwidth: 54 Mbps
• Modulation: OFDM
• Used for a long time and can still be found in networks

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
• 802.11n – standardized 29 October 2009
• Far greater speeds: theoretical maximum 600 Mbps
• Better coverage and density of the signal
• Backwards compatible with 802.11 a/b/g
• Uses multiple antenaes and MIMO technology
• Increased channel width to 40 Mhz
• Improved imunity to noise using complex modulation techniques
• Support packet aggregation (one header for multiple data packets)

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

38 Cisco Confidential 38
• MIMO uses DSP processors to multiplex and demultiplex the signal

radio radio

radio DSP radio DSP

radio radio

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

39 Cisco Confidential 39
• The multipath effect = the process in which many waves carrying the same information
are reflected differently from surfaces and with varying clarity
• In 802.11g, the DSP chose the wave with the best signal to noise ratio

Although I receive multiple waves, I am going to chose the

one with the best quality and interpret it

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 40
• Problem description: some weaker SNR waves are ignored even if there is the possibility that they
contain relevant information
• In 802.11n, MRC is implemented in the NIC’s DSP so that it takes all the waves and composes
just one high-quality wave, thus increasing throughput
• Concluding:
MRC is a client-side technology
If you have an 802.11n board in a 802.11g network, you will have higher-than-ordinary through
It’s like having a cat with multiple ears

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• How to Increase Speed Without Making it Impossibly Difficult?
 Increase channel width… beyond 40 MHz
 Increase number of spatial streams… more than 4
 Improve the modulation? Is 64-QAM the best we can do?
 Better manage the cell
 5 Ghz band – in 2015 it’s the perfect thing to have
Cost does not vary with freq anymore
It’s not as populated as 2.4
It’s a bigger space
 Why would only one device send at a time?
If we can have one device send 3 streams at the same time on the same frequency, why not have 3
devices send 1 stream at the same time on the same frequency instead?

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 44
 • MU-MIMO
 2 clients can receive signals at the same time, on the same frequency
 Each client has a dedicated spatial stream
 No collisions anymore
 “Full-duplex” becomes possible

“abc”
MIMO AP

“123”
45

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
 • Beyond the 1 Gbps Bar
 160 MHz-wide channel width…
Up to 160 MHz for APs
80 MHz for stations, 160 MHz optional
 More spatial streams
Up to 8 spatial streams
8 radio circuits sending or receiving
 Better modulation
QAM-256
(8 bits per symbol vs. 6 bits for QAM-64)
Up to 4 times faster

46
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 Modulati
MCS Ratio 20 MHz channel 40 MHz channel 80 MHz channel 160 MHz channel
on

800 ns 400 ns 800 ns 400 ns 800 ns 400 ns 800 ns 400 ns

GI GI GI GI GI GI GI GI
0 BPSK 1/2 6.5 7.2 13.5 15 29.3 32.5 58.5 65
1 QPSK 1/2 13 14.4 27 30 58.5 65 117 130
2 QPSK 3/4 19.5 21.7 40.5 45 87.8 97.5 175.5 195
3 16-QAM 1/2 26 28.9 54 60 117 130 234 260
4 16-QAM 3/4 39 43.3 81 90 175.5 195 351 390
5 64-QAM 2/3 52 57.8 108 120 234 260 468 520
6 64-QAM 3/4 58.5 65 121.5 135 263.3 292.5 526.5 585
7 64-QAM 5/6 65 72.2 135 150 292.5 325 585 650
8 256-QAM 3/4 78 86.7 162 180 351 390 702 780
9 256-QAM 5/6 N/A N/A 180 200 390 433.3 780 866.7

48
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 48
• Better Modulation - DSSS > QFDM
• Better Modulation Coding – BPSK > QPSK > 16QAM > 64QAM > 256QAM
• Wider Channel – 20 > 40 > 80 > 160MHz
• More Spatial Stream (more radio chains) – MIMO (1SS, 2SS, 4SS, 8SS)
• Optimization - MRC, BeamForming, Short GI, Frame Aggreation

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49
Series Overview
Starting with Wireless Technology Standards, Prerequisites: IT Essentials or CCNA R&S 1-2
the Mobility Fundamentals series teaches Languages: English
students about wireless and mobility
technologies in the Internet of Everything. Course Delivery: Self paced
Estimated Time to Complete: 1.5 hour (each course)
Topics covered in these instructor-developed
courses include wireless LAN design and Recommended Next Course: Mobility Fundamentals
mobility applications. Series: Wireless LAN Networks (next in the Mobility
Series coming in October)
Career Prep
Builds foundational wireless and mobility technology career skills for current IT Essentials or CCNA R&S
students interested in learning more about the Internet of Everything.

Learning Components
• Several modules of multimedia content
• Video recordings featuring NetAcad instructors
• Activities that reinforce learning, including Cisco Packet Tracer activities
• Assessments, including module quizzes
• Certificates of completion for each module

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In this module, Bogdan Doinea brings the
audience through the evolution of the wireless
communications; and explains the technologies
and standards that have enabled the mobile
phenomenon that tremendously impacted on the
way we work, learn and play today.
• Learning Outcome
• Understand Wireless Technologies
• Understand Wireless LAN Standards

• 1.5 hour content / video recording

• Quiz

© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 51
In this module, we look at the most important,
popular and commonly used Wireless network
today: the Wireless LAN. Vinh Ho and Eric Kwok
explains the essential components in a Wireless
LAN infrastructure, the operation of a Wireless
LAN and how to plan a Wireless LAN.
• Learning Outcome
• Understand Wireless LAN components
• Understand how Wireless LAN works
• Understand how to plan a Wireless LAN deployment

• 1 hour content / video recording

• Quiz

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© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53
• Go to netacad.com
• Click Learn with Us
• [email protected]

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Thank you.