Question ID 422579: Questions 12-22 Are Based On The Following Passage and Supplementary Material

 Question ID 422579
Assessment Test Cross-Test and Difficulty Primary Secondary Tertiary Passage Text
Subscore Dimension Dimension Dimension Complexity
SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Sentence Sentence Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | formation boundaries
Sentence structure
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.
Professional Development: A Shared Responsibility
New theories, 12 new practices too, and technologies are transforming the twenty- rst-century workplace at lightning speed. To
perform their jobs successfully in this dynamic environment, workers in many 13 elds—from social services to manufacturing, must
continually acquire relevant knowledge and update key skills. This practice of continued education, also known as professional
development, bene ts not only employees but also their employers. 14 Accordingly, meaningful professional development is a shared
responsibility: it is the responsibility of employers to provide useful programs, and it is also the responsibility of employees to take
advantage of the opportunities offered to them.
Critics of employer-provided professional development argue that employees 15 might consider a popular career path. If employees
nd themselves falling behind in the workplace, these critics 16 contend. Then it is the duty of those employees to identify, and even
pay for, appropriate resources to 17 show them how and why they are falling behind and what they should do about it. This argument
ignores research pointing to high employee turnover and training of new staff as signi cant costs plaguing employers in many elds.
Forward-thinking employers recognize the importance of investing in the employees they have rather than hiring new staff when the
skills of current workers 18 get old and worn out.
The most common forms of professional development provided to employees 19 includes coaching, mentoring, technical assistance,
and workshops. Some employers utilize several approaches simultaneously, developing a framework that suits the particular needs of
their employees. 20 Around the same time, the gure illustrates a simple yet comprehensive professional-development model created
for special education personnel. As the gure suggests, 21 receiving coaching and consultation is the overarching framework, while the
opportunity to belong to professional networks and participate in activities such as foundation and skill-building workshops is relatively
unimportant.
Adapted from Northern Suburban Special Education District, “Professional Development Framework.”
©2014 by Northern Suburban Special Education Program.

A recent trend in professional development that has provided advantages to both employers and employees is online instruction. From
an employer perspective, the rst and perhaps most obvious advantage is the lower cost of online professional development compared
with that of in-person workshops and training. Employers can also 22 identify, which employees have successfully completed
instructional modules and which need to be offered additional training. For employees, online professional development provides the
opportunity to receive instruction at their own pace and interact with other professionals online. This exciting trend has the potential to
make the shared responsibility of professional development less burdensome for both employers and employees.
A. NO CHANGE
B. contend; then
C. contend then
D. contend, then
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. A comma is needed between the dependent and independent clauses in order to create one sentence.
The introductory conditional dependent clause beginning with “if” cannot stand alone and needs to be separated from the
independent clause by a comma.
Choice A is incorrect because the dependent clause needs to be attached to an independent clause. Choice B is incorrect because a
semicolon would be correct in this context only if it were connecting two independent clauses. Choice C is incorrect because there
is no comma between the dependent and independent clauses.
Question Difficulty: Hard

SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Sentence Modifier Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | formation placement
Sentence structure
Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage.

Public Funding Should Mean Public Access
[1] Every year, research studies are conducted with the scal support of government entities. [2] Yet these studies—funded with
taxpayer money precisely because of their importance to the public interest—are largely published in academic journals whose steep
subscription fees place 34 it out of reach of the average person. [3] To rectify this situation, the results of government-funded research
should be published in a form that is freely accessible to the public. [4] This arrangement gives private organizations control over
information that should be available for the bene t of people around the globe. 35
One platform that is becoming increasingly popular for free access to research is the open-access database. These databases include
academic papers that can be read by anyone at no charge, and they are already being championed by some national agencies and
governments. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States, for example, has had an open-access policy in place since 2008.
Recognizing the importance of access to biomedical research for 36 patients, doctors, and others, 37 the NIH’s requirement is that any
papers resulting from NIH funding be deposited in the open-access database PubMed Central. The government of the United Kingdom has
applied this principle more broadly: a 2012 policy mandated that all government-funded research in the United Kingdom be made
available to the public free of charge. In a report submitted to the UK government that helped provide the basis for the 2012 mandate, a
group led by sociologist Janet Finch asserted that “many bene ts could result if we were to move worldwide to an open-access regime,”
including 38 increased public support for government funding of research.
Consider the case of Jack Andraka, a Maryland high school student who announced in 2012 that he had achieved a medical
breakthrough: a diagnostic test for pancreatic cancer that costs only three cents per use and is over four hundred times more sensitive
than other tests. Crucial to Andraka’s work was 39 published research he had found for free online. That research that he found for free
included what he found in PubMed Central. Without open access, he could not have retrieved research essential to the development of his
test.
Some are concerned that open-access publications will be too expensive to maintain in the absence of subscription fees. However,
online publishing is 40 cheaper compared with traditional publishing, as it 41 eludes the costs of physical production and
distribution. One online 42 publisher—the database arXiv, spends only ten dollars per paper accepted, 43 an expense covered by
donations. Open access, then, is a viable option. 44
A. NO CHANGE
B. the NIH requires that any papers resulting from NIH funding
C. it is a requirement of the NIH that any papers resulting from NIH funding
D. any papers resulting from NIH funding are required by the NIH to
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because it places the subject of the sentence, “the NIH,” next to the modifying phrase that describes
the NIH as “recognizing the importance of access to biomedical research for [patients,] doctors, and others.”
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they each result in a dangling modi er illogically suggesting that “the NIH’s
requirement,” “it” (referring to the NIH’s requirement), or “any papers,” rather than the NIH itself, recognize the importance of
access to biomedical research.


SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Sentence Modifier Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | formation placement
Sentence structure

Fire in Space
On Earth, re provides light, heat, and comfort. Its creation, by a process called combustion, requires a chemical reaction between a
fuel source and oxygen. The shape that re assumes on Earth is a result of gravitational in uence and the movement of molecules. In
the microgravity environment of space, 34 moreover, combustion and the resulting re behave in fundamentally different ways than
they do on Earth—differences that have important implications for researchers.
A group of engineering students from the University of California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, 35 tried to nd a method to
make their biofuel combustion study (fuels derived from once-living material) free of the drawbacks researchers face on Earth. The
standard method involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’s gravitational in uence causes the droplets to lose spherical symmetry
while burning. This 36 deformation results in subtle variations in density that both 37 causes uneven heat ow and limits the size
of the droplets that can be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” 38 built for this purpose reduce these problems, but they provide
no more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and droplet size is still too small to produce accurate models of combustion rates. 39 The
UCSD students understood that these limitations had to be surmounted. As part of the program, researchers y their experiments
aboard aircraft that simulate the microgravity environment of space. The aircraft accomplish this feat by ying in parabolic paths
instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’s ascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, but for brief periods at the peak of the
trajectory, 40 “weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what is experienced in space, is achieved.
These ights allowed the UCSD students to experience microgravity 41 . Speci cally, they 42 investigated the combustion of
biofuel droplets in microgravity for twice as long as could be accomplished in drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.
The larger, 43 spherically symmetric droplets burned longer and gave the students more reliable data on combustion rates of
biofuels because the droplets’ uniform shape reduced the variations in density that hinder tests performed in normal gravity. The
students hope the new data will aid future research by improving theoretical models of biofuel combustion. Better combustion-rate
models may even lead to the production of more fuel-ef cient engines and improved 44 techniques, for ghting res in space or at
future outposts on the Moon and Mars.
A. NO CHANGE
B. strove for a method to make their study of biofuel combustion
C. looked for a method to study biofuel combustion
D. sought a method to study combustion of biofuels
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. This construction places “biofuels” next to its de nition in the sentence (“fuels derived from once-
living material”) and results in a clear expression.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each construction results in an awkward and unclear expression. The parenthetical
de nition “fuels derived from once-living material” is intended to explain what biofuels are; therefore, the word “biofuels” should
appear as close as possible to the de nition (as in choice D). Choices A, B, and C, however, place some other phrase (“biofuel
combustion study,” “study of biofuel combustion,” “biofuel combustion”) next to the de nition, suggesting that something other
than “biofuels” is being de ned.

SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Logical N/A Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | comparison
Conventions of
Usage

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
23 The term “paramedics” refers to health care workers who provide routine and clinical services. While the pressures of an aging
population, insurance reforms, and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the supply of physicians is not expected to 24
keep pace. The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that number
could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A 2009 report by the Bureau of
Health Professions notes that although a fth of the US population lives in rural areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the crisis— 25 amping up medical-college enrollments and expanding physician
training programs—is too slow and costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are being explored. One promising avenue has
been greater reliance on physician assistants (PAs).
26 By virtue of 27 there medical training, PAs can perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors, including treating
chronic and acute conditions, performing minor 28 surgeries: and prescribing some medications. However, although well 29
compensated earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs cost health care providers less than do the physicians who might
otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the training period for PAs is markedly shorter than 30 those for physicians—two to
three years versus the seven to eleven required for physicians.

Physician assistants already offer vital primary care in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed nationwide in 2012. Over
and above their value in partially compensating for the general physician shortage has been their extraordinary contribution to rural
health care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-ef cient, widely appreciated
services in underserved areas. 31 In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader spectrum of such services than do their urban
and suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the limited pool of rural-based physicians.
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical practitioners have become a critical complement to physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation
report estimates that while the number of primary care physicians will increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of physician
assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary care will grow at much faster rates. 32 Both by merit and from necessity, PAs are likely
to greet more 33 patience than ever before.
Supply of Physicians, Physician Assistants, and Nurse-Practitioners in Primary Care Clinical Practice in 2010 and 2025
2010 2025 (predicted)
Provider type Number Percent of total Number Percent of total
Physicians 210,000 71 216,000 60
Physician assistants 30,000 10 42,000 12
Nurse-practitioners 56,000 19 103,000 28
Total 296,000 100 361,000 100
Adapted from David I. Auerbach et al., “Nurse-Managed Health Centers and Patient-Centered Medical Homes Could
Mitigate Expected Primary Care Physician Shortage.” ©2013 by Project HOPE: The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.
A. NO CHANGE
B. that compared with
C. that for
D. DELETE the underlined portion.
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because “that” agrees in number with the singular antecedent “period” and because “that for” helps set
up a comparison between two similar things: the training period for PAs and that (the training period) for physicians.
Choice A is incorrect because the plural pronoun “those” doesn’t agree with the singular antecedent “period.” Choice B is incorrect
because “compared with” repeats the idea of comparison already provided in the phrase “shorter than.” Choice D is incorrect
because the underlined portion cannot be deleted without eliminating a necessary element in the comparison. A “training period”
cannot be compared to “physicians.”

SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Conventional N/A Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | expression
Conventions of
Usage

Investigative Journalism: An Evolving American Tradition
[1] The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable profession has exacerbated long-held concerns about the state of
investigative reporting in the United States. [2] Facing lower print circulation and diminished advertising revenue, many major
newspapers have reduced or eliminated investigative resources. [3] Newspapers, the traditional nurturing ground for investigative
journalism, have been hit especially hard by the widespread availability of free news online. [4] To survive, investigative journalism
must continue to adapt to the digital age. 34

It is not dif cult to understand why a cash-strapped, understaffed publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative 35
reporter’s—their work is expensive and time-consuming. 36 Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves original,
often long-form reporting on such topics as 37 illegal activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption. An
investigative story involves one or more experienced journalists dedicating their full energy and the resources of the publisher to a
piece for a prolonged period of time. Expensive legal battles may ensue. The results of this work, though costly, have helped keep those
in power accountable. The exposure by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of government misconduct in the
Watergate scandal resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. More recently, Seymour Hersh, reporting for the New
Yorker in 2004, helped publicize the mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners by US personnel at Abu Ghraib during the Iraq War. 38 In these
and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an important 39 blockade to or scolding of malfeasance.
While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media 40 could not entail the end of investigative journalism. 41 Although
many newsrooms have reduced their staff, some still employ investigative reporters. Nonpro t 42 enterprises such as the Organized
Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to ll the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising
freelance reporters, newly funded by nonpro ts, make extensive use of social media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public
conversation about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, 43 for example, solicited readers to submit tips and information
related to ongoing stories to its website. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, 44 cooperation among journalists and
ordinary citizens has been facilitated by the advent of the digital age through an increase in the number of potential investigators.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Undertaken in
C. Overtaking
D. Taking off from
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because the phrase “undertaken in” appropriately identi es why and for whom investigative
journalism is conducted (“in the public interest”—that is, to serve the interests of all of the people instead of only a few).
Choice A is incorrect because “taking on the public interest” implies that investigative journalism is the adversary of the public
interest (that is, it “takes on,” or confronts, the interests of ordinary people). Choice C is incorrect because “overtaking”
nonsensically implies that investigative journalism catches up with the public interest, passes it by, or comes upon it suddenly.
Choice D is incorrect because it is unclear what “taking off from the public interest” might mean in this context.

SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Conventional N/A Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | expression
Conventions of
Usage

Which choice most effectively suggests that the “end of investigative journalism” is a real possibility but one that can be
prevented?
A. NO CHANGE
B. need
C. will
D. must
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because the verb “need [not] entail”—a verb in the subjunctive mood meaning “does not need to
entail”—appropriately conveys the writer’s point that the decline in traditional print media does not necessarily mean “the end of
investigative journalism.” In other words, this possibility is real but can be prevented.
Choices A and C are incorrect because “could not” and “will not” indicate certainty—in other words, that there is no possibility of
an end to investigative journalism. Choice D is incorrect because “must not” suggests a call to action by the writer (“this must be
prevented”).


SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Agreement Subject-verb Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | agreement
Conventions of
Usage

Give Art a Sporting Chance
Pierre de Coubertin, the French founder of the modern Olympic Games, was a proponent of Olympism—a philosophy of life that
celebrates the mind as well as the body, the arts as well as athletics. To Coubertin, this philosophy had best been embodied in the ancient
Greek competitions, which prominently featured artists as both performers and commentators. Determined to bring the ideal of
Olympism to the modern games, Coubertin incorporated into the 1912 Olympics an arts competition called the Pentathlon of the Muses.
23 The Olympic decathlon, a series of ten track and eld events, was also introduced in 1912.
Coubertin’s pentathlon, which awarded Olympic medals for achievements in architecture, literature, music, painting, and sculpture,
24 and which was a part of every Olympic Games until 1948. Regrettably, these competitions ceased, due to a technicality: professional
athletes were 25 prohibited from competing in the Olympic Games, and it was argued that professional artists (in other words, any
artist who had ever sold a painting or sung for money) should be ineligible as well. 26 Coubertin himself won a gold medal in literature
in 1912.
[1] Although the ban against professionals competing in athletics has long since been 27 rescinded, and the International Olympic
Committee (IOC)’s attempts to restore the arts competition 28 has been tepid at best. [2] In 2000, the IOC instituted a Sport and Art
Contest to “foster an active synergy between the worlds of art and sport.” [3] One commentator noted that the exhibition of winning entries
“had the feel of little more than a photo contest at the local library.” [4] Take the example of Omnipotent Triumph, a 2012 prizewinning
work of sculpture by US artist Martin Linson. [5] Representing a Paralympic athlete triumphantly crossing the nish line, the sculpture
29 is a relatively small work made of bronze; however, the lack of publicity about the competition 30 consigned Linson’s work to
virtual obscurity. 31
Reinstituting the Pentathlon of the Muses as a high-pro le Olympic competition would provide valuable international exposure for
artists. If artists were to receive medals during the Olympic Games just as athletes do, and if the competitions were broadcast to the
estimated four billion viewers tuning in worldwide, talented artists such as Linson 32 were reaching a much broader audience. The
effect on artists would be considerable, but the greatest change would be the effect on viewers. Much as the Olympics’ athletic
competitions have inspired people around the world to 33 embrace sport and exercise, reinvigorated artistic competitions could
promote enthusiasm for artistic achievements and restore Coubertin’s ideal.
A. NO CHANGE
B. have been
C. is being
D. was
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. The plural verb “have been” agrees in number with the plural noun “attempts.”
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because “has been,” “is being,” and “was,” respectively, are singular verbs that don’t agree in
number with the plural noun “attempts.”

SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Agreement Subject-verb Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | agreement
Conventions of
Usage

Fire in Space

A. NO CHANGE
B. cause uneven heat ow and limit
C. cause uneven heat ow and limits
D. has caused uneven heat ow and has limited
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. The plural verbs “cause” and “limit” agree in number with the plural noun “variations.”
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because “causes,” “limits,” “has caused,” and “has limited” are singular verbs that don’t agree in
number with the plural noun “variations.” Choice D is incorrect because the present perfect verbs “has caused” and “has limited”
also inappropriately shift the verb tense from the simple present tense otherwise used in the paragraph (e.g., “results,” earlier in
the sentence) to describe the standard method of studying biofuel combustion.

SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Within-sentence N/A Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | punctuation
Conventions of
Punctuation

Coworking: A Creative Solution
When I left my of ce job as a website developer at a small company for a position that allowed me to work full-time from home, I
thought I had it made: I gleefully traded in my suits and dress shoes for sweatpants and slippers, my frantic early-morning bagged
lunch packing for a leisurely midday trip to my refrigerator. The novelty of this comfortable work-from-home life, however, 23 soon
got worn off quickly. Within a month, I found myself feeling isolated despite having frequent email and instant messaging contact with
my colleagues. Having become frustrated trying to solve dif cult problems, 24 no colleagues were nearby to share ideas. It was
during this time that I read an article 25 into coworking spaces.

The article, published by Forbes magazine, explained that coworking spaces are designated locations that, for a fee, individuals can
use to conduct their work. The spaces are usually stocked with standard of ce 26 equipment, such as photocopiers, printers, and fax
machines. 27 In these locations, however, the spaces often include small meeting areas and larger rooms for hosting presentations.
28 The cost of launching a new coworking business in the United States is estimated to be approximately $58,000.
What most caught my interest, though, was a quotation from someone who described coworking spaces as “melting pots of
creativity.” The article refers to a 2012 survey in which 29 64 percent of respondents noted that coworking spaces prevented them
from completing tasks in a given time. The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces
are actually the people 30 whom use them.
[1] Thus, even though I already had all the equipment I needed in my home of ce, I decided to try using a coworking space in my
city. [2] Because I was speci cally interested in coworking’s reported bene ts related to creativity, I chose a facility that offered a bright,
open work area where I wouldn’t be isolated. [3] Throughout the morning, more people appeared. [4] Periods of quiet, during which
everyone worked independently, were broken up occasionally with lively conversation. 31

I liked the experience so much that I now go to the coworking space a few times a week. Over time, I’ve gotten to know several of my
coworking 32 colleagues: another website developer, a graphic designer, a freelance writer, and several mobile app coders. Even
those of us who work in disparate elds are able to 33 share advice and help each other brainstorm. In fact, it’s the diversity of their
talents and experiences that makes my coworking colleagues so valuable.
A. NO CHANGE
B. colleagues;
C. colleagues,
D. colleagues
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer because the punctuation it provides results in a grammatically standard and coherent sentence. When
an independent clause is followed by a list, a colon is used to link the two.
Choice B is incorrect because the punctuation creates a fragment (a semicolon should be used to link two independent clauses).
Choice C is incorrect because its use of the comma creates a series in which “several of my coworking colleagues” are
distinguished from the “website developer” and others, although the logic of the sentence would suggest that they are the same.
Choice D is incorrect because it lacks the punctuation necessary to link the independent clause and the list.


Conventions of
Punctuation
How Do You Like Those Apples?
Marketed as SmartFresh, the chemical 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) has been used by fruit growers since 2002 in the United States
and elsewhere to preserve the crispness and lengthen the storage life of apples and other fruit, which often must travel long distances
before being eaten by consumers. 23 1-MCP lengthens storage life by three to four times when applied to apples. This extended life
allows producers to sell their apples in the off-season, months after the apples have been harvested. And at a cost of about one cent per
pound of apples, 1-MCP is a highly cost-effective treatment. However, 1-MCP is not a panacea for fruit producers or sellers: there are
problems and limitations associated with its use.
[1] 1-MCP works by limiting a fruit’s production of ethylene, 24 it is a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and eventually rot. [2] While
1-MCP keeps apples 25 tight and crisp for months, it also limits 26 their scent production. [3] This may not be much of a problem with
certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance,
such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, 27 that will reject apples lacking the expected aroma. [4] But some fruits do
not respond as well to 1-MCP as others 28 did, and some even respond adversely. [5] Furthermore, some fruits, particularly those that
naturally produce a large amount of ethylene, do not respond as well to 1-MCP treatment. [6] Take Bartlett 29 pears, for instance, unless
they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1-MCP at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green until they rot, and
consumers who experience this will be unlikely to purchase them again. 30
Finally, researchers have found that 1-MCP actually increases susceptibility to some pathologies in certain apple varieties. For
example, Empire apples are prone to a condition that causes the esh of the apple to turn brown. Traditionally, apple producers have dealt
with this problem by leaving the apples in the open air for three weeks before storing them in a controlled atmosphere with tightly
regulated temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. As the graph shows, the esh of untreated Empire apples that are rst stored
in the open air undergoes 31 roughly ve percent less browning than the esh of untreated Empire apples that are immediately put into
storage in a controlled environment. However, when Empire apples are treated with 1-MCP, 32 their esh turns brown when the apples
are rst stored in the open air, though not under other conditions. Although researchers continue to search for the right combination of
factors that will keep fruits fresh and attractive, 33 the problem may be that consumers are overly concerned with super cial qualities
rather than the actual freshness of the fruit.
Adapted from Hannah J. James, Jacqueline F. Nock, and Chris B. Watkins, “The Failure of Postharvest Treatments to Control Firm
Flesh Browning in Empire Apples.” ©2010 by The New York State Horticultural Society.
A. NO CHANGE
B. pears, for instance:
C. pears for instance,
D. pears. For instance,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. It provides a colon to appropriately introduce the independent clause that follows, an elaboration on
the preceding claim that Bartlett pears are an example of fruit that “do not respond as well to 1-MCP treatment.”
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each either creates a comma splice or uses a transitional phrase (“For instance”)
illogically.


SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Nonrestrictive and N/A Grades 13-14
Language Conventions Conventions | parenthetical
Conventions of elements
Punctuation

Fire in Space
A. NO CHANGE
B. “weightlessness” or microgravity, similar to what is experienced, in space
C. “weightlessness” or, microgravity, similar to what is experienced in space
D. “weightlessness,” or microgravity similar to what is experienced in space,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. The commas after “weightlessness” and “space” are used correctly to set off the nonessential
information between them. The information between the commas could be removed and the sentence would still make sense.
Choice A is incorrect because it is missing the comma after “weightlessness.” In this context, choices B and C are incorrect
because the commas are misplaced. In each of these choices, if the information between the commas were removed, the sentence
would not make sense.

Conventions of
Punctuation

Monopolizing “The Landlord’s Game”
Monopoly is one of the best-known board games in the world, having been licensed in at least 114 countries and produced in more than
47 languages since its introduction by Parker Brothers in 1935. Monopoly players use colorful play 12 money, to buy and develop
properties on a game board. Other players who land on the properties are charged rent, 13 uplifting the property owner, who can then
buy and develop more properties. 14 Initially, one player bankrupts all the others and wins the game. By rewarding players who are
successful in 15 taking money from the other players and using that money to make even more, Monopoly seems to celebrate the
cutthroat, winner-take-all competition that many associate with modern capitalism. However, Elizabeth Magie, the creator of the game on
which Monopoly was based, 16 wanted to change the world.

Magie was a follower of Henry George, an economist who taught that private ownership of resources common to all, such as land, is
both unjust and detrimental: such a system enables a lucky few (the landlords) to prosper, while all others (the tenants) are exploited and
impoverished. The purpose of “The Landlord’s Game,” which Magie patented in 1904, was to spread George’s ideas: as she explained, the
game was a “practical demonstration of the present system of land-grabbing with all its usual outcomes and consequences.” Although
George and Magie were dismissed by many as anticapitalist radicals, 17 however a look at the history of Monopoly suggests that she
may have had a point—one that still resonates today.
In addition to the “winner-take-all” concept familiar to Monopoly players, Magie’s original game featured a second set of rules allowing
players to share the 18 game’s property’s, bringing equal bene ts to all. 19 Players also created alternate versions of the game,
modifying game boards to suit their own interests. But all this variety came to an end in the 1930s. An unemployed salesman named
Charles 20 Darrow sensed a moneymaking opportunity, designing a game board of his own, penned a single set of standard rules, and
enlisted the help of a printer to have boards made quickly. In 1935 Parker Brothers purchased the rights to Darrow’s Monopoly and paid off
the holders of patents for any similar games. The deal made millions for Parker Brothers and Darrow and about $500 for 21 Magie
effectively illustrating the very point her game was attempting to teach. It is a lesson worth re ecting on as the global economy continues
to produce 22 ridiculous remuneration for a few, and for most everyone else, the “usual outcomes and consequences.”
A. NO CHANGE
B. Magie—effectively
C. Magie; effectively
D. Magie. Effectively
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. A dash can be used to provide emphasis. The dash after “Magie” helps to emphasize the irony that by
receiving only $500 in the deal with Parker Brothers and Darrow, Magie was a victim of the type of cutthroat competition that her
game was designed to illustrate.
Choice A is incorrect because punctuation is needed between the independent clause beginning with “the deal” and the participial
phrase beginning with “effectively illustrating.” Choices C and D are incorrect because placing a semicolon or a period after
“Magie” results in a sentence fragment beginning with “effectively.”


SAT Writing and Standard English Standard English Unnecessary N/A Grades 13-14
Conventions of
Punctuation

Coworking: A Creative Solution
When I left my of ce job as a website developer at a small company for a position that allowed me to work full-time from home, I
thought I had it made: I gleefully traded in my suits and dress shoes for sweatpants and slippers, my frantic early-morning bagged
lunch packing for a leisurely midday trip to my refrigerator. The novelty of this comfortable work-from-home life, however, 23 soon
got worn off quickly. Within a month, I found myself feeling isolated despite having frequent email and instant messaging contact with
my colleagues. Having become frustrated trying to solve dif cult problems, 24 no colleagues were nearby to share ideas. It was
during this time that I read an article 25 into coworking spaces.

The article, published by Forbes magazine, explained that coworking spaces are designated locations that, for a fee, individuals can
use to conduct their work. The spaces are usually stocked with standard of ce 26 equipment, such as photocopiers, printers, and fax
machines. 27 In these locations, however, the spaces often include small meeting areas and larger rooms for hosting presentations.
28 The cost of launching a new coworking business in the United States is estimated to be approximately $58,000.
What most caught my interest, though, was a quotation from someone who described coworking spaces as “melting pots of
creativity.” The article refers to a 2012 survey in which 29 64 percent of respondents noted that coworking spaces prevented them
from completing tasks in a given time. The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces
are actually the people 30 whom use them.
[1] Thus, even though I already had all the equipment I needed in my home of ce, I decided to try using a coworking space in my
city. [2] Because I was speci cally interested in coworking’s reported bene ts related to creativity, I chose a facility that offered a bright,
open work area where I wouldn’t be isolated. [3] Throughout the morning, more people appeared. [4] Periods of quiet, during which
everyone worked independently, were broken up occasionally with lively conversation. 31
I liked the experience so much that I now go to the coworking space a few times a week. Over time, I’ve gotten to know several of my
coworking 32 colleagues: another website developer, a graphic designer, a freelance writer, and several mobile app coders. Even
those of us who work in disparate elds are able to 33 share advice and help each other brainstorm. In fact, it’s the diversity of their
talents and experiences that makes my coworking colleagues so valuable.
A. NO CHANGE
B. equipment, such as:
C. equipment such as:
D. equipment, such as,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer because it provides the correct punctuation to set off the nonrestrictive list of examples of equipment
identi ed in the phrase beginning with “such as.”
Choice B is incorrect because it is not standard to place a colon after “such as.” Choice C is incorrect both because of the
nonstandard colon and because a comma is needed after “equipment” to set off the nonrestrictive list of examples in the phrase
that follows. Choice D is incorrect because it is not standard to place a comma after “such as.”


Conventions of
Punctuation

A. NO CHANGE
B. reporters:
C. reporters,
D. reporter’s;
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because the plural noun “reporters” is used correctly as the object of the preposition “of” and because
the colon appropriately joins two independent clauses here to indicate that the second clause (“their work is expensive and time-
consuming”) logically builds on the rst (“It is not dif cult . . . reporters”).
Choices A and D are incorrect because the singular possessive “reporter’s” does not provide an object for the preposition “of.”
Choice C is incorrect because the comma after “reporters” creates a comma splice (the comma is used without a conjunction to
join two independent clauses).

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Question Difficulty: Hard

Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage.

donations. Open access, then, is a viable option. 44

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rather than the actual freshness of the fruit.

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they do on Earth—differences that have important implications for researchers.

trajectory, 40 “weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what is experienced in space, is achieved.

future outposts on the Moon and Mars.

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which Monopoly was based, 16 wanted to change the world.

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during this time that I read an article 25 into coworking spaces.

are actually the people 30 whom use them.

talents and experiences that makes my coworking colleagues so valuable.