National Textile University

BSc. Textile Engineering

LAB REPORT
Laboratory Course Code: ME-2112

Laboratory Course Title: Engineering workshop practice

Semester: 4th

Section: A

Lab report. 2
Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.
Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

Table of contents
Table of contents………………………….…………………2
Introduction………………………………….………………3
Objectives…………………………………….………………3
Theory…………………………………………….…………..4

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

Introduction:
Objectives:
To learn the basics of bench hand tools.
To study the type of a standard bench hand tool.

Theory:
A hand tool is a tool that is works by man power only. Hand tools have been used by humans
since the stone age. Most common hand tools are hammer, pliers, screw driver etc.

Hammers:
Hammer is a tool that delivers a blow to an object. Most hammers are used to drive nails and fit
metal parts. The simple use of hammer dates about 2,600,000 BC. A simple hammer is also
called claw hammer most commonly used in our homes. It has the following parts: face, bell,
neck, cheek, eye, claw and handle.

Hammer has the following types:

Ball peen hammer:
Flat side of the head is called face. The rounded side is called peen. Peen is smaller in diameter
than face. Used to shape metal and closing rivets. Its modified type is double sided ball peen
hammer.

Claw hammer:

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

This hammer has either straight claw or curved claw. Hammer has either a wooden or metal
handle. Its primary function is to drive and draw. The face of the hammer is used to hit and the
claw is used to pull out the nail.

Rubber hammer:
Also known as mallet. It is used to drive wooden-handled chisels or wooden pins. It is also used
in places where shape fixing is needed and heavy hammers are not fit for use. But this hammer
cannot strike on hard metal objects due to its composition (rubber).

Cross peen hammer:

It is a variation in peen type hammers. This hammer has a blade like peen at right angles to the
handle. Its modified form is double sided cross peen hammer.

Sledge hammer:

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

This hammer is used for heavier work. The hammer is swung like an axe. Head has two flat
faces.

Pliers:
Pliers are a plural name for a single tool. Pliers are used for holding or gripping small articles
that are difficult to handle. However they are not substituted for wrench.
Pliers have the following types:
Combinational pliers:
These pliers are used for multi-purpose tasks like gripping, twisting and cutting. In addition to
this, the combinational pliers also have electrical resistivity.

Cutter pliers:
These pliers are intended specially to cut wires. Instead of making a sharp cut, the cutter pliers
create a wedge shape at the end of the wire.

Lock pliers:

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

Lock pliers are designed to use hand-held clamp that locks firmly into a work-piece. They are
also called pliers wrenches. They can be locked into position using and over centre action. One
side of the handle includes a bolt that is used to adjust the spacing of the jaws.

Gas pliers:
These type of pliers are used for gripping small pipe, rods or other round objects. These pliers
have concave jaws with serrated edges especially useful for gripping.
Nose pliers:
They are also known as pointy nose pliers. It is a multi-functional tool, used for both holding and
cutting. It is especially used by jewelry makers. Because of their long shape, they are very useful
in getting into small areas for cutting.

Wrench:
A wrench is a hand tool that is used to exert force to twist bolt heads, nuts and studs. The best
wrenches are made of chrome-vanadium steel. Wrenches made of this material are light-weight
and unbreakable.
Wrench has the following types:
Single open end wrench:
It is used to open or tighten a bolt. It varies in sizes as its open end is not adjustable.

Double open end wrench:

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

This wrench has open ends to tighten or open the bolt at both ends. The ends vary in sizes
according to the size of the bolt. Same as the single open end wrench, their ends are not
adjustable and are stationary therefore, these are available in various sizes to adjust with the bolt.

Combinational wrench:
It has one end open and the other end is closed. It is used to tighten or loosen the bolt. It also
comes in many sizes as its ends are not adjustable.

Adjustable wrench:
This type of wrench has adjustable jaw. Screw is used to move the lower jaw and adjust wrench
size according to the bolt size.

Socket wrench:
It has a socket attached to one end that makes that turning faster. The early form is the socket
wrench, often called a ratchet.

Screw driver:
A screw driver is the most basic hand tool. It is designed to remove or twist the screw. It also
tightens the screw.

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

Screw driver has the following types:

Flat face screw driver:
It is also called slotted or straight head screw driver. It gives drive to the screw that fits with flat
face only.

Round face screw driver:

A round face driver has two types: Phillips and cross point. Just like flat face, these drivers are
used on screws that are driven by cross point screw drivers only.

File:
File is used to smooth out any irregular or coarse surface. Files are graded according to the
degree of fineness.

Following are the types of files:

Flat file:
This file has parallel edge about two-thirds of the length and then tapers in width and thickness.
The faces are double cut while the edges are single cut.

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

Half round file:

This file has a semi circular cross section, means that one side is completely flattened and the
other side is curved upwards. The curved side has ridges that are used for filing and smoothing
out of material.

Square file:
It has square cross section and has ridges on all four sides. Its construction is specific because it
is used to file the material of square shape.

Triangular file:
It is also called three square file. It has a triangular cross section which tapers up to the end. They
are used to file many cuts mostly at that of 90 degree. They are commonly used for sharpening
teeth of wood saw.

Round file:
They are also known as rat-tail files. This file is round in its cross section and may or may not
taper up to its end. They are commonly used for enlarging round holes.

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

Chisel:
Chisels are tools that can be used for cutting or chipping metal.

Following are the types of chisels:

Flat chisel:
A flat chisel is flat faced and used for carving out metal sheet or wood. It is heated mostly in case
of metal. It can be re-sharpened for long term use. Hammer force is always needed to give the
chisel a push forward.

Diamond chisel:
A diamond point chisel is used for cleaning out corners or difficult places and pulling over centre
punch marks wrongly placed for drilling.

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

Punch:
A hand punch is a tool that is held in the hand and struck with the hammer on the other end.
Punch has the following types:
Pin punch:
A pin punch is used to remove metal pins from a hole. First use a starter punch to loosen metal
pin then use a pin punch to finish removing the pin from hole.

Centre punch:
A centre punch is used to mark the center of a point. It is usually used to mark the centre of a
hole when drilling holes. A centre punch forms a large enough dimple to "guide" the tip of the
drill. The tip of a centre punch has an angle between 60 and 90 degrees.

Prick punch:
A prick punch is similar to a center punch but used for marking out. It has a sharper angled tip to
produce a narrower and deeper point. It is also known as a dot punch. The mark can then be
enlarged with a centre punch for drilling.

Drift punch:
Drift punches sometimes known as starting punches, have a long taper from the tip to the body.
They are made that way to with-stand the shock of a heavy blow. They may be used for

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

knocking out rivets after the heads have been chiseled off, or for freeing pins which are frozen in
their holes.

Hacksaw:
A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw, originally and principally for cutting metal. They can also cut
various other materials, such as plastic and wood; for example, plumbers and electricians often
cut plastic pipe and plastic conduit with them. Most hacksaws are hand saws with a C-shaped
frame that holds a blade under-tension. The frames may also be adjustable to accommodate
blades of different sizes.

Drill:
Drill is a cylindrical piece of steel having grooves over it. One end of drill is pointed and the
other end is shaped so that it fits in the drill machine.

Reamer:
Reamers are used to enlarge a true hole. It has three parts; the body, the shank and the blades.
The shank has a square tang to allow the reamer to be held with a wrench for turning. The main
purpose of body is to support the blades.

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Introduction to bench hand tools & their applications and uses.

The blades on a reamer are made of steel and hardened to such an extent that they are brittle. For
safety reasons, the reamer should be turned in cutting directions only. This will prevent chipping
and dulling of the blades.

Taps and dies:

Taps and dies are used cut threads in metal, plastic or hard rubber, the taps are used for cutting
internal thread and the dies are used for cutting external thread. Dies are made in different shapes
and are either adjustable or solid

Nut and bolt:

Nut and bolt always come in pairs. The bolt is threaded outside while the nut is threaded inside.
The bolt is held by a nut that is threaded to the end of the bolt.

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