Multiplication and Division

Instructions

• MUL Instruction

• IMUL Instruction

• DIV Instruction

• Signed Integer Division (IDIV Instruction)

• Implementing Arithmetic Expressions

• Decimal Input & Output

1
 MUL Instruction
• The MUL (unsigned multiply) instruction multiplies an 8/16 bit
operand by AL/AX

• The instruction formats are:

MUL multiplier

• Multiplier can be register or memory

Implied operands:

2
MUL Instruction

3
 IMUL Instruction
• IMUL (signed integer multiply ) multiplies an 8/16 bit signed
operand by AL/AX

• Preserves the sign of the product by sign-extending it into the

upper half of the destination register

• The instruction formats are:

IMUL multiplier ; AX = 00C0h, OF=1

• Multiplier can be register or memory

4
 MUL & IMUL Examples
MOV AL, 80h ; AL = -128D
MOV BL, FFh ; BL = -1D

Instructions Decimal Product Hex Product AH AL

MUL BL 128 7F80 7F 80
IMUL BL 128 0080 00 80

5
 MUL & IMUL Examples
MOV AX, 1
MOV BX, FFFFh ; BX = 65535D/ -1D

Instructions Decimal Product Hex Product DX AX

MUL BX 65535 0000FFFF 0000 FFFF
IMUL BX -1 FFFFFFFF FFFF FFFF

6
 MUL & IMUL Examples
MOV AX, FFFFh ; AX =65535D/-1
MOV BX, FFFFh ; BX =65535D/-1

Instructions Decimal Product Hex Product DX AX

MUL BX 4294836225 FFFF0001 FFFF 0001
IMUL BX 1 00000001 0000 0001

7
 Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX after the
following instructions execute?
MOV AX,0FFFh
MUL AX
IMUL AX

DX = ?
AX = ?

8
 Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX after the
following instructions execute?
MOV AX,0100h
MOV CX,FFFFh
MUL CX
IMUL CX

DX = ?
AX = ?

9
Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AXg after
the following instructions execute?
MOV AX,8760h
MOV BX,100h
MUL BX
IMUL BX

DX = ?
AX = ?

1
0
Your turn . . .
 Translate the following high level language assignment into
assembly Language. Let A and B are word variables.
A = 5A-12B

 Calculate factorial of N
N! =N*(N-1)*(N-2)*……*1

1
1
 DIV Instruction
 The DIV (unsigned divide) instruction performs 8-bit and
16-bit division on unsigned integers
 Instruction formats:
 DIV divisor
 Divisor can be register or memory operand
DIV r/m16
DIV r/m32 Default Operands:

1
2
DIV Instruction

DIV r/m16
DIV r/m32

1
3
 IDIV Instruction
• IDIV (signed divide) performs signed integer division

• Instruction formats:
IDIV divisor

• Divisor can be register or memory operand

• Uses same operands as DIV

1
4
 DIV & IDIV Examples
MOV DX, 0000
MOV AX, 0005
MOV BX, 0002

Instructions Decimal Quotient Decimal remainder AX DX

DIV BX 2 1 0002 0001
IDIV BX 2 1 0002 0001

1
5
 DIV & IDIV Examples
MOV DX, 0000h
MOV AX, 0005h
MOV BX, 0FFFEh ; BX=65534D/-2D

Instructions Decimal Quotient Decimal remainder AX DX

DIV BX 0 5 0000 0005
IDIV BX -2 1 FFFE 0001

1
6
 DIV & IDIV Examples
MOV AX, 00FBh ; AX=251D
MOV BL, FFh ; BL =256D/-1D

Instructions Decimal Quotient Decimal remainder AH AL

DIV BL 0 251 FB 00
IDIV BL -251(Too Big) Divide Overflow

1
7
 DIV & IDIV Examples
MOV DX, FFFFh
MOV AX, FFFBh ; DX:AX=FFFFFFFB=4294967291D/-5D
MOV BX, 0002h

Instructions Decimal Quotient Decimal remainder AX DX

DIV BX 2147483646/7FFFFFFEh Divide Overflow
(Too Big)
IDIV BX -2 -1 FFFE FFFF

1
8
 Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX after the
following instructions execute? Or, if divide overflow occurs,
you can indicate that as your answer:

MOV DX,0087H
MOV AX,6000H
MOV BX,100H
DIV BX

DX = ?, AX = ?

1
9
 Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX after the
following instructions execute? Or, if divide overflow occurs,
you can indicate that as your answer:

MOV DX,0087H
MOV AX,6002H
MOV BX,10H
DIV BX

?????

2
0
 Signed Integer Division
• Signed integers must be sign-extended before division takes
place
• fill high byte/word with a copy of the low byte/word's sign bit

• Byte Division
•For DIV, AH should be cleared
•For IDIV, AH should be made the sign extension of AL. The instruction
CBW (convert byte to word) will do this extension.

• Word Division
•For DIV, DX should be cleared
•For IDIV, DX should be made the sign extension of AX. The instruction
CWD (convert word to doubleword) will do this extension.
2
1
 Signed Integer Division
• For example, the high byte contains a copy of the sign bit
from the low byte:

0 0 0 0 1 1 11 1 0 0 0 1 1 11

00000000 1 0 0 0 1 1 11 11111111 1 0 0 0 1 1 11

2
2
 CBW, CWD Instructions
• The CBW and CWD instructions provide important
sign-extension operations:

• CBW (convert byte to word) extends sign bit of AL into AH

• CWD (convert word to doubleword) extends sign bit of AX into DX

• For example:
MOV AX,0FFFBH
CWD ; DX:AX = FFFFFFFBh

2
3
 CBW & CWD Examples
Example 1:

MOV AL, -7
CBW
MOV BL, -7
IDIV BL

AL = 01 , AH = 00

Example 2:

MOV AX, -50

CWD
MOV BX, 7
IDIV BX

AX = FFF9h (-7) , DX = FFFFh (-1) 2

4
 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions
Example: var4 = (var1 + var2) * var3

MOV AX,VAR1
ADD AX,VAR2
MUL VAR3
MOV VAR4,AX ; save product

Example: eax = (-var1 * var2) + var3

MOV AX,VAR1
NEG AX
MUL VAR2
ADD AX,VAR3

2
5
 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions

Example: var4 = (var1 * 5) / (var2 – 3)

MOV AX,VAR1 ; left side

MOV BX,5
MUL BX ; DX:AX = product
MOV BX,VAR2 ; right side
SUB BX,3
DIV BX ; final division
MOV VAR4,AX
 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions

Example: var4 = (var1 * -5) / (-var2 % var3);

MOV AX,VAR2 ; begin right side

NEG AX
CWD ; sign-extend dividend
IDIV VAR3 ; DX = remainder
MOV BX,DX ; BX = right side
MOV AX,-5 ; begin left side
IMUL VAR1 ; DX:AX = left side
IDIV BX ; final division
MOV VAR4,AX ; quotient

2
7
 Your turn . . .

Implement the following expression. Do not modify any

variables other than var3:

var3 = (var1 * -var2) / (var3 – ebx)

; eax = quotient

2
8
Decimal Input
 Example: Input of 123
 number = 0
 Read ‘1’
 Convert ‘1’ to 1
 number = 0*10 +1 =1
 Read ‘2’
 Convert ‘2’ to 2
 number = 0*10 +2 =12
 Read ‘3’
 Convert ‘3’ to 3
 number = 12*10 +3 =123
Decimal Output
Any Query?