Lone Sentry - Unit History - 91st Infantry Division (CH
Lone Sentry - Unit History - 91st Infantry Division (CH
Lone Sentry - Unit History - 91st Infantry Division (CH
Sentry: Unit History: 91st Infantry Division (Ch. V: North of Futa Pass)
Lone Sentry: Unit History: 91st Infantry Division
Pg CHAPTER V.
75
NORTH OF FUTA PASS
AFTER A BRIEF HALT at the Santerno River during which the
Regiments cleaned and replenished their equipment, and the troops, so
far as was possible, rested and cleaned up, the Division renewed its drive
north. The terrain ahead was notably different from what it had fought
through. Instead of a range of mountains standing like a wall before them,
they now fought on a high rolling plateau from which rose barren rocky
Introduction
mountains with little cover and no concealment. The enemy could be
Chapter I
routed from his positions only by clinging to a rock with one hand and
91st Division in World
War I prying him loose with a bayonet held in the other. With good enemy
observation of the entire Division sector and no covered routes of
Chapter II
The First Two Years approach, the naturally defensive features of the terrain made the area
stronger, in that respect, than the Gothic Line.
Chapter III
Arno River Campaign
Sunny Italy?
Chapter IV
The Gothic Line
Campaign A second factor slowed the advance and made the life of the individual
Chapter V soldier miserable. Late in September the famous Italian rain, cold, and fog
North of Futa Pass set in. Intermittently during October fog blanketed the Apennines
Appendix concealing the enemy, hampering communications, and reducing the
Honor Roll effectiveness of the artillery. The almost constant rain drenched the
List of Units infantryman and turned the roads into rivers of mud and installations into
quagmires. Under these handicaps the fighting was most difficult, but the
76 Division continued to advance.
The strategy of the enemy was to make each of these mountains a
strong delaying position while they worked feverishly to strengthen their
next main defensive line, the socalled Ceasar Line, along an escarpment
running east and west of Livergnano. Thus, the Division's advance became
a steady progress forward interrupted by short periods of savage fighting,
usually centering about a town or mountain. On 24 September the 361st
Infantry captured M. Beni and on 25 September the 363rd Infantry
captured M. Freddi. Three days later the 361st Infantry had seized M.
Oggioli, opening the way to an advance, slowed only by the fog, to the
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Monghidoro line.
Monghidoro
This excellentlyprepared line held up the infantry a day while the
artillery softened up the positions for assault. On 1 October the Division
Artillery fired 10,587 rounds while the 362nd and 363rd Infantries
worked forward slowly. The enemy Main Line of Resistance in the 363rd
Infantry sector was overrun at 1300, but the enemy fell back slowly. The
next afternoon Monghidoro fell. With the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 362nd
Infantry, flanking the town on the right, and the 363rd Infantry exerting
pressure on the left, the 1st Battalion, 362nd Infantry, supported by tanks,
drove straight up Highway 65 into the town. The 363rd Infantry, driving
on the left, captured Montepiano late the same night.
77
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Sasso di Castro a terrain obstacle north of Futa Pass
Thus at the end of 2 October the MonghidoroMontepiano defenses
78 had been completely overrun. General Keyes expressed his pleasure at the
Division's swift success in overrunning the important positions when be
telegraphed General Livesay:
Loiano
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The enemy fell back rapidly to their next defensive position at Loiano,
with the 91st swiftly following their retreat. On 5 October, under a rolling
barrage the 362nd Infantry captured the town and M. Bastia, the peak
which dominates it. On either side of the position the whole line surged
forward.
The Fight in the Fog
But at this point the terrain and the weather combined to slow the
advance considerably. The enemy exploited both these advantages
shrewdly. The hilly, open countryside from Loiano to Livergnano is cut by
spurs running generally in a northsouth direction which command the
ravines and draws. For the enemy the terrain afforded unlimited
opportunities for delaying positions and elastic defense. For the men of
the 91st attacking north the mountains and valleys would normally have
been difficult to fight over, but made slippery and muddy by the fall rains,
it challenged their endurance and courage. Fog blanketed the valleys and
enemy positions were discovered only by accident. Firefights flared in fog
isolated areas across the entire front.
79 On the left of Highway 65 the 362nd Infantry fought slowly forward,
taking M. Castellari by scaling it with rope ladders on the dark, foggy night
of 9 October, and occupying La Guarda. On the right, the 361st Infantry
captured Trebbo and pushed under the escarpment at Prato di Magnano.
Company I making its way carefully through the fog succeeded in moving
behind enemy positions and cutting the highway at La Fortuna, 2,000
yards behind the enemy lines. In the foggy darkness many small parties of
enemy were trapped moving down the highway, and either killed or
captured.
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Men of the 91st attend mass in a battered church near the front
80 The Livergnano Escarpment
The Division had come to the most formidable natural barrier between
the Santerno and the Po, a rocky escarpment rising at some points over
1,800 feet high. In places, especially in the upper half of the cliff, it is a
perpendicular rock wall. From the rock rim the enemy commanded every
approach from the south. Rising above the rim was a lateral series of hills:
544 and 603, dominating Highway 65; 504, 481, 592, and 487. Each one
was a prepared strong point from which the high plateau lying behind the
rock rim could be covered with machine gun and mortar fire. As the
Division faced this escarpment it was considerably in advance of its
adjacent units, exposed on the right to fire from S. Maria di Zena and M.
delle Formiche and on the left to fire directed from M. Adone.
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A tank destroyer fires in support of assaulting infantry
81
A carrying party brings up supplies to front line troops
Only two breaks in the wall existed by which the plateau could be
reached. One lay just north of Bigallo and the other was a cut at
Livergnano through which Highway 65 runs. Accordingly the 2nd
Battalion, 361st Infantry was ordered to move east to the cut north of
Bigallo, make its way over this escarpment and then move westward to
seize in succession Hills 592,504 and 481. On the left, the 1st Battalion
was ordered to attack Livergnano and neutralize its twin sentinels,
Hills 544 and 603.
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82
Livergnano
83 The fighting of the next few days was the most grinding and
heartbreaking the 91st Division has ever known. On the right the 2nd
Battalion started up the cut north of Bigallo. There was no trail at this
point, but it was possible by sheer scaling and climbing to reach the
plateau. Riflemen slung their rifles over their shoulders and "hung and
crawled with their fingers and toes." The machine gunners disassembled
their weapons and each squad member carried parts in his pockets or
pack. At one point on the way, Companies E and G had to cross a narrow
ledge which the enemy had zeroed in. Only by running a few men across
at a time did the companies clear the obstacle and make their way
forward.
"Little Cassino"
On the left, Company K entered Livergnano only to be caught in a trap.
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Herded by the bands of fire of cunningly placed machine guns, the
company was trapped in a building which the Germans then
systematically demolished by pointblank tank fire. Despite desperate
attempts by other companies to fight their way to them, and by the full
power of the artillery to blast the enemy out of the town, only a few of the
company escaped to tell their story. Livergnano became a blazing inferno
shelled from both sides. Companies A and C fought a seesaw battle up
Hill 554 while Company B inched its way grimly up Hill 603.
Once on top of the escarpment near Casole, Companies E and G were
fired on and the companies deployed to engage the enemy. While the fight
was in progress the enemy infiltrated around the flanks under cover of
84 darkness, foliage and terrain features, and the companies found
themselves located at the bottom of a "tilted saucer" with high ground
completely surrounding them and the enemy occupying positions all along
this high ground. To assist the push on the right General Livesay ordered
the 363rd .Infantry committed on the right. Slowly the Regiment fought
its way forward, cleaning out pockets of resistance before Bigallo and at
Ca Parma and Ca Parisi. During the night of 1112 October the 1st
Battalion scaled the escarpment and reinforced the two companies
virtually isolated on the rock rim.
While the infantry fought savagely on the ground, the artillery and the
air support blasted enemy strong points. The artillery fired 8,400 rounds
of all types, most of them in an arc about Livergnano. This artillery power
was augmented by position firing by tank destroyers. These blasted the
caves and houses of Livergnano and machine gun and mortar
emplacements. In the air medium bombers attacked bridges and supply
dumps, while fighter bombers flew 250 sorties against troop
concentrations and gun areas.
On the Top
For the attack at 0600, 13 October the artillery laid down a
tremendous concentration of 2,120 rounds in 16 minutes. There was
better progress all across the Division front during the day, and it became
clear that the enemy had at last begun to withdraw under the steady
pounding they had received from the bombers, the artillery, and the
infantry. Gradually the whole line fell back. Hills 603 and 544 were taken
and Livergnano occupied, despite the continued shelling. justifyspacerlong
85
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Routes of Advance Across Livergnano Escarpment, October 1944
The 2nd Battalion slowly fought its way northwest, cleaning out the
positions along the rim of the escarpment. It rejoined the rest of the 361st
Infantry on Highway 65 north of Livergnano. The 363rd Infantry fanned
out from the east cut and occupied the right sector of the Division front.
86
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Highway 65 in Winter
87 Thus at the end of the day the lines had been straightened and the
flanks secured. With Casolina on the left, Querceta on the right and Hill
603 in the center in the Division's hands, the enemy line, referred to by
many of the captured prisoners as the Caesar Line, had been overrun and
the escarpment had been conquered. Enemy casualties had been heavy,
and many prisoners had been taken 225 on 1213 October.
Four Months of Combat
Thus the 91st Division's first four months of combat during World War
II came to a close. During that time it had fought from Rome to
Livergnano. From the Gustav Line to the Caesar Line. It captured
Chianni, Pontedera, Leghorn, Pisa, Monticelli, M. Calvi, M. Beni, M.
Freddi, M. Oggioli, Monghidoro, Loiano, Livergnano. It broke through
the Gothic Line, the Berta Line and the Caesar Line. Three times it was
the first unit of Fifth Army to achieve the Army objective on 18 July at
Leghorn, on 23 July at Pisa, and on 17 September at Monticelli.
But these are only the names the public knows. These are the places
the spotlight has caught. But there are hundreds of houses, crossroads,
hills and draws where the men of the 91st fought and died to make the
capture of more famous places possible. There are miles of road the
Engineers swept for mines, scores of streams they bridged or bypassed so
the Division could move forward. There are miles of roads, dusty or
muddy, frozen hard or running with water over which the service forces
88 brought food and ammunition to the support of the drive. And sometimes
there were no roads, and men and mules carried supplies over narrow
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precipitous trails. Over the same trails and roads the litter bearers
evacuated the wounded swiftly and skillfully. Behind these names lies the
courage, determination and combat wisdom of each individual
infantryman and each individual artilleryman. Again and again the story
repeats itself: the artillery blasted a path for the infantry, drove the enemy
into his holes; the infantry followed up to dig the dazed and shaken
enemy from the holes. Behind these names lies the skill, the planning, the
labor and the courage of every man in the Division.
Under the command of General Livesay the 91st Division has made a
name for itself as one of the great fighting outfits of the Army. It is feared
and respected by the enemy, praised and admired by its allies. It has been
a spearhead in every campaign it has taken part in. The 91st Division is a
team, a great fighting team of which every man in the Division is a part.
It’s a great fighting Division; it has made history and it will make history,
until the peace is won.
89
Another Round toward Victory!
Questions and comments welcome: [email protected].
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