Section A

14
1. (a) (i) C is a β-particle emitter and the product of decay, 14N , is not radioactive
14 14 o
6 C  7 N + -1 e

When a living organism dies, intake of C stops while decay of _14C continues
Therefore, 14C : 12C ratio in dead living organisms decreases. The age of an ancient
biological specimen can be estimated by comparing its activity to that of living
organisms alive.

(ii) N = Noe-λt
In (1/2) = - λ(5730)
λ =1.21x10-4 yr-1
In (9.6 / 15.3) = -1.21x 10-4 t
t = 3850 years

(b) (i) The sample is vaporized in the mass spectrometer and is bombarded by fast moving
electrons to give positive ions
M(g) + a  M+(g) + e
fast slow
The ions are accelerated by an electric field.
The accelerated ions are then deflected by a magnetic (electric) field.
The mass spectrometer is operated at low pressure ( ~10-7 atm) to prevent ions from
colliding with other particles
The light positive ion, the greater is the, deflection
By varying the strength of the deflecting magnetic field, ions of a particular mass /
charge(m/e) ratio are brought to the ion detector.

Determination of the relative atomic mass of a noble gas:

The current intensity produced by cations formed from an isotope is proportional to
the relative abundance of the isotope.
relative atomic mass of the noble gas
= Σ (isotopic mass x relative abundance)

(c) (i) I2(s) is volatile. It is difficult to weigh accurately a sample of I2(s)

or, I2(s) reacts readily with reducing agents in the environment. I2(s) in the laboratory
usually contains impurities

2. (a) (i) +149 + 2188 + ½(498) + 650 + ∆Hlattice = - 602

(Accept answer in form of energy cycle.)
∆Hlattice = -602 - 149 - 2188 - ½(498) - 650
= -3838 kJ mol-1
(2 marks for method; 1 mark for answer)
(ii) Principle of the experiment

ALE/CHEM/2001/PII/ANSWERS/P.1
 Determine ∆H for the reactions
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) ∆H1
MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H2
∆Hf [MgO(s)] = ∆H1 – ∆H2 + ∆Hf [H2O(l)]
Experimental procedure:
Determination of ∆H1
Weigh a piece of Mg ribbon. Add Mg ribbon to a known volume of HCl(aq) (excess)
in a heat insulated container.
Measure the rise in temperature of the mixture. (∆T1)
∆H1 = (mass of solution) x s x ∆T / no. of moles of Mg
(s is the specific heat capacity of water)
Determination of ∆H2 :
Repeat the experiment using MgO(s) instead of Mg(s). Concentration of MgCl2, in
the resulting solution should be the same as that in the original experiment

(iii) The solution contains HCO2H and HCO2- in high concentrations.

HCO2H + H2O = HCO2- + H3O+
Addition of small amount of acid (alkali) will cause the equilibrium to shift to the left
(right), thus maintaining the concentration of H3O+ almost constant

(c) (i) A yellow / green solution is formed

(The mixture contains the yellow CuCl42- complex)
Cu(H2O)62+ + 4Cl- = CuC42- + 6H2O

(ii) The Pt wire continues to glow and brown fumes are formed
(NH3 is oxidized to NO, which then reacts with O2 to give brown NO2)
Pt
4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O

2NO + O2  2NO2

3. (a) (i) For the same initial conc. of Ar(g), initial rate increases by 4 times when the initial
conc. of I(g) is doubled .’. order w.r.t. [I(g)] = 2
For the same initial conc. of I(g), initial rate doubles when the initial conc. of Ar(g) is
doubled .’. order w.r.t. [Ar(g)] = 1
rate equation = k[I(g)]2 [Ar(g)]

(ii) rate constant = 8.70 x 10-4 / (1.0 x 10-5 )2 (1.0 X 10-3 )

= 8.7 x 109 (mol dm-3)-2 s-1

(iii) Mechanism : a single stage reaction / an elementary reaction / two I(g) atoms and one
Ar(g) atom collide to give one molecule of I2(g) and Ar*(g)
or, I(g) + I(g) + Ar(g)  I2(g) + Ar*(g)
Role of Ar(g) : acts as a third body to absorb energy from the colliding I(g) atoms
Alternative answer
Mechanism: two stage mechanism
2I(g) + Ar(g)  I2Ar(g) slow
I2Ar(g)  I2(g) + Ar(g) fast
Role of Ar(g) : homogeneous catalyst
(b) Any TWO of the following
Upon heating, LiNO3 decomposes to give (Li2O), NO, and O2,
ALE/CHEM/2001/PII/ANSWERS/P.2
 (Accept equation : 2LiNO3  Li2O + 2NO2 + ½O2)
Nitrates(V) of other Group I elements give nitrates(M) and O2(g)

or, Upon heating, Li2CO3 decomposes to give Li2O and CO2

(Accept equation : Li2CO3  Li2O + CO2)
Carbonates of other Group I elements do not decompose or, Upon heating LiOH
decomposes to give Li2O and H2O
∆
(Accept equation: 2LiOH  Li2O + H2O)
Hydroxides of other Group I elements do not decompose.
(Accept other correct answers.)

(c) (i) Li2O reacts with water to give an alkaline solution.

Li2O is an ionic compound. O2- attacks the positively charge H in H2O to give OH-

CO2 reacts with water to give an weakly acidic solution O is more electronegative
than C. O in CO2 carries a partial negative charge /C in CO 2 carries a partial positive
charge. O in H2O attacks CO2 to give HCO3- and H3O+

(ii) HF and O2

(d) Heat compounds with NaOH(aq). Only NH 4NO3(s) gives fumes of NH3(g) / fumes which
turns red litmus (pH) paper blue
Treat remaining two compounds with dilute acids / HCl(aq)
Only NaNO2 gives a brown gas while NaNO3 not
or, To aqueous solutions of the remaining two compounds, add FeSO 4(aq) and then c.H2SO4
slowly
Only NaNO3(aq) gives a brown ring at the liquid boundary

Alternative answer :
Heat each compound in turn. NH4NO3 gives no residue. NaNO3 gives a gas which can
relight a glowing splint. NaNO2 does not decompose.

4. (a) (i) high impedance voltmeter / multimeter

-------(ii) soaking a piece of filter paper with saturated KNO3(aq) / NH4NO3(aq)

(Accept equivalent answers.)

(iv) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(s)  AgCl(s)

[Ag+(aq)] in the right hand half-cell decreases ER will become more negative.
Hence the cell e.m.f. increases.

(b) (i) When a non-volatile solute is distributed between two immiscible solvents, the ratio
of concentrations of the solute in the two solvents, at equilibrium, is a constant
(partition coefficient) at a constant temperature

(ii) Partition of ethanoic acid (a carboxylic acid) between water and CCl 4 (an appropriate
organic solvent)
ALE/CHEM/2001/PII/ANSWERS/P.3
 Explanation: ethanoic acid forms dimers / associates in the organic solvent

or, shaking HCl(aq) with CHCl3 (an appropriate organic solvent) Explanation: HCl
ionizes in water to give H3O+(aq) and Cl-(aq)
(Accept other correct answers.)

(c) Oxidizing power: F2 > Cl2 > Br2

F is the strongest oxidizing agent because F always exists in negative O.S. in its compounds
while CI and Br do not
F2 oxidizes H2O to O2, but Cl2 and Br2 disproportionate in water
Cl2 can displace Br2 from solutions containing Br-(aq), while Br2 cannot displace Cl2
(Accept other examples.)

(d) HF is a weaker acid than HCl or HBr because ion-pair H3O+ and F- is strongly binded by
H-bond
In aqueous solutions, HCl and HBr are of comparable strength because both compounds
ionize completely.
Alternative answer :
HBr is a stronger acid than HCl when dissolved in ethanoic acid (or other appropriate
solvent).
Section B
5. (a) (i) The reaction involves the attack of C2H5O- on the C atom of the substrate. Carbon
atom b is more crowded .’ . it is less reactive
(Accept equivalent answers, such as steric hindrance, etc.)

ALE/CHEM/2001/PII/ANSWERS/P.4
 (ii) Benzoyl peroxide readily undergoes homolytic cleavage / decompose to give free
radical
or, Benzoyl peroxide is a free radical initiator
(iii) Concentration of reactant is high. .’. chance of collision between ethene and free
radical increases / higher reaction rate.
(iv) No, because the product is a mixture of polymer molecules with different chain
lengths.

ALE/CHEM/2001/PII/ANSWERS/P.5
6. (a) (i) Any TWO of the following
refrigerant aerosol propellant
solvent to clean microchips and electronic parts fire extinguishing material
blowing agent in foam plastics manufacture

(ii) CFCs are chemically unreactive compounds / have long life time and will not
undergo reaction in the lower atmosphere.
In the stratosphere, CFC molecules, upon absmption of UV radiation from sun,
undergoes homolytic cleavage to give Cl• free radical
(Accept answers in form of equation)
•Cl free radicals react with ozone in the stratosphere:
Cl• + O3  ClO• + O2
ClO• + O3  Cl• + 2O2 / ClO• + O  C• + O2
The reaction is a chain reaction / •Cl is regenerated in the reaction .’ . one •Cl radical
estroy a large no. of ozone Molecules

(iii) HCFC-123
because it has a short life time and is not flammable
or, HFC-152
because it has no Cl and has a short life time

(b) pKa: F>G>H>J

(pKa = -logKa)
Acidity of a compound depends on the equilibrium :
HA(aq) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)
F is the weakest acid because G, H and J each carries an electron withdrawing group (CI or
F)
G is a weaker acid than H and J, because the halogen is bonded to the, β carbon (inductive
effect decreases with increase in distance between the a withdrawing group and the COOH
group)
J is a stronger acid than H because F is more electronegative than Cl and is better electron
withdrawing group.
(In the explanation, candidates should make reference to the stability of the conjugate
bases, otherwise marks should not exceed 3.)

(ii) H3O+ / heat

(iii) (paper) chromatography / electrophoresis
(iv) Only L-alanine / only one of the enantiomers of alanine can be obtained from the
hydrolysis of protein Alanine synthesized from ethanal is a racemate / a mixture of
the enantiomers . they have different m.p.
(d) In M, all ala are linked to phe and vice versa.
Amino acid sequence
phe-ala-phe-ala-phe
ALE/CHEM/2001/PII/ANSWERS/P.6
 (ii) T has a sharp absorption peak in the wavenumber rangy from 1680 to 1750 cm-1 but
U has.not.
U has a broad absorption peak in the wavenLmber range from 3230 to 3670 cm-1 but
T has not..

(c) (i) Any FOUR of the following (iii) Any TWO of the following
phenol diabetics cannot tolerate sugar
carbonyl / ketone noncaloric sweeteners facilitate weight loss
ether /alkoxy artificial sweeteners do not promote tooth decay
alcohol / hydroxyl artificial sweeteners are hundred/thousand times
sweeter than sugar.
Acetal

ALE/CHEM/2001/PII/ANSWERS/P.7