Class-Ix Chapter-6 Lines and Angles: It Is Denoted by

CLASS-IX
CHAPTER-6 LINES AND ANGLES
(1) LINE SEGMENT : It is a line with two end points.

It is denoted by .
(2) RAY: It is a line with one end point.
It is denoted by .
(3) COLLINEAR POINTS : If three or more points lie on the same line, they are called
collinear points; otherwise they are called non – collinear points.
Non –collinear points collinear points
(4) ANGLE : It is formed when two rays originate from the same end point. The rays
which form an angle are called its arms and the end point is called the vertex of the angle.
(5) TYPES OF ANGLES:
(i) Acute angle: It is the angle whose measure is between 0ᵒ and 90ᵒ.
LCS/SM/MATHS/IX/2020-21
(ii) Right angle: It is the angle whose measure is equal to 90ᵒ.
(iii) Obtuse angle: It is the angle whose measure is greater 90ᵒ than but less than 180ᵒ.
(iv) Straight angle: It is the angle whose measure is equal to 180ᵒ.
(v) Reflex angle: It is the angle whose measure is greater 180ᵒ than but less than 360ᵒ.
(vi) Complementary angles: The two angles whose sum is 90ᵒ are known as complementary
angles. Here in the figure, the sum of angles a & b is 90ᵒ, hence these two angles are
complementary angles.
(vii) Supplementary angles: The two angles whose sum is 180ᵒ are known as supplementary
angles. For the figure shown above, sum

of the angles 45ᵒ and 135ᵒ is 180ᵒ, hence these two angles are supplementary angles.
(viii) Adjacent angles: Two angles are said to be adjacent if they have a common vertex, a
common arm and their non-common arms are on different side of the common arm.
When two angles are adjacent, then their sum is always equal to the angle formed by the two non
common arms. For the figure shown above, ∠ ABD and ∠

DBC are adjacent angles. Here, ray BD is the common arm and B is the common vertex. And ray
BA and BC are non common arms.
Here, ∠ ABC = ∠ ABD + ∠ DBC.
(ix) Linear pair of angles: When the sum of two adjacent angles is 180ᵒ, then they are called a
linear pair of angles.. For the figure shown above, ∠ ABD
and ∠ DBC are called linear pair of angles.
(x) Vertically Opposite angles: These are the angles opposite each other when two lines
intersect.
For the figure shown above, ∠ AOD and ∠ BOC are vertically opposite angles. Also, ∠ AOC
and ∠ BOD are vertically opposite angles.
(6)RESULTS BASED ON PAIR OF ANGLES:
Axiom 1: If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is 180°.
Axiom 2: If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°, then the non-common arms of the angles
form a line.
Theorem 1: If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
Proof:
Suppose AB and CD are two lines intersecting each other at point O.
Here, the pair of vertically opposite angles formed are (i) ∠ AOC and ∠ BOD (ii) ∠ AOD and
∠BOC And we need to prove that ∠ AOC = ∠ BOD and ∠ AOD = ∠ BOC.
Here, ray OA stands on line CD. Hence, ∠ AOC + ∠ AOD = 180° as per linear pair axiom.
Similarly, ∠ AOD + ∠ BOD = 180°.
On equating both, we get, ∠ AOC + ∠ AOD = ∠ AOD + ∠BOD
Thus, ∠ AOC = ∠BOD
Similarly, it can be proved that ∠AOD = ∠BOC.
(7) PARALLEL LINES AND A TRANSVERSAL:
Transversal: It is a line which intersects two or more lines at distinct points.
Here, line l intersects lines m and n at P and Q respectively. Thus, line l is transversal for
lines m and n.
(a) Exterior angles : These are the angles outside the parallel lines.
Here, ∠ 1, ∠ 2, ∠ 7 and ∠ 8 are exterior angles.
(b) Interior angles : These are the angles inside the parallel lines.
Here, ∠ 3, ∠ 4, ∠ 5 and ∠ 6 are interior angles.
(c) Corresponding angles : These are angles in the matching corners.

Here, (i) ∠ 1 and ∠ 5 (ii) ∠ 2 and ∠ 6 (iii) ∠ 4 and ∠ 8 (iv) ∠ 3 and ∠ 7 are corresponding angles.
(d) Alternate interior angles : The angles that are formed on opposite sides of
the transversal and inside the two lines are alternate interior angles.
Here, (i) ∠ 4 and ∠ 6 (ii) ∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are alternate interior angles.
(e) Alternate exterior angles : The angles that are formed on opposite sides of
the transversal and outside the two lines are alternate exterior angles.
Here, (i) ∠ 1 and ∠ 7 (ii) ∠ 2 and ∠ 8 are alternate exterior angles.
(f) Interior angles on the same side of the transversal : (i) ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 (ii) ∠ 3 and ∠ 6.They
are also known as consecutive interior angles or allied angles or co-interior angles.
Axiom 1: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding angles is
equal.
Axiom 2: If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is equal,
then the two lines are parallel to each other.
Theorem 1: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate interior
angles is equal.
Theorem 2: If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of alternate interior angles is
equal, then the two lines are parallel.
Theorem 3: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of interior angles on the
same side of the transversal is supplementary.
Theorem 4: If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of interior angles on the same
side of the transversal is supplementary, then the two lines are parallel.
(8) LINES PARALLEL TO THE SAME LINE:

Theorem 1: Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
(9) ANGLE SUM PROPERTY OF A TRIANGLE:

Theorem 1: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
Proof:
For the given triangle PQR, we need to prove that ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 =

180°.
Firstly, we will draw line XPY parallel to QR passing through P as shown in figure below.
From the figure, we can see that ∠ 4 + ∠ 1 + ∠ 5 = 180° - (1)

Here, XPY || QR and PQ, PR are transversals. So, ∠ 4 = ∠ 2 and ∠ 5 = ∠ 3 (Pairs of alternate
angles).
Substituting ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 in (1), we get, ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 = 180°.
Hence, the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
(10) EXTERIOR ANGLE PROPERTY : If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior
angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles
∠ 4 = ∠1 + ∠ 2
ASSIGNMENT
Q.1 If one of the angles of a triangle is 130°, then find the angle between the bisectors of the
other two angles.
Q.2 If an angle is 30° more than one half of its complement, find the measure of the angle?
Q.3 In the figure, if OP || RS, ∠OPQ = 110° and ∠QRS = 130°, then find ∠PQR .
Q.4 Angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:4:3. Find the smallest angle of the triangle.
Q.5 AP and BQ are the bisectors of the two alternate interior angles formed by the intersection
of a transversal t with parallel lines l and m (in the given figure). Show that AP || BQ.
Q.6 In the figure, DE || QR and AP and BP are bisectors of ∠EAB and ∠RBA, respectively. Find
∠APB.
Q.7 A ΔABC is right angled at A. L is a point on BC such that AL ⊥ BC. Prove that ∠BAL =
∠ACB.
Q.8 In the figure, ∠1 = 60° and ∠6 = 120°. Show that the lines m and n are parallel.
ART INTEGRATION IN MATHS
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CLASS-IX

CHAPTER-6 LINES AND ANGLES

(1) LINE SEGMENT : It is a line with two end points.

(2) RAY: It is a line with one end point.

Non –collinear points collinear points

(5) TYPES OF ANGLES:

(iv) Straight angle: It is the angle whose measure is equal to 180ᵒ.

angles. For the figure shown above, sum

common arms. For the figure shown above, ∠ ABD and ∠

(6)RESULTS BASED ON PAIR OF ANGLES:

(7) PARALLEL LINES AND A TRANSVERSAL:

Transversal: It is a line which intersects two or more lines at distinct points.

(c) Corresponding angles : These are angles in the matching corners.

(8) LINES PARALLEL TO THE SAME LINE:

(9) ANGLE SUM PROPERTY OF A TRIANGLE:

For the given triangle PQR, we need to prove that ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 =

From the figure, we can see that ∠ 4 + ∠ 1 + ∠ 5 = 180° - (1)

ART INTEGRATION IN MATHS

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