Network Programming Paradigm Notes

Network Programming
Paradigm
Introduction
The Network paradigm involves thinking of computing in terms of a client, who is essentially in need of some type of information,
and a server, who has lots of information and is just waiting to hand it out. Typically, a client will connect to a server and query for
certain information. The server will go off and find the information and then return it to the client.
In the context of the Internet, clients are typically run on desktop or laptop computers attached to the Internet looking for
information, whereas servers are typically run on larger computers with certain types of information available for the clients to
retrieve. The Web itself is made up of a bunch of computers that act as Web servers; they have vast amounts of HTML pages and
related data available for people to retrieve and browse. Web clients are used by those of us who connect to the Web servers and
browse through the Web pages.
Network programming uses a particular type of network communication known as sockets. A socket is a software abstraction for an
input or output medium of communication.
What is Socket?
• A socket is a software abstraction for an input or output medium of communication.
• Sockets allow communication between processes that lie on the same machine, or on different machines working in diverse
environment and even across different continents.
• A socket is the most vital and fundamental entity. Sockets are the end-point of a two-way communication link.
• An endpoint is a combination of IP address and the port number.
For Client-Server communication,
▪ Sockets are to be configured at the two ends to initiate a connection,
▪ Listen for incoming messages
▪ Send the responses at both ends
▪ Establishing a bidirectional communication.
Socket Types
Datagram Socket
• A datagram is an independent, self-contained piece of information sent over a network whose arrival, arrival time, and content
are not guaranteed. A datagram socket uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to facilitate the sending of datagrams (self-contained
pieces of information) in an unreliable manner. Unreliable means that information sent via datagrams isn't guaranteed to make it
to its destination.
Stream Socket:
• A stream socket, or connected socket, is a socket through which data can be transmitted continuously. A stream socket is more
akin to a live network, in which the communication link is continuously active. A stream socket is a "connected" socket through
which data is transferred continuously.
Socket in Python
sock_obj = socket.socket( socket_family, socket_type, protocol=0)
socket_family: - Defines family of protocols used as transport mechanism.

Either AF_UNIX, or
AF_INET (IP version 4 or IPv4).
socket_type: Defines the types of communication between the two end-points.
SOCK_STREAM (for connection-oriented protocols, e.g., TCP), or
SOCK_DGRAM (for connectionless protocols e.g. UDP).
protocol: We typically leave this field or set this field to zero.
Example:
#Socket client example in python
import socket
#create an AF_INET, STREAM socket (TCP)
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
print 'Socket Created'
Socket Creation
import socket
import sys
try:
#create an AF_INET, STREAM socket (TCP)
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
except socket.error, msg:
print 'Failed to create socket. Error code: ' + str(msg[0]) + ' , Error message : ' + msg[1]
sys.exit();
print 'Socket Created'

Client/server symmetry in Sockets applications
Socket in Python
To create a socket, we must use socket.socket() function available in the Python socket module, which has the general syntax as
follows:
S = socket.socket(socket_family, socket_type, protocol=0)
socket_family: This is either AF_UNIX or AF_INET. We are only going to talk about INET sockets in this tutorial, as they account for
at least 99% of the sockets in use.
socket_type: This is either SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM.
Protocol: This is usually left out, defaulting to 0.
Client Socket Methods

Following are some client socket methods:
connect( ) : To connect to a remote socket at an address. An address format(host, port) pair is used for AF_INET address family.
Socket in Python
Server Socket Methods
bind( ): This method binds the socket to an address. The format of address depends on socket family mentioned above(AF_INET).
listen(backlog) : This method listens for the connection made to the socket. The backlog is the maximum number of queued
connections that must be listened before rejecting the connection.
accept( ) : This method is used to accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. The
return value is a pair(conn, address) where conn is a new socket object which can be used to send and receive data on that
connection, and address is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.
General Socket in Python
sock_object.recv():
Use this method to receive messages at endpoints when the value of the protocol parameter is TCP.
sock_object.send():
Apply this method to send messages from endpoints in case the protocol is TCP.
sock_object.recvfrom():
Call this method to receive messages at endpoints if the protocol used is UDP.
sock_object.sendto():
Invoke this method to send messages from endpoints if the protocol parameter is UDP.
sock_object.gethostname():
This method returns hostname.
sock_object.close():
This method is used to close the socket. The remote endpoint will not receive data from this side.
Simple TCP Server
Simple TCP Client
Simple UDP Server
Simple UDP Client

Network Programming Paradigm Notes

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Network Programming

sock_obj = socket.socket( socket_family, socket_type, protocol=0)

socket_family: - Defines family of protocols used as transport mechanism.

print 'Socket Created'

Client Socket Methods

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