A STUDY ON CODE MIXING FOUND IN PERAHU KERTAS NOVEL

BY DEWI LESTARI

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Requirement

for the degree of Sarjana in English Education Department

Written By:
FITRI FUZI ASTUTI
SRN 13.32.2.1.003

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

ISLAMIC EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUT OF SURAKARTA
2017

i
 ADVISORS SHEET

Subject: Thesis of Fitri Fuzi Astuti

SRN: 13.32.2.1.003
To:
The Dean of Islamic Education,
and Teacher Training Faculty
IAIN Surakarta
In Surakarta
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading throughly and giving necessary advices, herewith, as the
advisors, we state that the thesis of
Name : Fitri Fuzi Astuti
SRN : 13.32.2.1.003
Title : A Study on Code Mixing Found in Perahu Kertas Novel by Dewi
Lestari
has already fulfilled the requirements to be presented before The Board of Examiners
(munaqosyah) to gain Bachelor Degree in English Education Department.
Thank you for the attention.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

ii
 RATIFICATION

This is to certify the Sarjana thesis entitled “A Study on Code Mixing Found in

Perahu Kertas Novel by Dewi Lestari” by Fitri Fuzi Astuti has been approved by the

Board of Thesis Examiners as the requirement for the degree of Sarjana in English

Education Department.

Chairman : SF. Luthfie Arguby Purnomo, S.S., M.Hum

NIP. 19820906 200604 1 006

Secretary : Kurniawan, S.S., M.Hum

NIP. 19820906 200604 1 006

Main Examiner : Nur Asiyah, M.A

NIP. 19810426 201101 2004

Surakarta, February 06th 2017

iii
 DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

1. My beloved parents

2. My beloved brother

3. My beloved friends

4. My Beloved almamater

IAIN Surakarta.

iv
 MOTTO

So, Verily, With Every Difficulty, There is Relief:

Verily, With Every Difficulty There is a Relief.

(Q.S. Al-Insyirah: 5-6)

There are no problems, only challenges

v
 PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Fitri Fuzi Astuti

SRN : 13.32.2.1.003

Study Program : English Education

Faculty : Islamic Education and Teacher Training Faculty

I hereby sincerely state that the thesis titled ”A study on Code Mixing Found in

Perahu Kertas Novel by Dewi Lesatri” is my real masterpiece. The things out of my

masterpiece in this thesis are signed by citation and referred in the bibliography.

If later proven that my thesis has discrepancies, I am willing to take the academic

sanctions in the form of repealing my thesis and academic degree.

Surakarta, February 6th 2017

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, all praises be to Allah, the single power, the Lord of the

universe, master of the day of judgment, God all mighty, for all blessing and mercies

so the researcher was able to finish this thesis entitled “A Study on Code Mixing

Found in Perahu Kertas Novel”. Peace be upon Prophet Muhammad SAW, the great

leader and good inspiration of world revolution.

The researcher is sure that this thesis would not be completed without the

helps, supports, and suggestions from several sides. Thus, the researcher would like

to express her deepest thanks to all of those who had helped, supported, and

suggested her during the process of writing this thesis. This goes to:

1. Dr. Mudhofir, M.Ag as the rector of the State Islamic Institute of Surakarta

2. Dr. H. Giyoto, M.Hum as the dean of Islamic Education and Teacher Training

Faculty and as the proof reader of this thesis for his guidance, correction, time and

helping to correct the data .

3. Dr. Imroatus Sholikhah, M.Pd as the head of English Education Department.

4. Kurniawan, S.S., M.Hum as the advisor for his guidance, precious advices,

correction, time, motivation and helping revise the mistake during the entire

process of writing this thesis. Thank you so much.

5. For all lecturers in English Education Department of The State Islamic Institute of

Surakarta who had delivered useful and meaningful knowledge and education

during she studied in this university.

vii
6. For researcher’s parents Ibu Sri Hartati, Alm. Iis Susilawati. Ayah Syariful Alam.

Her grandmother (Sri Munarti). Additionally, thanks to her brother (Much. Eko

Fauzi) who always motivates the researcher to finish this thesis as soon as

possible.

7. For her beloved family, her Uncles (E.Surya Purnama, Budianto Aspari) and her

aunts (Sri Haryati and Cucu Laila Sari). Additionally, her cousins (Harum Sri

Purwati, Sahadat W, M.Istiqmal, M.Firdaus, M.R Fadilah) who always motivate

the researcher to finish this thesis as soon as possible.

8. A Class thanks for the friendship.

9. Calon Orang Sukses, Thanks for the friendship.

10. Putri Ayu Lestari and Alfian Hadyan Noor, Thanks for supporting the researcher.

11. Sulastriyani, Eisha Jamila, Tyar Rifani, Fina Zakiya and Vina as the roommates

in the boarding house, thanks for all kindness

12. All her beloved friends from English Education Department, thanks for

supporting and guiding the researcher.

The researcher realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. The

researcher hopes that this thesis is useful for the researcher in particular and the

reader in general.

Surakarta, January 2017

The researcher,

Fitri Fuzi Astuti

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER ..................................................................................................... i

ADVISORS SHEET ................................................................................. ii

RATIFICATIONS .................................................................................... iii

DEDICATION .......................................................................................... iv

MOTTO .................................................................................................... v

PRONOUNCEMENT .............................................................................. vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................ ix

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. xii

LIST OF TABLE....................................................................................... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1

A. Background of Study .............................................. 1

B. Limitation of Problem ............................................ 8

C. Problem Statements ................................................. 9

D. Purpose of The Study .............................................. 9

E. The Benefits of Study ............................................. 9

F. Definition of the Key Terms ................................... 10

CHAPTER II. THEORITICAL REVIEW .......................................... 11

A. Sociolinguistics ........................................................ 11

1. Definition of Sociolinguistics ........................... 12

ix
 2. Scope of Sociolinguistics.................................. 14

B. Bilingualism ............................................................. 17

1. Definition of Bilingualism ................................ 18

2. Types of Bilingualism ...................................... 19

C. Code ......................................................................... 21

1. The Definition of Code ...................................... 22

2. The Definition of Code Switching..................... 23

3. The Definition of Code Mixing ......................... 24

4. Levels of Code Mixing ...................................... 26

5. Factors of Code Mixing ..................................... 28

6. Perahu Kertas Novel ......................................... 31
D. Biography of The Author ........................................ 35

E. Intrinsic Elements of The Novel ............................. 36

F. The Previous of The Study ...................................... 39

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................... 42

A. Research Design ..................................................... 42

B. Data and Source of data .......................................... 42

C. Research Instrument ................................................ 43

D. Technique of Collecting Data .................................. 44

E. Technique of Data Analysis..................................... 46

F. The Trustworthiness of the Data ............................. 48

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............ 49

x
 A. Research Findings .................................................... 49

B. Discussion ................................................................ 131

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................ 132

A. Conclusion ............................................................... 132

B. Suggestion ................................................................ 133

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................... 134

APPENDICES ......................................................................................... 137

xi
 ABSTRACT

Fitri Fuzi Astuti. 2017. A Study on Code Mixing Found in Perahu Kertas Novel by
Dewi Lestari. Thesis. English Education Department, Islamic Education and Teacher
Training Faculty.

Advisor : Kurniawan, S.S., M.Hum

Key Words : sociolinguistics, code mixing, novel.

This research is sociolinguistic study of code mixing in Perahu Kertas Novel.

The research problem are (1) what are levels of code mixing found in Perahu Kertas
novel, (2) what are factors of code mixing used in Perahu Kertas nove. The objective
of this study are finding out the levels of code mixing used by the characters of
Perahu Kertas Novel and to explain the factors of using code mixing in Perahu
Kertas Novel.

The research uses descriptive qualitative research. The main research

instrument is the researcher herself. Techniques of collecting data are (1) reading
whole novel until the end, (2) collecting the data, the data are purposive data in the
forms of word, phrase, clause, repetition of word, idiom, and baster. (3) classifying
into seven levels of code mixings. (4) reducing the data which has been selected
based on the levels in the theory, it involves the process of selecting and focusing the
raw data into refined data. The researcher uses content analysis which focuses on
analyzing levels and factors of code mixing in Perahu Kertasnovel with Suwito and
Suandi’s Theories.

This research finds six levels of code mixing in Perahu Kertas novel. Those
are word level, phrase level, clause level, baster level, reduplication level, idiom
level.The dominant level of code mixing is word level. The research also finds factors
of code mixing. Those are code usage limitation, popular term, speaker and speaker
character, conversation partner, domicile and time of conversation, conversation
modus, topic, function and aim, types and language speech level, third speaker, main
topic, humor, and prestigious. The dominant factor is function and aim. The
researcher also finds the relation between novel, character, characterization and code
mixing usage. Code mixing happens because of the characters have some
characterization influences code mixing. Those are humorist, prestigious, and acquire
more than on language. The character who has prestigious, high level life style,
modern characterization produce code mixing in a level of clause and phrase.
Character who has simple and humorist characterization produce code mixing in
word level.
xii
 LIST OF TABLE

Table 1.Levels of Code Mixing Theory .................................................... 26

Table 2.Factors of Code Mixing Theory ..................................................... 28

Table 3. Levels of Code Mixing ................................................................. 50

xiii
 LIST OF APPENDICES

The data validity of Code Mixing Levels and Factors ................................ 138

Cover of Perahu Kertas Novel .................................................................... 164

xiv
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is a tool of culture interaction, not only information exchange.

Information exchange is the function of language (Bolinger in Giyoto, 2013:9).

Walfarm in Giyoto (2013: 9) says that there is direct causal relation between

different variation of language and social difference. Language and society

influenced each other and determine in meaning that a certain language

variation shows a certain social status and social status determines language

variation (Giyoto, 2013: 9). A speaker also will inevitably give off signals

concerning his or her social and personal background (Mesthrie et. al., 2004: 6).

Language entwined with human existence, it is part of the definition of social

group (Susan Gal in Mesthrie et. al., 2004: 6). It can be meant that language and

societies are influenced each other.

The study between language and society called sociolinguistics.

Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society, speak

differently in different social context, concerned with identifying the social

functions of language and the way it is used to convey social meaning,

examining the way people use language in different social contexts provides a

wealth of information about the way language works, as well as about the social

relationship in a community (Holmes, 1992: 1). According to Sumarsono and

1
 2

Partana (2004: 2) sociolinguistics is the study about language related to the

condition of the society (learned by sociology), Pride and Holmes says that the

study of language as part of culture and society. Fishman in Sumarsono and

Partana (2004: 2) change the definition of sociolinguitics:

“The sociology of language focuses upon the entire gamut of topics

related to the social organization of language behavior, including not only
language usage per se, but also language attitudes, overt behavior toward
language and language users”.

Penalosa (1981) says that sociolinguistics is the study of the distribution of

specific features of linguist structure by identifiable social categories, while

D.Hymes ( in Giyoto, 2013) says sociolinguistics refers to the use of language

and analyzed to the study of sociology and language or refers to the data of the

society and analyzed to linguistics. It means that language for society and

society for language. When people are doing a conversation, they use more than

one language. In this kind of situation they sometimes speak by mixing

languages or codes.

A code is a language, a variety of a style of language. A code is a class

specific language variation, especially for different strategies of verbal

planning. In conversation, a code is a rule of converting a piece of information

(for example, a letter, word or phrase) into another form (Ajibola, 2011: 17).

Code mixing is the use of two or more languages by inserting pieces of

language to another while the pieces are inserted do not have their function,

Rohmadi (2004: 60). Code mixing happens in bilingual or generally in

 3

multilingual. It is found when the speakers mix two languages or more to

achieve their purposes. Sometimes, the speaker uses two or more languages to

state their though, instruction, message, or experience in order to the readers or

the listeners can receive what the speakers said. It is caused by the situation that

demands language mixing and by the habitual of the speakers become one of

the backgrounds of code mixing usage. People sometimes switch or mix code

within a domain or social situation, speaker may similarly switch or mix

another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with

addressee, even speakers who are not very proficient in a second language may

use brief phrases and words for the purpose (Holmes, 1992: 41). It means that

Code mixing and switching are not only a matter of mixing two particular

languages, speakers also required to acquire sophisticated knowledge of both

languages cross-cultural communication norms.

Wardaugh (1986: 103) states that code mixing is the use of two

languages together by the conversant to the extent that they change from one

language to the other in the course of a single utterance. Code mixing has

become a worldwide phenomenon, which is very interesting to study and

analyze. It is also deals with language change. In a language, changing takes

place overtime. All living languages have changed and continue to change. In

the other sides, code mixing caused by every people in a society has certain

character in every situation where every character has certain norms (Bell in

Giyoto, 2013: 65). Code Mixing usually happens because of special purposes
 4

such as for an identity and solidarity (Olivera in Giyoto, 2013: 65). The

changing to another within the same utterances or the same oral written texts, it

is a common phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages are used

(Woon Yen Hoo, 2007). Code mixing is the most important features and well-

studied speech processes in multilingual communities (Shorgen, 2002: 22).

While Code Switching is one switch from one code to other while

speaking, the situation dictates the use of language (Tarjana, 2009: 7). And it is

a language switching because of situation changing (Appel in Chaer, 2010:

107) from formal situation to informal situation (Nababan, 1991: 31). Different

from Hymes (in Chaer, 2010: 107) who says that code switching not only

happen between languages, but also happened by the variations and styles in

language. For example the use of code mixing in the statement “nanti kita ada

meeting tentang proyek baru. And the use of code switching in the statement

“kamu mau kemana hari ini?” then the hearer answer “I don’t know exactly. I

don’t have any idea. So, code mixing is the inserting of other language, while

code switching is the switch from one language to other.

People who can master more than one language named bilingual or

multilingual society. Haugen (1957: 7) suggests that bilingualism happens

when the speaker who masters more than one language can produce words

completely, can produce meaningful utterance in the other languages. People

determine their selves to choose the suitable code when they are speaking.

Trudgill (1992: 16) states that code mixing is the process where speaker
 5

indulges in code switching between language of such rapidity and sensitively

even within sentence and phrases that are not possible to say of any given time

which language they are speaking. Code mixing must reconcile what they hear

and what they understand (Shorgen, 2002: 22).

In the other hand, Ohoiwutun (1997: 71) differentiates the reasons why

people using code mixing in two motives. The first is need filling motive, it is

kind of a motive when speakers cannot find the words that have similar

meaning in their languages. The second is prestige filling motive, it is a kind of

motive which is chosen by the speakers to appear the prestige. When the

speaker speaks to other, they want to show that something, person, or events is

in a higher class. People code because of preference of English (Shorgen, 2002:

29). The mixtures which also are used in written media have a purpose for

attracting the readers (Suwito: 1985). English becomes the most popular

language in people daily conversation especially teenagers and the result of the

previous research says that by mixing code English into Indonesian Language

into other languages, it is expected that the listeners can understand the message

clearly. It is more complete when the future research will discuss about code

mixing in another mass media communication.

This means understanding English is very important and interesting. It

also can be seen many people prefer to speak English in their own languages

and in some cases it makes them feel proud to acquire it. Besides, the

phenomenon of code mixing can be found in novel, newspaper, magazine,

 6

radio, and other media. This research takes novel as tool to know and to explain

code mixings in it because novel by teenlit genre usually becomes best seller,

sometimes people or teenagers who read it don’t not realize that they are

learning about code mixing when they are reading the content of it. Besides,

actually Perahu Kertas is not only published in a kind of novel, but also it in a

movie. But the researcher more interested to analyze the novel because of the

ability of the author in using more than one language which showed as

multilingual society and the original of the story from the author is still keeping

well. The examples of using code mixing are written bellow. It takes from

Perahu Kertas novel, the example is: “No problem, seru kok ngobrol sama

Ludge. Pintar dan banyak kejutan” (Lestari, 2009: 233).

The sentence above is in chapter 26 with the tittle Lembaran Baru. The

code mixing that is used by the writer in this sentence is the words no problem

in people daily life it is familiar to use, even there many Indonesian use this

words in their expressions. The word no problem is easily found in expressing

apologizing. It is meant to show the feeling condition where the speakers give

an apologizing. In Indonesian language, the word no problem can be translated

as tidak apa-apa or tidak masalah, but the society refers to use no problem than

translate to Indonesian language. It can be believed that most of the readers of

this novel know the meaning of this phrase. In this research, the analysis

focused on Indonesian-English code mixing of Perahu Kertas novel by Dewi

Lestari. Perahu Kertas novel is one of novels that are written in Indonesian
 7

language. It is written by Dewi Lestari. The characters in the novel often mix

their Indonesian language with English and other local language.

The use of English by Indonesian is often found in the language by

teenagers. This matter can be seen through the writing of the stories used teenlit

genre, where the English is often particularly mixing the sentences or utterances

used in the novel. The writer expresses her or his written work by using one of

the language phenomenon as has been shown above, is code mixing. The

examples of code mixing that are found in Perahu Keras novel are:

1. Kamu baru jogging? Tumben rajin. (Lestari, 2009: 26)

2. It’s so simple, Nan (Lestari, 2009: 152)

3. Bukannya itu nggak matching? (Lestari, 2009: 37)

4. Jangan jadikan adik kita kelinci percobaan fashion-mu, oke? (Lestari,

2009: 249)

The examples above, there are some insertions of English into

Indonesian sentences. It is found that there are some types of code mixings used

as in those examples. The first is the use of word jogging included into the

types of word expression level. The second is the use of it’s so simple included

into the types of code mixings of clause level. The third is the use of matching

included the types of code mixings of word level. The fourth is the use of code

mixing of fashion-mu included into the types of code mixings of baster level.

In this study is limited to the code mixing on the novel written by Dewi Lestary

under the tittle Perahu Kertas. The researcher conducts the study on code
 8

mixing used by the characters of Perahu Kertas novel. It is interesting for the

researcher to analyze this novel. The researcher concerns on the process of

mixings the codes of English into Indonesian language used by the characters

of the novel. The researcher is really motivated to conduct a research entitled A

STUDY ON CODE MIXING FOUND IN PERAHU KERTAS NOVEL BY

DEWI LESTARI.

B. Limitation of the problem

This research focuses in analyzing Indonesian-English code mixing in

Perahu Kertas novel by Dewi Lestari. Because of the writer’s knowledge in

English, this novel is written with code mixing inside it. Those code mixings

can be found in Perahu Kertas novel are Indonesian-English code mixing and

local code mixing. From those code mixings, the researcher takes Indonesian-

English code mixing to be analyzed. Those Indonesian-English codes mixing

are written in italic font by the researcher. It is important to focus on it since

English is the first international language the researcher supposes that the most

readers who read this novel certainly understand what the codes mean. The data

are collected only from Perahu Kertas novel.

 9

C. Statements of The Problem

The main problems of this research are to analyze Indonesian code

mixing in Perahu Kertas novel. The problems of the study can be formulated as

follows:

1. What are levels of code mixing used in Perahu Kertas novel?

2. What are factors of code mixing found in Perahu Kertas novel?

D. Purpose of the Study

1. To find out the levels of code mixing in Perahu Kertas novel.

2. To explain the factors of code mixing in Perahu Kertas novel?

E. The Benefit of the Study

The researcher expects that this research would give some benefits for

the readers. The user of this research is not only for linguist’s community, but

also other people, especially Indonesian teenagers who use code mixing in their

daily communication. The result of this study is expected to give two kinds of

benefits. The benefits of this study are as follow:

1. Theoretical benefits.

The result of this study can be used as additional knowledge to improve the

ability of code mixing. It will influence students to study linguistics,

sociolinguistics, and especially about code mixing. Besides, this code can
 10

be additional knowledge that code mixing also can be found in the novel

and another media.

2. Practical benefit.

The result of this study can be as a reference for students, and other

researchers who are interested in analyzing and developing study about

code mixing. It can be used as additional reference and information in

using better utterances.

F. Definition of Key Terms

In this research, there are some keywords used in the research.

1. Sociolinguistics explores language in relation to society. This means that it

is concerned with language as used for communication amongst different

social groups of people in different social situations (Georgieva, 2014: 3)

2. Code mixing refers to embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes,

words, phrases, and clauses that participants what is intended, must

reconcile what they hear with what they understand (Shorgen, 2002: 21).

3. Bilingualism is pressed to the use of language in social context, not from

getting language, the existence of language, or the attitude of the language

and the using of it (Giyoto, 2013: 60).

4. Perahu Kertas is an Indonesian novel written by Dewi Lestari published in

2009.
 CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL REVIEW

A. Sociolinguistics

People use language in form of speaking, listening, writing, or reading.

Language implies attention to the way language is played out in societies in its

full range of functions (Mesthrie, et. al., 2004: 6). Because of that, people

action varieties are related to language becomes the study about sociology of

language, the sociology of language emphasizes to the aspects of using

language and the attitude of using language (Fishman in Padeta, 1987: 2). From

the explanation, the terminology of sociology of language since 1960 becomes

new terminology. It is sociolinguistics (Pateda, 1987:2). Sociolinguistics is

inter-discipliner knowledge. It is formed by sociology and linguistics. In

sociolinguistics, the word socio is the main aspect and the general characteristic

of the study. Whereas, linguistics has social characteristics because of language

has social characteristics also, those are language and its structure only can

develop in a certain society. In this case the social aspect has special

characteristic, for example specific social characteristic and sound of language

related to phoneme, morpheme, word, compound word, and sentence (Suhardi

and et. al., 1995: 2)

Bram and Dickey (in Ohoiwutun 2002: 9) say that this sociolinguistics

study focuses on how language functioned in a society, they also say that

11
 12

sociolinguistics explain human’s ability in using language rules accurately in

situation which has many variations. In the same definition, Nababan (1991: 2)

says that sociolinguistics is a study related to language user as the member of

society which studies and discusses about the aspects of language in a society,

especially language variations related to social factors. Besides, sociolinguistics

also related to an individual because of the element which usually emerges is

involved to individual as the causing of individual function as social creature.

This case is an linguistics opportunity which has social characteristic to involve

to the society effect to language and the language effect to the function and the

development of the society as the result of on both sides from the social

elements in different aspects (Suhardi and et. al., 1995: 2) and (Coulmas, 1998)

defines that sociolinguistics is the relationship of speech to social status, the

correlation between language use and social structure.

1. The Definition of Sociolinguistics

An analysis on sociolinguistics approach is used by the researcher

to carry out this research. The researcher starts from approach.

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies something

particularly significant between language and social community

(Wardaugh: 1998). Richard (1985: 15) states that “approach is how

languages are learned dealing with language variety and their user within a

social framework. While Kliment (2014) says that sociolinguistics explores

language in relation to society. Criper and Windowson in Giyoto (2013:8)

 13

say that sociolinguistics study is a language in usage. The aim is to show

the relation of language convention with other aspects from culture. This

means that it is concerned with language which used for communication

among different social groups of people in different social situation.

When sociolinguistics studies about the relation between language

and society (Coulmas, 1998: 5), other terminology of sociolinguistics

(H.curee in pateda, 1987: 2) differentiates between sociolinguistics and

sociology of language. Sociolinguistics focuses on the use of language by

individuals in social context. Meanwhile, the sociology of language focuses

on the varieties of languages as the effect of social levels in the society.

Other sides say that sociolinguistics should be defined as a study of the

characteristics of language and the variations of language related to the

users and the function in the society (Kridalaksana in Pateda, 1987: 2). In

the same perspective, (Chaer and Agustina, 2014: 2) state that

sociolinguistics is inter-discipliner between sociology and linguistics which

have close relation. To know about sociolinguistics, it needs to know about

the sociology and linguistics. Sociology explains how society is formed

and linguistics explains about language. It means that sociolinguistics is a

study of inter-discipline which explains about language and its relation to

the using of language in society. And Nababan (in Padmadewi, Merlyna,

and Saputra, 2014: 1) states that sociolinguistics studies and discusses

about the aspects of language society, especially the variation related to

 14

social factor. It inferred that sociolinguistics focuses the on the use of

language by individuals in social context. Meanwhile, the sociology of

language focuses the on the varieties of languages as the effect of social

levels in the society.

Then, (Hickerson in Chaer, 2014: 4) states that sociolinguistics is a

developing subfield of linguistics which takes speech variation as its focus,

viewing variation or it social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with

the correlation between such social factors and linguistics variations. From

the definitions, Chaer (2014: 4) inferred that sociolinguistics is a part of

linguistics study which has inter-discipliner characteristic with sociology.

The object of the study is focused on the relation between languages to

social factors in society. From the explanation above, it can be inferred

that sociolinguistics is a study between language and society. It included to

the use of language, the variation of language, the attitude of society to

language, and the function of language in society.

2. Scope of Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics interested in explaining why people speak

differently in different social context. Sociolinguists are classified into two

types. Those are micro sociolinguistics and macro sociolinguistics written

bellow:

a. Micro Sociolinguistics
 15

Micro sociolinguistics is the study about the language relation

structure and social in the levels of face to face interaction (Giyoto,

2013: 43). Sociolinguistics is the study with the components of face to

face interaction which related or influenced by the formal language

structure and element outside language. Those elements related to

personal, situation, the function of interaction, topic, message, and

channel. It is related to small group (Pateda, 1987: 5). Tripp in Giyoto

(2013: 43) says that micro sociolinguistics related to the effort to relate

the characteristics of language or the variation of language to the

characteristics of communication or the situation of communication

(Giyoto, 2013: 43). And how social structure influences the way

people talk and how language varieties and patterns of use correlate

with social attributes (Coulmas, 1998: 5).

Besides, Fishman (1974: 242) states that micro sociolinguistics

concerns on the study the in specific communities with the scope of

discussion such as the behavior towards; language, register, speech act,

and speech style. Micro sociolinguistics analyses, in which the

emphasis is on the individual in small informal intra-group

interactions, it includes to speech act, register not dialect (Tarjana,

2009; 2). If the discussion is about little thing, even narrow it’s called

micro sociolinguistics Sumarsono and Partana (2004: 14).

b. The Macro of Sociolinguistics.

 16

Fishman (1974: 242) says that macro sociolinguistics is the

study of sociolinguistics on language history and development in the

scope of society in general. To support the definition of macro

sociolinguistics, it needs to know about the differences between

language and sociology. According to Sumarsono and Partana (2004:

5) describe that sociology explains about social structure, social

organization, the relationship between societies and societies actions.

Language is a necessary of every human group (Penalosa, 1981: 2).

From the explanation above it can be meant that language and society

cannot be separated.

If the discussion is about large scale, it is called macro

sociolinguistics (Sumarsono and Partana, 2014: 14). Other linguist

says that macro sociolinguistics is a kind of sociolinguistics analyses in

which the locus of investigation is interaction at the large inter-group

level: to the extent of studying nations and states in contact, linguistics

features fall together under dialect, most linguistics variables will be

found under dialect in broad sense (Tarjana (2009: 2). And it also said

by Pateda (1987: 5) which macro sociolinguistic is related to language

attitude and social structure. And also what societies do with their

language (Coulmas, 1998: 5).

The definition of micro sociolinguistics and macro

sociolinguistics above, which is explained by Fishman (1974: 242) the

 17

researcher emphasizes that micro sociolinguistics can be inferred that

it deals with the use of language in certain society, it means that the

analysis here included to micro sociolinguistics, because code mixing

occurs within certain group of society in Perahu Kertas novel.

B. Bilingualism

Bilingualism like something usual for every people, people use more

than one language when they are doing conversation with their addressee

becomes habitual to use. Worlds’ population is bilingual (Grosjean in Mesthrie

et. al., 2004: 39), and one of the widespread and the most of all linguistic

phenomena (Penalosa, 1891: 109). “The practice of alternatively using two

languages will be called bilingualism, and the persons involved bilingual.

Unless otherwise specified all remarks about bilingualism apply as well to

multilingualism, the practice of using alternately three more languages”

(Weinrich in Beardsmore, 1982: 2). While Tarjana (2009: 6) defines that

bilingualism is a situation in which a community uses two languages in daily

life. And bilingual is one who has a perfect control over more than one

language (Francis in Tarjana, 2009: 6). Those who speak two languages called

bilingual (Penalosa, 1981: 109).

1. The Definition of Bilingualism

 18

Many people in the world who use more than two languages

(Coulmas, 1998: 205), the terminology of bilingualism related to the use of

two languages or two language codes (Chaer and Agustina, 2010: 84). It is

also said by Ohoiwutun (2002: 66) the use of two languages or more called

bilingualism, and those who speak two languages called bilingual

(Penalosa, 1981: 109). Bilingualism will be used as general term for the

use of two or more languages in a society (Mesthrie et. al., 2004: 39). In

the same definition, other also says that bilingualism is related to the use of

two languages or more. She also says that bilingualism is a form of

language contact which has relative meaning and terminology. It is not

only related to the use of two languages, but also included to the ability of

speaker to use more than one language (Hartanti, 2014: 11). By

sociolinguistics, it is meant that bilingualism is the use of two languages by

user with the interaction.

The phenomenon of bilingualism stated by Suandi (2014: 12) is

appeared from two groups of language user which has different languages

and the interaction produces more than one language. While other says that

bilingualism is not system of language phenomenon, but it is language use

phenomenon, it means that the use of language by turns (Mackey in

Suandi, 2014: 12). According to Haugan (in Padmadewi, Merlyna, and

Saputra, 2014: 52) says that bilingualism is the ability to produce utterance,

meaningful in other languages. Bloomfield (in Padmadewi, Merlyna, and

 19

Saputra, 2014: 52) states that bilingualism is the situation when people

masters two languages with the same value and also as people habitual

when they are doing conversation with using more than one language

(Nababan, 1991: 27). Padmadewi, Merlyna, and Saputra (2014: 57) define

that bilingualism is a usual phenomenon caused by language contact which

includes people to acquire more than one language, particularly in bilingual

or multilingual society. It can be inferred that bilingualism is a

phenomenon in social where the society use and master more than one

language.

2. Types of Bilingualism

According to Suandi (2014: 19) there are four types of

bilingualism:

a. Balanced Bilingualism, means that the ability to acquire balance

language from one to other.

b. Dominant Bilingualism refers to the ability to acquire one language

more dominant than other language.

c. Simultaneous Bilingualism refers to children who studied two

languages at the same time, from childhood.

d. Successive Bilingualism means that society learns two languages in

the same time when he or she learns first language.

Other linguists, (Padmadewi, Merlyna, and Saputra, 2014: 53) state

that there are six types of bilingualism:

 20

a. Bilingualism based on age

It means that if it happens in childhood (early bilingualism) and

happens in adolescence (late bilingualism).

b. Bilingualism based on context means that because of the environment.

If children speak without structure, it will be natural bilingualism or

primary bilingualism (Houtson in Padmadewi, Merlyna, and Saputra,

2014: 53).

c. Bilingualism based on mark and meaning consideration

It means this bilingualism depends on how user relate between mark

and meaning. There are some types of bilingualism related its types.

Hoffman (in Padmadewi, Merlyna, and Saputra, 2014: 54) state those

are subordinate bilingualism, coordinate bilingualism, and compound

bilingualism.

d. Bilingualism based on steps and factors divided into four

Those are incipient bilingualism as the beginning of bilingualism to

children when they learn mother tongue. Ascendant bilingualism is

shows people ability to acquire more than one language. Recessive

bilingualism if there is a decrease. Then additive bilingualism is other

language additional besides using first language to add knowledge,

cognitive and children linguistics. Substractive bilingualism when

there is a mutation of children language.

e. Bilingualism based on speaker competence

 21

This means speaker competence is brilliant and be able to use two

languages perfectly. This is called perfect bilingualism, true

bilingualism and ambilingualism.

f. Bilingualism based on the use and the function

This is seen by the use and the function in society. The use included to

four language skills such as listening, reading, writing and speaking.

From those aspects, it classified into productive bilingualism which

refers to the ability of speaking and understanding two languages by

reading and writing. And then receptive bilingualism caused by the

ability to acquire more than one language by informal speaking.

C. Code

People do conversation actually they send codes to their addressee. This

coding pass through the process which happened to the speaker and hearer, and

it should be understood by both of them. If the speaker understands what the

code is, then he or she will take a decision and act appropriate to what he or she

should do. The actions can be making a decision to continue the conversation or

repeat the statement (Pateda, 1987: 83). Code refers to a variety of language. It

can be referred to any kind of system that two or more people employ for

communication (Wardhaugh, 1986: 86). Code is a term for any variety of

language, usually stressing the linguistic rules that underpin the variety

(Mesthrie, 2000: 490 in Handita).

 22

1. The Definition of Code

Code is also phenomenon in multilingual society. Wardaugh (1986:

99) code is the particular dialect or language one chooses to use in any

occasion, a system used for communication between two or more

parties. Communication itself can make longer people life expectancy. It

means that it is impossible to life without any communication. A good

communication has a key which understood by speakers and addressee.

Therefore, people are usually forced to select a particular code whenever

they choose to speak, and they may decide to switch from one code to

another or to mix codes. According to Rahardi (2010: 17) states that code

is a speech system which its language elements applied has characteristics

appropriate to the background, speaker, and speaker’s relation with

addressee in speech situation. Rahardi also says that code is language

variation marked by the main elements of language related to phonology,

morphology, syntax, and lexicon in discourse.

From the definition above, it can be concluded that code is language

variation which has certain characteristics related to background of speech,

speaker, the relation between speaker and addressee in the situation of

speech. Code also can be said as any kind of communication system. When

the addressee understands speaker’s code, they will make a decision to

continue conversation and repeat the statement.

2. The Definition of Code Switching

 23

Bilingual speakers made choices between different language, they

use one language on certain purposes and another language on others

(Mesthrie, et. al., 2004: 165). Code Switching is one switches from one

code to other while speaking, the situation dictates the use of language

(Tarjana, 2009: 7). And it is a language switching because of situation

changing (Appel in Chaer, 2010: 107) from formal situation to informal

situation (Nababan, 1991: 31). Different from Hymes (in Chaer, 2010: 107)

who says that code switching not only happen between languages, but also

happened by the variations and styles in language. Wardaugh (in

Padmadewi, Merlyna, and Saputra, 2014: 64) states that code switching as

a changing from one code to other or mix a code in one brief utterance and

from new utterance. And also used by who occupied high social status in

the community (Ranamal and Bokmal in Mesthrie et. al., 2004: 165). Other

says that code switching happens caused by language contact and

dependence each other (Padmadewi, Merlyna, and Saputra, 2014: 64).

Other linguist says that code switching is the use of language

variation to do adaptation with other situation, or because of other

participants (Kridalaksana in Suandi, 2014: 133). Code switching also is a

switching from one dialect of language to other dialect (Ohoiwutun,

2002:71(. Then it can be meant that code switching refers to the use of

more than one language situation or more variation from one language in

conversation (Suandi, 2014: 113). According to the definition above, it can

 24

be meant that code switching is a changing of codes caused by language

contact and dependence each other. Besides, code switching also is the

variations of code which switches one language to other to make addressee

from different background understand about the conversation. The

discussion of code switching here is presented as a complementary theory

and will not be discussed further in the next chapter since this research

does not include switching in its analysis.

3. The Definition of Code Mixing

Talking about code switching it usually followed by code mixing,

because it is a phenomenon which happened in bilingual or multilingual

society. This phenomenon is formed by the use of elements from a certain

language in other sentence. Means that code mixing is the use of more

languages or codes in discourse which has no clear patterns (Ohoiwutun:

2002, 69). This kind of phenomenon is quite difficult to be differentiated,

because it almost has similar characteristics (Chaer and Agustina, 2014:

114). Code mixing is a code which is used, has a function and its

autonomy. Code mixing is like code switching that only the frequency is

high and often involves words only (Tarjana, 2009: 7). While other codes

which is influenced in conversation is only a pieces of insertion other

language (Chaer and Agustina, 2014: 114). If someone uses a word or a

phrase from one language, it means he or she is doing code mixing Fasold

in Chaer and Agustina (2014: 115).

 25

Wardhaugh (1986: 103) explains that “code mixing occurs when

conversant uses both languages at the same time to show that they change

from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. And

Nababan (1991: 32) says that it is a mixing of two or more language or

language variation in speech act or discourse without something in using

language situation which demands the speaker, it is only because of

informal and speaker habitual. Suandi (2014: 139) also states that code

mixing is language changing by multilingual society, and it is caused by

situation changing. Other states that code mixing is process whereby

speakers indulge in code switching between language of such rapidity and

density, even within sentences and phrases, that it is not really possible to

say at any given time which language they are speaking (Trudgill, 1992:

10). It seems from the explanation that language used in conversation is

difficult to detect. The use of two languages or more does not deal with the

change of situation, topic, and participant. It can be meant from the

definition that code mixing is code variation which other language

insertion in one utterance when speaking, use two languages, caused by

informal situation, and habitual of multilingual society.

4. Levels of Code Mixing

 26

According to Suwito (1988: 92-94) differentiates kinds of code

mixing in the forms of word, phrase, baster, repetition word, idiom and

clause.

No Levels of Definition of Code Mixing Example of

Code Mixing Code Mixing
1. Word level Word is the smallest unit of ”Tapi teks ini

language consists of a catchy banget,

morpheme or more than a bos”.

morpheme

2. Phrase Level Phrase is grammatical “nah, yang

analysis to refer to a single satu lagi

element of structure typically formatnya

containing more than one buku seni,

words, and lacking the bentuknya

subject and predicate coffee table

structure typical of clauses. book”.

Phrase insertion here a

sequence of words which is

semantically and often

syntactically restricted, and

functioning as a single unit

3. Clause Level Clause is a unit of ” kamu tahu

 27

grammatical organization kan kalo aku

tuh sibuk, I just
smaller than the sentence,
want to
but larger than the phrases,
concern on my
words or morphemes and target.

clause having a subject and

predicate. Some clauses are

independent, so they can

stand themselves as

sentence or may appear

within sentence as

grammatically complete

statements. Other clauses

are dependent, they cannot

stand themselves and

therefore the meaning upon

the reminder or the sentence

in which they appear.

4. Baster Level Baster is a combination of ” emang

two elements and creates one kadang

meaning, the form of baster mendingan

basically forms of English nge-date pake

 28

and there is an addition of sepeda

Indonesian slang affixation or kumbang

vice versa. daripada Fiat

kuning itu

5. Repetition Repetition word is a word ”morning,

Word or formed because of words morning guys”.

Reduplication reduplication.

Word Level

6. Idiom Level Idiom is group of words “ide kamu itu

with a meaning that is fresh banget,

different from the meaning out of the box”

of the individual word. It

means that idiom creates new

meaning that is different from

the real meaning of each

word

Table 1. Levels of code mixing theory

5. Factors of Code Mixing

Code mixing will happen if there are some factors in it, according

to (Suandi, 2014: 143) explains the factors that can cause code mixing:

No Factors of Code Definition

Mixing
 29

1. Code Usage Limitation factors happen if the speaker

Limitation
uses code mixing because of the speaker

does not understand about word, phrase,

and clause parable in basic language

which used.

2. Popular Term This factor causes in social life, there are

certain vocabularies which has most

popular parable.

3. Speaker and Speaker uses code mixing to the hearer

Speaker Character
because she or he has certain purposes.

There are some purposes in doing code

mixing because of the speaker want to

change conversation situation from

formal to informal. Besides, the speaker

uses code mixing because of habit and

informal situation.

4. Conversation Conversation can be individual addressee

Partner
or group. In bilingual society, the speaker

who usually uses one language can use

code mixing if their addressee from same

background but uses other language.

 30

5. Domicile and time

of conversation

6. Conversation Conversation modus is a tool to

Modus
communicate. It can be spoken modus

(face to face, by phone or audio visual),

and written modus (letter, newspaper and

scientific book).

7. Function and Aim Language function is used in

communication based on the aim of

communication. Language function

related to certain purpose, like asking,

offering, and announcing. Speaker uses

language based on the function they

expected in context and situation.

8. Types and language Choosing types and language speech

speech level level based on partner consideration. The

consideration shows based on the topic or

relevance with certain situation.

10. Third Speaker The factor is caused by third speaker who

has different background. It can be meant

 31

for appreciating the third speaker.

11. Main Topic Main topic is a dominant factor in

causing code mixing, because it caused

by formal and informal topic.

12. Humor Code mixing is usually used by speaker

to show a humor in serious meeting, and

used by comedian to entertain the

audiences.

13. Prestigious Prestigious means that the speaker used

code mixing because of situation factor,

addressee, topic, and other socio-

situational factors does not allow the

speaker to use code mixing, or in other

term the contextual function and

relevance function are rising.

Table 2. factors of code mixing theory

6. Perahu Kertas Novel

Perahu Kertas novel is an Indonesian novel written by Dewi

Lestari using teenlit genre. This novel contains by English-Indonesian, and

local code mixing as the effect of author’s ability in bilingualism. The main

reason why the researcher uses Perahu Kertas to find forms and level of
 32

code mixing, also to explain the factors of it is to make readers understand,

especially students and teenagers be easier to understand their daily

conversation which usually contained by code mixing.

The characters of Perahu Kertas novel are written bellow:

a. Kugy is cute, tomboy, messy, and also as the main character.

Gini, Bayangkan tiba-tiba muncul background hitam, sunyi tanpa

suara (Lestari, 2009: 256). The setting is in the office, in the afternoon.

b. Keenan is cool, artistic, full of surprise, and also the main character

Ngga apa-apa, Thanks Bim. (Lestari, 2009: 192). The setting of the

story is in Keenan’s boarding house, in the afternoon.

c. Nony is neat, active, and care.

Oke …weekend depan udah pasti, ya? Perlu dijemput? (Lestari, 2009:

78). The setting of the story is in the afternoon, Noni’s boarding house.

d. Eko is care, friendly and responsible.

Kita berempat bisa jadi double date. (Lestari, 2009: 77). The setting of

the story is in the afternoon, around campus.

e. Wanda is beautiful and rich

Noni, Eko, aku, dan Keenan akan jadi Host-nya. (Lestari, 2009: 168).

The setting of the story is in the afternoon, in the supermarket.

f. Ojos is over protective and jealousy to Kugy.

Gue tunggu lo di airport hari Jum’at siang. (Lestari, 2009: 148). The

setting of the story is in the night, in Ojos’s car.

 33

g. Remigius Aditya is care and responsible.

Kamu mau pulang? Saya antar sekalian yuk? Taksinya di-cancel aja.

(Lestari, 2009: 264). The setting of the story is in the evening, in the

office.

h. Kevin is active and sneaky.

EO-nya in-House aja ya. (Lestari, 2009: 423). The setting of the story

is the morning, in Kugy’s house.

i. Karin is fussy.

Denger-denger, ada yang mau ke wedding exhibition, ya. (, 2009:

423). The setting of the story is in the morning, in Kugy’s house.

The Synopsys of Perahu Kertas are written bellow:

Perahu Kertas novel, the novel tells about the story of Keenan and

Kugy. Kugy is cute, cheerful, tomboy and believes that she is a Neptune

Agency. Kugy has unique ritual to write about her feeling on paper and

make it to be boat then washed away. Although that girl has strange

character and messy, but sometimes she has philosophy of life. From her

mind comes beautiful fairytale and fresh inspiration. Keenan never met

strange human like that. Keenan is a smart boy, artistic, and full of

surprises can paint magic paintings. But his father demands him to

continue his study in counting. With Noni and his boyfriend (Eko) who is

Keenan’s cousin becomes compact group. The time goes by, Keenan and
 34

Kugy fall in love with many obstacles. Until their friendship with Noni be

broken because of keeping Kugy’s heart.

Keenan decides to go to Wayan’s house in Bali to paint, because he

gets big problem until he comes out from the university. He leaves his

family and Kugy, and then meets Luhde, as cousin of Wayan. By the time,

Luhde falls in love to Keenan because of her first sight of Keenan’s

Painting. She Motivates Keenan to be brave to face the fact and continue

painting. Kugy who is leaved by Keenan feel so lonely, although she has a

boyfriend (Ojos) and decides to break the relationship. Then she focuses on

her study to pass it faster, she attempt to make a thesis harder and finally

she gets bachelor sooner. After graduated from his study, he offered to

work in Advertisement Company, owned by Remigus. She falls in love to

Kugy because of smart and her unique character. Then they become a

couple. But Kugy cannot hide her feeling that she still waiting for Keenan.

His relationship is not for long, Remi decides to leave Kugy. Keenan back

to Jakarta because his father is sick, he attempt to manage his father’s

company until his father gets better. After his father got better he comes

back to Bali, but Luhde knows that Keenan still thinking about Kugy.

Luhde lets Keenan to come back to Jakarta to find out his real life with

Kugy. Until finally they meet each other in their destiny to life together

ever after by exploring their interest in writing a fairy tale and painting

(Perahu Kertas, 2009).

 35

D. The Biography of the Author

Dewi Lestari, she is the author of Perahu Kertas novel a singer and

songwriter. Her pen name is Dee, she was born in Bandung, West Java on

January 20 in 1976. She graduated from Parahyangan Catholic University with

a degree in international relation. In 2001, Dee released her first novel by the

tittles Kesatria, Putri dan Bintang Jatuh, part of Supernova series. Akar as the

second Supernova series, Petir as the third Supernova series. Then, in 2006 she

releases Filosopi Kopi novel, two years later she also releases Rectoverso. Her

loving to write continued format and serial drama comic has inspired her to

write Perahu Kertas novel in 2009. Her existence in writing brings her to

literature events in Indonesia, even abroad. Some latest achievements and

awards are: Top 88 Most Influential Women in Indonesia (Globe Asia), The

Most Outstanding Woman 2009 (Kementrian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan

Kantor Berita Antara). The name of Dee rose as the first rank in national

polling “Penulis Perempuan Paling Dikenal di Indonesia” 2009 (Perahu Kertas,

2009: 443).

E. Intrinsic Elements of Novel

Abram in Asiyah (2013: 17) states that the term of novel is now applied

to a great variety of writings that have in common only the attribute of being

extended works of fiction written in prose. As extended narrative, the novel is

 36

distinguished from the short story and from the work of middle length called

the novelette. Its magnitude permits a greater variety of characters, greater

complication of plot, ampler development of milieu, and more sustained

exploration of character and motives than do the shorter, more concentrated

modes (Asiyah, 2013: 17)

In novel, there are some intrinsic elements that should be understood,

those are consists of plot, theme, character, setting, point of view:

1. Plot

The plot in dramatic or narrative work is constituted by its events

and actions, as these are rendered and ordered toward achieving particular

artistic and emotional effects (Asiyah, 2013: 23). Emphasizing this idea,

Robert in Asiyah (2013: 23) states that plot is an actions or incidents that

follow one another in chronological event. In same case, Holman in Asiyah

(2013: 23) states that plot is a concept about which there has been much

critical disagreement. Plot is the ordering event of story that has cause and

effects. Plot can be classified into four categories based on the

chronological time, the consideration of the number, and the consideration

of solidly, the most popular categories based on the time namely

progressive that shows the time progress flash back or regression and

mixed (Asiyah, 2013: 23).

2. Character
 37

Character is the main point of the story that is remembered by the

readers. Character is a verbal representation of human being as presented

by the authors through the depiction of the action, conversations,

descriptions, reactions, inner thoughts and reflections, and also through the

author’s own interpretive commentary (Roberts in Asiyah, 2013: 29). In

the definition, Abram in Asiyah (2013: 29) also states that characters are

the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work, which are

interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral,

intellectual and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons

say and their distinctive ways of saying it- the dialogue-and from what they

do –the action. It means that character is a person in story.

Asiyah (2013: 53) makes a conclusion on her book that is person in

the story, character presented to the readers through their actions, dialogue,

other characters’ reactions to them, and sometimes through the author’s

comment on them. Character classified into flat character and round

character. Flat characters do not grow, they end where they begin and thus

are static or dynamic. Then, round character is complex, dynamic and

grows. It means that, characters as people who are written by the author in

the story, they have different characterization.

3. Setting

Setting is an element in fiction. It can be a time when the story is told

or the place where the story takes place. Setting mentions the historical
 38

time when and where the events occurs. “The element of fiction that

reveals the where and when the events are called setting. The term setting

refers to the point and space at which of the events of plot occur” (Kenney,

1988:39).

4. Point of View

Point of View means the character or the voice used by the

character, who the speaker telling the story is. (Roberts in Asiyah, 2103:

43) divides kinds of point of view becomes four, those are First Person

Point of View means the narrator tells about events he or she has

personally through, if the voice of the story sound “I” it means the narrator

used First Person Point of View. Second Person Point of View means that

the narrator is speaking to other people and it’s called “You”, “You” refers

to not specific listener but rather to anyone at all. And Third Person Point

of View means that speaker or narrator emphasizes the action and speeches

of others. Those are used “He, She, It, and They”. The last is Mingling

Point of View it means that in the story, the narrator or speaker mingles

points of view in order to imitate reality. For examples, ”many first person

narrators use various types of third person point of view to sustain interest,

create suspense or put the burden of response entirely upon readers, such as

“Young Goodman Brown” (Robert in Asiyah, 2013: 45).

F. The Previous Study of the Research

 39

The researcher takes three graduated previous researches to enrich the

data about code mixing. Those are “An Analysis of Indonesian-English Code

Mixing Used by The Characters of Dealova Novel by Dian Nuranindya” which

has been finished by Titik Nurhidayah from English Letters Department of

IAIN Surakarta in 2014. She concerned on to get a description of the types of

Indonesian-English ode mixing and the factors causing code mixing. She found

about level of code mixing in Dealova Novel, they are code mixing in level of

word, phrase, clause, baster, and reduplication in Dealova novel. The factors of

code mixing are caused by bilingualism, speaker and partner speaking,

situation, vocabulary and prestige. While this research focused on levels in the

form of word, clause, Phrase, baster, reduplication, and idiom. Types in the

form of inner code mixing, outer code mixing and hybrid code mixing and

factors of code mixing found in Perahu Kertas novel.

The second previous research, the researcher takes from Rizki Hertanti,

graduated student of Yogyakarta State University who described about “Alih

Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Komunikasi Guru Kelas XI dan Kelas XII di

SMAN 1 Prambanan Klaten dalam Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Prancis” in 2014.

She described about code mixing used by teacher and students in the classes by

word categories (nominal, verbal, adjective, pronominal, numeral, adverbial,

and preposition) and phrase categories (nominal, verbal, adjective, numeral,

and preposition). In researcher’s research, there are word level and phrase level

without specific categories.

 40

The Third previous research is taken which completed by Muhammad

Kuasa Hadi Tama, graduated student from English Education Department of

IAIN Surakarta by the tittle “A Sociolinguistics Study on Code Mixing of

English and Indonesian Found in Group Facebook Tentacle as A Mean of

Studying English Used by English Students of IAIN Surakarta” in 2014-2015.

He concerned on knowing the forms of code mixing, purpose of using code

mixing, and factors influencing using code mixing in facebook used by tentacle

members. He code mixing in the form of words, phrase, hybrid, repetition

word, idioms and clauses. He explains the purposes and the factors of using

code mixing in group facebook tentacle. While this research only focused on

the levels, types and factors of code mixing found Perahu Kertas novel without

describing purpose of using code mixing.

The fourth is an international journal written by Navaporn Sanprasert

Snodin who writes about “English Naming and Code Mixing in Thai Mass

Media”. The paper examines the increasing role of English in the modern day

mass media of Thailand, and the rapid increase in the use of English names and

code mixing since the turn of century. It provides a description of the present

day phenomena of English naming and code mixing in both broadcast and print

media of Thailand. The paper also provide an assessment of the impact of

English which explains the adoption of English names or English-Thai Hybrids,

and the assimilation of western cultural dimensions by the indigenous

population of Thailand who use English as a foreign language. The intended

 41

audiences of the mass media in this paper are Thais. It is about the widespread

of use of English among users in expanding circle, and about world Englishes

and mixed codes that are used among people who share a common language.

Other than English for in International communication. The similarity between

the researcher studies is about the mixing in media, and the differences are the

use of code mixing by Thais, it is not specified into code mixing in the level of

word, phrase, caluse, baster, reduplication, idiom, inner code mixing, outer

code mixing and hybrid code mixing.

The fifth previous study is from an international journal of ”mixing and

pragmatic parental strategies in early bilingual acquisition” written by Maria

Juan-Garaw from the University of The Balearics Island and Carmen Perez-

Vidal from The University of Pompreu Fabra, Barcelona. The research

investigates the relationship between a child’s degree of bilingualism and

features of parental input. It seeks to demonstrate that parental discourse

strategies have a direct bearing of mixing present in the child’s utterance in his

weaker language. While this research is only focused on sociolinguistics study

which specified into code mixing, without any adding of pragmatics or socio-

pragmatics.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The research uses descriptive qualitative research. Because the

researcher collects the data, makes an analysis, and make a conclusion in the

end. According to Sugiyono (2014: 1) states that qualitative method is a

research method which is used to observe natural object situation. In this

method, the researcher as the main point of the research, the technique of

collecting data is done by triangulation technique, the analysis of the data is

inductive, and the result of the research are emphasized to the meaning and

generalization.On the other hand, Moleong (2002: 2) states that a qualitative

research is a research which does not included any calculation or numeration

because the datum are produced in the form of word. It is associated with

generating and developing an understanding. In this research, the researcher

collects the data by selecting words and phrases representing code mixing in

Perahu Kertas novel. The data are collected and analyzed based on their

contexts.

B. Data and Source of the data

The researcher analyzes clauses that include in code mixing as the data.

The researcher analyzes English words, phrases, and sentences by the

42
 43

characters of Perahu Kertas novel written by Dewi Lestari. The data are in

forms of word, phrase, clause, repetition of word, idiom, and baster. The source

of the data refers to the subject from which the data are obtained (Arikunto,

2010: 172). The researcher employs a descriptive text as the data. There are

two reasons for taking novels as the source of the data, the first is because the

novel is written by Dewi Lestari who usually writes in bilingual. The second,

the story is not only published by the form of novel, but also it is published in

the form of film. There reason why the researcher does not take film as the

source the data, because in novel the story written by the author is original and

enrich the imagination of the readers. The data are collected from the novel in

Indonesian language-English code mixings. Those are divided in the forms of

word, phrase, clause, reduplication, idiom, and baster.

C. Research Instrument

In identifying the study, the researcher needs some instruments to

support it. It is used for collecting the data. The instruments will make the

researcher easier to finish the research. The instruments divided in to main

instrument and supporting instrument. The first is the researcher herself who as

the main point of the instrument, because the researcher uses qualitative

research. According to (Meleong, 2004: 163) states that for a qualitative

research characteristics “it uses the researcher or by helping the data analysis to

other people as the research instrument”, he also states that in a qualitative

 44

research which the researcher as a planner, collector, and analyst of the data.

Finally, the researcher has report the result of the analysis. Besides, there are

some supporting instruments to collect the data which make the researcher

easier to analyze and finish the data. The supporting instruments are, pen,

papers, computer, and electronic dictionary. Those things used by the

researcher in collecting and analyzing the data are supporting instruments.

D. Technique of Collecting Data

The first technique of collecting data is reading a whole novel until the

end. Then, the researcher collects the data from Perahu Kertas Novel. The data

are purposive data which in the forms of word, phrase, clause, reduplication,

idiom, and baster. Based on the forms of the data, the data are classified into six

levels of code mixings. After classified the data, the researcher reduce the data

based on the levels in the theory, it involves the process of selecting and

focusing the raw data into refined data.

To make classification of data analysis, the researcher gives codes to

each data. These are written bellow:

1. The numeral 001, 002, 003… are used to show the order of the data

number.

2. The alphabetic capital letters are used to classify the level of code mixing.

These are written bellow:

CMWL : Code Mixing of Word Level

 45

CMPL : Code Mixing of Phrase Level

CMCL : Code Mixing of Clause Level

CMBL : Code Mixing of Baster Level

CMRL : Code Mixing of Reduplication Level

CMIEL : Code Mixing of Idiom Level

The numeral 9, 11, 28, 38… are used to show the pages of code mixings

in the novel. To differentiate from the number of the data, the researcher gives

capital letter P. it means that P is the number of the page, for examples: P.9,

P.11, and P.38 and others.

Those are can be put together into sentences in the example bellow:

001.CMWL/P.9 means the first data is code mixing in the form of word level

which is located in page 9. By giving a code to each data, the data becomes

easier to be classified.

Example: 90/CMWL/P.235

“… Koleksi T-Shirt panitia aja lu bilang prestasi”

The statement that is spoken by Kugy is included to code mixing word

level and it is located on page 253 of Perahu Kertas novel. The setting of the

utterance is in Kugy’s house in the morning when the members of the family

are making joke about Kugy’s wedding plan. Karel as Kugy’s brother is an

active person in school. He always contributes in school or campus event. Then,

he wants to be an event organizer in order not to rent event organizer from

other. Kugy responds it by as a kind of joking. Kugy puts T-shirt in her

 46

Indonesian utterance. The word T-shirt comes from English. It is included into

noun. T-shirt means “kaos” for Indonesian language. The word T-shirt usually

used by people, they are more often use T-shirt as the substitution of “kaos”.

The use of code mixings in the form of word “T-shirt” makes listeners get no

difficulty in catching the meaning. The factor of using code mixing above is

humor factor. It is a factor usually used by speaker to show a humor in serious

meeting, and used by comedian to entertain the audiences. From the sentence

above, it can be seen that there is a humor indication which is uttered by Kugy

to her brother.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

The researcher does not only collecting the data, but also she analyses

the data to obtain the research’s results. In this research, the researcher uses

content analysis. Gao (1989: 6) states that Content analysis is a set of procedure

for collecting and organizing information in a standardized format that allows

analysts to make inferences about the characteristics and meaning of written

and other recorded material. Elo and Kungas (2007: 107) state that content

analysis is a method that may be used with either qualitative or quantitative data

and in an inductive or deductive ways. In addition, Wiliam (2007: 69) defines

that content analysis review forms of human communication including books,

newspaper, and films as well as other from the content in the human

communication.
 47

Based on three theories above, the researcher concludes that content

analysis is a method used to analysis a qualitative or quantitative research.

Content analysis has two forms to analysis, they are deductive and inductive.

Deductive is used by researcher who will analyse qualitative research. In

addition, inductive is used by researcher who will analyse quantitative research.

In this research, researcher uses deductive because she will analysis qualitative

content analysis. There are some stages to analysis the data, as follow:

1. Reading the words table or list which shows English-Indonesian code

mixings. The researcher reads in Perahu Kertas novel.

2. Collecting the data from Perahu Kertas novel, the data are in the levels of

word, phrase, clause, reduplication, idiom, and baster.

3. Classifying the data into six levels of code mixing, there are word, phrase,

clause, reduplication, idiom, and baster.

4. Giving each data a code. The code is made with a purpose to make data

identification and to be easier to analyze. The code represents the number

of data, the number of page, and the number of edition.

5. Analyzing the data based on types of code mixing, they are word, phrase,

clause, reduplication, idiom, and baster.In this step the researcher begins to

analyze each data based on the theory of code mixing. The theory is taken

from Suwito’s theory. It is also supported by Cambridge and by dictionary

to find the definition of code mixing word level

 48

6. Drawing conclusion and suggestion based on the data analysis. After the

researcher analyzed the data, the researcher draw a conclusion based on she

has found from the analysis. Suggestions are also needed to make this

research more complete.

F. The Trustworthiness of the Data

Trustworthiness of data is needed to check the trust of data. In this

research, the researcher asks proof reader such as her lecturer in order to

support the trustworthiness of data. In this research, the researcher involves the

prove reader of sociolinguistics in checking the data. After the researcher

collects the data from Perahu Kertas novel, the data is delivered to the prove

reader to gain the trust of the data. The researcher asks Dr. Giyoto, M.Hum,

because he is a lecturer of sociolinguistics and he also makes a sociolinguistics

book entitle “Pengantar Sosiolinguistik” published by FATABA Press in 2013.

He suggests to analyze the data of code mixing by relating structure, definition

of each data level, and culture of Indonesian societies.

 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

A. Research Finding

The researcher classifies the data in this research based on the level of

code mixing. The data that are found is qualitative data. This qualitative data

that are in the form of code mixing can be analyzed in content analysis. As

mentioned in the Chapter II, this research uses sociolinguistics approach. It

emphasizes the using of language in the social context and the situation of the

speaker. In this research, the data are analyzed based on the data classification.

The data of code mixings which are analyzed by the researcher are collected

from Perahu Kertas novel. Those code mixings among Indonesia are written in

italic font. In Perahu Kertas novel, the researcher found code mixings in its

various levels. They are code mixing in the form of word, phrase, clause,

baster, reduplication/repetition word, and idiom.

After the process of data reduction, the whole data of English-Indonesia

code mixings that are found by the researcher in Perahu Kertas novel are 102.

The classifications of code mixing word level are 59 data, code mixing of

phrase lever are 24 data, code mixing clause level are 9, code mixing of baster

level are 6 data, code mixing of reduplication/repetition word are 2, code

mixing of idiom level are 2.

49
 50

It can be inferred that the highest number of code mixing in Perahu

Kertas novel is code mixing in form of word which attain 59 data, the fewest

number of code mixing are in the form of reduplication/repetition word and

idiom which has 2 data.

Table 3. Code Mixing Levels Data

No Levels of Code Mixing Numbers

1 Code Mixing of Word Level 59

2 Code Mixing of Phrase Level 24

3 Code Mixing of Clause Level 9

4 Code Mixing Baster Level 6

5 Code Mixing of reduplication Level 2

6 Code Mixing of Idiom Level 2

Total 102

Table 3. levels of code mixing

1. Code Mixing of Word Level

Word is the smallest unit of language consists of a morpheme or more

than a morpheme. One of code mixing comes into being by inserting English

Words into Indonesian utterances. Sometimes it happens when Indonesian

utterances contain different words from the other language especially English.

Then, the insertion of word can be classified into eight groups; they are; the
 51

insertion of noun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, exclamation, and

preposition.

001.CMWL/P.19

“Siap…satu, dua, tiga… Pose!”

The sentence above is located in page 19 by the title Pindah Ke

Bandung, the code mixing used by the writer is the word pose. It is uttered by

Kugy. She is very cheerful. The word pose is usual word in daily life when

people will take a picture, and someone who takes a picture will give the

direction. This world is also familiar for teenager. In the photographer side, the

word “pose” means the style or action when showed when the object is taken

for a photo or painting. The word pose is included into “verb”.

In the novel, the sentence is uttered by Kugy as the main character and

Noni as Kugy’s best friend from she was a child who will be picked up by Eko,

Eko is Noni’s boyfriend. At that time Kugy wears old T-shirt, because Kugy

doesn’t like a fashion. When they want to take a picture together, Kugy doesn’t

care with her style. The factors of the use of code in this statement mixing are

popular term using, because the word “pose” is familiar to use by Indonesian

societies, and also “humor”. The context shows that Kugy is making joke to her

friends.
 52

002.CMWL/P.26

“Kamu baru jogging? Tumben rajin”

The sentence is from the page 26 by the title mother alien. The code

mixing of word level is the word jogging. The word jogging here has a meaning

“lari pagi” in Indonesian Language. In this sentence, it is included into “verb”.

Indonesian usually uses the language in their daily life. This word is familiar

and people will not be confused about the meaning of the word jogging. In the

sport side it means that jogging is walking faster or running slower in order to

get a fresh air makes heart beats faster. Jogging is usually done in the morning

or in the afternoon before the sunsets.

The sentence above is uttered by Ojos, he is Kugy’s boyfriend who has

different character from Kugy. He is very care and kind to Kugy. When Kugy is

at home, the phone bells ring, Ojos calls Kugy and listens to Kugy voice like

something wrong. It sounds that kugy feels so tired. But actually Kugy is

pushing Eko’s car. The car is so old, and they called it “Fuad”. The factor of the

use of code mixing in this statement mixing is popular term using, because the

word “jogging” is familiar to use by Indonesian societies, it because this factor

caused in social life, there is certain vocabulary which has most popular

parable.

003.CMWL/P.32

“Hmmm, lip-synch lagu Meggy.Z, lengkap dengan joget”

 53

The sentence above is from page 32 by the title “lingkaran suci”. In this

chapter, Kugy, Noni, Keenan and Eko are making quality time. They are

making joke and telling their funny experience. The code mixing in the form of

word is “lip-synch” uttered by Eko. Eko is a care and modern boy. The part of

speech of word lip-synch in this sentence is “verb”. The word lip-synch is a

familiar word in musical, and the meaning has been known by Indonesian. Lip-

synch itself is done when people are in the stage. They are singing without

producing any sounds, they just open their mouth and follow the lyrics. In this

chapter, Eko tells to Kugy and Noni that Keenan lip-syncs Meggy Z’ song

while dancing.

The factor of the use of code in this statement mixing is popular term

usage. It is because of the word “lip-sync” familiar to use by Indonesian

societies. Indonesian prefers to use lip-sync than “bernyanyi tanpa suara”.

Other factors are topic and humor. In this context, the characters are making

joke and telling about their past funny experience and the topic is about sing a

song.

004.CMWL/P.35

“Kenapa? Kamarku rapi, ya? Ngga matching sama yang punya.”

The sentence above is from the page 35 by the tittle mother alien. The

sentence in this chapter is uttered by Kugy. She is the main character of the

novel. The code mixing of word level is word “matching”. It is included into
 54

“adjective”. In Indonesian language, the word matching means suitable. It is

usually said for fashion style, character, thing and other. The word matching is

a familiar word for Indonesian when they are comparing or reviewing

something. The word matching refers to Kugy’s character. Kugy has a messy

character, and it’s not match with her room. Because people stereotype that the

room reflects the character.

In this chapter, Keenan comes to Kugy’s house and seeing that Kugy’s

room is so tidy, and it’s so different from Kugy who has messy character. Kugy

feel so shy at that time. The factors of the use of code in this statement mixing

are popular term using and conversation partner. It is because the characters are

from the same background. Such as, live in a big city, educated, up-to-date,

trendy, use more than language, students of the university.

005.CMWL/P.50

“Mau Popcorn, Gy?”

The sentence above is located on page 50 with the tittle “Hunusan

Pedang Es” in chapter six. The code mixing of word level here is taken from

word Popcorn. The word popcorn usually finds and use in culinary. Indonesian

usually uses word popcorn for “jagung letup”. And this it is very familiar for

Indonesian when they are talking about culinary. The word popcorn in Perahu

Kertas novel is uttered by Keenan, he offers Kugy to buy Popcorn when they

are going together to the cinema at midnight with Noni and Eko. In the cinema,
 55

the snack which usually serves is popcorn. The factor is popular term usage,

because of the word”popcorn” is more familiar than “jagung letup” especially

in the cinema.

006.CMWL/P.75

“Pokoknya kamu utang pemadam kelapanan, kalo cuma sampe bawain kaos

barong atau sarung pantai atau miniature papan surfing.”

The sentence above is located on page 75 in chapter “proyek

percomblangan”. The code mixing of word level itself is from word “ papan

surfing”. The word papan surfing here means surfing board. Besides saying

papan surfing, usually Indonesian says “papan selancar”. This kind of word

usually finds in surfing packages or tools, and it is familiar for Indonesian when

somebody says it. The sentence above is uttered by Kugy to Keenan who would

like to go to Bali for painting, and Kugy wants Keenan to bring many handy

crafts for her. She wants more than kaos barong, sarung pantai and papan

surfing. He is an artistic boy. The factors are popular term usage and humor. It

is because the word papan surfing is more used by people than papan selancar,

and the context shows the humor.

007.CMWL/P.80

“Oke, weekend depan udah pasti ya?”

The sentence above is located on page 80 in chapter ten by the tittle

“Kurator Kuda”.in this chapter, the code mixing in form of word level is word
 56

“weekend”. It has a meaning as “akhir pekan” in Indonesian Language. This

sentence is uttered by Ojos. He is a care and modern boy. This word is familiar

in Indonesian people. They use the language without any doubt to catch the

meaning, especially for teenager who masters more than one language. They

mix their language in their daily speaking.

In this novel, the factors are popular term usage because of the word

“weekend” is more familiar in the societies. The popular term itself is a factor

caused in social life, there are certain vocabularies which has most popular

parable. It is also caused by topic factor. It is because of code mixing can be

caused by topic factor. Scientific topic delivered by formal and non-scientific

delivered by non-formal. Most of the situation of the conversation is informal.

The context is when Ojos asks Kugy to be ready for taking holiday next week,

because lately they have no more time to spend their days together. He wants to

spend their short holiday in Singapore, they can stay at Ojos’ apartment in

Orchard.

008.CMWL/P.83

”Wanda ceritanya lagi hunting lukisan di Bandung.”

The sentence above is located on page 83 specifically in chapter ten by

the tittle “Kurator Muda”. The form of code mixing word level is inserting

word “hunting” in the middle of sentence which is uttered by Noni at Kugy’s

boarding house. It is used as “verb”. The mixing word level above has a
 57

meaning “mencari, melihat koleksi lukisan”. In Indonesian language, the word

hunting is not only use for searching for painting or other things, but it usually

use for taking a picture outside, search for book in the library, book store or

bazaar, get some food in the forest and many more.

The word ”hunting” is very familiar for people who live at urban,

especially modern people and teenager. The word “hunting” in Perahu Kertas

novel is uttered by Noni, she talks to Keenan and Eko that wanda is hunting

painting in Bandung, and she wants to introduce Wanda to Keenan. The factor

is main topic. It is because of main topic is a dominant factor in causing code

mixing.

009.CMWL/P.85

”Dan intinya kamu menggabungkan lukisan portrait dengan asbtrak dalam

satu frame.”

The sentence above is located on page 85, specifically into chapter 10

by the tittle “Kurator Muda”. The code mixing of word level found on this

page is word “frame”. In Indonesian language, “frame“ means “bingkai”. In

the sentence above, it has a meaning that the character paints by mixing more

than one color and styles. The word “frame” is very familiar for artist,

especially for painters. Frame itself can be defined as a border or case for

enclosing a picture, mirror, etc.

 58

The sentence is uttered by Wanda. Wanda is a modern, stylish and

prestigious girl. The factor of it is main topic factor. Wanda is a young curator

(the head of museum). She has big painting gallery in Jakarta.Wanda comments

Keenan’s painting in order to catch Keenan to be her close friend. The factor of

code mixing above main topic is function and aim factor. It is because of

usually used in communication based on the aim of communication. Language

function related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and

announcing. Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in

context and situation.

010.CMWL/P.86

”Kugy Darling, Wanda itu curator muda.”

The sentence is located on page 86 specifically in chapter 10 by the tittle

“Kurator Muda”. The code mixing word level of this page is word “Darling”

which is uttered by Noni in Kugy’s boarding house. She is a care girl. The word

darling has a meaning “sayang” in Indonesian language as a noun. It is aim to

express love feeling to someone, it can be for family members, close friends,

friends, girlfriends, or boyfriends. In this “Perahu Kertas” novel, the word

“Darling” has a meaning to show best friend’s love when they are calling their

best friend, and it usually uttered by girl.

The word “Darling” is uttered by Noni when she explains to Kugy that

Wanda is a young success girl. It is because of Noni wants Wanda will close to
 59

Keenan. The factor is types and language speech level. It is because choosing

types and language speech level based on partner consideration. The

consideration shows based on the topic or relevance with certain situation. It

can be seen from the context that Noni uses the word only for making sure to

Kugy.

011.CMWLPP.91

”Yang ini adalah karya pelukis muda, menurut saya dia sangat gifted.”

The sentence above is on page 91 specifically in the chapter 11 by the

tittle “Sakola Alit”. The code mixing word level found in this chapter is word

“gifted” as an adjective. This word is uttered by Wanda to her father and

Warsita Gallery members when she is presenting the new collection of painting

in Bandung. Wanda is a modern, stylish and prestigious. The word “gifted” is

not too familiar for Indonesian because of the factors are main topic and

prestigious. It can be used by modern and urban people who master more than

one language, especially Indonesian language and English.

The word “gifted” has a meaning as giving good creature or presenting

good creature. In this story, the word “gifted” written by the author means that

Keenan (Main Character) paints good painting in Wanda’s point of view.

Wanda tries to explain to the audiences that Keenan is talented painter. She

explains this in her presentation. The factor of code mixing above is function

and aim factor. It is a language function which is used in communication based

 60

on the aim of communication. Language function related to certain purpose,

like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based

on the function they expected in context and situation. From the situation

above, it can be seen that Wanda is giving information to her father.

012.CMWL/P.97

“Omku baru beli apartment di daerah Orchard.”

The sentence above is located on page 97 in the chapter 12 by the tittle

“Jenderal Pilik dan Pasukan Alit”. The sentence is uttered by Ojos (Kugy’s

boyfriend). She is a care and modern boy. The code mixing word level in this

page is word “apartment” as a noun. In Indonesian language, apartment

means “rumah susun” which is located in a big city. In Indonesia, the

“apartment” usually lived by rich people with the luxury service and good

facility. There is a set of rooms fitted especially with house keepin facilities and

usually leased as a dwelling. It is different from “rumah susun” which is

usually lived by ordinary societies.

In the novel of chapter 12, the apartment refers to the residence in the

big city in Singapore. The factor is main topic because of Ojos asks Kugy to go

to holiday together to Singapore. He offers Kugy to stay at his uncle’s new

apartment in Orchard. Main topic itself is a dominant factor in causing code

mixing.

013.CMWL/P.106
 61

“Ini namaya support sayang.”

The sentence above is located on page 105 in the chapter 13 by the tittle

“Rencana Besar Wanda”. The code mixing word level on this page is word

“support” as a noun. The word “support” is a familiar word in Indonesian. It is

usually use for giving motivation to other to be successful in reaching

something or give encouragement to someone. The sentence above is uttered by

Noni (Kugy’s best friend). She cares to Wanda. It is caused by “main topic”

factor. In this context, Noni says to Kugy that they should support Wanda to be

close to Keenan, although Kugy feel so upset to Noni that Noni tries to make

Keenan close to Wanda.

014.CMWL/P.113

“Iya, dia punya perusahaan trading ekspor-impor”

The sentence above is located on page 113 in chapter “Rencana Besar

Wanda”. The code mixing word level is word “trading” as a noun. It is

happened by main topic factor. The word trading is not familiar word for

Indonesian people, except economist. The word trading in economy side means

that a company which concerns on facilitating the importer and exporter in

processing to get channel, shipping goods, giving client information about

relevant marketing, etc. In this chapter, the sentence is uttered by Keenan who

says to Wanda that his father has a business in trading. Keenan takes a deep
 62

breath and he thinks that his father will shock after he heard that Keenan’s

painting is received by Warsita Gallery.

015.CMWL/P.123

“Sebagai upah kamu ngilang, hari ini saya mau booking kamu.”

The sentence above is located on page123 in the chapter 14 by the tittle

“Buku Harta Karun”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “Booking” as noun. It is caused by humor factor. The word Booking is

familiar to use in Indonesian language. By the culture perspective it means that

people already order something (booking ticket, hotel and other). Basically, the

word “booking” means “pembukuan”. If it is described by word, it is mean that

making a sure order and giving name on the order book. While, in Perahu

Kertas novel on page 123 the word booking means taking someone for

accompanying go to somewhere. The sentence is uttered by Keenan who

doesn’t meet Kugy for long time, because Kugy focuses on her thesis and to

hide her feeling from Noni and Eko. It is because of Kugy doesn’t want Keenan

be close to Wanda.

016.CMWL/P.128

“Yang jelas, kalo ternyata lu gak punya feeling sama dia jangan juga

ngegantungin.”
 63

The sentence above is located on page 128 in the chapter 15 by the tittle

“Mencari Ketulusan”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “feeling” as a noun. It is caused by main topic and popular term usage.

The sentence above is uttered by Eko. The word “feeling” on this page is very

familiar for Indonesian, especially for teenager and it has a meaning of heart

situation. There is no doubt for Indonesian to catch the meaning of it because of

most of people usually use it. In this Perahu Kertas novel, the word feeling

means “perasaan” which is belonged by Keenan. Eko suggests Keenan to be

consistence, if Keenan has no feeling to Wanda, it has better if he leaves and

gives no more hope.

017.CMWL.128

”Ini gak fair buat Wanda.”

The sentence above is located on page 128 in the chapter by the tittle

“mencari ketulusan”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“fair” as an adjective. It is caused by conversation partner factor, because of

the characters can use more than one language. In Indonesian language, the

word “fair” means “adil”. It shows the equality and similarity each other. In

this page, the code mixing word level is uttered by Eko who says to Keenan

deeper about Wanda’s feeling to Keenan. She cares to Wanda. During her

meeting with Keenan, Wanda wants Keenan understands about what she feels,
 64

but Keenan looks for Kugy. Eko feels that it’s unfair for Wanda who gives

Keenan everything he needs.

018.CMWL/P.134

“Liburan aku mau nabung buat beli laptop.”

The sentence above is located on page 134 in the chapter 15 by the tittle

“Mencari Ketulusan”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “laptop” as a noun. It is caused by main topic and conversation factor.

The word laptop in Indonesian language is very familiar. It is because of most

of people in Indonesia use laptop, especially for students, workers, companies,

institutions, and other.

The word”laptop” which is uttered by Kugy. There, Kugy is flat. It

means a portable computer usually battery powered, small enough to rest on the

user’s lap and having a screen that closes over the keyboard like a lid. In this

page, the context is when Kugy asked by Ojos to go to Holiday, but Kugy says

that she doesn’t has much money. He wants buy a laptop for completing his

thesis. But Ojos gives her surprise by showing two tickets. There is no reason

for Kugy to reject anything.

019.CMWL/P.134

“Pokoknya semua beres aku yang arrange.”

The sentence above is located on page 134 in the chapter 15 by the tittle

“Mencari Ketulusan”. The code mixing word level written by the author is
 65

word “arrange” as a verb. It is caused by conversation partner factor because

of the characters can use more than one language and main topic factor by using

informal situation. The word “arrange” in Indonesian language means make a

structure of something. It can be for thing or schedule. On this page, the

sentence is uttered by Ojos (Kugy’s boyfriend). He has a plan to go to holiday

next month. He will pick Kugy up to Bandung by car. Everything will be

arranged by Ojos. Kugy just stay happy. But it looks a doubt in Kugy’s face

about having holiday to Singapore.

020.CMWL/P.135

“Cuma ngingetin aja, lain kali kamu lebih baik pakai celana panjang, bawa

jaket atau sweater.”

The sentence above is located on page 135 in the chapter 15 by the tittle

“Mencari Ketulusan”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “sweater” as a noun. It is caused by conversation partner facto because

the character can use more than one language and popular term by using word

sweater than “baju lengan panjang”. It is familiar in the societies. Sweater in

fashion side is also known as pullover, Jumper, Jersey is a part of clothes for

covering body and hand. It usually uses heavy material and can pervade sweat.

But, in this novel, the word “sweater” means a thick cloth used in a cold.

Indonesian also says that is a thick cloth for warm up the body. The sentence is
 66

uttered by Keenan. Keenan and Wanda go to Bandung, Keenan suggests Wanda

to not to wear hot pant, it had better if Wanda wear jacket.

021.CMWL/P.138

“Congrats, mak comblang millennium.”

The sentence above is located on page 138 in the chapter 16 by the tittle

“salah berharap.” The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“congrats”. The word “congrats” basically is the abbreviation from word

“congratulation” as a noun. In Indonesia, people especially teenager

abbreviates to word “congrats”, and it has a meaning “selamat”. This word

usually used for expressing happy when someone gets success.

This code mixing word level is uttered by Kugy to Noni (Kugy’s best

friend). She appreciates Noni’s effort. It is caused by function and aim which is

used in communication based on the aim of communication. Language function

related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing.

Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in context and

situation. She tries to hide her feeling in front of Noni when she says that

Keenan expresses his love to Wanda in Bandung. Noni talks to Kugy at Kugy’s

boarding house.

022.CMWL/P.142

“Kamu mau ngomong sesuatu atau speechless?”

 67

The sentence above is located on page 142 in the chapter 16 by the tittle

“salah berharap”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“speechless” as an adjective. This sentence is uttered by Wanda. She is a care,

modern and prestigious girl. The word “speechless” can be translated into

Indonesian language as “diam seribu bahasa” or cannot say anything. This

code mixing word level in a word “speechless” is familiar in Indonesian

societies. The context of code mixing happens when Wanda asks Keenan about

his feeling. It is caused by the main topic character which is a dominant factor

in causing code mixing, because it caused by formal and informal topic. He is

just keeping silent in front of his painting. It is because of Wanda helps him so

much to make his painting be published and received by many galleries.

Warsita Gallery is one of big painting gallery in Jakarta.

023.CMWL/P.148

“Gue tunggu lu di airport hari jumat siang.”

The sentence above is located on page 148 in the chapter 17 by the tittle

“Tiga Kata Saja”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“airport”. It is uttered by Ojos (Kugy’s boyfriend). The word airport is not too

familiar for Indonesian societies, because they usually say “Bandara”. But, it is

familiar for people who live in a big city with modern lifestyle. This is uttered

when Kugy and Ojos are having date.

 68

The code mixing above is caused by function and aim factor. Language

function is used in communication based on the aim of communication.

Language function related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing

and announcing. In the car, Ojos looks at Kugy deeper. But both of them do not

say anything, Ojos feels that there is something wrong with Kugy after she

knew Keenan. Ojos demands Kugy to go to holiday, the ticket was bought by

Ojos. If Kugy doesn’t come, it means that their relationship will end.

024.CMWL/P.150

“Nyebelin banget sih Eko, Sok ngerti fashion.”

The sentence above is located on page 150 in the chapter 17 by the tittle

“Tiga Kata Saja”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“fashion” as a noun, and it is uttered by Wanda. She has prestigious character.

The word “fashion” is from Latin, factio. It has a meaning as “making or

membuat”. But, it gets meaning constriction becomes a thing which is worn by

people, especially for clothes and its accessory.

The context of the sentence is when Wanda’s face becomes red when

Eko says that Wanda’s style is like Kugy, it looks so untidy. Wanda’s heart

situation becomes break and messy. She tells her upset to Keenan after Eko and

Noni went home. It is caused by conversation partner factor which conversation

can be individual addressee or group. In bilingual society, the speaker who

 69

usually uses one language can use code mixing if their addressee from same

background but uses other language, and also the main topic, function and aim.

025.CMWL/P.155

“Whatever Gy, terserah!”

The sentence above is located on page 155 in the chapter 18 by the tittle

“Kepergian dan Kehilangan”. The code mixing word level written by the

author is word “whatever” as an adjective .It is uttered by Noni (Kugy’s best

friend). The word “whatever” on this page means giving freedom for people to

do anything without any forbidden and it usually uttered when people have

different point of view and thinking with other. They let other to do what they

want to do. The context of the sentence is when Noni complains to Kugy when

she says that Keenan, Eko, Ojos and Noni are not the same as before. They

keep their distance. They have little frequency to talk, to meet and to gather.

Noni responds what Kugy said while she goes from Kugy’s room. It is caused

by function and aim factor which used in communication based on the aim of

communication. Language function related to certain purpose, like asking,

offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the

function they expected in context and situation.

026.CMWL/P.162

“Tapi gua boleh request sesuatu ga?”

 70

The sentence above is located on page 162 in the chapter 18 by the tittle

“Kepergian dan Kehilangan”. The code mixing word level written by the

author is word “request” as a noun. The word “request” is familiar in

Indonesian language, even it’s become a word which always used by the

societies. In Indonesian language, it has a meaning when people asking for

something. If it is translated into Indonesian language, it can be “meminta”. It

can be found not only from this novel, but also in people daily communication.

Such as used on the radio, television, and other media.

This sentence is uttered by Noni (Kugy’s best friend) when she wants

Kugy to come to her birthday party after she try to not to know more about

Kugy and Ojos relationship that lately looks so strange. It is caused by function

and aim factor which used in communication based on the aim of

communication. Language function related to certain purpose, like asking,

offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the

function they expected in context and situation.

027.CMWL/P.192

“Gak apa-apa, thanks Bim.”

The sentence above is located on page 192 in the chapter 22 by the tittle

“Pulang ke Ubud”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

“thanks”. It is uttered by Keenan (The main character of the novel). The word

“thanks” in Indonesian language usually followed by noun like the sentence

 71

above. Other example of saying thanks is “thanks ya, udah bantuin beres-

beres”. It is familiar in Indonesian. If it is translated into Indonesia language, it

can be “terimakasih”.

The context of the sentence is in the first of November caused by

function and aim factor which is used in communication based on the aim of

communication. Language function related to certain purpose, like asking,

offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the

function they expected in context and situation. In this novel, Bima comes to

Keenan’s boarding house to see Keenan condition, he extremely shocks that

Keenan looks so thin and not fresh. Bima is Keenan friend in his university in

Bandung.

028.CMWL/P.211

Kedua, menurut saya gaya melukismu itu fresh.

The sentence above is located on page 211 in the chapter 24 by the tittle

“Pembeli Pertama”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

fresh as a noun. It is uttered by Remigius (the owner of advertising company).

She is a young modern boy. The word fresh is usually used for showing new

thing, new idea, nature, body condition and other. If it is translated into

Indonesian language, it can be “segar”, and it’s familiar in Indonesian

societies. The context of the sentence is when Remigius comes to Bali to see

the new painting from Poyan, suddenly he meets Keenan whose painting is
 72

liked by him. Remigius says to Keenan that he loves Keenan’s painting, and

appreciates it. He goes to Bali when and see his collection when Keenan is not

at home.

The factor is function and aim factor. It is used in communication based

on the aim of communication. Language function related to certain purpose,

like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based

on the function they expected in context and situation. In this novel, Remigius

expresses his feeling amazed to Keenan.

029.CMWL/P.228

“Gy, Gua gak mau Tanya lu macem-macem, karena gua mengahargai privacy

lu.”

The sentence above is located on page 228 in the chapter 26 by the tittle

“Lembaran Baru”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

privacy as a noun. The sentence on page 228 is uttered by Eko (Noni’s

boyfriend). The word privacy means “a hidden thing”. It can be a thing,

feeling, word and other. In this chapter, the word privacy means “hidden

feeling” of Kugy. The context of the sentence when Eko becomes serious in

front of Kugy, he tries to make sure that Kugy will be ok. It is because of Kugy

make a distance from Noni, Eko and Keenan lately. Eko wants to know about it

deeper. It is caused by conversation partner and main topic factors. It is because

 73

of they are understand about English words, and the main topic on the context

is influenced the use of code mixing in it.

030.CMWL/P.234

“Lu lihat dong, Gue kan gaul, penuh prestasi, Kugy kan nerd.”

The sentence above is located on page 234 in the chapter 27 by the tittle

“Janji adalah Janji”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

nerd as a noun and it is uttered by Kevin (Kugy’s brother). He is a humorist

boy. The word “nerd” means people who like to reed many books. They

usually spend their days by reading some books, even when the new book is

launching they will get it sooner. The context of the sentence when Kevin and

Karin are making a joke to Kugy, Kevin is Kugy’s brother who always doesn’t

care to his study, because of concerns on his organization at his campus. Study

is not priority, but organization is a priority. He likes to go out with his friends’

organization to find new event and becomes a committee.

The code mixing above is caused by humor factor because of the

context shows that Kevin is making joke with Kugy. Besides, code mixing is

usually used by speaker to show a humor in serious meeting, and used by

comedian to entertain the audiences. There is a humor indication on the

sentence “Lu lihat dong, Gue kan gaul, penuh prestasi, Kugy kan nerd”.

031.CMWL/P.235

“Koleksi T-shirt panitia aja lu bilang prestasi! Kev…Kev…”

 74

The sentence above is located on page 235in the chapter 27 by the tittle

“Janji adalah Janji”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“T-shirt” as a noun, it is uttered by Kugy. Somethimes she makes joke to her

brother. The word T-shirt is familiar in Indonesian, but it is not too familiar to

use because of only a few people who say that, especially people who concern

on fashion business. Most of Indonesian people usually say “kaos”.

The context of the sentence above is caused by humor factor. Code

mixing is usually used by speaker to show a humor in serious meeting, and used

by comedian to entertain the audiences, in this novel it happens when “The K

Family” are at home. They are spending their weekend with their family

members at home, and making joke each other. Kugy blames Kevin’s joke,

because Kevin always think that organization and event in campus is a priority.

It’s different from Kugy who focuses on her study and thesis. She has a target

that she should graduate sooner.

032.CMWL/P.235

“Kevin si panitia sejuta event.”

The sentence above is located on page 235 in the chapter 27 by the tittle

“Janji adalah Janji”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“event” as a noun. It is uttered by Karin (Kugy’s and Kevil’s sister). The

sentence is caused by humor factor usually used by speaker to show a humor in

serious meeting, and used by comedian to entertain the audiences and popular
 75

term using which caused in social life, there are certain vocabularies which has

most popular parable.

The word event is familiar word in Indonesian for changing word

“acara” in Indonesian language. The event organizer in a big city usually uses

word “event” than “acara”. In Indonesia, the word “event” is also specified

into celebrating something. It can be a concert, celebrating a company

anniversary and other. The context of the sentence above is when Karin

responds Kugy and Kevin joke, makes sure that Kevin doesn’t care to his study

and he always make contribution to many events inside and outside campus.

033.CMWL/.236

“Ada temenku yang set-up perusahaan advertising.”

The sentence above is located on page 236 in the chapter 27 by the tittle

“Janji adalah Janji”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “advertising”, it is uttered by Karin (Kugy’s and Kevin’s sister). The

word “advertising” on this sentence means a company concerns on

advertisement. Advertising company will create an interesting idea for

publishing the product. Because of this advertising company, the products will

have a value. Advertising company serves advertisement concept, printing and

placing the products advertisement.

The context of the sentence above when Karin offers Kugy to join his

friend’s company after Kugy graduated from his university. The company
 76

concerns on advertising. The factor of using code mixing is function and factor.

Language function is used in communication based on the aim of

communication. Language function related to certain purpose, like asking,

offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the

function they expected in context and situation. It can be seen from the sentence

above that there is an informing indication which is uttered by Karin

034.CMWL/P.239

“Tadi ada emergency Non, Sori…”

The sentence above is located on page 239 in the chapter 27 by the tittle

“Janji adalah Janji”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “emergency”, it is uttered by Eko (Noni’s girlfriend). The word

“emergency” as noun on this page means Eko helps Kugy to repair her laptop.

But, actually the word “emergency” in English to Indonesian has a meaning as

“keadaan darurat” or “dalam keadaan darurat”. Indonesian also says

emergency in medical sides, it is used when the patient should get the first

medical helping.

The context of the sentence above is caused by function and aim which

is used in communication based on the aim of communication. Language

function related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and

announcing. Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in

context and situation. It is uttered when Noni feels upset to Eko because he
 77

comes late to her boarding house. Because Noni has been waiting for him for

ten minutes, she should go for teaching once a week, because she is a private

teacher from 6 month ago.

035.CMWL/P.239

“Komputernya Kugy sempat ke crashed, sementara kan dia mau sidang dua

minggu lagi.”

The sentence above is located on page 239 in the chapter 27 by the tittle

“Janji adalah Janji”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “crashed” as a compliment, and it is uttered by Eko (Noni’s boyfriend).

The word “crashed” on this page has a meaning in technological side. It means

that the computer is getting problem. The problem can be caused by virus,

software, printer, hard disk drive, hardware conflict, RAM, BIOS, VXD, power

supply and others. It makes the computers cannot give the respond when users

click the subject.

The context of the sentence above is caused function and aim. It is used

in communication based on the aim of communication. Language function

related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing.

Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in context and

situation. It is uttered when Eko tries to explain to Noni that he comes late

because he helps Kugy to service her laptop. Two weeks later Kugy will

present her thesis. And it will be emergence if the data crashed.

 78

036.CMWL/P.249

“Karel, ini namanya STYLE. Oke?”

The sentence above is located on page 249 in the chapter 28 by the tittle

“advocado”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word “style”

as a noun. It is uttered by Karin (Kugy’s and Kevin’s sister). She is young

stylish girl. The word style in Indonesia language is not only used for fashion,

but also it can be used for other activities. Such as, it can be dancing style,

singing style, learning style and many more. But in the sentence above, the

word style refers to the fashion which has a meaning the way people wearing

their clothes.

The context of the sentence above is caused by humor factor. It is

usually used by speaker to show a humor in serious meeting, and used by

comedian to entertain the audiences. In this novel, it is uttered when Kugy takes

a mirror and sees her style. She thinks her style is not good to look. Because

usually she wear casual clothes, and this time Karin changes Kugy to be

elegant. Karel comments Kugy’s style, and Karin tries do deny.

037.CMWL/P.254

“Udah banyak iklan produk sejenis yang pakai angle yang sama.”

The sentence above is located on page 254 in the chapter 29 by the tittle

“Bumi Pun Berputar”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “angle” as a noun. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya (The owner of

 79

advertising company). The word “angle” has a meaning in photography side as

the way to take a good picture. The photographer should choose the right side

when they are taking the picture.

The context is caused by the function and aim factor which is used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. The

sentence above uttered at noon when the advertising employees make a meeting

with his Boss to discuss about their project. They have many considerations

about the angle will be taken on screen.

038.CMWL/P.256

“Bayangkan tiba-tiba muncul background hitam sunyi tanpa suara.”

The sentence above is located on page 256 in the chapter 29 by the tittle

“Bumi Pun Berputar”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “background”. It is uttered by Kugy. She is nerd and smart girl. The word

background is familiar in Indonesia language, and it has a meaning as the back

screen or view for taking good picture. The context of the sentence above is

caused by main topic. It is a dominant factor in causing code mixing, because

of it is caused by formal and informal topic.

Besides, it is also is uttered by function and aim factor used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. It is

 80

uttered when Kugy with her flat face tries to comments the concept of

advertisement. Kugy explains the appropriate concepts to her friends in the

meeting by using simple language, and makes sure other about her concept.

039.CMWL/P.257

“Klien kita suka banget sama konsep kamu. Mereka mau launch kampanye

besar-besaran.”

The sentence above is located on page 257 in the chapter 29 by the tittle

“Bumi Pun Berputar”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “launch” as a verb. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya (the owner of

advertising company). She is a young success boy. The word “launch” in

advertising side has a meaning as publishing the new products. The context is

caused by function and aim factor. Language function is used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. The

sentence is uttered when Kugy comes to the office, Kugy asked to meet Remi.

Remi informs that their client likes Kugy’s Tammies Bar concept.

040.CMWL/P.257

“Kalo kita meeting lagi, kamu punya kerjaan lain selain nahan ngantuk.”

The sentence above is located on page 257 in the chapter 29 by the tittle

“Bumi Pun Berputar”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “meeting” as a noun. It is uttered by Remi. He is calm, but sometimes he

 81

makes joke.People in Indonesia say meeting when they would like to discuss

about an event, project, matter and other. It is usually used by people who work

in the office or company. The word meeting in Indonesian language means

“pertemuan” to discuss about something. The context of the sentence above is

caused by humor factor usually used by speaker to show a humor in serious

meeting, and used by comedian to entertain the audiences. In this novel, it is

uttered in the office when Remi makes a joke to Kugy after they discussed

about the next meeting and project.

041.CMWL/P.264

“Tadinya ada appointment, tapi dibatalkan.”

The sentence above is located on page 264 in the chapter 30 by the tittle

“Agen Non-Aquarius”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “appointment” as a noun. The word appointment can be translated into

Indonesian language becomes “janji pertemuan”. It usually used by the

businessman to meet the client. The context of sentence is caused by function

and aim related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and

announcing. It is uttered when Remi offers Kugy to accompany her to go home.

Kugy has been waiting for taxi for an hour.

042.CMWL/P.265

“Saya stuck di musik 80. Gak bisa denger yang lain.”

 82

The sentence above is located on page 265 in the chapter 30 by the tittle

“Agen Non-Aquarius”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “stuck” as a noun. The word “stuck” means there is no way to go. But, in

this context it means that the character (Kugy) cannot find her interesting to

listen to the latest music. She likes to listen to music 80s. This conversation

happens when Remi and Kugy on their way go home and talk about their hobby

and experience. It is uttered because of humor factor. It is because of code

mixing isusually used by speaker to show a humor in serious meeting, and used

by comedian to entertain the audiences. In this novel, the character are making

joke by telling their hobbies and experiences.

043.CMWL/P.267

“Kita dinner di restoran seafood.”

The sentence above is located on page 267 in the chapter 30 by the tittle

“Agen Non-Aquarius”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “dinner” as a noun, and it is uttered by Remigius Aditya. She is a modern

boy. In culinary, the word dinner means getting meal in the evening. In

Indonesian culture, the word dinner is usually used when people go out to the

restaurant for getting some food in the evening. The context of the sentence is

happened by popular term usage and topic meant that the word is popular to use

for people who will have a date. It is uttered when Remi offers Kugy to have a

dinner in Radio dalam after they made a joke about guessing their zodiac.
 83

044.CMWL/P.273

Ko sendirian, Gy? ngga mingle?

The sentence above is located on page 273 in the chapter 31 by the tittle

“Arisan Toilet”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“mingle” as a verb. The word “mingle” in Indonesian language means joining

other. It means that mingle is people way to join the conversation, event,

discussion, go out together with friends. If it translated it Indonesian language,

it can be “membaur”.

The context of the sentence above because of function and aim which is

used in communication based on the aim of communication. Language function

related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. It

is uttered when Remi approaches Kugy who are bullying by Remi’s friend in

the toilet. Remi tries to take Kugy away from the girls who are upset to Kugy,

because the heard that lately Remi close to Kugy.

045.CMWL/P.287

“Saya malah dapet award ditahun itu.”

The sentence above is located on page 287 in the chapter 32 by the tittle

“Ninja Asmara”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“award” as a noun. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya. The word “award” means

the appreciation for someone who gets an achievement. This word is very

familiar in Indonesian societies. There is no doubt for catching the meaning of

 84

it. The context of the sentence above is happened when Kugy and Remi are in

the street vendor restaurant. They talk their experiences, Remi tells his

experience during get the position as the leader in advertising company.

The code mixing above is caused by function and aim usually used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. And it also

uttered by topic factor which is a dominant factor in causing code mixing,

because it caused by formal and informal topic.

045.CMWL/P.288

“Tapi ini pekerjaan yang selalu kamu inginkan, atau ada passion lainkah?”

The sentence above is located on page 288 in the chapter 32 by the tittle

“Ninja Asmara”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“passion” as a noun. The word passion in Indonesian language usually used for

telling the hope and ability. It is very familiar in the societies, especially people

who live in the city, students who want to continue their study, etc. The code

mixing word level above is uttered by Kugy to Remigius Aditya in the street

vendor restaurant while spending their nights after join the event.

The factor is caused by popular tem factor because of factor in social

life, there are certain vocabularies which has most popular parable. The word

passion is more popular to use than “keinginan besar” when people talk about

the idea or occupation. Besides, it also caused by function and aim factor
 85

because there is an asking indication. Language function is used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker

uses language based on the function they expected in context and situation. In

“Perahu Kertas” novel, Kugy asks Remi about his other passion, because Remi

looks like so serious with his advertising company. Remi says there is no other

passion. It can be seen from the sentence that there is an asking indication

046.CMWL/P.307

“Mudah-mudahan tahun depan bisa upgrade jadi sanur.”

The sentence above is located on page 307 in the chapter 34 by the tittle

“Malam Terakhir di Ujung Tahun”. The code mixing word level written by the

author is word “upgrade” as a noun. It is uttered by Kugy to Remigius Aditya.

The word “upgrade” in technological side has a meaning as the process of

updating something by adding the new facilities. The things which can be

updated are software and hardware. But, in this context of the passage, the word

“upgrade” means “change”. It means that Kugy wants to change the holiday

from Ancol to Bali. She wants to go to Bali for the next holiday. The situation

happens when Kugy and Remi are in Ancol beach spending their New Year

eve. Kugy makes joke that she wish next year she can spend her New Year eve

in Bali.
 86

The factor of using code mixing above is conversation partner. The

partner can be individual addressee or group. In bilingual society, the speaker

who usually uses one language can use code mixing if their addressee from

same background but uses other language. In this context, the characters usually

mix their language. It means that the characters are using more than one

language.

047.CMWL/P.320

“Rekan alien lu, tuh, Kugy udah lulus tahun lalu.”

The sentence above is located on page 320in the chapter 35 by the tittle

“Pangeran Sejati”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“alien” as a noun. It is uttered by Eko to Keenan. The word “alien” in

astronomy side is a kind of another planet living thing. The form of the alien is

like a human, but it looks not normal form. The “alien” is still being something

mysterious. But, in this novel, the word “alien” which is uttered by Eko has the

different thing. It refers to Kugy’s strange character like an alien. This situation

happens when Keenan and Eko are making joke, all day long they spend their

time together and tell each other about their business during they don’t meet

and he tells that Kugi graduates sooner. It is caused by humor factor, because

there in a humor indication which showed by saying word “alien”. Humor

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usually used by speaker to show a humor in serious meeting, and used by

comedian to entertain the audiences.

048.CMWL/P.321

“Lha elu… siapa yang bakal nyangka seorang Keenan bisa jadi businessman

di Ibu kota.”

The sentence above is located on page 321 in the chapter 35 by the tittle

“Pangeran Sejati”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“businessman” as a noun. It is uttered by Eko to Keenan. The word

“businessmen” in economic side has a meaning as people who have a business.

If it is translated into Indonesian language, it can be meant as “pengusaha”.

The word “businessmen” usually used in a city with success people in business.

The situation of the sentence above is caused by main topic factor. It is a

dominant factor in causing code mixing. It is because of formal and informal

topic. The sentence is uttered when Keenan tells that he tries to make a fairy

tale, and wants to publish it. But Eko doesn’t believe that Fairy tale will change

Keenan’s life. Fairy tale has no beneficial for Keenan.

049.CMWL/P.326

“Gy, sori barusan banget agency dari vector point telepon.”

The sentence above is located on page 326 in the chapter 35 by the tittle

“Pangeran Sejati”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“agency” as a noun. It is uttered by Remigius to Kugy. The word “agency”

 88

means the company concerns on distributing channel. The function is for

marketing products from one company to other. The situation of the code

mixing word level above is happened when Remi and Kugy will come to Noni

and Eko’s engagement. Suddenly, Remi gets phone from his client and make a

final presentation about his project.

The code mixing above is caused by function and aim which used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker

uses language based on the function they expected in context and situation. In

the sentence above, there is an announcing indication, because Remi tells to

Kugy that he got a phone from agency.

050.CMWL/P.330

“Dari monyet berantakan sampai jadi manusia cantik bergaun velvet”.

The sentence above is located on page 330 in the chapter 36 by the tittle

“Reuni Kelompencapir”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “velvet” as a noun. It is uttered by Eko to Noni and Keenan. The word

“velvet” in the fashion side means red shiny color. The situation of the sentence

above is caused by humor factor. It is usually used by speaker to show a humor

in serious meeting, and used by comedian to entertain the audiences. In this

novel, there is a humor indication when Kugy comes to Eko and Noni’s

engagement, they shocks when they see that Kugy is so beautiful with her
 89

gown. It’s because, Kugy usually doesn’t care with her style. Then, Eko says

that Kugy is getting perfect metamorphose.

051.CMWL/P.351

“Sekarang dessert, terus apalagi sesudah ini?”

The sentence above is located on page 351 in the chapter 38 by the tittle

“Penculikan Paling Indah”. The code mixing word level written by the author

is word “dessert” as a noun. It is uttered by Kugy to Keenan. In culinary side,

the word “dessert” has a meaning as a dish usually served in the end of dinner.

It can be a dish which has great taste like cheese. If it is translated into

Indonesian language, it can be meant as “hidangan penutup”.

In this novel, the situation is happened when Kugy and Keenan don’t

meet for long time, Keenan brings Kugy far away from the city to spend their

time. He takes Kugy the nature. The factor is popular term, it means that this

factor caused in social life, there are certain vocabularies which has most

popular parable. In the sentence above, the word “dessert” is familiar, used by

Indonesian societies to change the word “makanan penutup”.

052.CMWL/P.352

“Tugas kamu disini adalah memenuhi target dan deadline kamu.”

The sentence above is located on page 352 in the chapter 38 by the tittle

“Penculikan Paling Indah”. The code mixing word level written by the author

is word “deadline” as a noun. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya. The word

 90

deadline is a familiar word in Indonesian societies. It has a meaning as time

limitation in doing or submitting the project, the time by which something must

be done or completed.

In Perahu Kertas novel, the context of the sentence above happens

when Remi takes a deep breath. He feels that Kugy has no spirit about

completing their project. Kugy cannot get the target and she is late for doing

task about storyboard. The code mixing above is caused by popular term which

this factor caused in social life, there are certain vocabularies which has most

popular parable. The word deadline is familiar for people to want to reach the

target.

053.CMWL/P.362

“Kamu mau resign, Gy?”

The sentence above is located on page 362 in the chapter 39 by the tittle

“Karya Bersama”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“resign” as a verb. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya to Kugy in the office. The

word “resign” in work side has a meaning as to give up a job for position or

one’s job and office by telling the employer, especially by formal notification.

In this novel, the word resign has a context with the same definition above.

The sentence is uttered in the office. It is caused by conversation partner

factor. In bilingual society, the speaker who usually uses one language can use

code mixing if their addressee is from the same background but uses other
 91

language. Kugy is an employee who works in the same office with Remi. Remi

is seeing Kugy’s work lately Remi feels there are something wrong and

strength on Kugy. Remi offers Kugy to resign from his company. Because

actually Remi has known what happened to Kugy.

054.CMWL/P.363

“Kamu akan saya tahan sampai nanti outing ke Bali.”

The sentence above is located on page 363 in the chapter 39 by the tittle

“Karya Bersama”. The code mixing word level written by the author is word

outing as a verb. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya to Kugy. The word “outing”

is familiar in Indonesian societies, especially for education. They do an outing

class for senior students. But for this this context, the word “outing” refers to a

pleasure tip, excursion, picnic, or the like an annual outing for the employees.

This can be short journey made by a group of people.

In Perahu Kertas novel, the sentence above has context is caused by

main topic factor. It is a dominant factor in causing code mixing. The factor is

caused by formal and informal topic and humor. It is usually used by speaker to

show a humor in serious meeting, and used by comedian to entertain the

audiences. In this context Remi demands Kugy to join holiday to Bali with

other employees while joking. Remi realize that about Kugy’s decision to

resign from his company. This is the first time for Remi to love Kugy with no

pressure. He lets Kugy to do everything she wants.

 92

055.CMWL/P.371

“Sehabis ini, acara kita adalah shopping di Kuta.”

The sentence above is located on page 371 in the chapter 40 by the tittle

“Menemukan Oasis” The code mixing word level written by the author is word

“shopping” as a verb. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya to Kugy. The word

“shopping” in the sentence above means to visit shops and stores for

purchasing or examining goods. To seek or examining goods, property. But,

Indonesian perspective, the word shopping usually refers to buying some

clothes, especially for woman.

In the sentence above, the word shopping means buying clothes and

handy crafts. This sentence is caused by popular term usage. In social life, there

are certain vocabularies which has most popular parable. The word is familiar

in Indonesian societies. In Perahu Kertas novel, Remi, Kugy and other

employees get holiday to Bali, in sanur Kugy and Remi spend their time in

Sanur.

056.CMWL/P.371

“Udah berat-berat pinjem kamera dari karel, tapi dari tadi belum sempet

hunting foto.”

The sentence above is located on page 371 in the chapter 40 by the tittle

“Menemukan Oasis”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “hunting” as a verb. It is uttered by Kugy to Remigius Aditya. The word

 93

“hunting” is the way to get an animal in the forest, but word hunting also has

an extension meaning. In photography, the word hunting is someone activity by

going to somewhere (near or far) for taking good pictures.

The context of the sentence above is happened in Sanur. Kugy spends

her day at the beach. Under the light of the sun, he plays parasailing, banana

boat, Jet Ski and other. She does not have a time for taking some pictures. The

code mixing above is caused by popular term. This factor caused in social life,

there are certain vocabularies which has most popular parable. The word

hunting for photography is popular which has a meaning as taking picture.

057.CMWL/P.371

“Gampang, kita cari transport pinggir jalan.”

The sentence above is located on page 371 in the chapter 40 by the tittle

“Menemukan Oasis”. The code mixing word level written by the author is

word “transport” as a noun. The word transport is the abbreviation from word

“transportation”. It is very familiar in Indonesian language. Indonesian

societies usually say transport, because it is included into “Bahasa serapan”. It

means that, the Indonesian takes other language by changing some letters and

pronunciation. The word transport in this novel means getting transportation to

go to somewhere. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya to Kugy, they will go to

Jimbaran meet their friends and employees. The code mixing above is caused
 94

by main topic. It is a dominant factor in causing code mixing, because of formal

and informal topic. Their topic is getting next trip to Jimbaran.

058.CMWL/P.400

“Gy, sori saya ngga bermaksud bikin kamu shock.”

The sentence above is located on page 400 in the chapter 43 by the tittle

“Cincin dalam Kotak Perak”. The code mixing word level written by the

author is word “shock” as a noun. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya to Kugy.

The word shock is very familiar for Indonesian societies. Even most of the

teenagers say “shock” for showing unpredictable feeling. The word “shock”

can be translated into Indonesian language becomes “kaget or terkejut”. It is

usually uttered by people who live in the city.

The situation is caused by function and aim. It is used in communication

based on the aim of communication. Language function related to certain

purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses

language based on the function they expected in context and situation. It is

uttered when when Remigius Aditya comes to Kugy’s house while bringing a

ring in silver box for a surprise. Remi knows that Kugy looks so strange to face

Remis’s arrival. This is not what Kugy’s expects. Remi said to Kugy that it did

not mean to make Kugy shocks.

059.CMWL/P.400

“Look, kamu gak perlu jawab apa-apa sekarang.”

 95

The sentence above is located on page 400 in the chapter 43 by the tittle

“Cincin dalam Kotak Perak”. The code mixing word level written by the

author is word “look” as a verb. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya to Kugy. The

word “look” is not too familiar in Indonesian societies, only a few people with

certain background. Such as people who master more than one language,

especially English and Indonesian language. The sentence above is uttered

when Remi gives Kugy a time to answer his serious engagement. After Remi

went out, directly Kugy goes to her room, locks the room and just stay there.

The sentence above is caused by function and aim factor. It is used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker

uses language based on the function they expected in context and situation.

There is an asking indication when Remi says “look”.

2. Code Mixing Phrase Level

Phrase is grammatical analysis to refer to a single element of structure

typically containing more than one words, and lacking the subject and predicate

structure typical of clauses. Phrase insertion here a sequence of words which is

semantically and often syntactically restricted, and functioning as a single unit.

001.CMPL/P.30

“Kita jalan kaki aja cari yang dekat-dekat, atau delivery service.”
 96

The sentence above is located on page 30 in the chapter 3 by the tittle

“Mother Alien”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author is

“Delivery service”. It is included into adverbial phrase. The formula is adverb

as modifier and noun as head. Delivery service is familiar in Indonesian

societies is. It usually serves by the company, store, food court and other.

Delivery service is a managerial process which concerns on customers. It is

related to customers needed. In Indonesia, delivery service usually used for

sending the food that has ordered. The customers only call the call centers for

order the food.

On this page, the sentence is caused by humor factor usually used by

speaker to show a humor in serious meeting, and used by comedian to entertain

the audiences and popular term usage. There are certain vocabularies which has

most popular parable showed by using phrase “delivery service” than “pesan

antar”. It is uttered when Eko’s old car is getting trouble. The machine

performance is too old. Noni and Kugy will have a meeting with Keenan and

Eko. They will take walk to find some food, because Eko cannot pick them up.

002.CMPL/P.34

“Yah, gua kan cuma menganalisa dari statistic penegmbalian buku lu, Ko. Dan

judul-judul apa yang lu Pinjam, no hard feeling dong.”

The sentence above is located on page 34 in the chapter 4 by the tittle

“Lingkaran Suci”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “no
 97

hard feeling”. It is included into noun phrase and can be formulated into

Adjective as modifier and noun as head. No hard feeling means “don’t take it

personally”. It is uttered by Kugy to Eko In the living room, there is a box of

Pizza, a television, there are four people who are talking each other, make joke

and tell their experience.

Eko is Kugy’s best friend who is always late to return the book to

Kugy, Kugy has a small library in her house for children around the regency.

The sentence is caused by humor factor humor. It is a factor usually used by

speaker to show a humor in serious meeting, and used by comedian to entertain

the audiences. There in a joke indication in the sentence which uttered by Kugy

to Eko as her best friend.

003.CMPL/.34

“Masa prospek gua dihancurkan gara-gra track record kartu anggota taman

bacaan?”

The sentence above is located on page 34 in the chapter 4 by the tittle

“Lingkaran Suci”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “track

record”. It is included into noun phrase. “track record” is the notes of someone

from the past until the recent. In Indonesian language, track record means

“rekam jejak or catatan silam”. This code mixing phrase level is caused by

humor factor. It is a factor which is usually used by speaker to show a humor in

serious meeting, and used by comedian to entertain the audiences. The sentence
 98

is uttered when Kugy and Eko make joke each other in front of Keenan and

Noni. It’s because Eko always be late in returning the book to Kugy. Because

of that, Kugy’s library has no more books to be borrowed.

004.CMPL/P.37

“Asal kamu tahu, di Negara ini Cuma segelintir penulis yang bisacari makan

dari nulis tok. Kebanyakan dari mereka punya pekerjaan lain, jadi wartawan

kek, dosen kek, copy writer di biro iklan kek.”

The sentence above is located on page 37 in the chapter 4 by the tittle

“Lingkaran Suci”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “copy

writer”. It is included into noun phrase. It can be formulated into verb as

modifier and noun as head. Copy writer usually found in printing office,

publisher and Advertising Company. Copywriter is a profession in commercial

advertising company which writes a text of the advertisement. It can be for

print advertisement, radio or TV commercial.

The sentence above is caused by main topic factor. It is a dominant

factor in causing code mixing, because of formal and informal topic. The

context is when Keenan comes to Kugy’s boarding house. They meet only for
 99

having simple chat. Keenan comments Kugy’s idea to be fairy tale writer.

Kugy’s idea does not guarantee for better life in the future.

005.CMPL/P.45

“Gila, itu sih mission impossible namanya.”

The sentence above is located on page 45 in the chapter 5 by the tittle

“Sebatang Pisang Susu”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author is

“Mission Impossible”. It is included into adjective phrase. The phrase can be

formulated into adjective as modifier and noun as head. Mission impossible in

English is basically from word “mission” (misi), and impossible (tidak

mungkin). It can be meant as getting the impossible thing or doing something

impossible.

The sentence above is uttered by Kugy to Keenan. It is caused by humor

factor. The context is when Kugy looks at Keenan’s painting. The painting

looks so abstract. Keenan asks Kugy to the the meaning of his painting, but

Kugy cannot guess what the meaning of the painting is. There is a humor

indication when Kugy says ”mission impossible” in the sentence above.

006.CMPL/P.50

“Gara-gara keseringan nonton midnight bareng, kita berempat nanti bisa

double date beneran.”

The sentence above is located on page 50 in the chapter 6 by the tittle

“Hunusan Pedang Es”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author is
 100

“double date”. It is included into noun phrase and can be formulated into

adjective as modifier and noun as head. In Indonesian, double date phrase is

familiar, especially for teenager. Double date itself means as a couple who are

going outside. It is usually for having dinner, watching movie in the cinema and

other.

The sentence above is caused by conversation partner and popular term

usage factors. It is uttered by Eko at Kugy’s boarding house when Eko and

Noni meet Kugy. Three of them sit on the usual chair while bringing their

dishes. They talk about their plan, and Eko has a plan to make triple date. Kugy

with Ojos, Noni with Eko, and they still confuse for Keenan’s couple.

007.CMPL/P.114

“Pasha ini gue Wanda.Gue minta tolong ya? Gue Cuma butuh data lo doang

buat customer list gue.”

The sentence above is located on page 114 in the chapter 13 by the tittle

“Rencana Besar Wanda”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author

is “customer list”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be

formulated into noun as modifier and noun as head. Customer list in this novel

means a segment of users based on a set of criteria, the list of users instead of a

group collector (painting). The sentence above is uttered by Wanda to his

friend.
 101

The factor of using code mixing above is conversation partner factor.

The conversation partner can be individual addressee or group. In bilingual

society, the speaker who is usually uses one language can use code mixing if

their addressee from same background but uses other language. Wanda and her

friend know the meaning of customer list phrase. Because of both of them are

from the same background as a painting collector. In the context, Wanda reads

her customer list and looks for the appropriate painting collector for Keenan’s

painting. Because, Wanda is sure that Keenan painting is not her father

qualification. So, Wanda asks her friend to be Keenan’s customer and Wanda

herself who will pay the painting.

008.CMPL/P.133

“Gy, aku ngerasa banget kita kurang quality time berdua.”

The sentence above is located on page 34 in the chapter 15 by the tittle

“Mencari Ketulusan”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author is

“quality time”. It is included into noun phrase and can be formulated into noun

as modifier and noun as head. Quality time is an informal reference to time

spent with close family, partners or friends that is someway important, special,

productive or profitable. It is time that is set aside for paying full and undivided

attention to person or matter at hand. It may also refer to time spent performing

some favorite activity.

 102

The sentence above is uttered by Ojos in The light of the candle lights.

He is care and calm boy. It is caused by popular term usage, because quality

time is usually used by people who know the meaning of the term and people

who understand more than one language. Kugy and Ojos have no quality time

lately, because Ojos studies in different city. Ojos wants to date with Kugy all

day long.

009.CMPL/P.163

“Yup, Gua bikin garden-party, minjem halaman rumahnya Wanda yang segede

setan.”

The sentence above is located on page 163 in the chapter 18 by the tittle

“Kepergian dan Kehilangan”. The code mixing phrase level written by the

author is “Garden party”. It is included into noun phrase. Garden party means

a formal party happens outside in the afternoon, often in large private garden.

The sentence above is uttered by Noni to Kugy. She is a modern and neat girl.

She will celebrate her birthday. She will make a garden party by using Wanda’s

house yard.

The sentence above is caused by popular term usage. It is because of

usually people in the city say garden party to change the phrase “pesta kebun”.

It is also caused by function and aim. The factor which is used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker

 103

uses language based on the function they expected in context and situation. In

the sentence above, there is and announcing indication when nony utters “Yup,

Gua bikin garden-party, minjem halaman rumahnya Wanda yang segede

setan.”

0010.CMPL/P.251

“Kita banyak banget proyek media campaign, pokoknya kenyang deh.”

The sentence above is located on page 251 in the chapter 28 by the tittle

“advocado.” The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “media

campaign”. It is included into noun phrase and can be formulated into noun as

modifier and noun as head. Media campaign is from phrase “campaign media”

in English. But the Indonesian societies usually say media campaign especially

in advertising company. It can be meant as typically broadcast through several

media channels. It may focus on a common theme and the one of few brands or

products, or be directed at a particular segment of the population.

The sentence above is caused by main topic factor. It is because of the

characters are discussing their project. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya in the

office. He says that his company gets many projects about media campaign. For

sure, it will make Kugy and other employees are busier. The sentence above is

also caused by function and aim factor. It is used in communication based on

the aim of communication. Language function related to certain purpose, like

 104

asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on

the function they expected in context and situation.

0011.CMPL/P.252

“Gy, gambar yang udah ditandaian, tolong diguntingin. Kita mau buat dummy

story board.”

The sentence above is located on page 252 in the chapter 28 by the tittle

“advocado.” The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “dummy

story board”. It is included into noun phrase and can be formulated into

adjective as modifier and noun as head. The phrase is not too familiar in

Indonesian societies, expect the advertising company. Dummy story board

means a panel or panels on which a sequence of sketches depicts the significant

changes of action and scene in a planned film, as for a movie, television show

or advertisement. In this novel, the dummy storyboard concerns on

advertisement.

The sentence is uttered by Remi to Kugy, he says that Kugy is busier

than before. Remi gives Kugy many magazines and scissor. She has a duty to

cut the picture has marked. Remi is a businessman who has good responsible.

The factor of code mixing on this page is main topic. It is a dominant factor in

causing code mixing. It is because of formal and informal topic. The sentence

above is also caused by language and aim factor. It is used in communication

based on the aim of communication. Language function related to certain

 105

purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses

language based on the function they expected in context and situation. There is

an asking indication which is uttered by Remi to Kugy.

0012.CMPL/P.257

“Muncullah selapis wafer, lalu mengalirlah hazelnut crème.”

The sentence above is located on page 257 in the chapter 28 by the tittle

“advocado.” The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “hazelnut-

crème”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be formulated into

adjective as modifier and noun as head. Hazelnut crème is usually found in a

cup of coffee, wafer, cakes and other food. It is a crème made by hazelnut. It

can be used for topping. In this novel, hazelnut-crème uses on the wafer. The

sentence above is uttered by Kugy, and it is caused by function and aim.

The factor is usually used in communication based on the aim of

communication. Language function related to certain purpose, like asking,

offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the

function they expected in context and situation. In this novel, the context is

when Kugy explains her ideas in front of Remi and other employees in the

meeting of wafer advertising concepts.

0013.CMPL/P.257

“Khusus untuk pitching ini, saya mau Kugy jadi project leader.”
 106

The sentence above is located on page 257 in the chapter 28 by the tittle

“advocado.” The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “Project

leader”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be formulated into

noun as modifier and noun as head. The phrase “project leader” is a familiar

phrase in Indonesia people, especially in the company, events and organization.

In this novel, the phrase “project leader” means a person who is tasked with

planning, executing and closing the project. But only a project leader inspires

and motivates a team. Project leader takes the time to get knows the team,

keeps the employees in the loop and acts as a mentor.

In the sentence above, the phrase is uttered when Remi doesn’t think too

much anymore about the project. It is because he has no more brilliant idea for

the wafer concept of the advertisement. He wants Kugy to be a leader of the

project. The sentence above is caused by conversation partner. It means that the

partner can be individual addressee or group. In bilingual society, the speaker

who usually uses one language can use code mixing if their addressee is from

same background but uses other language. The context of the sentence above is

when Remi is talking to his employees who understand about “project leader”.

The sentence above is also caused by function and aim. It is used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker

uses language based on the function they expected in context and situation

because the sentence above has and asking indication uttered by Remi.
 107

0014.CMPL/P.287

“Kalau saya jadi tukang bubur, saya bakal jadikan kamu brand ambassador.”

The sentence above is located on page 287 in the chapter 32 by the tittle

“Ninja Asmara.” The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “brand

ambassador”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be formulated

into noun as modifier and noun as head. The sentence above is uttered by

Remigius Aditya to Kugy. He is cool, but sometimes he is humorist. The phrase

of “brand ambassador” itself is very familiar in Indonesian societies especially

in advertising. It has a meaning as is a person who hired by an organization or

company to represent a brand in a positive light and by doing do help to

increase brand awareness and sales.

In the sentence above, the phrase is uttered when Kugy and Remi are

having date after they worked at the office. They go the street vendor

restaurant. They are making joke that Remi will take Kugy as “Bubur Brand

Ambassador”. It is caused by humor factor which is usually used by speaker to

show a humor in serious meeting, and it is used by comedian to entertain the

audiences. In the sentence above, there is humor indication which is uttered by

Remi to Kugy when he says “brand ambassador”.

0015.CMPL/P.287

“Dari lulus kuliah, saya mulai magang seperti kamu, jadi junior art director.”
 108

The sentence above is located on page 287 in the chapter 32 by the tittle

“advocado.” The code mixing phrase level written by the author is “junior art

director”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be formulated into

noun as modifier and noun as head. The phrase junior art director is not too

familiar in Indonesian societies, except people who work in a company of

advertising, television and other. The junior art director itself has meaning as a

person who responsible for creating visual concepts in response to clients’

briefs and relaying them to the art director.

The phrase above is uttered by Remi to Kugy. It is caused by function

and aim factor. It is used in communication based on the aim of

communication. Language function related to certain purpose, like asking,

offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the

function they expected in context and situation. In the sentence above, Remi

tells that after he graduated from university, he ever practiced as junior art

director in advertising company. From the context, it can be seen that there is

an informing or announcing indication.

0017.CMPL/P.350

“Room service-nya indomie rebus sama the tawar, luas kamar seluas-luasnya,

tempat tidur refleksi, dan live music nonstop suara ombak.”

The sentence above is located on page 350 in the chapter 38 by the tittle

“Penculikan Paling Indah” The code mixing phrase level written by the author
 109

is “live music”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be formulated

into adjective as modifier and noun as head. The phrase of “live music” is very

familiar for Indonesian societies. In the musical side, it has a meaning as a

performance given by one or more singers or instrumentalists or both. In this

novel, the phrase is uttered by Keenan to Kugy at the beach. It is caused by

domicile and time of conversation factor because of they enjoy the sky which is

getting dark with their romantic atmosphere. Kugy and Keenan take down from

the hill heading to the beach.

0018.CMPL/P.351

“Oke, rekan agenku. Main course udah, sekarang dessert, terus apalagi

sesudah ini”

The sentence above is located on page 351 in the chapter 38 by the tittle

“Penculikan Paling Indah.” The code mixing phrase level written by the author

is “Main course”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be formulated

into adjective as modifier and noun as head. The phrase is uttered by Kugy (the

main character) to Keenan. The phrase of “main course” it self means the

featured or primary dish in a meal consisting of several courses. It usually

follows the entry course. The main course usually the heaviest, heartiest and

most complex or substantial dish on a menu. It can be fish, meat or another

protein source.
 110

In Perahu Kertas novel on page 351, the phrase is caused by domicile

and time of conversation. It also caused by functions and aim factor. The phrase

is uttered when Kugy Asked Keenan to go to the next plan after they got meal,

they are having holiday and spending their time in the beach. Keenan takes

Kugy so far away from Jakarta to Pangandaran Beach.

0019.CMPL/P.383

“Nah, yang satu ini formatnya buku seni, bentuknya coffee table book, yang

isinya adalah cerita kamu plus lukisan saya dari awal sampai yang terbaru.”

The sentence above is located on page 383 in the chapter 41 by the tittle

“Buku dan Pameran.” The code mixing phrase level written by the author is

“coffee table book”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be

formulated into noun as modifier and noun as head. The sentence is uttered by

Keenan to Kugy. The phrase of “coffee table book” itself is an oversized,

usually hard-cover book whose purpose is for display on a table intended for

use in an area in which one entertains guests and form which it can serve to

inspire conversation.

In the sentence above, the phrase of coffee table book refers to the fairy

tale book will be launched sooner. In Jakarta, Keenan will launch his fairy tale

book. The book will be dedicated to the children group discussion in Bandung.

The group had made for several times. The sentence above is caused by

conversation partner. It can be individual addressee or group. In bilingual

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society, the speaker usually uses one language can use code mixing if their

addressee from same background but uses other language, because Kugy of and

Keenan are from the same background who can speak English and Indonesian

language.

0020.CMPL/P.386

“Saya sedang bantu ayah saya, Mas. Beliau lagi sakit. Dan sekarang saya

menjalankan peruahaannya, trading company.”

The sentence above is located on page 386 in the chapter 45 by the tittle

“Kastil yang Masih Berdiri Tegak.”. The code mixing phrase level written by

the author is “trading company”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It

can be formulated into adjective as modifier and noun as head. The sentence

above is uttered by Keenan to Remigius Aditya. The phrase “trading company”

is business working with different kinds of products which are sold for

customers, business or government purposes. Trading company buys a

specialized range of products, maintain a stock or a shop and deliver products

to customers.

In the sentence above, the phrase is caused by conversation partner

factor. It also caused by function and aim factor. The sentence is uttered when

Remi accidentally meets Keenan in Jakarta. Suddenly Remi hugs Keenan and

they having chat. They are making a conversation about their business.

0021.CMPL/P.387
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“Saya ada meeting di coffee shop. Kamu?”

The sentence above is located on page 387 in the chapter 45 by the tittle

“Kastil yang Masih Berdiri Tegak.”. The code mixing phrase level written by

the author is “coffee shop”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It can be

formulated into noun as modifier and noun as head. It is caused by function and

aim factor. The factor is used in communication based on the aim of

communication. Function and aim is related to certain purpose, like asking,

offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the

function they expected in context and situation. In the sentence above, there is a

reporting indication when Remi tells to Keenan that he will have a meeting at

coffee shop. Keenan doesn’t believe that he will meet Remi in the coffee shop

accidentally. Keenan and Remi realize that the meeting should be there. And it

cannot be avoided.

0022.CMPL/P.408

“Pantesan dari tadi lu cuma missed call doang.”

The sentence above is located on page 408 in the chapter 44 by the tittle

“missed call”. The code mixing phrase level above is included into noun

phrase. It can be formulated adjective as modifier and noun as head. The phrase

above is uttered by Keenan to Noni. The phrase of “missed call” is familiar

phrase in Indonesian societies. It is familiar to utter, and actually the phrase

 113

“missed call” is a call to a cellular phone that was not answered, where the

caller leaves no message. The called is expected to return the phone call.

In the sentence above, the phrase is caused by popular term usage factor.

It is because Indonesian usually says missed call than “panggilan tak

terjawab”. It is uttered when Noni and Keenan have a meeting in the Kemang

restaurant. Noni only gives Keenan a missed call in order to can call her back.

There, Keenan tells his suspicion about Remi and Kugy.

0024.CMPL/P.423

“Denger-denger ada yang mau ke wedding exhibition ya?”

The sentence above is located on page 423 in the chapter 46 by the tittle

“Hati Tak Perlu Memilih”. The code mixing phrase level written by the author

is “wedding exhibition”. The phrase is included into noun phrase. It is no too

familiar in Indonesian societies, especially for people who live in the city,

people who have a business in wedding organizer and a couple who will get

married. The phrase of “wedding exhibition” itself is the synonym of wedding

fair, it’s the event which shows the wedding plane, concept, decoration, bridal,

and other.

In the novel, the phrase is uttered by Kevin to Kugy. He is a humorist

boy. It is caused by humor factor. The factor is usually used by speaker to show

a humor in serious meeting, and used by comedian to entertain the audiences. In

this novel, it is uttered when all family members have strange action from this
 114

morning. Kugy realizes about that situation and lazy to respond when her sister

makes a joke about Kugy’s engagement plan. Actually kugy did not go to the

exhibition, Kevin just made a joke.

3. Code Mixing in the Form of Clause

Clause is a unit of grammatical organization smaller than the

sentence, but larger than the phrases, words or morphemes and clause

having a subject and predicate. Some clauses are dependent, so they cannot

stand themselves as sentence .Other clauses are independent, they stand

themselves.

001.CMCL/P.14

“Nus, saya pindah ke Bandung. I’ll find my stream. Sampai ketemu.”

The sentence above is located on page 14 in the chapter 2 by the tittle

“Pindah Ke Bnadung”. The code mixing clause level written by the author is

“I’ll find my stream”. It is uttered by Kugy to her imagination. He is a smart

girl with full of imagination. The clause “I’ll find my stream” is included into

“Independent clause”. Because it can stand without any clauses by the

structure Subject, predicate, object. The clause is caused by function and aim

factor. It is used in communication based on the aim of communication.

Language function related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing

and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in
 115

context and situation, it is uttered Kugy in “Perahu Kertas” novel is in the

morning, Kugy stands in front of the river, she makes a perahu kertas which

has a message to Neptunus in it. She believes that Neptunus is a real friend who

accompanies her in the imagination.

002.CMCL/P.83

“Sorry guys. I just dropped my contact, untung ketemu lagi.”

The sentence above is located on page 83 in the chapter 10 by the tittle

“Kurator Muda”. The code mixing clause level written by the author is “I just

dropped my contact”. It is an independent clause which does not need any other

clauses. The structure is subject, predicate, and object. The clause above is

caused by function and aim factor. It is used in communication based on the

aim of communication. Language function related to certain purpose, like

asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker uses language based on

the function they expected in context and situation. In Perahu Kertas novel, the

context is when Eko and Noni come to Kugy’s house to introduce Wanda to

Keenan. Wanda comes late because she just dropped her contact.

003.CMCL/P.95

“It’s okay, Nan. Kapan-kapan aja.”

 116

The sentence above is located on page 95 in the chapter 11 by the tittle

“Sakola Alit”. The code mixing clause level written by the author is “it’s

okay”. It is uttered by Kugy to Keenan. He is a cool and artistic boy. The clause

“it’s okay” is included into “independent clause” by the structure “subject and

predicate”. The clause can stand without any other clauses. The sentence above

is caused by speaker and speaker character. It means that the speaker uses code

mixing to the hearer because she or he has certain purposes. There are some

purposes in doing code mixing because of the speaker want to change

conversation situation from formal to informal.

Besides, the speaker uses code mixing because of habit and informal

situation. It is also caused by conversation partner. It is can be individual

addressee or group. In bilingual society, the speaker who usually uses one

language can use code mixing if their addressee from same background but

uses other language. In “Perahu Kertas” novel, Keenan and Kugy can use

more than one language, and the context of sentence is in the campus, Keenan

waits for Kugy. She wants give her birthday gift. But, Kugy wants to make a

distance with Keenan, because she knows that Noni wants Keenan to be close

to Wanda.

004.CMCL/P.100

“I’m okay. Kenapa Jos?”

 117

The sentence above is located on page 100 in the chapter 12 by the tittle

“Jendral Pilik dan Pasukan lit”. The code mixing clause level written by the

author is “I’m okay”. It is uttered by Kugy to Ojos. The clause “I’m okay” is

included into independent. It can stand without any other clauses. The structure

is subject, predicate and compliment. The clause above is a familiar clause in

Indonesian societies for showing feeling condition. But sometimes that clause is

aimed to hide the heart or feeling condition in order to make the situation be

alright.

In this Perahu Kertas novel, the context is caused by function and aim

which factor. It is used in communication based on the aim of communication.

Language function related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing

and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in

context and situation. In “Perahu Kertas” novel, the context happens when

Ojos meets Kugy in her boarding house. He feels that there is something

different with Kugy’s sight when she is reading then J.R.R Tolkien book. But

Kugy says that she is okay.

005.CMCL/P.127

“Nan, udah saatnya lu jujur sama gua. Are you straight?”

The sentence above is located on page 127 in the chapter 15 by the tittle

“Mencari Ketulusan”. The code mixing clause level written by the author is

“are you straight?”. It is uttered by Eko to Keenan. The clause “are you
 118

straight?” is included into independent clause. It has subject and predicate by

using interrogative. The sentence above is uttered by function and aim factor. It

is used in communication based on the aim of communication. Language

function related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and

announcing. Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in

context and situation. In Perahu Kertas novel, it is uttered when Eko asks

Keenan about his feeling to Wanda. It looks that there is no something special

for Keenan about Wanda. From the context above, there is an asking indication

on the sentence spoken by Eko to Keenan showed as function and aim factor.

006.CMCL/P.151

“Nan, mungkin aku kolokan, but I’m not stupid, I’m not blind. Aku lihat

gimnan cara kamu melihat dia.”

The sentence above is located on page 151 in the chapter 17 by the tittle

“Tiga Kata Saja”. The code mixing clause level written by the author is “but

I’m not stupid”. It is uttered by Wanda to Keenan. She is a prestigious girl. The

clause “but I’m not stupid” is included into independent clause. The structure is

“subject, predicate and compliment”. If it is translated into Indonesian

language, it can be “saya tidak bodoh or aku nggak bodoh”. The clause above

is familiar clause in Indonesian societies.

In Perahu Kertas novel, the clause is caused by function and aim factor.

It is used in communication based on the aim of communication. Language

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function related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and

announcing. Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in

context and situation. The clause above is also caused by main topic factor. It is

a dominant factor in causing code mixing because of formal and informal topic.

The context of the sentence above is when Wanda feels upset to Keenan,

because of she knows that Keenan likes Kugy. Keenan asks Wanda to wear

clothes like Kugy, and she doesn’t like if she should be like Kugy. There is an

expression indication when Wanda expresses her feeling upset to Keenan in

their conversation topic.

007.CMCL/P.168

“It’s going to be fun.Noni, Eko, aku dan Keenan akan jadi host-nya.”

The sentence above is located on page 168 in the chapter 19 by the tittle

“Tragedi Pesta Noni”. The code mixing clause level written by the author is

“It’s going to be fun”. It is uttered by Wanda to Kugy. She is a prestigious,

modern and stylish girl. The clause above is included into independent clause,

because it can stand without any other clause by the structure “subject,

predicate and compliment”. The clause “it’s going to be fun” in Perahu Kertas

means they (Noni, Eko, Keenan and Kugy) will be having fun in Noni’s

birthday party. The clause “it’s going to be fun” is familiar to say in Indonesian

societies.
 120

The sentence on page 168 above which inserted by clause is uttered by

Wand. It is caused by prestigious factor. It means that the speaker used code

mixing because of situation factor, addressee, topic, and other socio-situational

factors. It does not allow the speaker to use code mixing, or in other term the

contextual function and relevance function are rising. The sentence above is

uttered when she meets Kugy in the supermarket. Kugy tries to avoid Wanda,

but she can’t. Wanda asks Kugy about Noni’s birthday party just for making

Kugy be dejected.

008.CMCL/P.177

“Nan….I’m sorry…aku tahu itu salah.”

The sentence above is located on page 177 in the chapter 20 by the tittle

”Kebohongan Gigantis”. The code mixing clause level written by the author is

“I’m sorry”. It is uttered by Wanda to Keenan in Noni’s birthday party when

she drinks too much champagne. The clause “I’m sorry” is included into

independent clause because of it can stand without any other clauses. The

structure is subject, predicate and compliment. In Indonesian language, the

clause “I’m sorry” is familiar to use, but sometimes they only say “sorry or

sorry ya, or sorry banget ya”.

The clause above is caused by function and aim factor. It is used in

communication based on the aim of communication. Language function related

to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing and announcing. Speaker

 121

uses language based on the function they expected in context and situation.

The sentence above is uttered when Keenan avoids Wanda, because of Wanda

drinks too much alcohol in Noni’s birthday party. Wanda does an apology to

Keenan after she told that she has a lying about painting to Keenan. Wanda

pays Keenan’s painting by using her friend name. From the context above, it

can be seen that there is and asking forgiveness expression spoken by Wanda to

Keenan.

009.CMCL/P.241

“Gua serisu, gila. Kalo ada apapun yang bisa gua bantu buat lu, please let me

know, ya. I owe you one”

The sentence above is located on page 241 in the chapter 27 by the tittle

”Janji adalah Janji”. The code mixing clause level written by the author is”I

owe you one”. It is uttered by Kugy to Eko. The clause I owe you one is

included into independent clause. It is because the clause can stand without any

other clauses, the structure is “subject, predicate, object and compliment”. If it

is translated into Indonesian language, it can be “saya punya hutang kepada

kamu or aku punya utang sama kamu”.

The sentence is caused by humor factor. It is usually used by speaker to

show a humor in serious meeting, and used by comedian to entertain the

audiences. In Perahu Kertas novel, the context and situation is not serious

when Eko asks Kugy about Noni. Kugy wants to help Eko anything she can
 122

while joking with funny words, because Eko helps Kugy for completing her

thesis.

4. Code Mixing of Baster Level.

Baster is a combination of two elements and creates one meaning, the

form of baster basically forms of English and there is an addition of Indonesian

slang affixation or vice versa. Baster of affixation is formed from two

component, they are Indonesian affixes and English word. This kind of Baster

must contain English and Indonesian elements in order to form transformational

word.

001.CMBL/P.7

“Emang! Kadang-kadang mendingan nge-date pake pake sepeda kumbang dari

pada Fiat kuning itu”.

The sentence above is located on page 7 in the chapter 1 by the tittle

“Jalan yang Berputar.” The code mixing baster level written by the author is

“nge-date”. It is included into baster of affixation specifically to baster

affixation Indonesian prefix. The structure is “nge as prefix and date as word”

becomes baster (nge-date). In Indonesian language, Nge-date is similar to go

out together with partner. The sentence above is uttered by Kugy to Noni. Kugy

is nerd, but sometimes she makes joke. It is caused by humor factor. The code
 123

mixing is used by speaker to show a humor in serious meeting, and used by

comedian to entertain the audiences.

In Perahu Kertas novel, it is uttered when Noni asks Kugy to prepare all

the packages will be round to Bandung by Fiat. Fiat is Eko’s old car that always

gets trouble on the road. There is a humor indication when Kugy says that

Eko’s car is too old to use, world will be run slower with that car. Besides

humor factor, it is also caused by conversation modus. Conversation modus is a

tool to communicate. It can be spoken modus (face to face, by phone or audio

visual), and written modus (letter, newspaper and scientific book). It is showed

in Perahu Kertas novel that the characters are talking by phone.

002.CMBL/P.168

“Noni, aku dan Keenan yang jadi Host-nya.”

The sentence above is located on page 168 in the chapter 19 by the tittle

“Tragedi Pesta Noni.” The code mixing baster level written by the author is

“Host nya” . It is included into Baster affixation English word with Indonesian

suffix. The structure is Host as word and nya as suffix” becomes baster Host-

nya. The sentence above is caused by prestigious factor. It means that the

speaker uses code mixing because of situation factor, addressee, topic, and

other socio-situational factors. It does not allow the speaker to use code mixing,

or in other term the contextual function and relevance function are rising.
 124

In Perahu Kertas novel page 168, the sentence is uttered by Wanda. She

meets Kugy in the market and asks Kugy to come to Noni’s birthday. Noni is

going to celebrate her birthday party in Wanda’s house yard. The situation

above looks too strange because both of them have hidden hate feeling.

003.CMBL/P.264

“Saya antarkan sekalian, yuk/ taksinya di-cancel aja”.

The sentence above is located on page 264 in the chapter 30 by the tittle

“Agen Non Aquarious.” The code mixing baster level written by the author is

“di-cancel”. It is included into baster affixation Indonesian prefix. The

structure is “di as prefix and cancel as word” becomes baster di-cancel. The

sentence above is uttered by Remigius Aditya. It caused by conversation

partner factor. The conversation partner can be individual addressee or group.

In bilingual society, the speaker who usually uses one language can use code

mixing if their addressee from same background but uses other language.

The sentence above is also caused by function and aim factor. Language

function is used in communication based on the aim of communication.

Language function related to certain purpose, like asking, offering, expressing

and announcing. Speaker uses language based on the function they expected in

context and situation. In Perahu Kertas novel page 264, the sentence is uttered

in the office after Kugy finished worked. She is going to back home by booking
 125

the taxi. But, suddenly Remi comes offer to accompany Kugy back to home.

From the context above, it can be seen that there is and offering indication

refers to asks Kugy to go home with him.

004.CMBL/P.350

“Jelas, lewatlah. Ini namanya hotel bintang, room service-nya Indomie rebus

sama the tawar.”

The sentence above is located on page 350 in the chapter 38 by the tittle

“Penculikan Paling Indah.” The code mixing baster level written by the author

is “service-nya”. It is included into baster affixation English word with

Indonesian suffix. The structure is “service as word and nya as suffix” becomes

baster service-nya. It is uttered by Keenan to Kugy when they are having fun in

the beach, sharing their longing. They spend their whole day in Pangandaran

beach. The code mixing is caused by domicile and time of conversation. It can

be seen from the place where Keenan and Kugy make conversation. The

sentence is spoken at the beach when they are having holiday.

005.CMBL/P.392

“Nah, yang ini masterpiece-nya. “

 126

The sentence above is located on page 392 in the chapter 42 by the tittle

“Kastil yang Masih Berdiri Tegak.” The code mixing baster level written by the

author is “Masterpiece-nya”. It is included into Baster affixation English word

with Indonesian suffix. The structure is “masterpiece as word and nya as suffix”

becomes baster masterpiece-nya. It is caused by main topic factor. The main

topic factor is a dominant factor in causing code mixing by looking the context

and situation. It is uttered by Kugy to Remi. They spend their Saturday night as

usual. They talk, laugh and share happiness. But, this Saturday night is

different, because of Remi feels there is something strange with Kugy when she

is seeing the photo collection in Bali.

006.CMBL/P.423

“Gy, EO-nya in-House aja. Gue sanggup, kok.”

The sentence above is located on page 423 in the chapter 46 by the tittle

“Hati Tak Perlu Memilih.” The code mixing baster level written by the author

is “EO-nya”. It is included into baster affixation English word with Indonesian

suffix. The structure is “EO or Event Organizer as word and nya as suffix”

becomes baster EO-nya. It is uttered by Kevin when The K family is gathering

at home. He is a humorist boy. They spend their Sunday with family and share

their love. Suddenly, Kevin who has funny character says about Kugy’s

wedding plan. He wants to be home event organizer. The code mixing in the
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sentence is caused by humor factor. It can be seen from the context and

situation of utterance when Kevin while joking to Kugy.

5. Code Mixing of Reduplication or Repetition Word

Repetition word is a word formed because of words reduplication.

Further, the words being reduplicated that are found in the data are noun-noun,

adjective-adjective, and verb-verb. Than the words will be still the same before

and after being reduplicated. In other words, this process (word reduplication)

does not change the class of words.

001.CMRL/P.139

“Gua duluan masuk, ya. Capek banget. Nite, nite. “

The sentence above is located on page 139 in the chapter 16by the tittle

“Salah Berharap” The code mixing reduplication level written by the author is

“nite nite”.It is included into reduplication of noun-noun because of there are

two words “nite”. In the foreign country, especially country uses English as

native language there is repetition word “nite”. But, in Indonesian culture, the

societies utter “nite-nite” which has a meaning “malem-malem”. It is uttered

for saying good bye in the night.

In Perahu Kertas novel, the sentence is uttered by Kugy. She is a simple

and nerd girl.She feels so fed up to Noni who always talks about Keenan and
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Wanda. She decides to leave Noni. The code mixing above is caused by popular

term usage. The repetition word is happened because of the culture and habit.

Indonesian usually repeats certain words especially for expressing something.

The other example can be “dia kerjaannya happy-happy terus”, or “itu sih

fine-fine aja selagi niat kamu emang baik”.

002.CMRL/P.249

“Fine, fine.Udah jelas masalahnya adalah kesenjangan selera”

The sentence above is located on page 249 in the chapter 28 by the tittle

“Advocado.” The code mixing reduplication level written by the author is “fine,

fine”. It is included into “adjective-adjective” because there are two words

“fine”. In foreign country, especially a country uses English as a native

language, there is no repetition word of “fine” but they only say once “fine”. In

Indonesian, the word is repeated for showing that everything is going to be

alright.

In Perahu Kertas novel, the sentence above is uttered by Karin when

the K family is spending their leisure time at home. The K family is making

joke each other. Karel comments Kugy’s unusual style and Karin tries to stop

the joke. The sentence above is caused by popular term usage. It is because

Indonesian usually utters the word twice.

6. Code Mixing of Idiom Level

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Idiom is group of words with a meaning that is different from

the meaning of the individual word. It means that idiom creates new meaning

that is different from the real meaning of each word.

001.CMIL/P.53

“Kalo Ojos sih pasti candle light dinner.”

The sentence above is located on page 53 in the chapter 6 by the tittle

“Hunusan Pedang Es.” The code mixing idiom level written by the author is

“candle light dinner”. It is uttered by Noni. She is a serious girl, but sometimes

she make joke. Candle light dinner itself typically means dining by the light of

candles placed on the table, candles give a warm, soft light, which makes

everything look more pleasant. It is particularly dinner with the partner. In

Perahu Kertas novel, the sentence is uttered by Noni. It caused by popular term

usage for having date term with partner. Noni tells that Kugy has a boyfriend.

He is Ojos. Ojos always make a special date with Kugy when they are meeting

up.

002.CMIL/P.263

“Karena saya pikir kamu punya syarat itu semua. Ide kamu fresh, out of the

box.”

The sentence above is located on page 263 in the chapter 30 by the tittle

“Agen Non Aquarius.” The code mixing idiom level written by the author is

“out of the box”. It is uttered by Remigius Aditya to Kugy. She is modern and

cool boy. The idiom “out of the box” typically means can be used easily
 130

without further effort, try to use creative thinking with something unit and it

doesn’t need a harder thinking or effort. In Perahu Kertas novel, the idiom is

uttered because of function and aim factor. It can be seen when Remi decides

Kugy to be project leader. He demands Kugy to be harder in finishing the new

advertising project. Because he koew that Kugy has many creative ideas. There

is asking indication from Remi to Kugy.

B. Discussion

Finally, the researcher discusses this study based on research findings

above. In Perahu Kertas novel, all the levels of code mixing are used by the

author. The levels of code mixing used by the author of the novel are code

mixing of word level, code mixing of phrase level, code mixing of clause level,

code mixing of baster level, code mixing of reduplication level, and code mixing

idiom level.

The first dominant level is word level. It is found from the insertion of

the word in a sentence. The writer inserts the appropriate word based on the

culture, context, and situation. The second dominant level is phrase level, where

there are some phrases which is inserted by the author in a sentence. It can be

noun phrase, adverbial phrase, and adjective phrase. But, the most dominant

phrase used by the author is noun phrase. The third dominant level is clause

level. Those are found in nine sentences with dependent and independent clauses.

Where, the clauses show that there are some Indonesian and English Mixing

which are completed by subject, predicate and object. The fourth is baster level.
 131

It shows that Indonesian mix their language by inserting affixation. The insertion

is in the form of Indonesian affix and English word. The ninth is reduplication

level. It is used by the author because of way to prounounce and the culture of

Indonesian when they are repeating the English language. The sixth level is

idiom level. The insertion of idiom shows that there are some sentence should be

followed by the appropriate idiom.

Factors of code mixing stated by suwito are described on the research

findings. Levels of code mixing are influenced by factors. The dominant factors

of code mixing are function and aim. The author mix Indonesian with English

because of the function of English insertion Indonesian sentences. It is also

caused by the aim where every sentence has an aim based on the context and

situation. The level, factor and characterization have a relation in causing code

mixing. Based on the analysis above, it is found that a character who has

prestigious, high level life style, and modern characterization produces code

mixing in a clause level more. Then, the humorist and simple character procude

code mixing in word level.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

In Perahu Kertas novel found some code mixings, the data are

classified into six levels according to Suwito’s theory. They are code mixing in

form of word, code mixing in the form phrase, code mixing in the form clause,

code mixing in the form of baster, code mixing in the form reduplication or

repetition word, and code mixing in the of idiom. The whole data found in

Perahu Kertas Novel are 102. It can be classified into code mixing word level

are 59 data, code mixing of phrase lever are 24 data, code mixing clause level

are 9, code mixing of baster level are 6 data, code mixing of

reduplication/repetition word are 2, code mixing of idiom level are 2. From the

research, the researcher conclude the highest number of code mixing in Perahu

Kertas novel is code mixing in form of word which attain 59 data, the fewest

number of code mixing are in the form of reduplication/repetition word and

idiom which has 2 data.

The thirteen factors in causing code mixing are very influence to this

novel. The utterances influence by the factors, they are speaker and speaker

character, third person, domicile, topic, prestigious, humor, main topic, types

and language speech level, conversation level, conversation modus and other.

132
 133

The most dominant factors are function and aim, topic, and popular term usage

written by the author of Perahu Kertas novel.

B. Suggestion

According to the result of the research as has been described, the

researcher would like to give some suggestions. Some suggestions are pointed

to:

1. The next researcher

The result of the research can be used as a reference in studying

linguistics, especially about sociolinguistics and more specific into code

mixing which is employed by the author of the novel. It had better if the

next researcher also takes a discussion in other media. The researcher who

can also develop this research is not only limited by the levels and factors

of code mixing, but also it can be added by code mixing usage purposes,

analyze with the structure and culture more detail.

2. The reader

The result of this research may helpful for the reader to know that

English can also be learned by media (novel), especially teenlit genre. The

code mixing itself not only can be found orally from daily conversation,

but also it can be found in the novel. By reading this research, the

researcher hopes that the readers can develop the language by using more

than one language to face the modern life style.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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137
 138

The Data Validity of Code Mixing Levels in Perahu Kertas Novel by Dewi
Lestari

1. Code Mixing Word Level.

Number of the Data Context Assess

Data ment
001.CMWL/P.19 Siap…satu, dua, tiga… Kugy and Noni will
Pose! be picked up by Eko,
but at that time Kugy
wears old clothes,
because Kugy
doesn’t like a
fashion, when they
want to take a
picture together,
Kugy doesn’t care
with her style.
002.CMWL/P.26 Kamu baru jogging? The phone bells ring,
Tumben rajin Ojos calls Kugy and
listens to Kugy voice
like something
wrong. It sounds that
kugy feels so tired
because kugy is
jogging. But actually
Kugy is pushing
Eko’s car.
003.CMWL/P.32 Hmmm, lipsync lagu Kugy, Eko, Noni and
Meggy.Z, lengkap Keenan are chatting,
dengan joget. telling the past funny
experience.
004.CMWL/P.35 Kenapa? Kamarku rapi, Keenan comes to
ya? Ngga matching Kugy’s house and
sama yang punya. seeing that Kugy’s
room is so tidy, and
it’sso different from
Kugy who has messy
character. Kugy feel
so shy at that time.

005.CMWL/P.50 Mau Popcorn, Gy? Keenan offers Kugy

 139

to buy Popcorn when

they are going
together to the
cinema at midnight
with Noni and Eko.
006.CMWL/P.75 Pokoknya kamu utang Keenan would like
pemadam kelapanan, to go to Bali for
kalo Cuma sampe painting, and Kugy
bawain kaos barong atau wants Keenan to
sarung pantai atau bring many
miniature papan surfing handycrafts for her.
she wants more than
kaos barong, sarung
pantai and papan
surfing.
007.CMWL/P.80 Oke, weekend depan Ojos asks Kugy to
udah pasti ya? be ready for taking
holiday next week,
because lately they
have no more time to
spend their days
together.
008.CMWL/P.83 Wanda ceritanya lagi Noni talks to Keenan
hunting lukisan di and Eko that wanda
Bandung. is hunting painting in
Bandung, and she
wants to introduce
Wanda to Keenan.
009.CMWL/P.85 Dan intinya kamu Wanda comments
menggabungkan lukisan Keenan’s painting in
portrait dengan asbtrak order to catch
dalam satu frame. Keenan to be her
close friend.
010.CMWL/P.86 Kugy Darling, Wanda Noni explains Kugy
itu curator muda. that Wanda is young
success girl, because
Noni wants that
Wanda will close to
Keenan.
011.CMWLPP.91 Yang ini adalah karya Wanda tries to
pelukis muda, menurut explain to the
saya dia sangat gifted. audiences that
 140

Keenan is talented
painter. She explains
this in her
presentation.
012.CMWL/P.97 Omku baru beli Ojos asks Kugy to
apartment di daerah go to holiday
Orchard. together in
Singapore, he offers
Kugy to stay at his
uncle’s new
apartment.
013.CMWL/P.106 Ini namaya support Noni says to Kugy
sayang. that they should
support Wanda to be
close to Keenan,
although Kugy feel
so upset to Noni that
Noni tries to make
Keenan close to
Wanda.
014.CMWL/P.113 Iya, dia punya Keenan says to
perusahaan trading Wanda that his
ekspor-impor father has a business
in trading. Keenan
takes a deep breath
and he thinks that his
father will shock
after he heard that
Keenan’s painting is
received by Warsita
Galery.
015.CMWL/P.123 Sebagai upah kamu Keenan doesn’t meet
ngilang, hari ini saya Kugy for long time,
mau booking kamu. because Kugy
focuses on her thesis
and to hide her
feeling from Noni
and Eko that catually
Kugy doesn’t want
Keenan be close to
Wanda.
016.CMWL/P.128 Yang jelas, kalo ternyata Eko suggests
 141

lu gak punya feeling Keenan to be

sama dia jangn juga consistence, if
ngegantungin. Keenan has no
feeling to Wanda, it
has better if he
leaves and gives no
more hope.
017.CMWL.128 Ini gak fair buat Wanda Eko says deeper
about Wanda’s
feeling to Keenan,
during her meeting
with Keenan, Wanda
wants Keenan
understands about
what she feels, but
Keenan looks for
Kugy. Eko feels that
its unfair for wanda
who gives Keenan
everything he needs.
018.CMWL/P.134 Liburan aku mau nabung Kugy asked by Ojos
buat beli laptop. to go to Holiday, but
Kugy says that she
doesn’t has much
money. He wants
buy a laptop for
completing his
thesis. But Ojos
gives her surprise by
showing two tickets.
There is no reason
for Kugy to reject
anything.
019.CMWL/P.134 Pokoknya semua beres Ojos has a plan to go
aku yang arrange. to holiday next
month. He will pick
Kugy up to Bandung
by car. Everything
will be arranged by
Ojos. Kugy just stay
happy.
020.CMWL/P. Cuma ngingetin aja, Keenan and Wanda
 142

135 lainkali kamu lebih baik go to Bandung,

pakai celana panjang, Keenan suggests
bawa jaket atau sweater. Wanda to not to
wear hot pant, it had
better if Wanda wear
jacket.
021.CMWL/P.138 Congrats, mak Kugy tries to hide
comblang millennium. her feeling in front
of Noni when she
says that Keenan
expresses his love to
Wanda in Bandung.
Noni talks to Kugy
at Kugy’s boarding
house.
022.CMWL/P.142 Kamu mau ngomong Wanda asks Keenan,
sesuatu atau speechless? because he just silent
in front of his
painting.
WaMWLnda helps
Keenan so much to
make his painting be
published and
received by many
galleries.
023.CMWL/P.148 Gue tunggu lu di airport In the car, Ojos
hari jumat siang. looks at Kugy
deeper. But both of
them do not say
anything, Ojos feels
that there is
something wrong
with Kugy after she
knew Keenan. Ojos
demands Kugy to go
to holiday, the ticket
was bought by Ojos.
if Kugy doesn’t
come , it means that
their relationship
will end.
024.CMWL/P.150 Nyebelin banget sih Eko, Wanda’s face
 143

Sok ngerti fashion becomes red when

Eko says that
Wanda’s style is like
Kugy, it looks so
untidy. Wanda’s
heart situation
becomes break and
messy. She tells her
upset to Keenan after
Eko and Noni went
home.
025.CMWL/P.155 Whatever Gy, terserah! Noni complains
when Kugy says that
Keenan, Eko, Ojos
and Noni are not the
same as before. They
keep their distance.
The have rare
frequency to talk, to
meet and to gather.
Noni continues what
Kugy said while she
goes from Kugy’s
room.
026.CMWL/P.162 Tapi gua boleh request Noni wants Kugy to
sesuaty ga? come to her birthday
party after she try to
not to know more
about Kugy and Ojos
relationship that
lately looks so
strength.
027.CMWL/P.192 Gak apa-apa, thanks In the first of
Bim. November, Bimas
comes to Keenan’s
boarding house to
see Keenan
condition, he
extremely shocks
that Keenan looks so
thin and not fresh
028.CMWL/P.211 Kedua, menurut saya Remigius comes to
 144

gaya. melukismu itu Bali to collect the

fresh new painting from
Poyan, suddenly he
meets Keenan whose
his painting is liked
by Remigius.
Remigius says to
Keenan that he loves
Keenan’s painting,
and appreciates it.
029.CMWL/P.228 Gy, Gua gak mau Tanya Eko becomes serious
lu macem-macem, in front of Kugy, he
karena gua mengahargai tries to make sure
privacy lu. that Kugy will be ok.
Because lately Kugy
make a distance
from Noni, Eko and
Keenan. Eko wants
to know about it
deeper.
030.CMWL/P.234 Lu lihat dong, Gue kan Kevin and Karin are
gaul, penuh prestasi, making a joke to
Kugy kan nerd. Kugy, Kevin is
Kugy’s brother who
always make doesn’t
care to his study,
because he always
busy about his
organization in his
campus. Study is not
priority, but
organization is a
priority.
31.CMWL/P.235 Koleksi T-shirt panitia Kugy blames
aja lu bilang prestasi! Kevin’s joke,
Kev…Kev… because Kevin
always think that
organization and
event in campus is a
priority. Different
from Kugy who
focuses on her study
 145

and thesis. she has a

target that she should
graduate sooner.
032.CMWL/P.235 Kevin si panitia sejuta Karin responds
event. Kugy and Kevin
joke, makes sure that
Kevin doesn’t care
to his study, he
always make
contribution to many
events inside and
outside campus.
033.CMWL/.236 Ada temenku yang set- Karin offers Kugy to
up perusahaan join his friend’s
advertising. company after Kugy
graduated from his
university. The
company concerns
on advertising.
034.CMWL/P.239 Tadi ada emergency Noni feels upset to
Non, Sori… Eko because he
comes late to her
boarding house.
Besides Noni shoulg
go ten minutes ago,
she has been
teaching junior high
school for six
months. Once a
week she comes to
her student’s house
for teaching.
Because she is a
private teacher.
035.CMWL/P.239 Komputernya Kigy Eko tries to explain
sempat ke crashed, to Noni that he
sementara kan dia mau comes late because
siding dua minggu lagi. he helps Kugy to
service her laptop.
Two weeks later
Kugy will present
her thesis. And it
 146

will be emergence if
the data crashed.
036.CMWL/P. Karel, ini namanya Kugy takes a mirror
STYLE. Oke? and sees her style.
She thinks her style
is not good to look.
Because usually she
wear casual clothes,
and this time Karin
changes Kugy to be
elegant. Karel
comments Kugy’s
style, and Karin tries
do deny.
037.CMWL/P.254 Udah banyak iklan At noon, the
produk sejenis yang advertising
pakai angle yang sama. employee makes a
meeting with his
Boss “Remigius
Aditya” to discuss
about their project.
They have many
consideration about
the angle will be
taken on screen.
038.CMWL/P.256 Bayangkan tiba-tiba Suddenly a girl with
muncul background flat face tries to
hitam sunyi tanpa suara. comments the
concept of
advertisement. Kugy
explains the
appropriate concepts
to her friends in the
meeting by using
simple language.
And makes sure
other about her
concept.
039.CMWL/P. Klien kita suka banget When Kugy comes
sama konsep kamu. to the office, Kugy
Mereka mau launch asked to meet Remi.
kampanye besar-besaran. Remi says that their
 147

client likes Kugy’s

Tammies Bar
concept.
040.CMWL/P.236 Kalo kita meeting lagi, Remi makes a joke
kamu punya kerjaan lain to Kugy after they
selain nahan ngantuk. discussed about the
next meeting and
project.
041.CMWL/P.264 Tadinya ada Remi offers Kugy to
appointment, tapi accompany her to go
dibatalkan. home. Kugy has
been waiting for taxi
for an hour.
042.CMWL/P.265 Saya stuck di musik 80. Remi and Kugy
Gak bisa denger yang make a conversation
lain. in their way go home
about their hobby
and experience.
043.CMWL/P.267 Kita dinner di restoran Remi offers Kugy to
seafood. have a Dinner in
Radio dalam after
they made a joke
about guessing their
zodiac.
044.CMWL/P.273 Ko sendirian, Gy? ngga Remi comes to Kugy
mingle? who are bullying by
Remi’s friend in the
toilet. Remi tries to
take Kugy away
from the girls who
are upset to Kugy,
because the heard
that lately Remi
close to Kugy.
045.CMWL/P.287 Saya malah dapet award Kugy and Remi are
ditahun itu. in the street vendor
restaurant. They talk
their experiences,
Remi tells their
experience during
get the position as
the leader in
 148

advertising
company.
045.CMWL/P.288 Tapi ini pekerjaan yang Kugy asks Remi
selalu kamu inginkan, about his other
atau ada passion passion, because
lainkah? Remi looks like so
serious with his
advertising
company. Remi says
there is no other
passion.
046.CMWL/P.307 Mudah-mudahan tahun Kugy and Remi are
depan bisa upgrade jadi in Ancol beach
sanur. spending their new
year eve. Kugy
makes joke that she
wish next year she
can spend her new
year eve in Bali.
047.CMWL/P.320 Rekan alien lu, tuh, After Keenan and
Kugy udah lulus tahun Eko made joke, all
lalu. day long they spend
their time together
and tell each other
about their business
during they don’t
meet. And he tells
that Kugi graduated
sooner.
048.CMWL/P.321 Lha elu… siapa yang Keenan tells that he
bakal nyangka seorang tries to make a fairy
Keenan nisa jadi tale, and wants to
businessman di Ibu publish it. But Eko
kota. doesn’t believe that
Fairy tale will
change Keenan’s
life. Fairy tale has no
beneficial for
Keenan.
49.CMWL/P.326 Gy, sori barusan banget Remi and Kugy will
agency dari vector point come to Noni and
telepon. Eko’s engagement.
 149

Suddenly, Remi gets

phone from his client
and make a final
presentation about
his project.
50.CMWL/P.330 Dari monyet berantakan Kugy comes to Eko
sampai jadi manusia and Noni’s
cantk bergaun velvet. engagement, they
shocks when they
see that Kugy is so
beautiful with her
gown. Because
usually Kugy
doesn’t care with her
style.
51.CMWL/P.351 Sekarang dessert, terus After Kugy and
apalagi sesudah ini? Keenan don’t meet
for long time,
Keenan brings Kugy
far away from the
city to spend their
time.
52.CMWL/P.352 Tugas kamu disini Suddenly Remi takes
adalah memenuhi target a deep breath. He
dan deadline kamu. feels that Kugy has
no spirit about
completing their
project. Kugy cannot
get the targeta and
she is late for doing
task about
storyboard.
53.CMWL/P.362 Kamu mau resign, Gy? In the office, Kugy
and Remi meet.
Seeing Kugy’s work
lately Remi feels
there are something
wrong and strength
on Kugy. Remi
offers Kugy to resign
from his company.
Because actually
 150

Remi has kne what

happened to Kugy.
53.CMWL/P.363 Kamu akan saya tahan Remi demands Kugy
sampai nanti outing ke to join holiday to
Bali. Bali with other
employees. Remi
realize that about
Kugy’s decision to
resign from his
company. This is the
first time for Remi to
love Kugy with no
pressure. He lets
Kugy to do
everything she
wants.
54.CMWL/P.371 Sehabis ini, acara kita Remi, Kugy and
adalah shopping di Kuta. other employees get
holiday to Bali, in
sanur Kugy and
Remi spend their
time in Sanur.
55.CMWL/P.371 Udah berat-berat pinjem In sanur, Kugy just
kamera dari karel, tapi spend her day in
dari tadi belum sempet beach. Under the
hunting foto. light of the sun, he
plays parasailing,
banana boat, jet ski
and other.
56.CMWL/P.371 Gampang, kita cari They want to go to
transport pinggir jalan. Jimbaran meet their
friends and
employees.
57.CMWL/P.400 Gy, sori saya ngga Remi comes to
bermaksud bikin kamu Kugy’s house while
shock. bringing a ring in
silver box. Remi
knows Kugy looks
so strength to face
this because Kugy
cannot say anything.
58.CMWL/P.400 Look, kamu gak perlu Remi gives Kugy a
 151

jawab apa-apa sekarang. time to answer his

serious engagement.
After Remi went out,
directly Kugy goes
to her room, locks
the room and and
just stay there.
Comment

2. Code Mixing Phrase Level

59.CMPL/P.30 Kita jalan kaki aja cari Fuad is Eko’s old

yang dekat-dekat, atau car. The machine
delivery service. performance is too
old. Noni and Kugy
will have a meeting
with Keenan and
Eko. They will take
walk to find some
food, because Eko
cannot pick them
up.
57.CMPL/P.34 Yah, gua kan Cuma In the living room,
menganalisa dari statistic there is box of
penegmbalian buku lu, Ko. Pizza, a television,
Dan judul-judul apa yang there are four
lu Pinjam, no hard feeling people who are
dong. talking each other,
make joke and tell
their experience.
Eko’s is Kugy’s
best friend who
always be late to
return the book to
Kugy, Kugy has a
 152

small library in her

house for children
around the regency.
58.CMPL/.34 Masa prospek gua Kugy and Eko
dihancurkan gara-gra track make joke each
record kartu anggota other in fron of
taman bacaan? Keena and Noni.
Because Eko
always be late in
returning the book
to Kugy. Because of
that, Kugy’s library
has no more books
to be borrowed.
59.CMPL/P.37 Asal kamu tahu, di Negara Keenan comes to
ini Cuma segelintir penulis Kugy’s boarding
yang bisacari makan dari house, they meet
nulis tok. Kebanyakan dari only for having
mereka punya pekerjaan simple chat. Keenan
lain, jadi wartawan kek, comments Kugy’s
dosen kek, copy writer di idea to be fairy tale
biro iklan kek. writer. Because it
doesn’t guaranteed
for better life in the
future.
60.CMPL/P.45 Gila, itu sih mission Kugy looks at
impossible namanya. Keenan’s painting.
The painting looks
so abstract. Keenan
asks Kugy to the the
meaning of his
painting, but Kugy
cannot guess what
the meaning of the
painting is.
61.CMPL/P.50 Gara-gara keseringan Kugy, Keenan,
nonton midnight bareng, Noni, Ojos have a
kita berempat nanti bisa great intensity to go
double date beneran. to the midnight
cinema together.
Because of that,
people assume that
 153

they are two

couples.
62.CMPL/P.77 Bayangkan, nanti kita bisa Bandung, in Kugy’s
triple date. boarding house
Ojos and Noni meet
Kugy. Three of
them seat in the
usual chair while
bringing their
dishes. They talk
about their plan,
and Eko has a plan
to make triple date.
Kugy with Ojos,
Noni with Eko, and
they still confuse
for Keenan’s
couple.
63.CMPL/P.114 Pasha ini gue Wanda.Gue Wanda analyses her
minta tolong ya? Gue customer list and
Cuma butuh data lo doang looks for the
buat customer list gue. appropriate painting
collector for
Keenan’s painting.
Because, Wanda is
sure that Keenan
painting is not her
father qualification.
So, Wanda asks her
friend to be
Keenan’s customer
and Wanda herself
who will pay the
painting.
64.CMPL/P.133 Gy, aku ngerasa banget kita The light of the
kurang quality time candle lights
berdua. Kugy’s face. Kugy
and Ojos have no
quality time lately,
because Ojos
studies in different
city. Ojos wants to
 154

date with Kugy all

day long.
65.CMPL/P.163 Yup, Gua bikin garden- Noni will celebrate
party, minjem halaman her birthday. And
rumahnya Wanda yang she wants make a
segede setan. garden party by
using Wanda’s
yard.
66.CMPL/P.249 Kamu gak salah info, kan In Kugy’s house in
Gy? kamu bakal jadi co- Jakarta, Kugy,
py-wri-ter… Karel, and Karin are
in the house. Karin
who distributes
Kugy to be copy
writer in
Remigius’s
advertising
company. Karel
make a joke when
he looks at Kugy
style, and makes
sure that Kugy’s
style is different
from before.
67.CMPL/P.251 Kita banyak banget proyek In the office, Remi
media campaign, says that his
pokoknya kenyang deh. company gets many
projects about
media campaign.
For sure, it will
make Kugy and
other employees be
busier.
68.CMPL/P.252 Gy, gambar yang udah Remi is rigt, Kugy
ditandaian, tolong is bussier than
diguntingin. Kita mau buat before. Remi give
dummy story board. Kugy many
magazines and
scissor. She has a
duty to cut the
picture has marked.
69.CMPL/P.257 Muncullah selapis wafer, Kugy explains her
 155

lalu mengalirlah hazelnut ideas in front of

crème. Remi and other
employees in the
meeting of wafer
advertising
concepts.
70.CMPL/P.257 Khusus untuk pitching ini, Remi doesn’t think
saya mau Kugy jadi too much anymore.
project leader. Because he has no
more brilliant idea
for the wafer
concept. He wants
Kugy to be project
leader.
71.CMPL/P.287 Kalau saya jadi tukang Kugy and Remi are
bubur, saya bakal jadikan having date after
kamu brand ambassador. they worked at the
office. They go the
street vendor
restaurant.
72.CMPL/P.287 Dari lulus kuliah, saya Remi tells that after
mulai magang seperti he graduated from
kamu, jadi junior art university, he ever
director. practiced as junior
art director in
advertising
company.
73.CMPL/P.350 Room service-nya indomie The sky is getting
rebus sama the tawar, luas dark. Kugy and
kamar seluas-luasnya, Keenan take down
tempat tidur refleksi, dan from the hill
live music nonstop suara heading to the
ombak. beach.
74.CMPL/P.351 Oke, rekan agenku. Main Asked Kugy to
course udah, sekarang Keenan when they
dessert, terus apalagi are having holiday,
sesudah ini? spending their time
in the beach.
Keenan takes Kugy
so far away from
Jakarta. That is in
Pangandaran.
 156

76.CMPL/P.383 Nah, yang satu ini Jakarta, Keenan

formatnya buku seni, will launch his fairy
bentuknya coffee table tale book, the book
book, yang isinya adalah will be dedicated to
cerita kamu plus lukisan the group
saya dari awal sampai yang discussion in
terbaru. Bandung. The
group had made for
several times.
77.CMPL/P.386 Saya sednag bantu ayah Accidentally Remi
saya, Mas. Beliau lagi meets Keenan in
sakit. Dan sekarang saya Jakarta. Suddenly
menjalankan peruahaannya, Remi hugs Keenan
trading company. and they having
chat.
78.CMPL/P.387 Saya ada meeting di coffee Keenan who
shop. Kamu? doesn’t believe will
meet Remi in the
coffee shop
accidentally.
Keenan and Remi
realize that the
meeting should be
there. And it cannot
be avoided.
79.CMPL/P.408 Pantesan dari tadi lu cuma Noni and Keenan
missed call doang. have a meeting in
the restaurant in
Kemang. Keenan
tells his suspicion
about Remi.
80.CMPL/P.423 Denger-denger ada yang All family members
mau ke wedding have strength action
exhibition ya? from this morning.
Kugy realize about
that situation and
lazy to respond
when her sister
makes a joke about
Kugy’s engagement
plan.
comment
 157

3. Code Mixing Clause Level

81.CMCL/P.14 Nus, saya pindah ke In the morning,

Bandung. I’ll find my Kugy stands in front
stream. Sampai ketemu. of the river, she
makes a “perahu
kertas” which has a
message to
Neptunus in it. She
believes that
Neptunus is a real
friend who
accompanies her in
the imagination.
82.CMCL/P.52 My man. Right on time, Bandung, Keenan,
pintu bioskopnya udah Kugy, Noni and Eko
dibuka, tapi filmnya belum have a quality time
dimulai, kok. to watch the film in
the cinema.
83.CMCL/P.83 Sorry guys. I just dropped Eko and Noni come
my contact, untung ketemu to Kugy’s house to
lagi. introduce Wanda to
Keenan. Wanda
comes late because
she just dropped her
contact.
84.CMCL/P.95 It’s okay, Nan. Kapan- In the campus,
kapan aja. Keenan waits for
Kugy. She wants
give her birthday
gift. But, Kugy
wants to make a
distance with
Keenan, because she
knows that Noni
wants Keenan to be
close to Wanda.
86.CMCL/P.100 I’m okay. Kenapa Jos? Ojos meets Kugy in
her boarding house,
he feels that there is
something different
with Kugy’s sight
 158

when she is reading

then J.R.R Tolkien
book.
86.C,CL/P.107 Hi, guys. Thanks ya udah Fuad is Eko’s old
mampir. car. It brings Kugy
to Warsita Gallery.
What to be done,
Kugy should meet
with Wanda
accidentally.
87.CMCL/P.127 Nan, udah saatnya lu jujur Eko asks Keenan
sama gua. Are you about his feeling to
straight? Wanda. It looks that
there is no
something special
for Keenan to love
Wanda.
88.CMCL/P.151 Nan, mungkin aku kolokan, Wanda feels upset
but I’m not stupid, I’m not to Keenan, because
blind. Aku lihat gimanan she knows that
cara kamu melihat dia. Keenan likes Kugy.
Keenan asks Wanda
to wear clothes like
Kugy, and she
doesn’t like if she
should be like
Kugy.
89.CMCL/P.152 Lihat ke mataku, and say Keenan shocks
that you love me. when she is hearing
that Wanda asks
him to look her eyes
deeper and say that
he loves her.
Because, Keenan
close to Wanda is
demanded by his
career in painting.
90.CMCL/P.155 Thanks for your concern, Noni comes to
Non. Tapi gua baik-baik aja Kugy’s house in
kok. hurry after she knew
that Kugy breaks the
relationship with
 159

Ojos. And Kugy

explains that she
breaks the
relationship because
they have different
characters.
91.CMCL/P.168 It’s going to be fun.Noni, Unpredictably,
Eko, aku dan Keenan akan Kugy meets Wanda
jadi host-nya. in the supermarket.
She tries to avoid,
but she can’t.
Because Wanda
greets Kugy.
92.CMCL/P.75 Karena kamu lagi sober, Keenan avoids
that’s why. Wanda, because
Wanda drinks too
much alcohol in
Noni’s birthday
party.
93.CMCL/P.177 Nan, I’m sorry…aku tau Wanda does an
itu salah. apology to Keenan
after she told that
she has a lying
about painting to
Keenan, Wanda
pays Keenan’s
painting by using
her friend name.
94.CMCL/P.214 Nih. Bener kan? Huuuuh! Kugy looks for her
So much sensitivity! Diet phone, and she
aja dulu biar pantatnya makes joke that
kecilan. Kevin body is too
big.
95.CMCL/P.233 No problem, seru kok Keenan spend his
ngobrol sama Luhde. new year eve in
Pintar, dan banyak kejutan. Sanur with Luhde.
After keenan
decides to leave
Bandung, Keenan
comes and stays in
Bali with Pak
wayan.
 160

96.CMCL/P.244 Thank you, ya. Ko. Kalo Thesis examination

bukan karena lu, gua gak is coming. All
akan mungkin bisa berhasil preparations are
hari ini. helped by Eko.
Kugy says so much
happiness to Eko
because without
him, the
examination will not
be successful.
97.CMCL/P.321 Apapun yang bisa gua Eko supports
bantu, let me know, oke? Keenan when
Keenan gets some
problem with his
family, study, and
career. He says that
he will always help
Keenan.
98.CMCL/P.387 No problem, kartu nama It’s an unpredictable
saya juga habis, ini nomor day. Keenan and
saya, ya. Remi meet in the
coffee shop. Keenan
cannot avoid the
meeting, he feels
like something
strength because she
has knew about
Kugy and Remi’s
relationship.
Comment

4. Code Mixing Baster Level

99.CMBL/P.7 Emang! Kadang-kadang Noni, she is Kugy’s

mending nge-date pake best friend. She asks
sepeda kumbang dari pada Kugy to prepare all
Fia kuning itu. the packages will be
round to Bandung
by Fiat. Fiat is
Eko’s old car that
always gets trouble
on the road.
 161

100.CMBL/P.168 Noni, aku dan Keenan yang Wanda meets Kugy

jadi Host-nya. in the market and
asks Kugy to come
to Noni’s birthday.
Noni is going to
celebrate her
birthday party in
Wanda’s house
yard.
101.CMBL/P.264 Saya antarkan sekalian, After Kugy finished
yuk/ taksinya di-cancel aja. work, she is going
to back home by
booking the taxi.
But, suddenly Remi
comes offer to
accompany Kugy
back to home.
102.CMBL/P.350 Jelas, lewatlah. Ini namanya Kugy and Keenan
hotel bintang, room are having fun in
service-nya Indomie rebus the beach, sharing
sama the tawar. their longing. They
spend their whole
day in Pangandaran
beach.
103.CMBL/P.392 Nah, yang ini masterpiece- As usual, Kugy and
nya. Remi spending their
Saturday night.
They talk, laugh and
share happiness.
But, this Saturday
night is different,
because Remi feels
there is something
strange. Kugy is
seeing the photo
collection in Bali,
and she pointed to
the best one photo.
104.CMBL/P.422 Gy, EO-nya in-House aja. The K family is
Gue sanggup, kok. gathering at home.
They spend their
Sunday with family
 162

and share their love.

Suddenly, Karel
who has funny
character says about
Kugy’s wedding
plan. He is ready to
be home event
organizer.
Comment

5. Code Mixing Repetition Word/Reduplication Level

105.CMRL/P.139 Gua duluan masuk, ya. Kugy feels so fed

Capek banget. Nite, nite. up to Noni who
always talks about
Keenan and Wanda.
She decides to go to
room early.
106.CMRL/P.249 Fine, fine. Udah jelas By spending their
masalahnya adalah leisure time at
kesenjangan selera. home, The K family
are making joke
each other. Karel
comments Kugy’s
unusual style and
Karin tries to stop
the joke.
Comment
 163

6. Code Mixing Idiom Level

107.CMIL/P.53 Kalo Ojos sih pasti candle Noni tells that Kugy
light dinner. has a boyfriend. He
is Ojos. Ojos always
make a special date
with Kugy when
they meet up.
108.CMIL/P.263 Karena saya pikir kamu Remi decides Kugy
punya syarat itu semua. Ide to be project leader.
kamu fresh, out of the box. He demands Kugy
to be harder in
finishing the new
advertising project.
Comment
164