SPE 116555

A Guide to Successful Backreaming: Real-Time Case Histories

G. Yarim, SPE, G.M. Ritchie, SPE, and R.B. May, SPE, Schlumberger

Copyright 2008, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2008 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, USA, 21–24 September 2008.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract

Backreaming is the practice of pumping and rotating the drillstring while simultaneously pulling out of the hole. When
reliable top drive drilling systems (TDS) on conventional drilling rigs were introduced over 25 years ago, the practice of
backreaming became a popular technique in the driller’s toolbox for tripping out of hole initially in deviated wells.

In general, backreaming operations have become a popular solution to poor hole conditions while pulling out of hole, but
they are also notorious for causing the very same problems they are supposed to prevent, such as stuck pipe. If backreaming
is not done properly, it may complicate the operations, cause wellbore stability issues, higher ECDs, and it may also cause
stuck pipe incidents due to packoffs.

As part of Integrated Project Management’s (IPM’s) stuck pipe prevention initiative, it became clear that when backreaming
is carried out in a wellbore that has a large amount of cuttings and/or cavings, it can cause problems rather than solve them if
it is not done with sufficient care. Also backreaming and tripping operations were usually occasions when the rig based team
went to a “low vigilance” level. Based on historical cases, it was concluded that in the majority of instances there were no
clear guidelines on when to start, how to do it, when to slow down, and when to stop backreaming operations. A review of
industry literature also indicated a lack of procedures generally for backreaming.

As a result of the analysis of the real-time data from several case histories, a plan was put in place to improve backreaming
operations, define the situations that require backreaming, and focus on tripping practices to prevent stuck pipe incidents and
tool failures.

This paper focuses on one of the industry’s most controversial subjects, reviews the implications of backreaming by using
real-time data and case histories, and suggests proven procedures to trouble-free backreaming. It recommends the conditions
that require backreaming and also suggests wellbore conditions that are not recommended for backreaming. More
importantly, it proposes key drilling parameters that need to be monitored when backreaming. These include pump pressure,
torque, hookload, cuttings rate and downhole measurements (if available) to detect and prevent backreaming induced
operational problems. In addition, this paper provides guidelines for successful backreaming operations and defines
conditions that may be resolved without needing to backream. Backreaming guidelines have been developed based on IPM
company’s world wide operations, supported by real-time case histories and extensive stuck pipe prevention program.

Introduction

Backreaming can be thought of as “drilling backwards” in order to trip out of the hole when there is a problem pulling the
pipe out of the hole without rotation and circulation.

In the early 1970s, Brown Oil Tool and Bowen developed the first electric power swiwel, then in 1983 a Varco electric
power swivel was designed and placed on two jackup rigs. This swiwel was called “Top Drive Drilling System” (TDS). It
had a 1,000 hp DC motor and pipe-handling system (Eustes, 2007). In the past, all hole problems were handled with a kelly
and trying to backream with a kelly was not a very efficient operation because of excessive time required and limitations of
these systems. The development of the top drive systems provided a new opportunity to trip out of hole using wide scale
2 SPE 116555

backreaming. Backreaming operations have since been widely adopted to resolve wellbore related issues. In general,
backreaming is performed

• when there is a problem to trip out of the hole normally without circulation and rotation
• to prepare the wellbore to run logs
• to prepare the wellbore to run casing
• to eliminate tight hole conditions
• to clean the hole to eliminate cuttings beds and hole cavings.

However, the requirement for backreaming is often not well defined and also the criteria to backream safely are not well
communicated to the driller. In general, when there is a backreaming or tripping operation, the rig team vigilance level may
be less than usual even though these operations require special attention because of the risks involved in tripping and
backreaming operations. Another problem is that most of the drillstring components, especially BHA components, are
designed to work in compression while drilling with weight on bit, and backreaming exerts some additional loads and forces
that can lead to tool failures.

It has been reported in the industry that focusing on training helped reduce stuck pipe incidents by 70% and a majority of the
incidents are due to hole cleaning and solids induced packoffs. Also, some operators have reported that the worldwide stuck
pipe cost was around USD 250 million/year in the early 1990s. (Hopkins et al, 1995) Currently, the exact cost of industry
stuck pipe events is unknown but is estimated as greater than USD 1 billion/year. Currently, there are no industry statistics
available on stuck pipe incidents that have occurred while backreaming. In fact, a literature search revealed a lack of
information generally on backreaming. However, the impact of backreaming on stuck pipe incidents can be estimated based
on solids induced packoffs which in 2004 to 2006 accounted for about 65% of stuck pipe incidents (Yarim et al, 2007).
Reviewing IPM company’s own stuck pipe statistics, it was evident that the majority of these solids induced packoff
incidents occurred while tripping out of the hole and backreaming.

The IPM company decided to prepare an in-house course to train project teams and rig crews in Stuck Pipe Prevention
fundamentals that focused on how to clean the hole, how to safely trip out of the hole, and which defined conditions that
require backreaming. Backreaming is always treated as a last resort after all other efforts are exhausted to trip out of the hole.
A Stuck Pipe Prevention and Mitigation plan was prepared and resources put in place, which was described in a previous
paper (Yarim et al, 2007). The plan focused on improving the drilling team’s skills through training, detailed incident
investigations along with active interaction and coaching to the project teams, which had some success in reducing stuck pipe
frequency and impact.

The Stuck Pipe Prevention initiative also involved developing specific tripping and backreaming procedures and includes
treating all tight spots as hole cleaning problem first and not connecting the top drive to backream immediately; limiting
overpull values based on field knowledge and normal drag values; and monitoring drilling parameters constantly to adjust
backreaming speed, to detect problems early and to prevent adverse effects due to backreaming. In addition, a strategy of
implementing real-time surveillance of critical drilling operations from Operations Support Centers (OSCs) since 2007 is also
having a positive impact on stuck pipe incident frequency.

The Application of the Backreaming Technique:

There are several wellbore conditions that may require backreaming but there are also conditions where backreaming should
be avoided. As a first action, the well always should be treated for hole cleaning first.

Conditions that may require backreaming:

• When tripping out of the hole cannot be carried out on the elevators without excessive overpull and the risk of stuck
pipe.
• If there are concerns about swabbing, especially with balled up bit/BHA (although pumping out of hole could be an
alternative).
• Where there is insufficient mud weight to hold back plastic formations e.g., salt, mobile shales in order to allow
normal tripping procedures.
• If there are known wellbore mechanical issues, e.g., tight hole conditions that can not be resolved by circulating.
SPE 116555 3

Conditions where backreaming should be avoided (if possible):

• When tripping out of the hole is possible without circulation and rotation (i.e., backreaming should not be automatic
especially in wells <30° inclination).
• When backreaming may destabilize the formation, e.g., where there is pre-existing fractured/failed rock.
• Where cuttings beds exist in high angle wells and the risk of packoff is high.
• Where rig pumps have insufficient capacity for adequate hole cleaning.

Based on a review of stuck pipe case histories, it became clear that each well needs to be treated separately, and operational
conditions and procedures need to be identified for each hole section. There is no single solution that will work for all well
types. However, there are good practices that can be followed to minimize the risk of getting stuck while backreaming. In
general, vertical wells are easier to clean since there is a lower risk related to cuttings bed, avalanching and flow distribution
in the wellbore.

Problems with Backreaming

Backreaming requires additional rig time compared to tripping on the elevators. This may or may not be justified depending
on the actual wellbore conditions as described above. Some operators consider backreaming to be NPT. Additional problems
and challenges with backreaming are described below.

Hole Cleaning and the Risk of “Packoffs”

If backreaming operations are conducted too fast, solids from washouts and cavings are introduced into the circulating system
at a faster rate than the hole is being cleaned. This can then result in a packoff. It should not be assumed that any resistance is
always at the bit; stabilizers and drill collars contact may be indicative of a build up of loose material in the hole and a
potential packoff situation.

As the wellbore inclination increases, especially between 30–60°, hole cleaning becomes more critical, the well becomes
more prone to cutting beds and avalanches. Figure 1 shows how cuttings react in deviated wellbores based on tests done
previously by MI drilling fluids (Zamora et all, 1993).

>30&<60° >60°

Cuttings Dune Moving bed Stationary

transportation transport bed

Rapid settling of individual particles onto the existing bed

Figure 1: Cuttings Bed Formation and Stable/Unstable Cuttings Bed.

4 SPE 116555

It can be also seen in Figure 2 that if the backreaming operations are done in high cuttings bed environments, pump pressure,
torque and over pull values all increase and have a tendency to fluctuate as cuttings are moved in the well. There are cases
when cuttings bed can even be encountered inside the casings in high angle wells (Zamora et all, 1993). In this case
backreaming becomes even more challenging due to additional casing wear considerations.

Restricted annular=
High/fluctuating pump pressure
High/fluctuating torque
High/fluctuating over pull

Figure 2: Backreaming in High Cuttings Bed Environments.

It is important to note that the velocity of the backreaming shall not exceed the upwards movement of the cuttings in the
wellbore. Following, is a classic scenario while backreaming out of the hole in a high angle well: The hole is circulated prior
to initiating the trip. Backreaming out of the hole starts, extra care is taken for the first 10 stands, no overpulls occur, the
Driller gains confidence and progressively increases the backreaming speed. After 30 or 50 stands of drillpipe have been
pulled, the stand pipe pressure suddenly increases and string movement is no longer possible. The string is now “packed off”
and stuck in cuttings beds. This scenario can be prevented by following the recommended approach to backreaming
described in this paper.

Another consideration is the cuttings generated while backreaming. In one case in Algeria, the 13 3/8-in casing had to be set
16 m off bottom due to cuttings settling on bottom after backreaming in a vertical section. The mud properties while drilling
the original hole had been reduced before the planned depth. Consequently the entire trip out of hole and the backreaming
was done with low rheology properties and with a flow rate that was only 50% of drilling flow rate. This significantly
reduced the mud capability to carry the cuttings out and suspend the cuttings (Gels). Some backreaming is common in this
section due to insufficient mud weight to hold back plastic formations including salt which prevents tripping normally. In this
case the backreamed section while pulling out of hole was longer than 1,000 m. If we consider that the backreaming affected
1/8 in of wall thickness, this generated 2 m3 of cuttings equivalent to 15.6 m in length in a 16-in hole.

Wellbore Instability:

When the BHA is off bottom, it loses a point of contact. Therefore, the room for vibrations and associated energy increases.
Backreaming unstable formations which are sensitive to mechanical agitation, such as fractured shales, can have a negative
effect on wellbore integrity. Altered clay material can end up falling from the wellbore sides, or can be mechanically
removed or dragged by the BHA. This material and also the solids removed from wash out zones can result in a sudden
packoff situation. The mechanical action of the drillstring while backreaming will cause agitation to the already weakened
rock causing an enlarged annulus and more solids to remove from the wellbore. This can be a challenging situation as it may
not be possible to provide “fit for purpose” hole cleaning without pipe rotation which then causes more problems. The
solution in this case may be to pump at the maximum rate without rotation and very slowly pull out of hole. An additional
problem occurs when the BHA moves from a failing rock to a competent rock (over gauge to gauge hole). In this case, a
significant concentration of cavings ahead of the BHA can cause stuck pipe at the interface between the over gauge and
gauge hole.

In one case in tectonically stressed areas with fractured shales, data from cavings monitoring, and UBI wireline log images
convinced the drilling team that drilling practices contributed to destabilizing the wellbore. Mechanical disturbance of
yielded rock caused by backreaming, excessive drillstring vibrations and excessive pressure fluctuations mobilized large
volumes of cavings that resulted in stuck pipe if they were not transported out of the well.
SPE 116555 5

The cavings rate data was used to identify drilling practices like backreaming that tended to destabilize the wellbore, and an
indicator of the volume of solids in the wellbore. When the caving rate changed abruptly or the rate became dangerously
high, drilling was stopped and cavings circulated out of the well. Fewer stuck pipe incidences have been reported since the
cavings rate monitoring has been in use and the general practice of backreaming out of hole stopped.

Drillstring Limitations

While backreaming, the pipe tension is lower than pulling out of the hole with excessive drag, but torsional stress is
introduced. For example, rather than pulling on the elevators with 400,000 lbs hookload, it is possible to backream using the
top drive with only 270,000 lbs and 20,000 ft-lbs torque. However, it is important to recognize the limitations imposed by
the drillpipe being under combined tension and torsion which can in some circumstances be very harmful for the wellbore
and the drillstring, resulting in a failure condition.

The drillstring is subjected to different forces classified into two groups:

1. Related to the contact of the drillstring body with the wellbore (side forces)
2. Related to the weight of the string, the geometry of the wellbore and the rotation of the string (axial, bending and
torsional forces = Von Mises stress).

• During backreaming all drillstring stresses are taking place. Axial stress due to tension, bending stress due to
the curvature of the string according to the wellbore tortuosity, and torsional stress due to rotation.
• The contact of the drillpipe and BHA components with the wellbore under this stressed condition will increase
the friction caused by the tension and rotation, and thus the side forces.
• The excess side forces induced while backreaming along with incorrect practices can lead to accelerated casing
and BHA wear, and undesirable situations such as twist offs. If casing wear is suspected e.g., due to high
doglegs near surface leading to high side forces then rotation off bottom should be minimized.
• Backreaming can significantly reduce the fatigue life of the drillpipe due to the reversal stress of the drillstring
under tension in a dogleg especially if the doglegs are shallow and severe and the pipe is under high tension.

The minimum torsional yield strength of the pipe under tension can be determined from API RP7G, Appendix 9.2:

0.096167 J P2
QT = Ym2 − 2
D A

BHA Limitations

Bits and stabilizers are typically not designed to drill “in reverse” during backreaming although some bits are now available
that have cutters at the top of the gauge to facilitate the cutting action. It is important that all stabilizers are tapered at the top
and the bottom to avoid problems while pulling and backreaming.

It is well known by MWD personnel that backreaming out of hole with a bend in the BHA can lead to high shocks which can
result in premature tool failures. Some of the reasons might be the BHA is not in compression but in tension and is less
constrained because there is no fixed end. Figure 3 shows a single peak shock measured in the MWD tool of +/- 175 G while
backreaming with less than 60 surface RPM with a rotary steerable assembly in 12 ¼-in hole in a 73° tangent section
following a continuous 2 to 3° 2-D build from vertical. The IPM company defines the “risk” inherent in peak shocks in terms
of ”50G” for continuous shocks, i.e., <50 G low, 50 to 100, medium, 100 to 150 high, and >150 severe.
6 SPE 116555

Description: Time Log Format: TimeLogFormat Index Scale: 1 in per 600 s Index Type: Time Creation Date: 18-Jun-2008 16:01:32
Surface_rpm
(RPM)
0 c/min 300 Stand_pipe_pressur
(SPPA)
Shock_Risk MWD_CRPM
Block_position Hookload (HKLD) (SHKRSK_RT) (CRPM_RT) 2500 psi 4500
(BPOS) 0 klbf 500
0 3.15 0 c/min 300 Bit_on_bottom
0 ft 150 (BONB)
Surface_wob MWD_ShkPk Surface_torque StickSlip Total_pump_flow
Rop*5 (ROP5) (SWOB) (SHKPK_RT) (STOR) (STICK_RT) (FLWI) -10 1
500 ft/h 00 klbf 100 25 0 c/min 300 0
0 G's 200 0 kft.lbf gal/min 1000

Sep.03-2006
12:00

Sep.03-2006
12:20

Figure 3: Example of Peak Shocks While Backreaming with Rotary Steerable BHA.

Real time Backreaming Case Histories

Well P-21, Mexico

Stuck Pipe while backreaming with 12 ¼-in Bit @ 3,938 m (MD) resulting in 291 hrs of NPT. The event summary is shown
below.

Event Summary
The well P-21 was planned as an “S” shape well with kick off at 1,550 m and 12-1/4-in hole drilled from 3,050 m to 5,100 m
MD.

Ran 13 3/8-in Casing. Circulated and conditioned mud. Cemented 13 3/80-in casing-shoe @ 3,050 m (MD). Raised MW
from 1.64 gr/cc to 1.80 gr/cc. Drilled to 3,110 m. POOH to surface. Changed BHA to PowerDrive with 12-1/4-in PDC bit.

RIH to 3,110 m reaming and cleaning to 3,136 m. Attempted to pick up. Pump’s pressure increased indicating stuck pipe
possibly by packoff (WOB 0-3 ton, 130 rpm, 468 gpm, 3650 psi). Worked pipe free. Circulated and conditioned well. Mud
weight 1.87 gr/cc. Reamed from 3,136 m to 3,141 m. Drilled ahead to 4,063 m.

Drilled ahead to 4,260 m, POOH one stand to 4,247 m due to wash pipe failure not able to POOH another stand - 50 ton drag.
Circulated with auxiliary line rotating with RKB. Repaired wash pipe. Drilled ahead to 4,304 m, pumped viscous pill (WOB
5-12 ton, 150 RPM, 520 gpm, 4,000 psi, 14.6 mph, MW 1.90 gr/cc)

Continued circulating bottoms-up (520 gpm, 4,000 psi). POOH 5 stands to 4,189 m. Not able to pump heavy pill due to wash
pipe failure. Continued POOH to 4,062 m, drag (35–45) ton, lay down 1 joint, circulated with auxiliary line, 200 gpm, 3,000
psi. Repaired wash pipe. Connected TD, POOH to 4,043 m, (30–40) ton drag worked string free. Backreaming to 3,984 m.
Observed pressure increase to 4,200 psi, stopped rotation, hole packed off. Continued working the pipe in
tension/compression while waiting for pipe severance services.
SPE 116555 7

Figure (4) shows a post analysis of the real-time data at the time the pipe was stuck while backreaming.

Figure 4: Analysis of Real Time Data for P-21 Packoff Event.

Investigation Findings:

• Stuck pipe event was due to solids induced packoff while backreaming.
• Drilled last 996 m with an Avg. ROP of 21 mph before the event.
• Hole circulated 1.6 times bottoms up prior to POOH.
• Only 253 GPM while backreaming in 12 ¼-in hole with 150 RPM and 3,900 psi standpipe pressure. This compares
to 550 GPM while drilling which is an indication that the hole was not clean,
• The flow rate was constrained by the high pump pressure using 5-in drillpipe.
• Geomechanics post analysis indicates mechanical hole instability (cavings) due to geological stress convergence
area (see Figure 5).
• Caliper log shows 40 m of 19-20-in washout below the 13 3/8-in casing shoe which aggravated the hole cleaning
problem.
• The Driller did not follow best practices (exceeded overpull limits, and went straight to backreaming after overpull
instead of running back down to circulate and clean the well).
8 SPE 116555

Possible
unstable
fault

Figure 5: Well P-21 Wellbore Instability Analysis and Cavings.

Conclusion:
This event was preventable as there were clear indications of hole cleaning problems prior to the stuck pipe.

Since this event, the drillpipe size has been increased to 5-1/2 in to allow higher circulating rates and 6-5/8 in is being
considered to give an additional 200 gpm. Project specific tripping/backreaming procedures have also been implemented and
compliance to procedures is being enforced by real-time monitoring from an Operation Support Center.

Well C-724, Colombia

Event Summary
Well C-724 was planned with 2 casing string to reach planned depth of 5,010 ft. The 9 5/8-in casing was set at 450 ft without
any problems. 8 ½-in hole section was planned to reach target depth with a planned MW of 11.7 ppg.

The well was drilled without any major issues to 5,010 ft. Last drilling parameters recorded as ROP= 30 ft/hr, RPM= 110,
WOB= 10/12 Kbls, P= 1700 psi, Q= 440 gpm, Torque= 2 Kft-lbs. The formation was 80% sandstone and 20% shale.

Circulated well for a short trip for 1.5 hours and pumped 25 barrels of pill with 216 gpm. High-viscous sweep brought many
cuttings to surface and then the shakers came clean.

Shut off pumps and rotary and worked the first stand with no circulation or rotation and recorded all parameters drag up and
down. Pulled first stand with normal parameters without any overpull. Attempted to pull second stand and drag came up to
10,000 lbs. Worked stand up and down but drag did not change.

At the third stand, drag increased to 30,000 lbs. Connected TDS and started circulation with 400 gpm and 1,400 psi stand
pipe pressure. Pumped out of hole with no rotation (Mud weight = 12.4ppg). Pulled the fourth stand normal with no pump
or rotation. Drag increased from 10,000 lbs to 20,000 lbs.

Pulled the fifth and sixth stands and drag increased from 20,000 lbs to 40,000lbs. Connected TDS and circulated at 400 gpm
and pumped hi viscous sweep small amount of cavings came to shaker with sweep but no cuttings. At this point backreamed
out of hole for two stands with 80 RPM and 400 gpm, drag was still present .

RIH to 5,010 ft and circulated the active system to this properties, no problem going in the hole. (Decision was to increase
the density of the drilling mud from 12.4 to 12.8 ppg at this time interpreting the issue as wellbore instability).
SPE 116555 9

Circulated 1 1/2 hour to achieve balanced mud density 12.8 ppg going in and coming out.

POOH with no problems with only elevators (7 or 8 stands). Overpull increased to 10,000 then 20,000 then 40,000 then
60,000 lbs. Connected TDS and circulated with 400 gpm and tried to POOH with pump only. The overpull would not go
down so decision was taken to backream with 80 RPM and 400 gpm, at this time fine cuttings or cavings were coming to the
shakers in small amounts.

Stopped at 4,600 ft to discuss the situation. Decision was to continue to backream out of hole for five stands and circulate
bottoms up and do this every five stands backreamed.

Repeated this procedure to 3,200 ft and then experienced pressure increase when the complete stand was almost all the way
up. The driller went down and at the same time slowed the pump rate to 200 gpm tried to work string and the top drive stalled
out with torque.

Drillstring was stuck at this point with very little returns coming back. Worked pipe and but no success to move string up or
down or get back rotation.

The real-time log for the stuck pipe incident while backreaming can be seen in Figure 6.

Backreaming out
of the hole
2000 psi
1500ft-lbs
430 gpm
75-125 RPM

Driller had to work

the pipe to pass
the tight spot with
up to 20klbf over

Torque is
increasing from
1500 ft-lbs to 7500

Pump pressure is
increasing and not
regular (indication

String is stuck
without rotation,
circulation and pipe

Figure 6: Analysis of Real Time Data for 724 Well Packoff Event

Conclusion:
This event was preventable had established tripping / backreaming procedures been followed

In this case the decision was to connect the top drive when the tight spots were detected and there was a clear indication of
wellbore instability as a result of backreaming and the mud weight in use. The best course of action would have been to
focus on hole cleaning, minimizing the wellbore instability issue and observing parameters more closely in order to prevent
stuck pipe incidents. When large amount of cavings, increased pump pressure, high torque and overpull were observed,
operations should have been re-evaluated and better corrective actions should have been implemented such as moving the
string down and spending more time to condition the hole.
10 SPE 116555

Recommended Approach to Backreaming Operations

Based on the findings of a number of backreaming case histories like the examples included in the paper; operational
procedures for tight hole conditions and backreaming have been established. An example procedure to backream in 8 ½-in
hole section can be seen in the Appendix A. The main focus of the procedure is to “listen to the well” and establish if the
backreaming is necessary. When the conditions are established and confirmed that well does not show indications of poor
hole cleaning, then backreaming can be used as a last resort. In addition, a decision tree has been developed to provide
guidance on backreaming operations (see Appendix B).

The key parameters to monitor while backreaming have also been defined
• Pump pressure, flow rate, RPMs
• Backreaming speed
• Torque and drag
• Cuttings rate versus time
• APWD data from MWD tools.

As a general guideline backreaming should be a slow and patient operation. If parameters deviate from normal the string
should not be pulled faster than the cuttings are being transported out of the hole. As a “rule of thumb”, backreaming speed
should not exceed 4 stands per hour. It is very important to establish what the “normal” torque and drag is, and what the
corresponding pump pressure corresponding to the required flow rate is in order to establish references. Increasing or erratic
torque and/or pump pressure are good indicators of whether the backreaming speed is too fast and the annulus is loading up
with cuttings. Backreaming speed should be reduced if pressure and torque trends are not stable.

Cuttings returns at surface including the rate over time should be continuously monitored and any sign of cavings should be
observed. The percentage, size and any changes in the volume of cavings should also be noted.

As backreaming takes place and generates a high amount of solids in the annular space, it causes the ECD to increase. The
ECD from APWD measurements will give an indication of the changing concentration of cuttings in the annulus although
this will be less sensitive at high inclination sections of the well. Figure 7 shows a real example where monitoring ECD data
from MWD tools was used to decide to circulate bottoms to lower cuttings concentration in the annulus due to backreaming.
In this example, backreaming resulted in the equivalent circulating density increasing from 1.67 gr/cc to 2.03 gr/cc. As it can
be seen in the same figure, the application of APWD technology has provided additional input to slow down the backreaming
speed and increasing the circulating time in order to eliminate the cuttings accumulation, thus lowering the risk of stuck pipe.

Figure 7: Monitoring ECD from MWD APWD Measurements While Backreaming.

SPE 116555 11

Real time Surveillance from Operation Support Centers

The IPM company has implemented a strategy of real-time surveillance of key drilling operations from regional Operation
Support Centers (currently Mexico City; Gatwick, London; and Tyumen, Russia).

In general Operation Support Center surveillance of tripping can reduce stuck pipe incidents through enforcement of good
tripping practices such as circulating multiple bottoms up prior to tripping on directional wells, limiting maximum overpull
and using good parameters while backreaming as discussed earlier in the paper. Stuck pipe prevention awareness is increased
and reviewing the real-time data from actual events also helps train the rig team. Monitoring from an Operation Support
Center provides additional real-time support to field personnel for event detection, and enables engineers working in the
center to monitor multiple wells simultaneously. However, in order for event detection and mitigation to be effective it is
critical that the project specific roles and responsibilities of wellsite and OSC personnel are defined and understood in
advance. Real-time surveillance does not remove the primary responsibility of the onsite Well Site Supervisor.

In the following example from Algeria (see figure 8), the Operation Support Center observed backreaming operations in 16-
in hole with 1,400 LPM (370 GPM) compared to the drilling flow rate of 3,200 LPM (845 GPM). A recommendation was
sent to the Well Site Supervisor to increase the flow rate to the drilling flow rate and he agreed to increase it from 44 to 80%
of the drilling flow rate for subsequent back reaming.

Figure 8: Example Operation Support Center Real Time Monitoring of Backreaming Parameters.
12 SPE 116555

In the Operation Support Center, drilling data is assessed continuously in the real-time monitoring software and analyzed
with the help of the real-time torque-and-drag and hydraulics models, which are a vital aid in stuck pipe prevention. This
software has been described in a previous paper (Brown et al, 2007). Hookload and surface torque are calculated
continuously and compared to actual measurement values highlighting deviations such as excess drag caused by poor hole
cleaning rather than drag as a result of hole tortuosity. However, the current Torque and Drag model has limitations for
backreaming because there is no component for the torque generated by the stabilizers and bit cutting into the formation
while backreaming (rotational friction effect only is considered). This can be clearly seen in Figure 9 where the actual torque
while backreaming significantly exceeds the calculated torque.

Figure 9: Real Time Monitoring of Torque & Drag During Backreaming

The real-time software also includes automatic rig activity detection known as “rig states” which has the ability to “bin” time
data into a series of rig states, e.g., slide drilling, backreaming, etc., by analysis of specific time data channels. This is
described in detail in the paper (Brown et al, 2007). This allows a rig activity time breakdown based on the real-time data
(see figure10). The percentage time or total hours backreaming can then be correlated with the drilling practices in use such
as the mud weight, the BHA, etc., and compared to offset wells.
SPE 116555 13

Figure 10: Automatic Rig States Time Breakdown.

Today, we have intervention based on real-time monitoring but in the future drilling automation may provide a better
preventative solution to stuck pipe by less reliance on rig personnel following procedures. This may help combat the
difficulty in hiring experienced rig personnel during a time of industry expansion. In the industry, field testing is already
being carried out in automated tripping in and out of hole where the driller cannot exceed certain limits based on models such
as swab/surge updated in real time (Iversen et al, 2008).

Results

A combination of stuck pipe prevention and improved operations have resulted in a reduction in company stuck pipe
incidents especially while tripping and backreaming out of the hole.

Year 2007 Algeria Mexico

SP Cost/Day Inc/K Inc/MM SP Inc/K Inc/MM
$ days Feet Cost/Day $ days Feet
Total Year End 2789 10.62 6.19 5160 8.36 9.35

Year 2008 Algeria Mexico

SP Cost/Day Inc/K Inc/MM SP Inc/K Inc/MM
$ days Feet Cost/Day $ days Feet
Total Year End 1,385 10.58 5.88 821 4.42 3.98

Table 1: Stuck Pipe Statistics for Projects with OSC Surveillance

Table 1 shows the stuck pipe statistics for a project in Algeria and a project in Mexico where in addition to the stuck pipe
training of the drillers and the project team; real-time surveillance from Operation Support Centers was implemented in Q3
and Q4 2007. As a result of significant focus on stuck pipe prevention and mitigation, stuck pipe costs per operating day were
reduced by 50% and 84% respectively.
14 SPE 116555

Conclusions

1. Since the advent of reliable topdrive drilling systems (TDS), the practice of backreaming became a popular
technique in the driller’s toolbox for tripping out of hole. However many stuck pipe incidents occur while tripping
and backreaming out of hole, and it is clear that this is a high risk activity.

2. There has been a lack of clear guidelines on when backreaming should be applied and how it should be performed,
including the key parameters that need to be monitored.

3. Backreaming should not be practiced as a first action if there are indications of a large amount of cuttings in the
annular space, or indications of wellbore instability exist. The first action should be taken by going down with the
drillstring and circulating to clean the hole.

4. The IPM company has implemented a systems approach to improve backreaming operations and to prevent stuck
pipe incidents including
• stuck pipe prevention and mitigation training, which includes backreaming operations
• backreaming decision tree
• specific backreaming procedures
• real-time surveillance of tripping and backreaming operations on critical projects
• improvements based on actual lessons learned.

5. As a result of improved tripping and backreaming operations, including limiting overpull values , the percentage of
company’s stuck pipe incidents due to packoffs reduced from 65% to 33%.

6. Drilling automation may provide a better preventative solution to stuck pipe in the future by less reliance on rig
personnel following procedures.

Acknowledgements:

We wish to thank the following Schlumberger employees who assisted in the writing and reviewing of this paper: Gerard
Cuvillier, Jacques Bourque, Jose Alarcon, Eduardo Parra Garcia, Ember Duran and Randy Green.

Nomenclature:

A = Cross section area, sq. in.

APWD = Annular Pressure While Drilling
BHA = Bottom Hole Assembly
D = Outside diameter, in.
d = Inside diameter, in.
ECD = Equivalent Circulating Density
G = Shock Threshold (g)
J = Polar moment of inertia
= Pi/32 (D4 – d4) for tubes
= 0.098175 (D4 – d4),
LPM = Litres Per Minute
MWD = Measurement While Drilling
NPT = Non Productive Time
OSC = Operations Support Center
P = Total load in tension, lbs
POOH = Pull Out Of Hole
RIH = Run In Hole
TDS = Top drive Drilling System
QT = Minimum torsional yield strength under tension, ft-lbs
Ym = Material minimum yield strength, psi
SPE 116555 15

References:

C. J. Hopkins and R. A. Leicksenrign “Reducing the Risk of Stuck Pipe in The Netherlands”, paper SPE 29422 presented at
the , 1995 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam,, Feb 29-Mar2.

A. Eustes, The Evolution of Automation in Drilling, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Anaheim, California, U.S.A., 11–14 November 2007.
M. Zamora, D.T. Jefferson, J. W. Powell, Hole Cleaning Study of Polymer-Based Drilling Fluids, presented at the SPE
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, U.S.A., 3–6 October, 1993

G. Yarim, R. Uchytil, R. May, A. Trejo, P. Church, Stuck Pipe Prevention-A Proactive Solution to an Old Problem, presented
at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Anaheim, California, U.S.A., 11–14 November 2007.

N.Brown, M.Hayes, G.McLaren, I.Megat, Z.Okafor, 2007, Improving the Value of Real-Time Drilling Data To Aid
Collaboration, Drilling Optimization and Decision Making, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, Anaheim, California, USA, 11–14 November 2007.

F.P. Iversen, E. Cayeux, E.W. Dvergsnes, R. Ervik, and M. Byrkjeland, M.Welmer, A. Torsvoll, M. Karimi Balov, E.
Haugstad, and A. Merlo, 2008, Offshore Field Test of a New Integrated System for Real-Time Optimisation of the Drilling
Process, IADC / SPE Drilling Conference 4-6 March 2008.

API RP 7G Recommended Practice for Drill Stem Design and Operating Limits, Sixteenth Edition, August 1998.
16 SPE 116555

General Recommendations

A. Backreaming is a critical operation that must be personally supervised by the Wellsite Supervisor and Tool
Pusher.
B. If tight hole conditions are encountered, follow tight hole procedures. Do not start backreaming immediately.
C. If backreaming is done in tight hole/high cuttings bed conditions at fast speeds, it may cause higher ECDs,
possible lost circulation, lost circulation due to restricted annular sections. Backreaming can also cause
packoffs and wellbore stability problems.
D. The more attention paid to the rate of movement UP while backreaming, the safer it is.
E. The casing wear needs to be constantly monitored by using ditch magnets while Backreaming out of the hole.
F. A reference table needs to be developed showing combination of Torque and Tension effect on the drillstring
based on actual condition of the drillstring.
G. Whenever possible, backreaming operations should be monitored in real time.

While Drilling

Monitor Torque and Drag during the entire drilling phase and establish a base line (Pick Up/Slack Off/Rotating weight
and Torque with pumps on and off).

Upon Reaching Target Depth

1. Repeat Torque and Drag measurements (Pick Up /Slack Off /Rotating weight and Torque with pumps on and
off).
2. Circulate 2 to 3 bottoms or until well is clean with drilling flow rate, sufficient rotation (80 to 100 rpm) and full
stand length reciprocation. (Adjust RPM depending on Rig, Well and BHA limitations).
3. Pump weighted/viscous hole cleaning pills with drilling flow rate, sufficient rotation (80 to 100 rpm) and full
stand length reciprocation. Remember a good pill +good GPM+Max RPM+Max rate of pipe movement = a
clean hole.
4. Take Torque and Drag measurements (Pick Up /Slack Off /Rotating weight and Torque with pumps on and off).
Compare these values with the Torque and Drag values taken in step #1.

Tripping-Tight Hole Procedures

5. Perform pre-trip risk assessment meeting with all rig personnel, highlighting potential problem spots (depths
and overpull limitations) and review special tight hole and backreaming practices.
6. If Torque and Drag parameters are improved, begin trip normally (Pull out of the hole by stands). Do not force
the drillstring out of the hole with excessive over pull. Note the location of the tight spot.
7. If the Torque and Drag did not change or there is more than 20,000 lbs excess drag (over normal hole drag),
return to bottom if close to bottom. If off bottom, TIH 2 to 3 stands below the tight spot.
8. Rotate the pipe 30 to 40 rpm to break the gels around the pipe. Bring the pumps on with a low circulation rate
until returns are seen at surface. Increase the pump rate to the drilling rate and gradually increase rotation to
80- to 100 rpm.

Backreaming

9. Begin backreaming out of the hole with optimum backreaming parameters (80 to 100 RPM and drilling flow
rate) monitoring pump pressure, torque and hookload. Determine backreaming speed based on these
parameters. An increase in these parameters or erratic readings in these parameters can be an indication of
annulus loading up.
10. Do not backream faster than cuttings being transported out of the hole. The faster you go, the more problems
you will have with backreaming. Backreaming parameters and practices need to be adjusted for hole angle,
condition, diameter, etc.
11. Continue backreaming only if parameters are stable or improving. If parameters are not improving or
worsening, stop. NEVER force drillstring out of the hole while backreaming. Note the tight spot locations.
12. Go back down 2 to 3 stands and circulate the hole clean and repeat tight hole procedures.
13. Start backreaming with caution as per step 9. When you get to the same spot, pay more attention to the
parameters.
14. If hole conditions are not improving, be patient while backreaming at the tight spot.

Appendix A: Example Backreaming Best Practice for 8 ½-in Hole Section

SPE 116555 17

Drill to target depth Trip out of

monitoring the hole
Torque and Drag

Monitor the
Circulate hole clean hole drag
and measure T&D
before and
after circulation
Tight spot
YES Excess NO
O/P based
on limit

Record the depth

of the tight spot
Record the over pull Run back
2-3 stands

Run back
2-3 stands Slowly rotate and
break circulation.
Circulate, reciprocate
and rotate to clean the hole
Slowly rotate and
break circulation.
Circulate, reciprocate
and rotate to clean Likely cause :
the hole (Pump a pill NO well bore YES
Well bore
if required) geometry or instability ?
mechanical

POOH with Continue to clean the

caution to the hole and modify the
previous MW if required.
tight spot POOH

NO Overpull at YES YES Is there NO

same depth Backream still a tight
(away from the spot?
Likely cause:
tight spot)
Hole cleaning
with drilling flow
rate and RPM

Appendix B: Backreaming Decision Tree