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READING &
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·. USE OF ENGLISH
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[]9, GRIVAS PUBLICATIONS 2013

All rights reseNed

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Jublished and distributed by: GRIVAS PUBLICATIONS

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Tel.: +30-210.55.73.470
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")inted Janua,y 2013

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~ would like to thank Cambridge ESOL for granting us permission to reproduce their specifications.

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 Introduction
CPE Reading & Use of English is designed to prepare students for Paper 1 of the revised Cambridge CPE examination. This book
will help students successfully bridge the gap between FCE level and the more advanced English needed for success at CPE.
Students are given the opportunity to build on their existing language skills, and emphasis is given to both grammar and '"l
vocabulary. Students also have the chance to familiarise themselves with the format of the new CPE examination, with ample J
exam practice being offered in each unit.
There are fifteen units in the book, each of which is comprised of four parts. These parts are organised as follows:

PART 1 - Grammar
(' Grammar Presentation: a clear presentation of all grammatical structures to help students revise their knowledge, with ~
emphasis on more advanced phenomena. ~j
r,s Grammar Practice: practice of the grammar presented in the unit.
"' Similar meaning in another way: presentation of common transformations to consolidate· students' knowledge before 9
they attempt the Proficiency-level transformations which follow. J.;.J

~' CPE Transformations: further practice of structures, along with a number of more challenging transformations.
" Advanced Language Points: a selection of advanced-level material which helps candidates gain confidence in their use of
the English language. u
1
PART 2 - Language Development
r., Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions: presented in alphabetical order and practised in context.
"' Idioms: presented in alphabetical order and encompassing the wide range of advanced idiomatic usage required at this ;,,
level. :J
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"' Prepositional Phrases: extensive coverage and practice of prepositional phrases required at this level.
111: Word Usage: designed to acquaint students with everyday collocations in English. '="l
s. Collocations: further practice in advanced-level collocations. J
1J Phrasal Verbs: reinforcement and extension of students' knowledge of phrasal verbs, presented in alphabetical order.
(Some units also introduce a number of nominal forms.) .==)
111; Words Easily Confused: an exercise in which students have to choose between commonly confused words, according tcJ
context.
I!< Derivatives: an alphabetical list designed to provide students with a wealth of derivatives, essential for success in th(l
word formation task in the CPE examination. J
111 Wordplay: practice in recognising subtle differences between phrases as well as avoiding errors.
M Word Combinations: words combined to make set phrases, invaluable to candidates as these expressions are useC:1
throughout the CPE examination. "-j
i, Correct or Incorrect: presentation of areas of the language where mistakes are commonly made. _11
m Word Distractors: exercises based on word distractors providing practice in recognising and understanding their correc ~
use. <LI

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PART 3 - Vocabulary Practice _ ,_j
"' A variety of topically-related vocabulary exercises designed to help students in the Reading & Use of English text(s} in Part 4.
=1
PART 4 - Reading & Use of English j
"' Exam-style texts giving students practice in the skills required for the revised CPE examination.

Exam Practice - JJ
e Includes exam-style texts to not only help students familiarise themselves with the revised exam format, but also off~r_
them a chance to perfect their exam techniques and put their learning into practice. ·

This book will provide students with extensive coverage of the intricacies of English usage and prepare them for the deman9s1
of the revised Cambridge CPE examination.

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 ONTENTS
mbridge Specifications for the revised Reading & Use of English . . .. .......... . .............................. 6
Reading & Use of English Sample Paper ...................... . ..... . ..................................... 7
[}swers to the Reading & Use of English Sample Paper .......... .. . . .... . . . ................................ 17
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Unit 1
d~ ~: ~:~;::; ~::e~~;~:~;~~s-e~ -~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~e·s-~ ~~~~r~-~~r~s-) -~ ~~a_n_s~~r-~~t'.~~s- ~ ~d-v~~~~~ -L~~~~~~~ ~~~n-t~. : : : ~:
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice ............. ... ................. .. ...... .. ............ .. . .. ..... .. ........ 33
~rt 4: Re~ding & Use of English . ....... .... ... .... .......................................... .... ...... 35
[Jam Practice 1 (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) . .. ........ ... .................... . . . ....... .. ............. ... .. . . . .... 36
Unit 2
'1rt 1: Grammar (Adjectives/ Adverbs - Comparisons) - Transformations - Advanced Language Points ............... 38
µ_Jrt 2: Language Development ............................................ . ....... . .... ..... . ......... 46
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice ..... ...... .......... . ...... .... ..... . ................................ .... . 52
•J· _rt 4: Reading & Use of English ....................................................................... 54
I"' rt 5: Correct English Usage .... . .. . ..... .. ....... .. ............ . .. . ...... . ................... . ...... 55
Exam Practice 2 (Parts 5, 6, 7) ........ . .... . .. .. . ......... . ..... . . . ............................ ....... . 56

fr1t3
P-art 1:
. . .
Grammar (Articles) - Transformations -Advanced Language Points . .. .... . . . .... .. .. .............. .. . ... 62
P~ 2: Language Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
F::Jrt 3:
Vocabulary Practice .. . ............... . .............. ... ..... . .. .. ...... ... .. .. ........ ... . . ... 76
Pirt 4: Reading & Use of English . . .............. . .... .. .. .. .......... . .. ............ . .. .. .. .... . . . ..... 78
P:f: 5: Co:rect En~lish Usage ... . ......................... . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . ... .. .. .. . .... . .......... .. .. 79
E 11m Practice 3 (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) .................. . ..... .. ............ . . .. .. .. ............... . ......... 80
Ohit 4
P:::r 1: Grammar (Nouns / Plurals - Many/ Much, (A) few/ (A) little, etc. - Some/ Any - No one, etc.) - Transformations -
._J Advanced Language Points ..................................................................... 82
Part 2: Language Development ................................................................. .. ...... 90
P:-~-.f 3: Vocabulary Practice ................ . ............... . ...... . . . ..... . ......................... .. 96
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P;; 4: Reading & Use of English ........ . .............. . .. .. ................ . ............... .. . ... ..... 98

.
Part 5: Correct English Usage ...... .... . .. ...... . ... .. ............ ... .. . ... . .. . ... . .............. . ... . 99
b1m Practice 4 (Parts 5, 6, 7) ............. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .... .... ... .. .. .. .... . ................... 100
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lLJlit 5
Part 1: Grammar (Modal/ Auxiliary Verbs) - Transformations - Advanced Language Points .. . .. . ... . ...... . . .. ... . 106
p:- Jt 2: Language Development ................... . ........ . .. .. ........ . . . . . ...................... . .. 11 3
Pj t 3: Vocabulary Practice ..... . .. ....... ..... . . . ........ .. . . ............... .. ............ . ......... 119
Part 4: Reading & Use of English .................. . ..... .... ............... .. .. . .. .... . ..... ...... . .. . 121
Eqm Practice 5 (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) .............. . ...... . ............... . ..... .. . .. ....................... 122
L.Jit 6
Part 1: Grammar (Conditionals - Very/ Too/ Enough - Each/ Both - All/ Whole - Else/ Other) - Transformations -
:: 1 Advanced Language Points .. . .. . ... .... ......... . . . ....... ...... .... . ... ...... .. .. .. . .... . .... 124
Put 2: Language Development . . . . ........ . ..... ..... . ... ... ..... ..... ... ............... .... ..... . . . . 131
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice ............... . .............. . . . .. . .. . ......... .... ... .. ..... . . ... . ...... 137
p; 14: Reading & Use of English ... .. ... . .. . .. ..... .. ... ...... .. .... ... ............................... 139
E,J m Practice 6 (Parts 5, 6, 7) . . ........ ... . ...... . .. .. .. . . ... .. . . .. .. . ....... .. ... . . ... . . ............ 140
Unit 7
P; t 1: Grammar (Unreal Past Tenses - Would Rather - Had Better - Wish/ Hope) - Transformations - Advanced
;: ::iLanguage Points .................. . . ........ . ..... .. .. . ..... . ... . . . ... .. ... ... ..... . ...... . .. 146
Part 2: Language Development . ..... ....... . .............. . . . .... .. ........... .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . ....... 153
·p<! ' _3·. Voca bu Iary Prac t·ice ........ . . . .... . ... . .. . .... .... . • . . . - . .... . . . . .. .. .... . ....... . . .. . . .. ... . 159
Pd.-i: 4: Reading & Use of English ............................................................ . . ....... . 161
Exam Practice 7 (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) .... ... . . ..... . ................... .... ..... .... ... . .. ... ... .. .... ... . . 162
,,.,.,. ~ -~ ..-,..... .,. ····----~-~

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Unit 8 cil
Part 1: Grammar (The Infinitive -The Gerund) - Transformations - Advanced Language Points ............. . ... . .•.. 164LJ
Part 2: Language Development ...................................................... . .............•. . 172
Part 3'. Voca?ulary Practice .._.. ..... ....... . ... . ................................ . ............... ... .. 1_78;'1
Part 4. Reading & Use of English . . ... ....... .. .... ..... .. . . . .... .....·.................... .... .. . ... •.. 18dd

~~7t
Part 5: Correct English Usage .. . . . ... ........... . .. ... ...... .... ....... . .... ........... . . .. .......... 181
P;actice 8 (Parts 5, 6, 7) ...... . .... ............... .... . . . . ...... ............. . ...... . .. .. ...... . 182U

Part 1: Grammar (The Passive Voice) - Transformations - Advanced Language Points . ... ..... ... .. ... ... . .. ..... . 188
Part 2: Language Development . . . .. ............ . . .. ... .. ... ·..................... . ·.... . ... . . ... .. .. .. . 195"9
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice .. . .. ... .. . . . . .................................. . . ... .. . ...... . ..... ... ... 20-J

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Part 4: Reading & Use of English .......................................... . .................... _..... . 203
P;~ctice 9 (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) .. . .. ... ..... . ...................... .. . . .. . ..... . .... . ......... . ...... 20J
Part 1: Grammar (Reported Speech) - Verbs not followed by prepositions - Transformations -Advanced Language Points .. 20p
Part 2: Language Development ....... .. ... . . .. . ..... ........................ . . , ... ...... .. . ... ... .. .. 21 r ]
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice ..... .. . . .. . . . .................................... . .. ...... ..... .. . .. ..... 215
Part 4: Reading & Use of English ... . .. . . . . ... .. ............. . .. .. ... .... . ...... . .... ............ . ... .. 221
Exam Practice 10 (Parts 5, 6, 7) .............. .. ................ . . .. ................................... . 22~
Unit 11 u

Part 1: ~;::~~:~~~~:t~:;v~:c~;~f n~~~;:~~~t~ ~ ~~~: -~~~~ ~ ~~'.c_h_ ~ ·T·h·e· '-~~u-s~~i~~'- ~~~ ~: ~~~~ _a_n_d. ~~t~ .-.. . .. 2fl
Part 2: Language Development . ... ... . . .. ..... . ............... .. ....... . . ..... .......... . ..... ... ..... 2:fJ/
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice .... . . . ...... . ...... . ........ .. .................. . .. ....... ... . ......... . . 2J
Part 4: Reading & Use of English ...... . . .. ...... . ........... .... ... . . . .. .. ........... . .... . ........... 2·
Exam Practice 11 (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) ...................... . ................................ . ....... .. .... 2
Unlt12 . 7
Part 1: Grammar (Relative Clauses - Clauses of Reason/ Manner/ Purpose) - Transformations - Advanced Language Points .. 2d
Part 2: Language Development .... .. . .. . . ...... ... .... .. ......... ... ....... .. .. .... .. .. .......... . .. . 252
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice ............... ... .. . . . .. . ........ .. . ... ........ . ............... . ........ . 2f1
Part 4: Reading & Use of English ....................................... . .............................. 2iJ1
Exam Practice 12 (Parts 5, 6, 7) ................... . .... .. .. ...... . . ...... .. ... . . . .. ... . .... ... ... .... . 260
Unit 13 n
Part 1: Grammar (Clauses of Result/ Contrast/ Time - Inversion) - Transformations - Advanced Language Points .. .. .. 1J
Part 2: Language Development .. .. . ... . ........... .... .. .. . ...... . ................................... 2 73
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice ...... ........ ... .. ...... .. .. .. ........ .. ......... . .... . .......... . ....... t19
Part 4: Reading & Use of English ... . ................................. . . . ........................... . . . ~1
Exam Practice 13 (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) ........ . .... . ... .. .... .... .. . ........ . .... . ... . ........... . . . ....... 282
Unit 14 . ~1
Part 1: Grammar (Participles - There Is/ Are + To Be - Linking Words) - Transformations - Advanced Language Points ... 2-J4
Part 2: Language Development ... ........ ... .. .................... . . . ... ..... .. ...... . . ..... ... ..... . 291
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Part 3: Vocabulary Practice .............. .. .. . . ... ....... ........ . . .... ... .. ............ . .... ... ..... '. F
Part 4: Reading & Use of English .. .. . ....... ... ...... ... ........ . ...... ......... . ........... . ... ..... . i;Jg
Exam Practice 14 (Parts 5, 6, 7) ........ .. ... ......... . ....... .... .. .. . ..... .............. ............. 300
Unit 15 " r-
e::..- ::;
Part 1: Grammar (Subject + Singular/ Plural Verb -
Emphatic/ Exclamatory Structures) - Transformations - Advanced
Language Points ... . ............................................. . . ...... . .. ... . . . ...... .. . . ;:>p6
Part 2: Language Development ........ .. .. ..................................................... . ..... ._113
Part 3: Vocabulary Practice . .. ....... .. ..... . . .. . . ..... . .. .. ... .. . . ... .... . . . .... . ...... . ........... ."319
Part 4: Reading & Use of English . ...... . . . ...... .... . ....................... . ... . . ... ....... .. .... ... ""~21
Exam Practice 15 (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) ...... . .......... . ........ . ............ . ... ... . ..... . . . , . ........ . ... ·22
·~------=-~---~--~,,.._~------~---,---.,-.,,,.,,..,.,.,,..-..,....,,=~.,...-,~-.,,,--~---..,...,.-•;,.;;..,. ,... -~-
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~eading & Use of English (CPE Specifications)
;

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- General description Structure and tasks
, PAPER FORMAT For Parts 1 to 4, the test contains texts PART3
- with accompanying grammar and TASK TYPE
1 Word formation.
~ vocabulary tasks, and discrete items AND FOCUS The main focus is on vocabulary, in
with a grammar and vocabulary focus.
particular the use of affixation, internal
For Parts 5 to 7, the test contains texts
changes and compounding in word
'. and accompanying reading
formation .
'· comprehension tasks.
FORMAT A text containing eight gaps. Each gap
TIMING 1 hour 30 minutes
corresponds to a word. The stems of the
NO. OF PARTS 7 missing words are given beside the text and
NO. OF QUESTIONS 53 must be changed to form the missing word.

Multiple-choice doze, open doze, NO. OF QS 8

word formation, key word PART4
transformation, multiple matching, TASK TYPE Key word transformations.
gapped text, multiple choice. AND FOCUS The focus is on grammar, vocabulary and
TEXT TYPES From the following: books (fiction and collocation.
non-fiction), non-specialist articles
Six discrete items with a lead-in sentence
from magazines, newspapers and the
and a gapped response to complete in 3-8
Internet. FORMAT words including a given 'key' word.
- LENGTH OF TEXTS 2,900 - 3,400 words in total NO. OF QS 6
ANSWER FORMAT For Parts 1, 5, 6 and 7, candidates PART 5
indicate their answers by shading the
correct lozenges on the answer sheet. TASK TYPE Multiple choice.
For Parts 2 and 3, candidates write AND FOCUS Understahding of detail, opinion, attitude,
their answers in capital letters in the tone, purpose, main idea, implication, text
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space provided on the answer sheet.
For Part 4, candidates write their
organisation features (exemplification,
comparison, reference).
answers on the answer sheet but FORMAT A text followed by 4-option multiple-choice
=l,---------· c_a.,_p_it_al_l_ett_e_r_s_a_re_n_ot_r_e_,q._u_ir_ed_._ __ questions.
JMARKS For Parts 1-3, each correct answer NO.OFQS 6
receives 1 mark; for Part 4, each
PART6
correct answer receives up to 2 marks;
for Parts 5-6, each correct answer TASK TYPE Gapped text.
receives 2 marks; for Part 7, each AND FOCUS Understanding of cohesion, coherence, text
correct answer receives 1 mark. There structure, global meaning.
are a total of 72 marks available for the FORMAT A text from which paragraphs have been
test. removed and placed in jumbled order after
the text. Candidates must decide from where
in the text the paragraphs have been
-1Structure and tasks removed.
d pART 1 NO. OF QS 7
_ TASK TYPE Multiple-choice doze. The main focus is on PART 7
1AND FOCUS vocabulary, e .g. idioms, collocations, fixed
d phrases, complementation, phrasal verbs, TASK TYPE Multiple matching.
semantic precision. AND FOCUS Understanding of detail, opinion, attitude,
specific information.
: lFORMAT A single text with eight gaps. Candidates
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must choose one word or phrase from a set FORMAT A text, or several short texts, preceded by
of four to fill each gap. multiple-matching questions. Candidates
must match a prompt to elements in the
· iNO. OF QS 8 text.
)PART 2 NO. OF QS 10
TASK TYPE Open doze. The main focus is on awareness
lAND FOCUS and control of grammar with some focus on
vocabulary.
:. cr,- - - - - - - - ~ ' - - - - - - - - - - - - -
FORMAT A modified doze test consisting of a text
with eight gaps. Candidates think of the
word which best fits each gap.
"JNO. OF QS 8

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·Reading & Use of English Sample Paper
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Part 1
For questions 1 - 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Mark your
answers on the separate answer sheet.

There is an example at the beginning (0).

0 A putting B fixing C placing D fitting

A Silent World
J
Linda Philips sighed once again, and (0) ...~... on a brave face, (1) ........ 'What's the matter?' to her daughter, Emma.
J
For she knew only too well that for a while, her daughter had been lost in a (2) ....... . of her own; one that would
J
end in a (3) ........ of tears. In preparation for Emma's entry into the world, where communication on any level would q
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be of the (4) ........ importance, Linda had put a strain on the family by taking the time to learn sign language. It is b

no secret that the majority of people are insensitive to the (5) ........ of children generally, let alone those who are

deaf. Like a radar, Emma was starting to (6) ........ up the subtle meanings of their sidelong (7) ........ and experience

the hurt which (8) ........ follows. The pain of rejection takes a long time to subside.

1 A signed B mouthed C elaborated D announced

A universe D world
2 B planet C place
:1
3

4
A flow

A highest
B downpour

B maximum
C flood

C utmost
D rush

D supreme
eJ
5 A wants B desires C needs D essentials L
A gather D catch
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6 B pick C collect

8
A looks

A admittedly
B glances

B loosely
C gazes

C remarkedly
D glimpses

D inevitably r
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t;...
. _..,. _., ; ' Part2
For questions 9 -16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LITTERS on the separate
answer sheet.

Example: ~ J\ IT \ S I \ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

RED ALERT

The colour red plays a vital role in our everyday life, and (0) ............... !!~............... symbolic value is used in a

variety of situations without us (9) .............. ..................... being aware of it.

The importance of the colour for us humans must derive primarily from the colour of blood, (10) ............... ....... ............ .

there is also a natural occurrence in plants and animals to act as a warning (of poison, for example or imminent

attack). In addition, red is the colour you see in the depths of a fire, and in the sun (11) ............ ............... ........ it

sets in the sky.

In modern life, red denotes warning and danger, and the sight of it automatically (12) ................................... us

more alert. It is used for road signs showing prohibition, on taps for hot water, for buttons that will produce radical

results if pressed and teachers' corrections.

It is also the colour of love, anger and (13) ................................... passions.The blood and the heart have always been

seen as closely connected with feelings, (14) ................................... the extent that people with emotional disturbances

were often bled by doctors in the Middle Ages in the mistaken belief that they had (15) ................................... much
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; blood in them. Here, however, we can perhaps see another source of red as danger; if you see a person growing red

in the face, it is often best to beat a hasty retreat, (16) ................................... they explode.

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 Part3
For questions 17 - 24, read t he text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a
J.
word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0) . Write your answers IN CAPITAL :-i,_
LITTERS on the separate answer sheet. -i
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Hypersensitive Canines
· Iornc
Tornc-c · seizures
· are t he most serious
· form of t he (O) .......................
DISORDER , an d ORDER J
involves (17) ....................... of consciousness and convulsions of the body. It can be LOSE

extremely (18) ...... ............... .. for sufferers since these attacks often come on without NERVE
J
warning, meaning they can injure themselves by falling or be at risk from, for '7
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example, (19) ....................... vehicles if they collapse in a road. One afflicted boy, PASS

who suffered up to five seizures a day, had by the age of eleven sustained two

serious concussions and a number of broken teeth from falls.

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There are dogs, like guide dogs for people with partial or total (20) .. .. ................... , BLIND

trained to help sufferers deal with attacks by alerting parents or (21) .......................

the victim is not in a position of danger. However, a very small percentage of dogs
SURE
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are also what is called 'seizure-alert'; that is, they can sense a coming seizure up to u
half an hour before it happens and forewarn their owners. Even minutes can give

the victim the time to find a safe place, or even take a seizure-blocking medicine if

EFFECT 'l
that is available to and (22) ....................... for them.
J
It is not known quite how these dogs know an attack is approaching, but trainers

look for dogs that possess a (23) ........................ sensitivity to sounds and smells, HIGH

and a natural empathy with people. It is possible that such dogs are more sensitive

to the trademark symptoms that precede a~ attack, or maybe there is a particular

smell (24) .... .............. ... .. one. Whatever the reason, the dog can literally change the COMPANY

life of the sufferer long trapped by their illness.

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 Part 4

For questions 25 - 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.
Here is an example (0).

r:l Example:
J
0 To my mind, you paid too much for that dress.

d;;:hy mind, .................................................................. you paid for it.

n
:J the dress isn't / wasn't worth what

Write only the missing words on the separate answer sheet.

• 25 I managed to persuade Bob to lend me his car.

j talk
rl I managed to ...... ..................................................... ..................... me his car.

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26 I go trekking now and again with my brother.

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0
once
I go trekking ................................................................................ with my brother.
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27 l'f~ady every month there is a new environmental disaster.

J passes
Hardly .......,.; ....................................................................... a new environmental disaster.
]
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28 Nobody can foresee what David's reaction to the news will be.
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It ......................... ....................................................... David will react to the news.
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J 29 He almost cried when you shouted at him.

'1 verge
J He was .................. .............................................................. when you shouted at him.

n
J 30 Nobody said they objected to the plan.

~ objections
Nobody ................................................................................ the plan.

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 Part 5
You are going to read an extract from a novel. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think
fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

A Glimmer of Hope
·You cannot just take and take, and never give anything back,' Laurence used to say to his two sons. He was talking about
growing and the soil but, as with his other pearls of farming wisdom, Mark often found himself applying it to life as well, even
in the city, where he and Andrew had made their home, far from the dark hillsides of North Yorkshire.
Mark visited often enough, while Andrew tended to stay away - ironically they both acted for much the same reason. When
Mark had told his father he was not interested in running the farm, Laurence had not said much; when, two years later Andrew
said the same (standing in the same spot overlooking the pastureland where the sheep grazed - the only place they could ever
get their father to stand still a while and talk), he had said nothing at all.
Another thing he'd taught them: 'Clouds are the last place to look for signs of a wet winter.' Meani~g, the smaller, subtler signs
were by far the most telling. The way birds behaved. Certain sensitive plants. And his silence had spoken volumes; that though
he would never dream of telling his sons how to live their lives, he was clearly unable to comprehend how he had failed to
communicate the beauty of farming to them.
As soon as they were old enough to be trusted not to get themselves into mischief, he had had them out with him at every "'-
available opportunity: riding on either side of him on the tractor, listening to the blades of the reaper slice through the lush
spring grass; walking with him through the flock near lambing time, watching him check each expectant ewe, knowing each one
by name; standing by him at the auctions, fairs and markets as he slowly negotiated the price he was looking for to buy this or -c

sell that.
He had not tried to dissuade them or implore them, and had always supported them, but their mother, Molly, had told them ··
how despondent he had been, still was sometimes, and chided them, 'Why did it have to be a blunt "never"? Could you not have ~-
let him realise it slowly, in his own way?'. And so they felt guilty and that drove Mark to visit often and Andrew to stay away.
It angered Andrew, as he o.nce explained to Mark. 'He always wanted honesty, didn't he? Why should we go his way, after all? ,..
He didn't do what Grandad did.' But for Mark it was otherwise - he never felt his father resented them their choice, but rather :....J
regarded himself as a failure for not making his sons into farmers, lovers of the soil.
Which was not, in any case, true. They lived together in the centre of Leeds, but that was for the convenience and, after all, A
weren't they still both young men, still single and in need of a bit of life now and then outside their little flat? Neither could go ;J
for long without the open spaces, though; Andrew might not go to the farm, but he often took his old motorbike deep into the
moors, travelling for miles through the desolate stretches, dark eyes trained on the end of the road far ahead. Mark couldn't "'"J
understand his young.er brother anymore - the simple confidence Andrew used to show in him, the openness, were gone, l
replaced by a barrier that was harder and harder to break through.
Molly's pregnancy knocked all three men for six, and suddenly it seemed like everything would be all right again. Andrew started :]
coming to the farm; solicitous to the point of obsession with his mother, he had reams of notes taken down from the Internet U
about birth for older women - the latest miracle herb, exercises, statistics - and would drive her to distraction, trying to get her
to read and follow it all. r1
'I can't do everything, Andrew,' she said once. 'If I try all the things you're suggesting, the baby's not going to know which way J
to face when he finally comes.'
For it was always a 'he'. Laurence had no doubt started that; he was full of new hope. Though he was getting on now, he was r
still a powerful man, well able for the hard seasons of work that Jay ahead until his new son was ready to take the reins. J 1

Then the results of the ultrasound scan came back; as Mark had feared, it was a girl. They were all sitting at the table when Molly
announced it, just after dinner had finished one Saturday evening; doubtless she had no wish to deal with Laurence's reaction CJ
on her own. It was winter, and long evenings full of long silences were not the most attractive of prospects. _l
u
There was a long stunned silence. Then, 'A girl, imagine,' said Laurence, unable to keep the note of shock from his voice. 'That's
right,' said Molly sharply, 'and long overdue, if you look at the odds.' r
1

The meal ended awkwardly and Laurence went out to his usual place, looking out across the fields, a frown on his face . Mark ij
went out to him. U
'It doesn't mean she won't want to farm, you know.'
'But if you two lads didn't, what's the chances of a lass wanting to?'
'I'm not saying she will. Just that you shouldn't write her off before she's even born.'
He watched his father shift from foot to foot, as he did when he was thinking. Then, for the first time ever, as far as Mark could '
remember, he used farming as a metaphor.
'Well, you know, if there's no ram in a flock, the strongest ewe will take over. And then you're in trouble, because she won't give
her place up again in a hurry.' Mark understood what Laurence was telling him - it was his last chance to change his mind.
' __,
 Why does the author use the word 'ironically' in line 4?
A The brothers' common motive led them in opposite directions.
B The brothers both felt they were acting selfishly.
C Though brothers, they reacted very differently to events.
D Deep down, the brothers both reali sed they had hurt their father.

How did the brothers understand their father was hurt?

A He hadn't spoken to them since.
B He had used the cloud metaphor.
C His behaviour had changed.
D He had stopped teaching them.

Why did the brothers feel guilty?

A They felt they had used the wrong approach.
B They knew they had dashed their father's hopes.
C Their mother had told them off.
D AU
. ··":~,-
their father's work had gone to waste .

34 Andrew felt angry at Laurence because he

=! A fE:l.t.,Laurence's behaviour was hypocritical.
d
B ~lamed Laurence for his own problems.
C ti i't'i.aurence blamed them for letting him down.

D was unhappy in the city but dared not show it.

q
}j 35 Molly made the announcement at dinner so that
A it would be a surprise.
B everyone would hear it at the same time .
C her anger at Laurence would not show.
D she would have some support.

~1
- ' 36 What was Laurence's final decision?
J
A to sell the farm
B to place his hopes on the baby
"-5 C to make hi s sons feel jealous
D to force the farm on Mark

C. J

l.. l
 .j
,;
\.:

Part 6
J
You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose
from the paragraphs A· H the one which fits each gap (37 - 43). There is one extra paragraph which you do not
need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

A Realistic View ·
One of the most memorable scenes from Francis Ford This means good pictures, certainly, and the gritty scenes
Coppola's Apocalypse Now shows a beach landing by US that keep the viewer hooked. However, if every news
troops under heavy fire. As the camera pans around, we show has the same pictures, why should the viewers
catch a glimpse of Coppola himself, directing another watch one show over another? What a news show wants
film crew, shouting 'Don't look at the camera! ' as the
actors stream past.
are the exclusive pictures; to ·be the only channel that
shows this shot, that angle, these exciting sequences.
J
I 41 I
The image, and especially the moving image, has a power Journalists are often deeply ambitious, driven people,
that text and spoken word has not; the power of insatiable in their chase for the big story that will make 7
immediate impact. Whereas before Vietnam, casualties their name, their career. They know very well that news J
of war would be reported in dry figures, now the viewer does not get any bigger than war news, and so when a

~
could see the corpses strewn on the battlefield. The conflict breaks out, they flock to the scene, itching to get
images of the Vietnam War undoubtedly played a part in into the heat of the action. 0
creating the anti-war movement back in the States, and
the eventual ceasefire.
L...-1 42~1----------'' 1
Not that they went unprepared, or were unaware of the
c.. J

danger they faced. Many - whether woman or man - wore

And because the camera is ever-present, the other mass
media, especially newspapers, are being forced to take
a burqa, the head-to-toe garment the ultra-orthodox
Taliban had made it law for women to wear; thus
disguised, they mingled with the populace. Demand for
J
steps to compete. No longer is it enough to collect
various stories and patch together an article; the
modern-day journalist is expected to provide an eye-
witness account of the front lines of a battle, must live
high-tech body armour has meant a worldwide shortage -
but saved the life of more than one journalist. J
among the combatants and duck under the live bullets I 43 I
and avoid the explosions along with them.
It would appear that a new category has been added to
the traditional casualties of war. To the lists of dead
combatants and the civilian death roll can be added the
It has also led to an extremely alarming rise in the media fatalities. The coverage of war is carrying a heavier
numbers of casualties, including fatalities, among and heavier price.
members of the press. This reached such a level during
the Bosnian War that staff from different media
networks banded together, refusing to send more than
one camera crew into the field at a time and pooling all
the footage obtained.

40
~j,--------------

~
']
r A It leads to rather incongruous scenes. Enemies E Why was the mistake not taken out of the final cut?
g exchanging gunfire along a city street, hugging the
walls of buildings. Behind them, similarly crouched,
Because it fitted perfectly. The Vietnam War was
the first war to be properly televised, and scenes
is a cameraman aiming lens instead of gun; a from it were part and parcel of the average
reporter clutching a microphone in a white- American's experience of the war. So the scene in
knuckled fist is hiding behind him , babbling the film looks authentic precisely because it has a
commentary to a live audience. film crew on the sidelines, shooting the soldiers
going into action.

B However, sensible measures such as these are not

good enough for the networks. The images thus F At every opportunity, the networks will be putting
obtained may be real, may show the situation as it pressure on their staff to capture the fresh, the new,
is happening on the ground, but what a news show to venture deeper and deeper into the battlefield in
wants above all else is not the truth, especially. It search of that award-winning scoop. And, if the
wants good TV. truth be known, they rarely find themselves running
particularly short of volunteers.

Still, in the first two weeks of the war, the Afghan

conflict was already the most dangerous for the G So it has become expected that every war be
media since Bosnia. Seven journalists had already accompanied by a visual c_orpmentary, and this has
lost their :l.ives in that uncertain land, torn by two necessitated the sending of ·camera crews into war
decades of near-constant warfare. Plenty of zones to capture the moments on celluloid (or now,
journalists headed straight back out to the relative video). A war is no longer a real war unless it is
safety of Pakistan - but there were plenty waiting televised.
there, eais,~r to take their place.

H So when the US invaded Afghanistan, it was not

They come with their notebooks open and pens just troops that went over the border. Journalists,
poised, their cameras loaded, ready to snap or roll. cameramen, photographers, all went along for the
They are the war correspondents, veterans of ride, penetrating areas of the country shunned even
Bosnia, Somalia and Kosovo, battle-scarred and by the US military, all in search of that elusive goal,
hardened, more ready for combat than most of the the exclusive, whether in the form of an article, a
soldiers they stop to interview. photograph or a video clip .
.,

J'.

T
 Part 7
You are going to read an article about Captain Cook. For questions 44 - 53, choose from the sections (A - D). The
sections may be chosen more than once.

Mark the answers on the separate answer sheet.

In which section are the following mentioned?

Cook's voyages enhancing knowledge in a range of fields 44 .. ..... .

Cook's fateful decision to challenge a figure of authority 45 .. ..... .

the concept of giving up one's life for a greater good 46 ........

J
meticulous methodology being crucial to Cook's achievements 47 ........

48 ...... ..
J
remarkable coincidences facilitating Cook's purpose

a change in circumstances clouding a situation 49 ........

the abandonment of an enlightened approach 50 ........

the privileged seeking to reinforce an image 51 .. ......

J
the possibility of Cook being passed for a divinity 52 ........

asking if Cook merely performed his duty or actively shaped regional policy 53 .......
J

--J

L - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_
_....J
:"J
~r , : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .-,. ; :.'··,.-.;
G
. '

J The Changing Faces of Captain Cook

A minor misdemeanors. Flogging became a relatively
In the painting by Johann Zoffany which depicts the common event and some crew members even began to
death of Captain James Cook - the tireless plot mutiny.
eighteenth-century explorer - the captain is shown C
lying on the ground, mortally wounded and
On 16th January, 1779, Cook's ships put in at
surrounded by an angry group of half-naked warriors.
Kealakekua Bay on Hawaii having first slowly
The painting, in keeping with others of the late
p-1 circumnavigated the _island. He had decided that they
eighteenth century, contributed to the growing
~ : should pass the winter in a warm region before sailing
demand for stylised depictions of heroic deaths of
to the west coast of America to restock the ships. The
British officers. This fashion reinforced the viewpoint
arrival of the ships coincided with the rituals
that the British elite, at that time, were selflessly
surrounding the worship of the god Lono. By landing
willing to sacrifice themselves in the name of
at the bay where the temple of the god was situated in
enlightenment and progress. During his career in the
this particular season, the expedition managed to fulfil
navy, Cook made three important voyages into the
with amazing precision the various legends associated
Pacific. A quick look at a map of that area today will
with Lona. Even the ship's masts and sails bore some
show reminders of that time - for example, the Cook
resemblance to the emblem of the god. Speculation
Islands, and Mount Cook on the South Island of New
has it that the inhabitants of the island may have
Zealand.
supposed Cook to actually be the god, visiting them in
B human form, or that he was a human representative of
There is some controversy as to whether Cook should the go,d. Either way, they welcomed him with open
be regarded simply as part of the process which led to arms and gave him help in stockir1g his ships with food.
Europe spreading its influence and strength into the D
Pacific or whether he played a more active role. Either
The expedition's departure happened to coincide with
way, the signJficance of his discoveries remains
the end of this season of worship, no doubt further
immense. His expeditions contributed greatly to the
adding to the islanders' conviction that Cook was a
study of botany, anthropology, navigation,
man of importance to them. Unfortunately, the
exploration, cartography, and medicine. In fact, his
expedition had to return to the bay after one of the
greatest accomplishments probably stemmed from his
ships suffered storm damage. On the island, it was
thorough appr9_!!-ch to whatever he undertook, which
now a period dedicated to the worship of the god Ku,
led him t9. be able to consolidate the work of earlier
a deity opposed to Lona. Cook's return was therefore
explorers: Cook's first two voyages into the Pacific
contradictory and confusing, and potentially upset the
were characterised by his tolerance and forbearance
delicate relationship that had been previously
towards the inhabitants of the islands he visited and
established. Events took a turn for the worse with his
the importance he placed on the physical well-being of
decision to confront the Hawaiian king after the theft
his crew. His recognition of the fact that there was a
of one of his boats. This served to incur the wrath of
huge cultural difference between his men and the
the islanders and triggered a series of events that led
islanders influenced his dealings with the latter and
to his being killed by them on the beach of the bay
the commands issued to the former. By contrast, his
while trying to flee from the island.
third and last voyage saw a different, more irritable
Cook, a man who frequently punished his own men for

L.
 ~j
tt.

Answers to the Reading & Use of English Sample Paper

Part 1 Part 5 l
1
2
B
D
31
32 C
A

t
3
4
5
C
C
C
33
34 A
35
B

D
r
El

~
6 B 36 B
7 B
8 D Part 6

~
37 E
Part 2 38 G
9 EVEN 39 A
10

11
THOUGH / ALTHOUGH

AS /WHEN
40
41
B
F t
J
12
13
MAKES

OTHER
42
43
H
C r
I

-l
J
14
15
16
TO

TOO

BEFORE
Part 7
44 B
r9
c.J
45
46 A
D
jl
Part 3 d
17 LOSS 47 B I
r:11
ll
18 UNNERVING 48 C =-:ti
d
19 PASSING 49 D
20 BLINDNESS 50 B
J1
21
22
ENSURING

EFFECTIVE
51
52
A
C
T r-1r
j
i.:... . .J
23 HEIGHTENED 53 B
24 ACCOMPANYING )3

Part 4
:(
25 talk Bob into lending
26 (every) once in a while
~r
- a

27 a month passes without there being

28 remains to be seen how J
29 on the verge of crying/ tears
30 raised / had any objections to :(
17

-
rr 1
\[ ~
/;

ll
 Part 1
Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points ,- ·

] THE PRESENT TENSES

"1 The Present Continuous is used: 3 The Simple Present Perfect is used:

J1 for actions in progress at the time of speaking.

He's watching TV at the moment.
1 for completed past actions
[time not mentioned].
Tom has broken his leg.
2 for temporary actions or temporary repetition.
~ This year, I'm studying Spanish. 2 for periods of time not yet over.
:j I'm getting up at 6 o'clock every morning this She hasn't been out yet this morning.
week. 3 after the following expressions:
for arranged actions / plans for the near future. This/ It is the first/ second/ only, etc. time ...
I'm going to London tomorrow. This/ It/ He, etc. is the best/ worst ...
with always, continually, forever, emphasising This is the first time I've seen a tiger.
that the action happens, very often, too often It is the best play we've ever seen.
7
Co.Ji
He's always helping the poor.
You're always losing things!
NOTE:
He has been to London. ( = he has visited it)
,.1 5 for changing situations / development.
d The problem is getting worse. He has gone to London. ( = he is there now)
He has been in London for two years. ( = he is still
FfOTE: in London and has already spent two years there)
(d1 I'm-thinking about moving house. ( = consider)
[NOT: ! tl:link t-o ... ] 4 The Present Perfect Continuous is used:
r2 He's seeing his friend this evening. ( = meet) 1 for actions started in the past and still
lb He's jealous. [that's his nature] continuing.
It has been raining for three hours I since last
He's being jealous. [at this moment]
f. l [Adjectives describing behaviour at a particular night.
U moment can be used with being, such as jealous, [for expresses the length of time: for two years I
foolish, greedy, silly, noisy, naughty, etc.] months, etc.]
[since expresses a starting point: since last week/
~ My leg hurts I is hurting. [hurt, ache and feel can 1990, etc.]
iJ be used in either the simple or continuous tense]
2 for recently finished actions with a visible result
in the present.
;[] The Simple Present is used: I've been running. That's why I look so hot.
U1 for habitual actions / permanent routines. 3 for questions showing annoyance, surprise, etc.
I usually go to the pub in the evenings. in the present about a recent past action.
She works in the post office. 'Who has been playing with my toys?' asked
d 2 for timetables / programmes with a future the little boy.
meaning.
NOTE:
My plane leaves in half an hour.
1 The verbs know and have (= possess) are not
d 3 in newspaper headlines for recent events.
used in continuous tenses .
WAR BREAKS OUT IN THE GULF
I have known her for ten years.
- ; 4 in sports commentaries. [The present We have had this speedboat since 1999.
- 1 continuous is also possible.]
2 Some verbs such as live, stay, study, wait,
Jones passes the ball to Simpson ...
and work can be used in the simple present
perfect instead of the present perfect
continuous without any difference in
- ::E~ften use can / could with verbs of perception. meaning.
[ - , I can smell something burning. · I have lived/ have been living here since 1996.
--.,----,==
u
;, i
' -

COMPARE:
I have been here for two weeks.
(= I arrived two weeks ago.)
I am here for two weeks.
(= I've arranged to stay for two weeks.)
l -;

i!
PRACTICE
a Fill in the correct present tense.
1 This is the only time I .......... ~~'!'~.~~<!. ......... (have) Chinese food.
2 They're usually very well-behaved. I don't know why they ..........<J.f.C. .Q.~.i.lJ9••....•.• (be) so naughty
at the moment.
3 Who .. ..1!.~?..i?.f!."!!!.~r~~!!!Y. ... (draw) on the walls again?
4 The doctor ........i~n'.t~~~l@........ (not see) anyone at four, so why not come then?

5 The neighbours .../:1.t!X~.IJ.'!.'!!?.fl:fgµ_~,:ig... (argue) since midday and they still haven't stopped.

6 How long .........IJ!!.V.f!...... ... you .......~!!~W!? ....... (know) her?

7 You .......... ~~~ ... ...... forever .. .. .f~rg~H(/)_9. .... (forget) to bring your homework!
8 What time ... .. ....<!<?."#~ ........ the curtain usually ...........99. ...... ... (go) up?
9 'I .........cf.C?lJ.'.t..t.fJ!nk. ....... (not think) I'll go out tonight.' 'Oh, I ........ ?l.,:,:i..tt_i_~r:i.~!r?9 ....... (think) of going
to the cinema.' ]
10 Ann .. .. ....1J!J~f!'.tffft!!~f! ....... (not eat) since breakfast.
------------,---- ---•s-••·-- --- ·-----·-·-··---- ---------------- - -- - -

b Fill in the correct present tense.

has been makinn
1 My car ...................... ...... ;:!... (make) f unny noises
· recentIy so I am tak.1ng ·tI t o th e mec harnc.
· · ..

2 We ... ~~Y."!.~~'!.'.1..<!.~i.~!'.1.9. ... (drive) for the last five hours. Will we ever get there? .
"~~·~
3 .... ..... ./.~... ........ the local cinema ......~.1!.C!.11!/1!.fl...... (show) anything good tonight?""" ,;
,...,,,..,.,•.

4 How long ..... ... ~~Y."!......... you ......... .1!~~ ......... (have) your house?
· ...................
5 LoUJse doesn't anree I eas somet·1mes.
·"·· ..... .. ... (not agree) w1·th my ·d
6 May I borrow this or ..........<!!."!.......... you ........'!.~!!!Y. ........ (use) it?

7 Oh no! I ......~.~Y.~.1!.'!.P.~~.~~~ ..... (not pass) the exam.

8 You look tired . ... .. ... !!.~Y.~ ........ you ..~."!~!!.~~!.~!':JJ... (work) a lot recently?

9 I really ...... A9.Q.'.t.!m9.W......... (not know) what you ........ .c!!."!J~(~i.'!9......... (talk) about.

10 They ..... !!!."!..~."!!!!Y.l~~'!. ..... (be) so greedy that I'll have to take that chocolate off them before they eat it all'!
~
c Write your own sentences using:

1 rains
········································································· ·········································································

2 is raining
·············· ···················,················································································································

3 has been raining

················· .. ········· ·· ···················································-·············· ······ ............ ................. ..................
4 is having
····················· ······················· ················································ ·· ·················· ···························· ···· ··

5 has had
······· ·· ······ ······ ······ ················································ ······ ·············· ···················· ····················· ········ ··
u THE PAST TENSE:S
_J,,,The Simple Past is used: 3 The Simple Past Perfect is used:

J
s::.
1 for completed past actions [time mentioned].
We went to the theatre last night.
2 for habitual / repeated past actions.
1 for past actions before a time in the past or
another past action.
She had met Jim five months before she
:
_ i I. The children always played in the garden. graduated.
_j ALSO: The children used to play in the garden.
He ran onto the platform but the train had just
oR: The children would play in the garden. left.
9 oR: The children were in the habit of playing 2 after the following expressions:
d in the garden. This / It was the first / second / only, etc. time ...
This / It / He, etc. was the best / worst .. .
NOTE: It was the first time I had visited India.
=1 It's two years since I saw Paul. She was the best teacher I had ever had.
=j oR: It's two years since I've seen Paul.
[NOT: ... since I didR't see I f:la•,1on't seen Paul.]
~1
'£iThe Past Continuous is used: 4 The Past Perfect Continuous is used:
~ 1 for past actions in progress at a specific time. 1 for actions over a period of time that lasted
1
j What were you doing at the time of the robbery? up to a certain point in the past.
She was washing her hair when the doorbell rang. By 1998, I had been living in London for six
I was resting while he was watching TV. years.
""1
j 2 for temporary past actions. The driver who caused the accident had
d Back in the nineties, I was working as a banker. been drinking.
::.1 3 with always, continually, forever for emphasis in 2 for past actions that caused a visible result in
~: the past. the past.
His parents were always arguing. His hands were dirty. Had he been digging in
She was always helping people in need. the garden?
The roads were wet. It had been snowing.

=~ .,
~J
PRACTICE
__ 1 i·, .tf a Fill in the correct past tense .
....-~~~::::;;;;;·-- - - \ When I was a child, I [1] ............. ~e~~~ ............. (spend) every sum~er at my aunt's
· \ in the country. My aunt, who [2] ...............l.,A{~~ ... .. ......... (be) very overweight,
\ [3] ..............e~~~.<!. ............. (pile) our plates high at every meal. I remember going
\ to bed every night feeling like I [4] ......1:1.?.C!.P.~~r:i..~.c!W!Y. ..... (eat) all day.
\ Last year, I [5] .... .... ......."'!.f!.'!.t.............. (go) to visit my aunt again - she
I
~
I

I
[6] ... f_l_?.cf.h~~;r:i. .l((J/~1!.9./.. .. (work) abroad for some years . Actually, it was
a wor e had seen
the first time I [7] .. .. ................. ... .. .. .. ..... (see) her in fifteen years! When I
[8] .. ........... ..~~~... .... ...... .. (see) her, she [9] ......... W.c!:>.r:i.'.~/!¥/TJfJ........ (not live)
in her old house - she [10] ..... .... W.c!~ .~.t.c!YlTJ9....... .. (stay) with her cousin . !.
t
I
We [11] .. .. .. .. .. ....t.'!!~~.cf............. (talk) all day about this and that. i
I

What [12] ... .. ......~!-!fP.f!:>.f!.q.... .. .. .. . (surprise) me most was that she !

[13] .... ..... .. .f).~.c:J.!~?.L ........ (lose) a lot of weight. In fact,
I [14] .... ..... .... ~P.f!.TJ.t... ... .. ...... (spend) a whole day with her and she
[15] ... ........ ~!?.r:i.'.t..<?.f!~r. .... .. ..... (not offer) me anything to eat!

·-··?

J
i
......,, • f ••~·- ...

f •
l
. .

i l
 Choose the correct answer.
1 It was the most sensible thing he ....... all day. 6 For most of his adult life, he ....... chess on
® had said Sunday afternoons with a friend.
B had been saying @ played
2 By the time I got to the theatre, the play ....... . B was playing
@ had started 7 It ....... all day and we thought it would never stop
B started @ had been snowing rr1
3 Just after I arrived, the show ....... . B used to snow ::-1
A had begun 8 La~t summer, I had a temporary job. I ...... . as 2:7
@ began waiter. fJ
4 We ....... into trouble at school. A would work
@ worked
A had always been getting
@ were always getting 9 How many applications ...... . up to that point? J
5 I ....... under a tree when I got struck by
lightning. Luckily, someone took me straight to
A were you receiving
@ had you received J
hospital. 10 At ten o'clock last night, we ... .... to finish the job.
® was sheltering ® were still trying "'l
B sheltered B had still tried J

C FUTURE FORMS

1 will Some other ways to express the future:

The old theatre will close in October. The Prime Minister is to visit Madrid next month. r"'l
. l
2 · going to The plane is about to leave.
The train is due to arrive at six o'clock.
L,.J

The old theatre is going to close in October.

(= expected I scheduled)
3 simple present or present continuous
The old theatre closes in October.
It is sure to rain. (= certain)
ft is bound to snow. ( = very likely)
J
The old theatre is closing in October. The company is on the point of signing a new contract. c. , _
(= just about to)
ALSO:
1

The company is on the brink I verge of bankruptcy. '"

1
(= dangerously near) --~---· ······· d
1 The Future Continuous is used:
1 for actions in progress at a certain time in the future.
At four o'clock, /'II be working.
a
2 for actions which are planned or will happen in the normal course of events.
The postman will be coming soon.
3 to politely ask about someone's plans (esp. when we want sth).
Will you be going to the post office this morning? If so, could you please post this for me?
•u
LI
will is NOT normally used after these words or phrases:
after, even if, until I till, as long as, if, when, as soon as, unless, whenever, before, in case, while, by the time, the
n
J
moment I minute, on condition that, the next time, provided / providing, suppose / supposing, the sooner ... , once ~ i
I'll tell him as soon as he arrives.
Come and see us when you are next in London.
BUT: we use will after if/ whether with expressions such as: I don't know, I doubt, I wonder, etc.
I don 't know if I whether he will come.
I doubt if I whether our team will win again.
JJ The Future Perfect is used: NOTE:
.for actions which will have taken place by a certain Don't use until/ till after this tense. Use by, by the
ntime or before a certain action in the future. time or before. [until/ till can be used with the
J /'// have prepared everything before they arrive. future perfect only in negative sentences:
OR: I'll have prepared everything by the time they I won't have finished until ten o'clock.]
• arrive.
3Jrhe Future Perfect Continuous is used:
to show the duration of an action up to a specific time in the future.
f9 By five o'clock, /'II have been driving for about six hours.
d By the end of next month, we'll have been living in this city tor twenty years.

Here are some verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive.
I burned my hand lighting the fire .
.J break
burn
cook
develop
finish
hang
improve
move
offer
pour
roll
sell
spread
tear
wash
I think something is burning.
He offered her a bouquet of flowers.
Tom offered to help her cook the dinner.
J
PRACTICE
a Jill in the correct future tense.
1 What do you think you ............. ~!!!.~~ .cf.9j[?g······ ······· (do) this time next year? .
:j2 There is some doubt as to whether or not the President .~!{~!!.l!.~~~l~!!L~.~..i:!!!!':':.~{'!Jl. . (attend) the launch
o of the shuttle.
rf I'm sure they ..........~9.tJ.'.t.h?:Y.~.!?:t:i.g,~.<!......... (not land) by ten o'clock .
...Jl By nextEaster, my elder sister ..... .'«W..fJf:!'!.f!.k~~r:i..~~r~(r:i.g···· ·· (work) on her project for six months.
r
:=t' Pl ease ·inf orm me th e mo ment th e manager .. .. ... ... ...... ..arrives
... ........... .. ...... ..... (arrive
· ).
1
d> W!!C. ..... you ......l?.~..~<#.c!r.ing.f.W.~?:r.. ... , (wear) your new jacket tonight, or can I borrow it?
.......

"'1 We ... ~rn.lJ.?X!IJ.9./.x'{W..l?~.t!?X!f!9. ... (have) lasagne for dinner tonight. It's already in the oven.
,J Take a sandwich in case you .................... 9~L ................. (get) hungry later.
,.- i,
·I

, : yhoose the correct answer.

1 What time is the performance ..... to start?
r'. @ due B sure
t::z They're ... .. to be late; they always are.
_] ® bound B about
l According to the weather forecast, it ..... tomorrow.
A rains @ is going to rain
"1 The two leaders are on the point ..... the treaty . .
J ® of signing B to sign
_5, I ..... tests all morning tomorrow.
® will be marking B will have marked
·t/ The next time you ..... at your teacher, I'll have no choice but to expel you.
® swear B will swear
;:_ ) Have you thought about how you ..... back the loan?
A will have been paying @ are going to pay
'Help! There's water all over the kitchen floor! I think we've got a leak.'
_, 'Don't worry. I ..... a plumber right away.'
A am calling @ will call
 SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples.
1 I'm still writing the memo, sir. 8 It's a month since I've spoken to her.
I haven't finished (writing) the memo yet, sir.
2 She's the best pianist I've ever heard.
I haven't spoken to her for a month.
It's a month since I (last) spoke to her. :1
I've never heard such a good pianist. 9 She started washing her car an hour ago.
I haven't heard a better pianist before. She has been washing her car for an hour.
3 The last time we went to Amsterdam was last It's been an hour since she started washing her d9
year. car.
We haven't been to Amsterdam since last year. 10 After Henry (had) finished his essay, he made a
4 I started reading after / as soon as they (had) cup of tea. !l
left the room. Henry, having finished his essay, made a cup of ~J
I didn't start reading until they (had) left the room. tea.
I started reading when they (had) left the room . 11 I think it'll rain. ~
I waited until they (had) left the room before I I have a feeling it'll rain. ~J
started reading . 12 I bumped into Clare while I was on my way
Not until they (had) left the room did I start reading. home. rci
5 I bought this fridge ten years ago. It was while I was on my way home that I bumped ,J
I have had this fridge for ten years. into Clare.
6 How long ago did you buy that flat? 13 When did he last phone you?
How long has it been since you bought that flat?
How long is it since you bought that flat? 14
When was the last time he phoned you?
There is no doubt that she'll win the race.
0
7 We have never been to China before. She is bound to win the race.
It is the first time we have ever been to China.
~'

PRACTICE
n
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change th.J
word given. You must use between three and eight words.
1 I began washing up after they had gone to bed.
until
I ... ... .....~~~.~.·~. ~~fl.~~..~~.~~~~fl. .L!P. !-!~~!~.(
~~~!) .......... the
8 It's the most absurd story I've ever heard!
such
I · ·•• •·· ···• •·· ..• •. ~~~~. !?~~~!. .~.~~~~.~'!.~~
•
.... ......... ······· .. e:·1
children had gone to bed. an absurd story! kJ
2 Our college has never held a Halloween party 9 Germany hadn't won a medal in that sport for a
before. long time. r1
time since t.J
It ..... ........~~. !~~ /~(?.t..t_i~~ .'?.'-!.( .?.f!.l!~fl.~ .~.~~. ~~/~............ . It .. ......... ~?.c;l. .~.~.f!r!.?. }~1)9. .t!f!I.~ .~!r!~~ .~~!f!l.~.1:1.Y............
a Halloween party. had won a medal in that sport. ~1 rl

3 While I was tuning my guitar, the string broke. 10 How long ago did you find out the truth?
that it r l)

It .. .... .......~~~..~~~~E;..~ .~~~..~'!.'!.i.'!f!..1!!Y..~I!.{~~.~.~~~.~ ............ How long .. ..~~~.!!.~~~t_Jfi.~.!!.~!!"!~'7.X'?!-!.!~~Q.c;l..'?.'-!.~ 1.

LJ
the string broke. the truth?
4 It's weeks since I last turned on the computer. 11 There's no doubt she'll be released from prisciC 1
;
not bound :u
I ..... .~~~.f:. ~~!. !l!.~r:'.~cf. .'?.'!..t~~. ~~'!!P..'!!~:.!~:...... weeks. She ...... ............ J.~. ~~~Q.~ .~?..~.f:. r!:!~~.~~~ ................. .
from prison. r ~
5 They began building the hotel in June.
been 12 The last time he came to visit us was six montM
They .. ....~~~~. ~~~':1. .~.'-!.i!~!i:i.g_.~~.~.!!~!~!.~!r!~~ .. .... June. ago.
visited ci
6 It was his first time on a plane, wasn 't it?
He .. .. .. .... ...... ..... ..~.~~~'.~X!?!!.~~.~?.t?:. ..................~:..
never
six months.
He .. .~~~.t:i.~~~r.~~'!.'!.P!!.~.P.~~.'!~.(~~t~~~L. , had he?

7 She moved to Egypt a year ago.

in
She .. .... ... .~~.~.~~'7.'!..W~{'!.fJJ./'!.~9Y.!!.U<:'.~.......... a year. u
.· · ~
'. J1Jx1r~ Transformations
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
''Qrd given. You must use between three and eight words.

1 Such behaviour is unforgivable. 11 I grew up with my grandparents.

J ~~:~:e············· ··········~~.~~.~~~~~~J'?!. ...................... .

such behaviour.
brought
I ...... ................... !-Y.<!~.~('?.'!.9-Q.tl!P..!?Y. ....................... .
my grandparents.

J The boy did the puzzle in three minutes.

solution
12 I'm sure you'll be successful in the long run.
doubt
~ ~hhee pbu ~1~..i~·~·h·;~~·::;~::··~'?.~':'.~~'!.'!.!~................. .
0 There .~~. ':.':'. .'!~!-'.~~ Y.<?.'!. ."!.~1!. ~.'-!~~~.':~.( .~!~1•~~ .~!-!~~.':~~!~~
in the long run.

r:.,c-· 'The fridge was completely empty,' she said. 13 'The accident wasn't his fault,' she said.
jleft · blame
- There ......... .....":'.~.~.(~~~_'!_l~~~{y)_.f!.'?!~!1:'JJ..~~.~......... .... . 'He .. ................... ~~.~.~?.~.~?..~./~~~/?.~ ......,............. .
"'l in the fridge,' she said. the accident,' she said.

'"-rj That jumper you knitted for my niece no longer 14 The minister said he was anxious about the plight
fits her. of the homeless.
7 grown concern
J My niece ...~.~~.W'?.~1:'..!'?.?..~!~/'?.~J.~~.~.fl.~'?.~1:'..'?.':'.~.?! .. The minister .............~?':P.(~~~~~ .~.i.~.~?.'!.~~r.'! .......... ..
~ ......that ·
........ Jumper you k rn·tte d f or h er. ............... about the plight of the homeless.

d Well, after the death of the dictator, they lived in 15 Though it looks bad now, it'll be OK in the end.
peace. run

]: 1~ · · · :'.~'. . ~~~~.~~.~.
::J they lived \n peace.
c_l!~!~~':'.~.(~~.c_l)._'!_i_(7~ .............. ,
It'll all work out .............. ..!!'!}~~J'?.'!9.!'.'-!!? ............. .. .
................... , though it looks bad now.

16 Only if you work hard now do you have any

d She gets on well with all her students. chance of success.
relationship depends
c-1 She ....... :.:': ....... l)!!~.f:J..9.C?.C?#.r.~!~((9.IJ.~h!P. ........ ......... . Your . ~~'?.~~~~. ~~P.'!.1!.C!.~. (~!!!~~'!.M..C!:!. Y.'!.1:'.(~). ~C!!.~!1:'.Y. ..
J with all her students. hard now.

i!-1The play fell short of our expectations. 17 Not many people attended the meeting.
- j come · turnout
~ The play ....................c_l!~':'.'.~.'?.'?.'!!~Y.P..~'?. .................. . There . ~~~.~/<?.'I!..( .P.<?.<?.~ .~1:'.~').<?.'-!.t. !. .'I!.?.~:!'.!.?. X~(Y. JJ.C?.<!1.
·~ 1our expectations. for the meeting.
turnout

8dMany people are indifferent to the suffering of others. 18 He's unlikely to come to the party.
r 7iconcern . doubtful
"·}Many people ..~~'?.~. !. t!~Y.~. f.fl~!>. !!~. !. !!~~~~...~~!?~~(':. . It ....... !~.<!<?.'!./:}_~~'-!!. !-Y.~.~!t!~r. !. !U !~?.~ !!.£!. !-Y,i!!.~?.'!!.~....... .
... ... . .. ... .. ... for the suffering of others. to the party .
r1
9 ffhe Prime Minister saw fit to make a statement.
.:. \ppropriate
_ Jhe Prime Minister .(f!.1.t. !. ~~?.1:'.fl~!.!U~~~). !Y?.F?.~?P!!~!~
....... ~<?..'!!~~~.~ ....... statement.
,. )

o She has agreed to help at the party.

- :ommitted
. .She ........... .~.c!~. ~?.'!!!!!!!!~'!. .~.':!.~'!J(.~?..~.':!P.!':.~ .......... .
at the party.
- l

• J
 lJ
Advanced Language Points
a Right or Wrong? Correct where necessary. d Spot the mistake. ~
1 You must get more practice on the use of tenses. 1 Pointing to people is very rude. '7
....................:::.P.r~~!~'?.f!.!!! .!~~..'!.~~ .:·.-................... . ... pointing at ... -\
····································· ············· ·············· ·········· •- J
2 They were unable to dispose of the dead body. 2 The new-married couple went to Rome for 9
✓
········································ ························ ········· ·· their .h oneymoon. d
......:·:..'!.~1:!.~t!?"!~.(~{'!.<!. ::: .(~~::. ~..'!.~."!.:~?tr:1..~.c!~Y) ..... .
3 The police are in the trail of the suspected
murderer. 3 She acted from her own initiative and enrolleJl
..................... .-.-:. ~rn. ~Q..(~.~..tr.~!!.~f.....-.................... . on a Spanish course .

4 We live in the outskirts of the town .

.... .. ....... .....:::..'?!!.h~~:~~.':.!~!~~<!!!'(.~.::: ........ .......... 7
LJ
... on the outskirts ... 4 We had to request for more help.
····························································· ··············
5 We were very lucky with the weather while on ·············· · 1aJ~~·:;t:·~·:~s::tt~/;iii)············ · ]
holiday. r-----.-------··- - ~ -----,•--·--·-··-···
✓ Fl ... .
. . . . . . .,............ -· ,. _____ ...... . .J_
6 The government has declared a temporary e Match the following to make fixed P.hrases.
q
wage freeze to combat rising inflation. b =i
✓ 1 fair and a
~

2 fast and e a mighty

7 'All drinks are from me tonight, ' said Tom.
,..1
3 hard and f b square !
'All drinks are on me ... ' «. J
······················································· ········ ·· ·········· a mild
4 high and C
"l
d sound
5 meek and C

d
J
6 safe and e furious
b Fill in the correct word(s) to complete the similes.
f · fast ~1
a peacock, Punch, the day is long, u
houses, rain

1 as happy as .. .. !~~..<!.<!Y..{~J~~9. .( ~.X~'Y. .ry.<!P.P.Y.L

f Use one of the phrases above to complete the u
sentence.
2 as pleased as .. .. .... J:'.'!.1:1.C?.ry.f.~.Y.f!.'Y..P.~~<!.~~~L .... . 1 There are no ........... h?t~!!.rJ.cf.f~~L ......... rules fl ~
doing business; just let your instincts guide yo~
3 as proud as .... ...~.P.~<!.C?~~~.(~.~~~Y.P.!.'?.lfRL .. .

4 as right as
2 It's no use just sitting there all n
.. ... ... ..'!J.f!~K.?!J!:f.m((<!. .... .. .. .. ; you haven't foolecU
5 as safe as any of us you know.
[l
!
3 I don't really like Brian. He's a bit too u
.........~!.fl~.~'!.<!..'!!!~~~Y. ......... for my liking.
c What's the difference? 4 I will only agree to play cards with you if you
The game is up . promise to play .... .... J~!f. .<!!!~. ~9.~.~r~.......... .
.(~.X~!-!r. (. 9.'!!. P._I~!! .t.!~!~~. ~~~ .~.£!!:!!. (~'!.r:1.cf. .'?.lf!. ~~~ ......
5 It was such a relief to see the children back
.~'!.f:!.f!!.<?r.f!. !r ~~.r:i..'!~. !~~9.~( .~.lf~~~f:.<!:J. ........................ .
..........~-~!~.~-'!.~.~~':'.'!.~ ...... u . after the outing . c_
3

The game is over. 6 Since they invested in stocks and shares, the " :
.( :=:=. T~~ .9.~.'!!.~. (f!!=:~~~~ ..fl~!!!~,..'?~!?"!P.~;~( / .~
1 .'-~~tr~!!!~ .. . money has been coming in u
.9.<!!!!~i. ~~.~. t!~!~_l'!~~J ................................................
········.t~~t.~~~/'-!.({'!.~.~ ......... . .
NOTE ALso: to give the game away
(= disclose a secret, etc.)

25
y -/
i ,_.:.
;,;,..,.,"' ' 1- .-,
,"'\.,_?. :-
 l; . ~ {

Bl·'.· ,~ive the masculine form of: Complete the following, three-word phrasal verbs, using:
for, down, on or with.
,-,: >,..-1 heiress ............~.f!!r............. .
1 It' s t'1me we cu t ...................
down on our spen d.ing.
J
.
2 heroine
3 hostess
hero
····· ·················· ·••·•····
host
...............................
[= reduce]
2 When he told her about his engagement, she was
r"l wizard so cross she hung up .. ~m ............. him.

,
- ll 4 witch ...............................
d
duke
[ = put the receiver down]
5 duchess ...............................
3 I've completely given up ....... ~~--·--· ·· you!
6 barmaid barman [= stop having faith in sb]
······················· ·· ······
LI
bachelor 4 Don't worry! I'll stand up ..... . JC?.( ....... you.
7 spinster ·· ····························· [support what sb says]

~
8 SOW ........ _l_~~l~~ l.T?.~~........... 5 He's come ..... !:!~~!? ...... with a very bad cold.
[ = become ill with]
6 If we don't come up .......V!WJ....... a solution , we' ll be
] Similar meaning - different prepositions. fired. [= find]
Fill in the correct preposition.
7 Let's do away ...... ."'!/~1'!....... the formalities, shall we?
J . to
1 accord mg .. ... ....... .
in accordance .....~[!~ ..
[ = get rid of; ignoreJ
8 I couldn't believe it! He just walked off ....... ~!fh ......
'1 2 in addition .... ..~C?..... my cigarettes. [= take sth with one]
J f
on top ......f!......

J
~
3
::~:es:,~~:~:::::~~ ... sb

'7 4 ..... t~ ..... danger

I
_j
..... ~~ ..... risk

5 ..... ~~ .. ... general /i:/ beat

9
i...:. J
.... .<?.'!... .. the whole
6 ..J~~~ ... what I know
..... !~.;·;.. the best of my knowledge
k Tick the items which can follow the word in capitals.

'1 Make nouns from these words using the ·-l;J83=MW

d suffixes: -hood, -dom, -ship. a reputation
'"1

d
'
1 wise
2 champion
wisdom
-························••-o••·
....'?f!~f}}l?/C?.'!~~ip_ ......
_
~,,~'
.. , . ·,.,..::
[acquire I get]
guests

a TV / radio programme
✓

✓
&. '

.- • 3 relation
l'i
.....r.~!~~~<?.'!.~~!I?. ........
_; 4 brother brotherhood an infection
·········· ········--··········· [catch I get}
"1 5 companion ...'?.C?!!!P.~'.1.i.C?!?~J:!JP...... a nasty shock ✓

J s likely likelihood
·······························
a rumour .
scholar ......~~~'?.1.f!r.~~{I?......... [hear]
~7
✓
l.) 8 leader ...... !~~.c!.f!!.~~!I?. ......... an injury

~, 9 king ........~!!1.9.~'?.'!!........... a good education ✓

: 10 mother motherhood
...............................
,.,..1)
stolen goods ✓

~
11 partner ..... P..f!r!!?~r~':1.iP..........
i
medical treatment ✓
·- J
12 hard .... ....~.f!f.C!~~iP............
 t_;_:
I·•
c:.
J
Fill in do, make, give or take.

1 ......~.<?....... the washing (up)

2 .. ..'!!~15.f!.. ... a request
8 .....~~.~~ ..... a seat
9 ...... ~~ ... .. . sb a favour
J
take
3 ................ a nap 10 ....'!:'.~~~ .... a fuss
._Jo·· ·
S .
4 .... fl!~f!... ... sb permission 11 .....9.~~~ ..... sb a discount
5 .. .!!!~15.'!.. .. . sb redundant 12 .....~~.~~ .... . a risk
make ·•
6 ... ..... ........ a comp 1am t 13 .....9.~~~ ..... one's consent
7 .... !~~'!...... the lead 14 ....'!:'.~~~ .... a profit

m Complete the sentences with the phrases below.

I have it in one, have it in for sb, have it out with sb, have had it, have sb on I r--i,

1 I was determined to ... ..... ......1:.~.~~.~t<?.'!!Y!Hf!.!?![I). ............. before the situation got any worse , even though..J
he was trying to avoid me. [= try to settle an argument by discussing it]

2 He was great - I didn 't know he ......... ........ ..~.~f!A.!r:i..~J.'!! ................. .. . [= be capable of doing sth]

3 Sh e must ................................................
have it in for y:ou ....... - sh e d oes noth·1ng b ut en·t·1c1se
. you a 11 th e t·1me. :J
':J
[= not like sb and be unpleasant to them] :i
4 I don't believe you - you are .... ..............~.~~~~.fl..'!!~.~':. .................. . {= try to make sb believe sth that isn 't true]
7
1
5 My car ..................... ~~.~.~?.~.~~ .............. :.. ... , so I'm thinking of getting a new one. ~J
l
~ [= be in a very bad condition] __...,...,,,,_,..,__,..,.,.,.,,..,,,.__

Complete the sentences with the phrases below.

judges, beauties, hair, stairs, ink, dust, houses

1 After climbing six flights of ......... ~t{J.if.L ....... , he opened the door and collapsed into the nearest armchair.
r--,
f
. .1n f ront of a paneI of
2 S.mgmg judges .!
wast he most nerve-rack'mg t h'mg s he had ever d one. c.J
I~ ...........................
{ 3 Wax polish helps remove specks of .... ...... ~~~.~ .. ........ from wooden furniture.
/;
I 4 Choosing the Carnival Queen from such a bevy of ...... J~~!~!-!~!~~... ..... was not an easy task.
ti: 5 The village consisted of a small cluster of .. .. .. .. h~~~.'?~ ........ and an old church . r,
1
6 Why are there blots of ........... !i:i.L ......... all over your exercise book? c. }
j

cJ

Note the use of by in the following structures.

1 He missed the train by ten minutes. 6 By the look of the sky, it is going to rain.

2 We went from Liverpool to London by Coventry. · 7 They are both civil engineers by profession. c. J

3 It's ten past five by my watch. 8 The police searched the area house by house~ )

4 The bullet missed him by two inches. 9 By law, you are a child until you are 18. L j

5 The room is ten metres by four. 10 I swear by Almighty God that it is true.

-
2'
UP,art 2 Language Development
t :,'.veRBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

D a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions

below.
b Choose the correct preposition.
1 Was it difficult adjusting in / to life in Paris?

a over, from, of, to, in, with

1 She was so absorbed ...... !~ ...... her work that

2 My bank manager advised me for / against
taking out a loan.
she didn't hear me come in. 3 Dave aimed at / in the target, but missed.
2 My parents abstain .. .Jr~m .... alcohol. 4 Living on that desert island for so long has
alienated him from/ off the rest of society.
3 Access ..... .!~ ...... some parts of the nuclear
power plant is restricted. 5 Have you always been allergic to / in peanuts?

4 According ..... .!~ ...... her new theory, we are all 6 Is there an alternative for/ to this solution?

J descended from extraterrestrials! 7 I appealed to/ at the police for help, but they
ignored me.
5 I'm not accustomed ... .. J~ ...... such rowdy
7i.J behaviour. 8 My parents didn 't approve in / of my decision to
leave school at the age of sixteen.
6 Are you acquainted .. ...V!.!~~ .... the new law?
'7 9 She has a great aptitude for / with that kind of
7 At the end of the trial , he was acquitted ...... !?f. .....
J murder.
work.
10 Many difficulties arose for/ from the new policy.
J 8 Unfortunately, she is addicted ......!~ ...... gambling.

9 It is vital you always adhere .. ....~<?.. ..... your

principles.

• 10 As she already knew French, she had an

advantage .....<?'!.~t .... the rest of the class.

J
"""B IDIOMS
1
J a Match the idioms with their definitions.

1 be above one's head B

~l E
A get organised
c. J 2 get above oneself
B be too difficult to understand
3 above board K
-1
n C not know someone at all
4 over and above H
J D behave in a silly way
5 get one's act together A
'L 6
C _i act the fool D
E think one is better than one actually is
F be in a difficult position
7 actions speak louder than words L
r1 8 not know someone from Adam C
G repeatedly
is. ' H in addition
9 add insult to injury J
legally become an adult
10 time and again G
J make things worse
:1 11 be up against something
12 come of age
F
K legal
L what someone does is more important
than what someone says

..._ ., .,.,.
........,..,...,_.,,a,,._ __""'
··'··"·);;
"'"""""'........,,.,.,.,,..,.,.,...,,,,,.,..,..,,.......,,,,,...,,.....,..,...,,.

i ~
,_LJ
 Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.

1 Good ideas don't come out of thin air. 8 Be an angel and help me with this case, will you·?J
............................. tr.'?!!!.~~~!?~~~ ............................ . Do me a favour
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • •
:~
r;~~~

2 Don't listen to him~ he's full of hot air. 9 He's the apple of my eye. I'm very proud of him. J ~
.................... !!?~~.l!!f!g[~~~i. ~'?.~~m~U~!t .................. . .................... ~~f!:1.~.'?!!~ .!. !~~~. '(.~.'Y.. ~'!.'?.'!........ ........... ~ j \i~
3 Our holiday plans are still up in the air. 10 She welcomed her long-lost brother with open 9 :::
undecided
·············································································-· arms. J
4 Don't worry; Old Jack is still alive and kicking .
............ ." ......... Y!!!!.'!J!Y.,..~n!!?H:'>:~<!~!~<?_c~!(Y. .... .. .. ............ .
.......................... !?~~_IH!Y.. ~.t!.c!. ~~~~~~ .......................... 11 That dress is yours for the asking. · ~
5 The ghostly figure vanished into thin air .
.............................. ft. Y.9-~ .~~~.~ f.t..............................d
.......... .....................c!!:'>:?P.P..~~~~?. ... .. ........................ . 12 The politician must ha~e an axe to grind ; he's q
.:

6 I'm all at sea when it comes to maths. brought up the petrol issue three times this J
confused week.
··············································································· .. ~.~~!. !~. f!:l.<!.~~ !!. P..'?!r!!. ~P..~~Y. .'?!. .c!.'?. ~!~ .~'?.'!.tf!?~~~?!Y.]
7 I'm telling you once and for all to get on with your
homework.
for the last time
················································· ........ ............. ...... ... .
- - - - -- -- - -- - - - - - -- -- - - .•-• . . -. •~ ----- - ~ ·~~~

C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
a Match the prepositional phrases with their definitions.

1 at a discount D
A in a good / better position
2 at a glance C
B without much warning
3 at a guess E
C by looking quickly at
4 at a moment's notice B
D for a cheaper price
5 at an advantage A
E making an estimate
6 at a speed of F
F doing a certain number of miles /
kilometres an hour

b Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional phrases. '-1--

u
at fault, at first sight, at hand, at heart, at large
!'7j
1 It was love .......... ~U~f~t~!g~L ........ for Romeo · at hand ··
4 I keep my mobile phone close ............ .. ... .... ... ..... J ,
and Juliet. ................ in case there's an emergency.
2 You are clearly .............. ?.UcJ.lf!L ........... in this 5 Several escaped prisoners were still ..... ~U<!!.9.~... :l
matter and should pay compensation to the .... ................ . 1.,.J
injured party.
3 He is an adventurer ............. !!.tfJ~?.i:f ............. .

r )
D CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
~J
Tick the correct sentence(s).
1 a He won £5,000 on the pools. ✓ 4 a It's an epidemy.
b He won £5,000 at the pools. b It's an epidemic. ✓ ['epidemy' doesn't exist]
2 a What can you buy for two pounds? ✓ 5 a He was sent to exile.
b What can you buy with two pounds? ✓ b He was sent into exile. ✓
c What can you buy by two pounds? 6 a He died on exile. L j
3 a Put it into first gear. ✓ [oR: Put it in first gear.] b He died in exile. ✓
b Put in the first gear.
c Put in first gear. )
- - - - - - - ~ - _,__ .L....
·-~ - - - - - - - ···-•·--·•·--·--···- -··-··----- ---···---·--··--·-·-·---
29
i . '
j ;, ;
j~
ll COLLOCATIONS
!icKJ6e-appropriate boxes.
an offer an invitation an accusation permission
refuse ✓ ✓ ✓

deny ✓ ✓

F PHRASAL VERBS
J1 account for provide an explanation for 7 answer to match / correspond to

~:
act up not function properly 8 back down give up
not add up not make sense or seem logical 9 back up support by providing a service
4 not agree with give sb indigestion (of food) 10 back Sb up give one's support to
- 5 amount to be equal to 11 back out withdraw
6 answer for accept blame for sth and possibly 12 be after look for
be punished as a result 13 be off be absent (from school, work)

4 omplete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.

J The TV is ... .. ..... ...~.C?!!~fL'!.P. ............ again; we'll 8 Make sure that when you buy a new car it's
have to have it fixed. .......... ..~.i!~~'!.C!..L!P.... ......... by a full warranty.

;:} We couldn 't ........... ~C?.<?.C?!-!!'!U~f ......... .. the change in 9 Somebody must .. .. ... .... .~n~w~r.tRr... ......... the
his attitude. graffiti on the school walls.

"1 The papers have been signed;

~-_. back out f h d
you can't 10 Nobody .. ........ ?.i:i.~~'!!~'?fl.!~ ........ .. the police
... ................ .. ... .... ...... ..... o t e eal now. description was found .

j If Mum asks where we were, will you .... .~~~~..... . us 11 She ... ........... ..!~..<?ft. ........ .. ..... work today with a
.....'!?....... ? ' bad cold.

n The police ..... .....•. •.~r.~.~~~(............. some robbers. 12 Her reply ..........~.1!!~!1r!~~~.~':'........... a flat refusal.

~j They said they had borrowed enough money, but 13 The speaker's opponent was eventually forced to
~l they're now bankrupt; it ....... ..<!.'!.~~r:'.~~.~~~.'!.f:'. ........ . .......... ..l?.~~~.~g_'«I). ........... and withdraw from the
0
.~ J Don 't eat gar
· 11c
· 1 ·t .........
·t 1 doesn't debate .
..... ....agree with
. .. .... ............ you.

'": l
J WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
c-1 1 Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
:;
.J 1 Stress is a(n) .. ... factor in causing high blood 5 For things to run smoothly, we need .... . training.
pressure and other health problems these days. ® effective B operative
@ major B essential
6 She's in .. ... good health .
It is not advisable to ..... your feelings . It's A fully @ perfectly
better to talk about how you feel.
7 Today's financially .. .. . times are worrying for many
... J
suppress ® B oppress
people .
[suppress sth - oppress sb]
3 I'm concerned that I won 't be able to make ® uncertain B unsure
~] ends .. . this month. ao

8 He ..... a great deal of pain immediately after the

;;_j A join @meet
operation .
., . 4 He is said to be in a critical ..... and has been ®suffered B underwent
i moved to intensive care.
\l._J
A state @ condition
~-....,. ....

-rI
l
 Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.
scratch / scrape fortunate / lucky
1 James wasn't looking in front of him and the fortunate
1 You are ........................... ·m 1-1vmg
•
near a large
branches ...... ~'?.~~.~<?~~?. ...... his face and arms. park and not in the city centre.
2 The runners .. .. .... ~.C?!.~P.~~ .. ..... the mud off their
shoes before entering the sports centre.
3 The old man ...... ~9.{?.{c;h~Q...... his head in a
puzzled way at the sight of the tattooed boys.
2 Susan went to the job interview, taking her
..........!l!~.1o/. ......... charm with her.
3 The tenants had a ........ )l!.C?~Y. ......... escape as
they left the building before the fire spread.
, =

- 4 Jenny fell and ..... .. :'!'?.~i!IP.~.c!... ..... her knees. 4 Sh e was ·m th e ......... .............. .. .. pos,·t·10n
fortunate o f not t1 ·
El
having to work.
q
H DERIVATIVES u
a Complete the table below.
7
Verb Adjective ( + opposite if exists) Abstract Noun Concrete Noun ,)
1 abandon abandoned
.. ........ .................... abandonment - ~
2 accept accepted, (un)acceptable ... ?.~.<?!:P.!~r:'.~.':... , acceptability - .J-r
-
3 access .....(i.'"!).c!~'?.~.~~~~.,.~ ... .. access - ,..--
=1
~
4 add additional addition additive
······························
5 admire admired, admirable, admiring .......?.<!.'!J!r~!!~r:i........ admirer ~

g
6 admit .....(~~)!!~~!~.~!!?.~£:..... admission , admittance - L

7 adore adorable, adoring adoration

······· ·······················
- r

'--
8 advertise advertised advertising, advertisement advertiser, advertisement
······························
..
9 advise (in)advisable, advisory advice adviser !
······························ J
10 afford affordable
.............................. affordability -

b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.
!~
Abandoned,.. ..... b u1·1d·1ngs are d angerous paces
1 ........................ I f or c h.ld
I ren t o p Iay ·in. ABANDC J

2 Your behaviour is ...... !1.!1.~.~.C?~P.!~.1?.I_~ ...... . You should be ashamed of yourself. ACCEPT

3 Not all the files are ........ ~~'?.'!.~?/.~!~ ........ , so you may not be able to get all the information :r

you require. ACCE~-J

4 1.9.ere are too many ..........<!.cf.cf!UY.~~ ......... in food nowadays.

~ ~
5 One ·of her ..........iii.rJmfrnrn .... ..... sent her flowers on Valentine's Day. ADMIRE

6 The judge ruled that the evidence was .. ... ..!IJ.~.cfmi~.~g~{f:!....... as there was no proof it had
come from the crime. ADk .J°

7 The baby is simply .......... ~~?.~~.~-'.': ......... . ADO"''s

8 Wh o wor k ed on th .,s ...............................

advertising ·
campaign w,·th you.? ADVERT,::._i

9 It's ........ !!'!~'!.~!?.~R!~ ....... to eat a heavy meal just before you go to bed, especially if you
ADV ~
have trouble sleeping. ~ j

10 The new president promised he would make health care .. .. .... !!t~'!!.<!.~~!~ ........ for poor families.
 ----------•·- -------··=·~· s. . . ... · - ----illlllilmliiliiWlttiltttMfillii.ililWlaSillli
·relliii·7iiiit,iliiihiiili
:'ii,i,ti; 1
••:iii;ffl~W~ IW.iiil~

IJc
.).~cllil
· 2:rtiiill"fiWltH!ilili:Otiliil
·r-tem · ·lt¥&5$itjj
··a,···. -·.:ii
·

Fill in the correct word each time.

I{ · 1 ( accident, accidental, accidentally)

a I ..... fl.9.<;f.cf~m?.l!Y. ... .. spilt my coffee on Susan's new rug.

fI]
:,\_i
b The coroner recorded a verdict of .......~~~~<!.~m~~ ...... death.

2 ( accompany, (un)accompanied, accompaniment )

a The couple walked down the aisle to the .. ~9.c;.QmP.~tJ.im~nL of the Wedding March.
b My sister is still too young to go anywhere .. .I.Jr!~£c;.QmP.WJ.(~!:f.. .

3 ( achieve, achievable, achievement, achiever)

a She felt a wonderful sense of .....?.9hi~Y.~m~ri.L .. when she passed her driving test.
b It's always best to set small ...... ~<?.'!!~'(!!~!~ ...... goals.
A'

L.J
.

7cJ
4 ( addict, addicted, addictive, addiction )
a Heroin
b Martin
· a h.1g hi y .........addictive
· 1s .. ................. su b stance.
. .Is see k.1ng heIp f or h.1s d rug ........... addiction
.. .... .... ....... .
I
5 ( (dis)advantage, (dis)advantageous, (dis)advantaged )
·
a Hav1ng been b roug ht up ·in an
( ) ... .... · d a poor e d ucat·I0n.
.... ... ..... ~ ....... area, she receive
disadvantaned

b Signing the peace treaty would be ... ~~Mmtfl:9.~.9.L!.~ .... to both countries .

ei
~ 6 ( (dis)agree, (dis)agreeable, (dis)agreement )
~ ..J

a Not wishing to get caught up in their petty .. .. ~~~~g[~~'!'.f!.ry.~·· · , I got up and left the room.
:g b We spent the best part of the day trying to come up with a solution that both parties would find
•L. .II
.'. .....?9!'!.~fl.~~~.. ..... .
;cl
~1 7 ( alienate, alienated, alienation, alien )
a Jealous of Sarah's wealthy background, Simon tried to ........ ~{~~!!~~~ ........ her from the group.
b The scientist's ideas were ...........<!H~':1........... to modern thinking.

~1 8 ( amuse, amused, amusing, amusement)

d a T o h's amusement .. , J oh n en ded up
I c oll eagues , ..........................
taking the wrong briefcase home.
b I can't say that I was particularly ........ ?.1!}.'-!~'?.c/. ...... .. ,, :"
by the antics my young son got up to yesterday.
,. :-,
q
., j----~~------.-----·....,.,,,...,,.....- -
G,_ j
, ~ - ~ ~ - ---...11, ="

-.__,...J
Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
1 Choose the correct answer.
1 Fortunately, we had a second plan to fall ..... .
®
back on B behind C in with D out
2 Most people apply at least two .. ... of paint when decorating.
A stages @ coats C levels D courses
3 One day I'll get .. ... to finishing this project.
A over @ round C about D ·up
4 The information he can provide will hopefully .... . more light on this difficult case.
A shine B reflect C direct @ shed
5 Use a sharp .. ... to cut the card.
® blade B point C metal D steel
6 Jackie has had more than her fair ..... of training opportunities.
® share B helping C entitlement D portion
7 I .. ... to accompany him to the theatre.
® agreed B accepted C acquiesced D admitted J
8 Several people agreed to ..... in the organisation of the party.
A support B aid C partake @ assist
9 One year after the crime was committed , there is still little .. ... of it being solved.
A demonstration @ sign C token D manifestation
10 My brother gave me no help ..... with the cooking .
@ whatsoever B however C nonetheless D in so far
11 I ..... myself on being a careful driver.
A please @ pride C comment D boast
12 I had some time to ..... before the performance, so I looked round the shops .
A attack @ kill C strangle D hang
J
~
2 Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

Al arise, raise, rise

I cl wooden , wooded

1 If the opportunity ......?t(~~L ... , try to speak 1 The ....Y'!.'?.'?.~.f:r! .. .. table is obviously much better q
to him about it. than the metal one. ;;_(

2 She .... J?!.~~~ ..... the glass to her lips. 2 Every summer, we go camping in a .... ~~~~~~ .... r1.
3 The number of people buying second-hand
area near the south coast. y
cars rather than new ones is .... J(~!fl.9. ...... . 3 H ,
es a very .... wooden
..... .. ... ...... ac tor - I can 't · ·
1mag1ne !
r',:
how he got the part. {not showing enough expression, I
4 When my class gets noisy, I have to
emotion etc.] d d "/
......r.~i$.~....... my voice to be heard. 4 They live in a .....~'?.'?. ..~...... valley. I
[covered with trees] '.: l

sJ gentle, soft 01 picture, scene ~! !

,..) !I

1 Try some of this cream. It keeps the skin really 1 The film doesn't paint a particularly pleasant
soft picture... ... of rura 11·t
.... .......... I e ·in th e e1g
· hteenth
····················.
century.
2 Many people think the judge was ....... ~~~ ...... .

3 A
on the criminal and that he should have given
him a longer prison sentence.

.g~m!{~.!..~~!!. breeze was blowing.

2 The police arrived at the ......~~~~?
crime minutes after they had been called .

3 What . scene
...... of the

. th
was your favourite ........ ..... ....... in e flI m?.
r
4 My doctor recommended I take some 4 I've got a .... P.f~t':'.~~ ..... in my mind of what the
... ...9.£!!!!!~ .... . exercise. place could look like.
 - ----------------------~~-~·. ,· +J:·
Fill In the correct verb in the appropriate form. 5 Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form.

enslave, encircle, enlist, enlighten, enforce I pepper, spice, curry j

1 A high wall .......~.'!~!~~~~·~······ the prison. 1 Although his French is quite good, it tends to
be ... P.~P.P.~~~<!. .. with English words.
2 It is about time the authorities made sure that [include a lot of]
the ban was actually .......'!.~.~?.~?.':~. ..... . 2 His publisher advised him to .......~P.!~~ ..... up
3 He ........ ~~~;.~~~?. ...... in the army as soon as the account of his travels with a number of
war was declared. funny anecdotes.
[make more exciting / interesting]
4 I couldn't work out how to use the machine 3 Politicians will do anything to ......'?.l!!.~¥. ... ...
and no one was able to ...... ~~~~9.1!.t.~~ ...... me. favour with voters.
8.c.·
[do things to try to gain support, etc.]
21 5 Those who were ... .... ~r:'.~!~Y.f:.C!...... had little
choice but to do as they were told.

3 6a Match the expressions with their meanings.

b
1 be on the move

l Complete the sentences with the correct form of the

word given.
2 make a move
3 get a move on
C

J I
IA RACE I 4 be (deeply) moved by a
f
1 It cannot be denied that we live in a ..... !.~.~!~( ..... 5 not move a muscle

~
- .
society.
2 Hopefully, the level of .... .!.~~!~.IJI..... will decline.
6 move heaven and earth d

a feel strong feelings because of sth

] 3 A number of ..... rn~J.~!!Y. .... motivated crimes
ha~~.been committed. b be travelling from one place to another
c take a particular course of action

JI I B DISCRIMINATE I d try as hard as possible to do sth

n 1 Immigrants claim they are the victims of e hurry

'"i ... ~{~fr!m{".l!!!!~r... . f stay completely still
"-'
2 These laws are, without a doubt, racially
"' '!I
?. • •• ?.~~~f!!!'.~l)_<!!!?!Y. ... .
d b Fill in the correct expression from above.

~~ I
IC MIGRATE I 1 He swore he would .... .'!!.C?Y.'?..~.~~Y.~!!.~i:i.~.~.~!1.IJ....
rl .... .. .. to stop them closing down the factory.
1 It is practically impossible for illegal
;-1, ... .i!n!!'.{g_~~.fJ.t.~ ... to find a well-paid job in the 2 If you don't ............ ... 9.~!.~.~.<?.1!'~.~~ ...... ..... .... ,
'\
'
country they have moved to. we'll be late.
. emigrate I . 3 After only a year in Leeds, the family
2 Many gypsies are choosing to ...............t······ · to
, . ..1 m1c,ra. e . .. ....... ... ..~~~..C?!?.!h~.~.'?X~ ........ ..... again .
· Canada as they have heard they w -enJoy a
cl better quality of life there. 4 When the music stopped, the children playing
the game had to stand still,
........~m:J. m~!. mRY.~ !!..'!!.l!.~~{~ ....... .
u ID IPERSECUTE I
5 We .... .... ~E::.E:J.C!~~l?/¥).!!!~Y.~.C!.!?Y. .... .... her kind
1 We must put a stop to the .. P~.~~.~~~~{<?.~... of words.
ethnic minorities in our country.
6 She always waits for someone else to
2 Adolf Hitler can be considered one of the main ................ m~~.~.~.m<?.~~ ................ instead of
·,
...f.~.~~.~~~~~~~ .. of the gypsies. doing so herself.
.. ,.l

..; · "·---· -· · · ·•·-· · ... ···-·.-·•··---·"·•·-•·-•··· · ·-··-·· ···-·-·-·-·"-··-~ . ·•··· · ·-..· - . . . ... ... ....· ·•··-··- ··--··•·-· · . . . . . .... -····· ·••·•-.· -.. ... - -··· •··. li
;

n
I{
Part 4 Reading & Use of English J ;f
8 You are going to read a short article about gypsies, two sentences of which have been removed. Read the text
and decide which two gaps (1-4) the sentences have been removed from.
7
They are often referred to as Europe's largest dark skin and strange ways they were mistaken fo;J
minority and, totalling some six million, can be found such by Christian Europe.
in almost every country here. Their numbers are 9
It was not until the nineteenth century that thf !
highest in Romania and the rest of the Balkans, but Cl
resemblance was noted between their language and
they can also be found as far away as Ireland. They
that of many Inda-Iranian dialects in north-w~~t India~ .•
have resisted changing their lifestyle for over six
(3) ............... It is thought that they were ong in ally 'fl
hundred years, but since the end of the First World
tribe that left the strictly hierarchical caste system thal
war, the gypsies, or the Roma, as many call
was _(and still is~ part_ of lnd_ian l_ife, travelling throug!1c-
.··.
themselves, have increasingly been forced to give up Persia and Asia Minor and into Europe. In th,.~
their wandering lifestyles and settle into some bare respect, they are like a lost tribe, always on the mov ·,
resemblance of modern European life. Yet, despite
looking for a home. r
this, they are still seen as outsiders.
No promised land, however, awaited them. DespitLJ
They see nothing unusual in that; it has been that an initial welcome, laws were soon being put in place
way for as long as they remember. B I .
(1) ............... t Is
to ban their music and practices, and generall?,''
due to this insularity, however, that they have attack their wandering ways. (4) ..... A....... Still, motJ
managed to retain their identity in the hundreds of managed to keep to the travelling life, adapting
years since they arrived in Europe.
slightly to the country they . happened t~ fin~ .
Where they came from was for many years subject to themselves in while keeping their own ways alive. d
rumour and legend; they have no written or oral So it is that they have tended to take on the religion
history, and had in the past a tendency to create a of the region they have settled in (a wise precautio~·1
history that worked to their best advantage in against the widespread religious persecution the.: _ j
Europe. (2) ............... Thus the old practice of calling must have witnessed in their early years in Europe) .
themselves pilgrims (to justify their travelling ways)
They take words from the local langu~ge _into th~4
and also 'the lost tribe of Israel' still looking for Zion. own, or use the language but pepper It with gyp~"'" J
It is also responsible for the name they are known by,
words.
'gypsy' coming from the word 'Egyptian'; with their
7
. '
.c.J
A In the Balkans, under the auspices of the Ottoman Empire,
they were enslaved.
B Indeed, they admit to being partly responsible, in the sense
that they think of themselves as a people apart; you are
either Roma or what they call 'gadje' (non-Roma).

b Now answer the following questions.

1 What do we understand about the Roma in the first paragraph?
A Their lifestyles resemble that of modern Europeans.
tJ
B They are slowly decreasing in number.
C They have only been in Europe since the First World War.
@ They are reluctant to give up their travelling ways.
2 According to the writer, why did the early Roma tend to be vague
about their origins?
A to disguise the fact that they were pilgrims
@ to gain local acceptance
C to hide the fact that they were lost
D to avoid being mistaken for Egyptians

. . .. ··- ··- .. . .. ..... -.....,.. .. - - - - - - - -----------· ---~- _J -

 1
U-------E-XA_M_P-RA_C_T_IC_E
____________
. "'~-

Q
Part 1
J For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

BORN IN THE WRONG ERA

J Fred had grown up wanting to be a cowboy; the fact that he lived in a small town outside London in the latter
half of the twentieth century did little to (1) ..... the hope. So it was that every job he tried after leaving school
~ left him (2) ... .. ; somewhere deep inside him remained that childhood (3) ..... for life on the open range and
Ei sleeping under the stars.

9 By the time he was twenty-five, he had quite a sum of money put (4) ..... , and surprised family and friends by
U announcing his (5) .. ... to travel the world for a few years - something quite extraordinary in his (6) .... . of friends.

n There were no more real cowboys in the US, he found, and he (7) .... . travelling through South America. In
d Argentina, he found the gauchos - cowboys of the southern part of the continent. Those childhood dreams
stirred within him, and by (8) ..... willpower, he convinced a ranch owner to take him on. Soon, he was living out
J his fantasy, and we heard very little from him until ten years had passed. ·

Q 1 A extinguish B shatter @dim D spoil

~1
d 2 A lost @cold C numb D alone
3 A desire B hanker C covert @yearning
"" l
I
-....l 4 A up B down C apart @aside

"l 5 ® intention B meaning C target D purpose

7
,j 6 @ circle B area C company D field
7 A finished off @ ended up C ended off D finished up

0 8 A total B mere © sheer D utter

"1~
j

:J
". )J
i art 2
......J:or questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
space.
-1

J Lufe on ... Mars?

"°Yhe Red Planet has yet to (9) ... . .... ..... g!1!.f!............ ... .. up its secrets and still evokes awe and inspiration in the
f
u 1trepid explorers who dream that one day they will set (10) . .... . ... .... ~~t ............. on its mysterious fiery surface.
l '

The reality, of course, is quite different; even with the (11) ..... .......1!1.'?.~!............ modern 21st-century technology
- \, . 2) ... ... .......
which I that
.. ..... ·
...... .. ... science ·
-can prov,·d e, an d th e sharpest min
. ds .1n th e f.1eId , a roun d tnp
· to Mars wou Id
~/npose quite terrible hardship (13) ...... ........'?!?.............. the unfortunate crew members who were chosen to
-· mdertake the first mission. The main problem wouldn't necessarily be the time scale - (14) ....... .. ~~~~.<?.l.!fl~ ..... ... .
·-j nly a very dedicated and determined crew would be prepared to endure a mission that is
(15) .. .. @~(Y.!..<i:~P.."!.<?!~?. ... to take more than six years and , moreover, be (16) ..... ... .~<:3.P..~!:?(~ ... .... .. . of surviving it!
1
.. 10, the main problem would be acclimatising to the living conditions on board the craft.

-. j

6 ... ,
j
1]
i\
 .LnJ

Part 3 .
for questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the 1.ines to form a worJ
that fits in the space in the same line.
·7
]
A CHILD PRODIGY
9
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) was (17) ......L!.1!.~.'?.'!~~~~~¥....... DOUBT d
the most prolific composer of the (18) ......... ~~<!.~~~'?~! ......... period. His cLAssIc
works include twenty-five piano concertos, twenty-three string
quartets, thirty-five violin sonatas, and more than forty symphonies, all
. .. .. ... ... ... .. . .. .... of a .gem·us w h ose Iong 1·1st o f
th e ( 19) .. ... .. .creation(s) CREATE

(20) ..... ~'?.~!~~f!.'!!~1!.!~...... were made within a short lifetime. Influenced ACHIEVE

by Haydn, among others, Mozart's music shows great

... ... ..... ... ..... to th e prescn·b ed norms of c IassIcIsm,
adherence
(21) ... ... ...... · · b eIng
· ADHERE J
characterised by (22) .......... .P.L!.~~~L ......... of form and melody. Mozart PURE

h as b een th e (23) ........... .................... f or generat·ions of composers

inspiration INSPIRE

after him and his works are still among the best-selling classical music
today. Who doesn't have an immediate (24) ......... !.f!.c!~U9.Q.......... to the REACT

strains of Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, not to mention the many well-loved

arias from his operas, of which he composed many superb examples?

Part 4
For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first ~entence, using the]
1
word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given;"

25 Unfortunately, he's flat broke these days.

penny Unfortunately, he ..............1!.<!.~r!'.~.9.C?.~.i!.P.~!'!l}.Y.!~.~!~ ............. name these days.

26 Anne doesn't have her own phone at the moment as she's just moved house.
n
1

on Anne ................. !~.1.1.<?LC?.'J.!!!~.P.~'?.'':1.f!.................. at the moment as she's just moved house. u

27 Will you ever find time to fix that tap?

round Will you ever .................. m~trnl!.IJ.cf. .(C?.!!~/IJ9................... that tap?

28 This essay is better than your last one.

improvement This essay ............. ..!~.?.tJ..imP.r~Y.~m~rJ.9.Q................. your last one.

29 Carol hadn't been feeling particularly well, so she decided to go to the doctor's.
weather Carol .... ~?.~J?.f!.f!r!.(!~~~~ryg)..tf!!~~Uh~.'((~?.tJ:1.f!.~ .... , so she decided to go to the doctor's.

.:,__ _,;;
30 John really didn't know what he was supposed to be doing.
faintest John .... J"!~{IY.. h?.~Q.'U9.'?!)..t.~~.f?.~1!.~<!~U~<!.<!....... what he was _supposed to be doing.

- j

'f"~ ·-
~. -_, ~.y-
"~.·1 Part 1 . :. ··~,.::
UNIT 2 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points

J Grammar
Cl A ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS
J 1 The following words are both adjectives and 6 The performance was most interesting. (= very)
adverbs: hard, fast, late, high, deep, low 7 Adverbial forms:
She runs fast. a playful -+ playfully
She's a fast runner. expensive-+ expensively [BUT: true - truly]
b gently -+ gently [BUT: whole - wholly]
NOTE:
C happy -+ happily [BUT: shy - shyly]
He hardly ever goes to the opera.
d scientific -+ scientifically
I haven't seen him lately.
[BUT: public - publicly]
She's highly paid.
I can highly recommend it. 8 Adverbs of frequency (always, never, usually,
We're deeply shocked. often, etc.) are used before the main verb and
after the verb 'to be' and modals.
We rarely go out to eat.
2 Adjectives which end in -ly (friendly, brotherly,
We are rarely at home on Saturdays.
silly, ugly, etc.) normally form their adverbial
BUT: these adverbs come before modals I
form using in a / an ... manner/ way.
auxiliaries in short answers.
7 He spoke to us in a friendly way.
'Do you help him with his homework?'
J 3 The verbs taste, smell and sound are followed 'Yes, I always do.'
by an adjective and not an adverb.
9 The adverbs cheaply, loudly, quickly, slowly and
This meat smells bad. [NoT: ... eaaty-.]
tightly are often used without -ly in everyday
This milk tastes sour.
English.
It sounds wonderful.
Run quick(ly)! Drive s/ow(ly)!
4 COMPARE:
10 The words hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly
a The film was disappointing I boring I
can be used either as adjectives or adverbs.
interesting, etc.
I attend weekly meetings.
b We were disappointed I bored I interested, etc. Meetings are held weekly.
[Adjectives ending in -ing describe what
something is like or the effect it has on one; NOTE:
adjectives ,ending in -ed describe how one feels
1 When the following words ending in -ed are
about something.]
used as adjectives, the -ed syllable is
5 The structure the + adjective is used with pronmmced /Id/ [NOT: /d/, /t/ ].
groups of people such as: aged, blessed, crooked, dogged, learned, naked,
the deaf, the blind, the old , the young, the rich, ragged, wicked, wretched
the poor, etc. 2 silk stocking BUT: silky hair
The blind must be given special care. a gold watch BUT: golden memories I beaches
·- 1
BUT: The / A blind man knocked on the door and ... a stone floor BUT: a stony look I silence
[NOT: The / A blind lmool~ed ... ]
3 the first two days I months, etc.
[NOT: the two fiFSt days]
I
'""JPRACTICE
a Correct all the sentences.
~1
; 1 'Do you like going to the theatre? ' s The soup tastes awfully. Do you think it's edible?
-::.J 'Yes, but I go rarely.' ~
awful
........ .. ...................... ............... .. ................ ................
...................... .. ....... f.?f.'!.lY..Q9. .... ... ......... .... ........ ... .
6 A number of poor live in my street.
2 It was a gold opportunity . .......... ..... ..... .. .. .. .....P.~~~.P.~C?.P/"! ............ ............. .... .. .
.. .. ... ... ... .. ... . .... . .. ... .. . .9.<?.l.cf~!? ..... .... .... ........ ... .. ....... .
,~ - 7 An early morning walk can be invigorated.
3 It was a most fascinated lecture . .............................. ..i!!Y/9.'?!.~!!r!9. ............................ ....
..............................~~-~~{1:'.c!!!r!9. ............ .................. .
8 White tigers seldom are seen nowadays .
4 They greeted their guests friendly . ................................?/<!. -~~!'!C?.1!1...... ... ....... ............... ..
......... ..........~'!..c!. tr!~,:,_t;/J.Y.. 'y'(.c!Y) .1!1.c!~!?~f. .. .. ........ ...... .
""·r , ·-•- c•••---·--·- ~·-·•- . , .. •--·••····•·- - - • - ~ - - - -~ - - - - - ··-•· ··••--···-··•..• · . - - - · · ··•·•·-•··-··--···•·······-·· ••·•·-•··· ···········••··.. -•·• ·•

!
~

1 ;
\ :

i\
 Choose the correct answer.
1 I was .... ... upset by the news. 6 They greeted the actress ....... .
A deep @ deeply A enthusiastic @ enthusiastically
2 These playgrounds are bound to appeal to ....... . 7 For the .... ... days, the weather was very good. ri
A young @ the young ® first three B three first -1
d
3 Why did you get home so ..... last night? 8 There is a .... ... meeting which everybody must
® late B lately attend. =l
4 The children were .... ... so I decided to take them
A week @ weekly zi
out. 9 'Does James eat fish?' 'No, he ....... .'
A boring @ bored A does never @ never does
5 The island has several .... ... beaches. 1O That pizza smells ... ... . !
@ stony B stone ® fantastic i3 fantastically CJ
:1
B COMPARISONS J
TYPES OF COMPARISONS:
1 as + adjective + as 11 Before the superlative we can also use by far, "1
J.
[in affirmative or interrogative sentences] easily:
My brother is as tall as me. This is by far the best hotel in the city.
D
not as I so ... as 12 farther/ further (adverbs) are used for places o~j
[in negative sentences] distances: ::1
My brother is not so I as tall as me. I can 't walk any farther I further.
2 comparative + and + comparative further (adj . / adverb) can also be used
The dog grew fatter and fatter. meaning 'more / extra/ additional'.
Things are getting more and more difficult. There will be no further delays.
[NOT: .. . farther delays.]
3 the + comparative ... , the + comparative
The less we sleep, the more tired we get.
The harder you study, the better you will become.
C 1
4 not such a/ an .. :as ,--------------------- , i - .ij

NOTE: b]
It is not such a difficult exercise as we thought.
5 the same as ... BUT: similar to; inferior / superior to
His jacket is the same as mine.
1 much + adjective in the comparative degree:
He 's much better now.
~J
6 prefer+ gerund (or noun)
[general preference]
+ to + gerund (or noun)
[NOT: He's very better now.]
2 much too + adjective / adverb j
It's much too hot for the baby.
I prefer reading books to listening to music.
too much + uncountable noun H
'I
OR: I prefer reading books rather than listening to
music. I drink too much coffee.
7 would prefer + to + infinitive + rather than + (to) 3 My older I elder brother is a dentist.
infinitive BUT: I'm older than my brother. u
I'd prefer to read a book rather than (to) listen to [NOT: elder than]
music. 4 When we compare two qualities, we use more,C:-
8 Twice (three times, etc.) as ... as not -er.
She paid twice as much as I did. She was more sad than angry.
9 no / any + comparative 5 COMPARE:
[in negative and interrogative sentences] He spoke to us as a teacher. ' .J

Can 't you talk any quieter? (= he was a teacher)

She seems no better than yesterday. He spoke to us like a teacher.
(= he wasn't a teacher)
10 Before the comparative we can also use a bit,
a lot, far:
Let's go by bus; it's a lot cheaper.
;
He drives tar too fast.
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: \1111
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· ..,.,,.,.,.,.,..,,,,...,..~-~ ~ -- - - -- - ~ ~ ~ - - ~ -

,-;:---_;, ·.

3~

i i
' j
II.gf?i~ of adjectives
Ttii:usual order of adjectives before a noun is as follows, but it can occasionally vary.

Personal opinion Size / Weight Age Shape Colour Origin Substance Noun
a brave young Chinese man
a small square oak table

,
qThe
a dirty
a large

use of more than three adjectives before a nouri is rare.]

old grey
red Greek
suit
rug

:ti Common similes

-- -1
--,,
CJ as busy as a bee as drunk as a lord as good as gold as quick as lightning

---
n~1
as cold as ice
as cunning as a fox
as dry as a bone
as easy as ABC
as mad as a hatter
as poor as a church mouse
_ ___
·-- -...
as quiet as a lamb
as white as snow
..... ··- ·
----~. . .
PRACTICE
J Rewrite the sentence using the word given.
1 Every day our town becomes more polluted. 8 I would rather stay in than go out.
7I and than
d 0 u r town .. !~ .l?.~_q!?!??!IJ.9..'!JP!.E!.~IJ.~ .1!.1.'?!.f!. P..C?!!I},~~<!. .. I'd prefer .. .. J9. .~!~Y. l.'!. !.~!h~r.th~r:i..((c;,l _gr;>, .9.1!.t,., ....
'.: l
- ' .......................'!~~.rx. ~~Y:.......................-.-............
d 2 I spend £50 a week on food , but my sister 9 His writing isn't worse than yours.
spends £150. no
"1
i
-} times He writes ............. ~~. ~.'?!.~~ .H~~.'!. Y.~~ .~<?:.. ......... ..
My sister ..~P.~r:i.cf.~.t!!r~~.!{1!.1.£!~.?.~.!??l},~/J..~~Lcf.<?..'?.'!.
~]
; .............•..~<?.<?.c!. -~~'?.~. !. !!. ~~.f!~: .............................. .
- 1 10 The theory isn't so convincing after all.
'-- J
3 Andy used to be careless, but he's not anymore. a
much It's not .... .. .~.l!.C?~. ~ .~.'?.'!X~l_l.~!f!9..!~~<?.'l'. ~ft~f. ~~I: ......
Andy . /~. !??~'?.~..'!!.C?!.f!.~~~'!.(l!.~ /. !~~~-~~~'!.{~.~~ .(IJ.?.~) ........·.................................................. .............. ...
than he used to be.
··········································································· b Choose the correct answer.
:-) 4 If you try harder, you will improve. 1 I can't drink this - it's too much/ much too sweet.
more
2 Karen 's dress is exactly the same as/ with
The f}),9!.~. !. J:l.?!.cf.~r. Y.C?.I.!. trr.,..th~ .1!.1.<?r.~ .Y.<?!-!. wm .i!!!P.~'?.'-!~· yours.
d
3 Actually, I think the film is just as / so good as
~ 1S Lisa's easily more thoughtful than anyone else. the book.
_J by 4 The water was more cold/ colder than warm.
Lisa's .. .~Y.. !~/. '!!.?.~~ -~~-<?.Lff!!!!!~{ .~I}.<!.'!. ~1:'.Y.C?.'!~. ~{~~= .. 5 The children prefer to play/ playing tennis to go /
going swimming.
:__j
6 I will need further / farther information before I
6 Her feet were freezing .
can make a decision .
as
7 Joe is elder / older than the other children in
Her feet ... ... .......... ."!.'!.~'!..<!.~. ~?.1.c!. ~~ -~~-~= .............. . the class.
8 Why doesn't she make it no I any easier for him?
"--1 7 It's less complicated than I expected . 9 Aunt Louise was as busy as a mouse / bee all
so morning.
It's .... ... ... IJ.~~ -~P.~~IJ}p~i-~~!~.<!. .<!~ .( ~~P.~~~~.C!: ......... 10 Horse riding was far more enjoyable / enjoyable
············· ················· ············· ···················· ············ than they had expected .
 !MILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples.
1 Jane sleeps more heavily than John. 7 Isn't there a larger size than this?
John sleeps less heavily than Jane. Is this the largest size there is?
John doesn't sleep as heavily as Jane. 8 A Rolls Royce is (much / far / a lot) more
John is not as heavy a sleeper as Jane. expensive than a Fiat.
John is not such a heavy sleeper as Jane. A Fiat is (much / far / a lot) less expensive than a
2 There is too much sugar in this coffee, she said. Rolls Royce.
This coffee is much too sweet, she said. A Fiat isn't as/ so expensive as a Rolls Royce.
3 I've never seen such a good film as Speed. 9 As she studies harder, she learns more.
I've never seen a better film than Speed. The harder she studies, the more she learns. ~
Speed is the best film I've ever seen. 10 He's such a hard worker, isn 't he? =;
4 I've got the same number of stamps as you. He works so hard, doesn't he?
I've got as many stamps as you. 11 There is no comparison between your mansion q ___
s His hair and mine are the same colour. and my bedsit. ]
His hair is the same colour as mine. My bedsit can't compare with your mansion.
6 He is the fastest swimmer of all. 12 This diamond ring is twice as much as the other ontl
No one (else) can swim as fast as he does. This diamond ring is twice the price of the other :J
He is faster than any other swimmer. one.
He is a faster swimmer than anyone else. The other ring is half the price of this diamond on(?>-1
He swims faster than anyone else.
J
PRACTICE q
~-i
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change U:cj
word given. You must use between three and eight words. "-'
1 Pete is such a meticulous worker, isn't he? 9 I am a more frequent letter writer than my brottf l
so writes c..J
1
Pete ......... ~.C?!.~~.~~-~~~~~.Lf!~~~ Y. ......... , doesn't he? My brother .. ~~i_t.f:~}~.t.t.':!.~.!~~.~.(~~9.'!.~.f!.t_lY. .. than I do.
2 Give the charity a generous donation and we will 10 Your opinion on the matter is like mine.
have
9
be grateful. ~ J

to We ... ......~.i'!.'{'!. .~~.':. ~?.'!J.f:. !?P.!t:1.~'?.fJ......... on the matter.

Donate ......... Jl.~1!.~!.'?.'!~!r. .t.C?. !!!~.~~~!.~tr.. ~1.1.<!. -~~ ........ . 11 As he thought about it, he became happier witl i
will be grateful. his decision. d
3 My colleague is a more competent translator than me. the ,n
than The .........'!'.<?.~~..~.~. !~?.!1.9.~L~k!?~Ut~IJ.f!.~~P.P.~~.~ .... .· ~
1
My colleague ... ~~~':1.~. ~!~~.'!!.C?!.~..'?~~P.~~~1.1.~~~Jh~':1./. do. he became with his decision. '-:)

4 Light flashed suddenly from the room. 12 I've never had such an enjoyable night out as tonrf1t.
flash have .J
There .. .. ....... ,... .~~~..c!. ~'!.<!.<!£!!!. !!fl.~~.!?!. !~9./Jt .............. Tonight is the ..'!!~~~.fJ.fJi.<?Y.~.l?.1.~.!'!!9.~t'?.l!.t__lJ!~Y.f!.. had.
ever
from the room. 13 Indian restaurants are not as common as Chine~1}
5 Your poems are much better than mine. restaurants in Greece. L.1
compare less
My ...... .......P.'?.~.'!!~.l?.<!.r?.'!.~~'!JP.c!r.~.'!(.i!~............. yours. Indian restaurants are ....... .!'!.~.~.~'?.'!!!!?~!'!.!~?.'!.. .. ' 1.
6 'Is this the best composition you can write?' asked ...... ...... ....... .. . Chinese restaurants in Greece. J
the teacher. 14 His composition and mine are of the same standard.
- 1
better as
'Can't ....Y.C?.'f..~(~~~..c!.~~!!~(.~<?_I!!P.~~~~~C?!!.!h~1.1. ... . this?' His composition .. .!~ .C?Lt!?~.~.i'!r!"!'!. .~!~t:1.q_f!!.cf.~~... m.__;e.
asked the teacher. 15 You'll calm down as you stop worrying so mu~~.
7 Leeds has the same annual rainfall as Edinburgh. less
as The ·········-'·~~~.Y.~!1..~~r!"Y.L!~~..~.~{~~L ......... you 'l!-ae.
Annually, it .....~i!!n~!!~.IJ:l.l!.C:h.!r:i..~~~9.~.~~..0.t.gR~~L .... in 16 That professor always gives me a friendly smil.P.,
Edinburgh. when I walk in.
8 'There is too much salt in the stew, ' he said. smiles
is That professor always ... ~r:1/l.~:>..~IJ..~.frHm.~t.Y.W.~Y..l ,..
'The stew ...... ..... i~ .r:ri.l!.9!!.tR~.~.~!tY. ........... ,' he said. .... m~mn~l. ... when I walk in .
4'

u
1u=>qJa Transformations ::''.;
: · Corhpl~te the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
~ord given. You must use between three and eight words.
d
" \ They are certainly not stupid. 11 They will have to accept your offer.
f1 means option
~-j They ... .... ......... ........ ~r~.~Y..l}~-~~~.IJ.~ ..... ..... ............. . They ............ ..... ..l!t(UUJ.c!Y.f!. !J.<?. ~P.!!~i:! .lJ.L!L ........ .. ..... .
L __ji.

stupid. to accept your offer.

=;: I'd rather we started work at eight o'clock.
i
12 After the scandal, he was asked to resign
,__j
preference immediately.
~ I ....... .... ..... ..!!¥1.'!'.~. ¥1. .P.~'?.f'!.~'!.1!.C?.~. t~r. ~~?.r:t.{'!9................. . hand
J work at eight o'clock. After the scandal, he was asked ... f~.!!?.,:,.<!.!!"!.h!~...
...............~~~!9r!?.@n.......... ..... immediately.
ci Don't pay any attention to what he says.
-l notice 13 That's none of your business.
c. } Don't ... .. .... .. ..... ..... .. t~~~.!!r!Y. .'!.9!!~~.<?L .. ..... .......... .. . nothing
,..1 what he says. That .... ...... .......... !~.l).<?.~~f!"!g}~.?.9..l!t(frh ........... ... ..... .
you.
-q; I don 't feel like going to the party.
~1 mood 14 Rachel's arrival was completely unexpected.
_j I .~'.1!!.!!?.~.{f!.!~~.(~{~~.t). !!!?.'?.~.t.'?. fJ.'?./.~!!!.!t?. !!~.'::'.?.'?~.!?. JJ.?. took
to the party. Rachel's arrival ......~'?.'?.½. !-!~..U~.~!!! .~<.>.'!!R,/.!:~~{t~Y. .....
7 . .. ............... surprise.
-j The new plans for the library have been approved
- _. by the authorities. 15 We can't stand that terrible noise any longer.
· , met enough
'_1The new plans for the library ... .!J.?X~JJJ.~.t..~(tfJJfJ.~.... We ... ....... ............ ~~~!:.~~<:l..~!?~!-!9.~ .<?L ............ .. .. ... .
............c!P.P.r~Y.c!!.~f. ........... the authorities. that terrible noise.

i )The economic situation seems unlikely to improve

'y
16 Money counts for little on a desert island.
in the near future. value
~1sign Money .... .. .. .. ... ........ /~.~t.!~~~{~.X~.l.1.!~ .......................
.. !The econ~mic situation .. ~~<.>.~~.'!.'?.f..ry!=!r~HY..<!nY..~!9.~. on a desert island.
- ....... ~~J'!!P!.?X~'!.~ ...... in the near future.
17 I certainly won't change my mind about
7,'You
_, don't appreciate me,' she complained. resigning.
granted question
- ' You ..................... !~~.~.!!!'?./~(Jl.~~1!.~~.C!..................... ,' There ..... .!~ .'!.C?. q!,!~~.~i!?n.~t. (!??~ / .'!!>J ~~?.'!.fl!r!9. .. ..... .
,,..she complained. my mind about resigning.

Br \ have great difficulty in reading her handwriting . 18 Being a tennis coach doesn't really suit him, you
,
- -':lifficult know.
I .... .... ....... ti~~.~'!.( .~?.'!.cf'!!.(~~i.,W. Y."!.'Y..cf!ft!~l:1.1.t.. ...... ........ cut
· 10 read . He's not really ..... ..'?.'-!!.P!-!U~.~~!!..t.~r?!!!~.~~f'.'?.fJ.......
.. ... .. ..... .. ...... , you know.
9 · Caroline doesn't look anything like her sister.
-,ears
_ ;~aroline .. .... P.~?r.~. (~P.~<?_l.'-!!~!Y) .fJP.!.~.~~IJ:l.~.1.<!!'!~~ .(<?.. .... .
her sister.

) · didn't go to work last Friday.

"~tt
·' ·.................. .......t.<?.'!~).f)_?.<!.!.~~.~~Y .C?!t.. ..... .... ... .. ....... .
_ ,lst Friday.

K
l.
 Advanced Language Points
u
a Fill in pay or pay for.
.. ..P.~Y..t~r.... one's mistakes
e Tick only the correct sentences .

1 Somebody open the door! ✓

J
... .P.~Y..f~[.... a phone call
2 Everybody shut your eyes. ✓
...... P.~Y. .. .... a fine
3 He hit her in the face. ✓ . a
... .P.~Y.J!?[.... a taxi (eur: pay a taxi driver) ! l
4 She has a heart condition. ✓ 0
... .P.~Y.J!?[.... a crime (= be punished) (= heart problems)
_.....P.f!Y....... a debt 5 They were dancing from joy. r:i
(witfl joy, for joy) d .,._
...... P..~Y....... a bill 6 I'll do it or my name isn't Brown . ✓

b He has something about him means:

7 He's drunk or something. ✓
9 •,.~;
,_J >Ji
.¾,:~
8 We slept at ten o'clock last night.
a there's something all round him. (went to bed)

b there's something impressive about him. ✓

9 He is the very man you want. ✓
( = exactly the man you want)
10 You're being jealous. ✓
J
c there's something wrong with him. (The present continuous of be here refers only to 7
ft is used colloquially, in a complimentary sense, to temporary behaviour at the moment of speaking) J :,,
indicate that the person has some quality that one
admires or finds attractive. f Choose the correct verb. -~
_J
[OPPOSITE: He has nothing about him.] i:.::..i-
1 Do you have any desire / intention of doing
your homework? Fl
2 Flying is perceived/ expressed by many as '"J
c COLLOCATIONS: being the ideal means of travel.
Fill in the correct form of the appropriate verb. 3 Their new house is being equipped / fitted wi1"::l
new carpets. '- J
j arouse, commit, fit, treat I
4 Our new boss declares / advises against our ~i
fittinn
1 A man ............. ;;/....... th e descnp
. t·10n was taking any time off at the moment. i I

arrested at the airport. 5 Rumour has it that they have landmarked / u

2 Dan asked a lot of questions, which earmarked that old site for development. q
_j
...... .. ...... ... th e1r
.....aroused · susp1c1ons.
· · 6 What you're saying is in no way consistent / LJ
· un l'k committed sue h an allied with what I'm saying.
3 It 1s I e Iy th at h e ......................

offence. 7 That perfume has no prospect / scope of

commercial success.
4 Several passengers were ......t!.f!.~~~~ ...... for
8 My son has a real sense / feel for languagesr 1
shock after the accident.

d Punctuate the following.

PAUi, where MAry ltad ltad 'had

Jtad' Jtad had 'Jrtid'; 'Jrtid Jtad' Jtad L.J

Jtad the teacJter's approval.

Paul, where Mary had had (= had written) 'had
had', had had(= had written) 'had'; 'had had' had
had(= had received) the teacher's approval.
_..,...,........-~,_...._.....------- -~--·--.-----
r l
H
u
:~ - --------- :_.,...,.,
~ i:'
 ·:- l , g Use the word / phrase given in brackets to rewrite the sentence without changing its meaning .
. '.; I:, ,..
1 I'm determined to stay. [intention]
.~.tJ.?'!.~ .IJ.C?. 1m~~~(C?.1J..<?t !~~x!~9. . l .~ .IJ.c!'!.~..~Y.f!.r:t. !r~~t:1.t~C?.rJ..<?f. ~{~Y.t~9.·... .............................................
2 You ought to move house. [high time]
.~~'.~.~{9.~ .~i.'!!~ .'f.?.l!. !!!~~~~- ~~!!~.~..................................................... :...........................................
3 Generally speaking, it was a good film. [large]
q
I .~Y. .~f!~. !~.~9.~!. !!. !-Y.~~. ~ JJ.C?.C?.C!. !!!f':I:.............................................................................................. .
~,
_j

4 I'm certain he'll be here by twelve. [bound]

J:f~'.~.!?~~~~.~<?..g.~.h~r~.P.Y..~~~I(~: ............................................................................................ .
5 She couldn't understand the message. [sense]
.!.~.~. m~~.~~9.fJ..'!H!?.~ _IJP..~~!!~.~. !~. h~f: ........................................................................................

/ J'''· '"'·'Y·· 1•c,, ,,.c;:''~ ~ ~ 1 ~ , l l ~ ~ ~ ~•;~;,l'/i{'!;)i'.~~~~~~'--"~1'lfi'•~~ -~· .

rt h Choose the correct endings to complete the following proverbs.

----------~
1 One good turn ................<!.~.~~r:'!.f!.~.~'J.C?H!.~!................. . t is another man's poison

2 One man's meat ..........~~.?:fJ.'?.V.1.~!.mf!!?'.~.P!?!~9.1J... ....... . t begins at home

3 Charity ........................~fJ9!!!~.?.t..f?~m~ ........................ . t is the mother of invention

4 Necessity ............ ..!~..tl?~.m~~IJ.'!L9l!!!Y.fJ.TJ.tJ~n.............. . t deserves another

, .-.<. ,.~
°':~~i:.,hi.t&~~-~,6~btL,:,·~:· _)'~,-•. _··s✓-~-- .. . <L:-:--;;.:\,f.,,_~~-~\;.-~'./~:/ -t~~:

Fill in the correct phrase.

sort oneself out, sort itself out, of sorts, out of sorts, a sort of

·'1 The baby is a bit ..............9.1.!tC?f.~~tjL .... .. ....... today and seems to do nothing but cry.
[ = be ill, sick or upset]
2 Stop worrying; everything will ....... ...... ~.C?!J..J.t~~(U?.l.!L ........... in the end.
[ = stop being a probfem]
3 It ' s t·m
I e yo ust oppe d compammg
I · · aII th e 1·1me an d ..................
sorted ..tvourself out
...................... . .. . .
[ = deal with your own problems in a satisfactory way]
4 He wrote an answer ................. ~f.~.'?.rJ.~.................. and handed it in to the teacher.
[ = not a very good example of sth]
5 We went to that new restaurant yesterday and had .................~.~~1:U~L. .............. soup -
I'm not sure exactly what it was.[= unusual; difficult to describe]

/e/ /3:/ /o / /'J:/

best burst fox forks
end earned pot port
ten turned shot short
spot sport
 ~1
l'ii:::

complete the sentences using the words in the box. k Tick the correct answers.
I chain, spin, blow, ill, cross I
1 You shouldn't .; ....... !!L ....... -treat that animal.
1 I found the book absolutely ....... .
a best-selling
b gripping ✓
J
[ = treat in cruel way]
c absorbing ✓
2 Don't ........~P.!Q... ......-dry wool pullovers.
[;;: partly dry clothes in washing machine} 2 I'm sorry, but I don't ....... at all.
3 Do you ..... ..~!~~........-dry your hair? a sympathise with you ✓
[ = dry hair with a hair dryer] b _feel sorry for you ✓ 9
d
4 He should cut down; he .......9_/J~i~L. .... -smokes. c sympathise you
[ = smoke one cigarette directly after another]
3 He ....... TV while she ...... . lunch.
s The defendant was .......~!.':>~~ ....... -examined. a was watching ... cooked ✓
[= question sb carefully again]
b watched ... cooked ✓
c watched ... was cooking ✓

J
·"'l
J

Use the words in the box to complete the phrases and explain what they mean.

I large, tear, blue, off, square I :1

,..__ __JI
1ja by and ...... .!?.m~ ....... b .......li!.~9.~........ profits
I
[=in general] [=very good]
2·1a fair and .......~q~~~~ ..... b a ..... ~9.l!!!!'.~....... deal
I
[ = clear and honest] [=fair and honest treatment]
31a wear and ....... ..t.~~f........ b ....... J~?L ...... to shreds
I
[ = damage due to normal useJ [= rip up into small pieces] ;:;: 1

41a on and ..........C?.f!......... b ......... ~!!......... the record I d

[= now and again; from time to time] [= unofficial (of information)]

sja black and ........ ~~~~ ....... b ........~!~~ ........ murder

[ = badly bruised]
I
[scream I shout blue murder =
to make a lot of noise, fuss,
etc. as a means of protest]

How do you pronounce these words?

1 Aesop /'i:s"Jp/
2 _aged (= very old) /'e1d31d/
3 aisle /art/
4 ambush /'rembuJ/
5 amiable /'e1m1abl/
6 among /'J'mArJ/
7 anaemic /ini:m1k/
8 ancient /'emJant/
ll Part 2 Language Oevelopment
fl A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS
;,_j
a Choose the correct preposition. b Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions
:'l in the box.

,
]

ZJ
1 He was arrested for/ on forging the
documents.
2 Sam doesn't like his son associating to / with
those boys.
I with, for, about, to, into, from I
1 The introduction of computers will be
beneficial ...... ~~ ..... . the whole school.
3 There was an attempt on / at the President's

d life this morning.

4 Your attitude towards/ against marriage is very
2 Who will benefit most ....fr~~ .... the new law?

3 Kate was blamed .... JC?.( ..... the accident.

j old-fashioned. 4 He is blind ...... !!?...... all her faults.

5 Are you aware for / of your rights? 5 Jack is always boasting ....~~~~! ... how much
money he earns.
] 6 The government has imposed a ban in / on
hunting endangered species. 6 The travel agency booked us ... J'!.~<?..... the
r1 7 Whatever became with/ of him? He used to be wrong hotel.
a household name.
'--J 7 I'm getting very bored ... ..Vf.~~~····· this entire
8 The prisoner begged· about/ for mercy. business.
q.· l
9 He's a great believer in the benefits of/ from • about
8 Stop bragging ......... ...... your new car.
.: j
this therapy.
9 Now I've been promoted, I'm burdened
~
C
10 Motorists were warned to beware of / about .. ....... even more respons1·b·1
......with 1·t·
1 ,es.
~
_) slippery roads.
10 I've been busy .. .. ~i.t.~..... the children all day.
::1
,__] B IDIOMS

IC1: a Match the idioms with their definitions.

1 get someone's back up J

it_ 1
2 at the back of one's mind A
~j A in one's thoughts but not of
3 get off someone's back E immediate importance
: 1
' 4 know a place like the back of one's hand B B know somewhere very well
t -i
5 put one's back into G C betray

6 stab someone in the back C D in bed due to illness

~j
7 get one's own back K E stop annoying someone
.c· !
8 turn one's back on F F reject / refuse to help sb / sth
:;:_j
9 go back on one's word H G try hard
.,;.--,

10 you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours L H break a promise

the back of beyond somewhere isolated

on one's back D J annoy sb

K get revenge
L you help me and I'll help you

l1 .
 complete the sentences with one of the idioms.

save sb's bacon, a bad lot, get a bad name, take the good with the bad, a bag of bones,
in the bag, let the cat out of the bag, set the ball rolling, on the ball, have a ball
7
1 We ................ ....~.<!.cf.?. .l?.?H.................... in France - 6 'Who wants to ...... ........~~tm~ l?.c!!!.rn@Jg... __......... .. J
it was fantastic! by opening the discussion?'
0
2 Jason .... .. .. l~Uh~.c;.?.t.P.Lf!.~Uh~J?!!9......... when 7 It's ................... H!.th~.l;>_;~g.................... - the job is.
,0
I
he told Anne we were planning a surprise party yours.
for her.
8 He is .... .................~.!?~~)9.L. ................. and I don't:l
3 You have to ..... ..f~.~!:.!~~.9.'?.C?.c!..~~~~..~1!.~.~?.~ ....... . want you associating with him. 3
Things don't always run smoothly.
9 The restaurant ............. :.g~t.fl..l?.?.cf.rrnmf!................ q
4 Carol ..... .... ......$f!Y.f!.<!.!!?Y./?!!.~~f! ............. .. when when somebody got food poisoning after eatingJ
she lent me that money. there.
r-1
5 Lucy was just ... ... ..........?..'?~g.~rf?.'?.I).~.~ .............. .. 10 Ask Jane if you want to know about current affaird
when she went into hospital. she is always ...................'?.l))~.~.!?~!L ......... ......... .
___ .... . ,_ ..................... ,... ....... . .... ...
, ,
Fl
"

,-..,,.
C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
j
a Complete the sentences with the correct prepositional phrases.
at last, at least, at length, at once, at peace, at present

1 I'm afraid we haven't got any vacancies ... .......<!!.P.r.~~'!.'!.t.. ......... .

2 If you won't go to the wedding, ............ ?.U'!f!~L. ......... send a gift.

3 The two countries are finally ... ........?.(P..~~<;_fJ............ after years of fighting.

4 Clean up your room ..... .. .....?.tC?.rJ~~ .... ........ ; our guest will be arriving soon.

5 It's wonderful they've found a cure .............?.t'.~~L .......... .

6 We discussed the project ........... ~UfJ.'!9!h ........... and managed to cover

all the details.
d

b Match the prepositional phrases with their definitions. ~?

c,)
1 She picked a card at random. D

2 Get it completed by Monday at the latest. F

3 At the present time,·the research team

is trying out a new drug. A

4 I didn't catch what he said as I wasn't A now

really paying attention at the time. E
B sometimes
5 Don't act hastily as there's too much
C at risk
at stake and you might lose more than
you can afford to . C D without conscious choice
6 At times, I doubt his sanity. B E then

- F no later than a certain time / date

.ti~: CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
. ··-/ii:.
·.· ?:.~1
:;-~

Tick the correct sentence(s).

J 1 a The detective eyed at her suspiciously.
b The detective eyed her suspiciously. ✓
4 a The car isn't moving because you've no gear.
b The car isn't moving because it's not in gear. ✓

72 a His hair is falling down. 5 a He drank it in one gulp. ✓ ·:, ~,.,

J b His hair is falling out. ✓ b He drank it with one gulp.
c His hair is thinning. ✓ 6 a She wore her hair in a ponytail. ✓
I

J
I

3 a Whales feed with plankton. b She had her hair as a ponytail.

~.. b Whales feed on plankton. ✓
7 a We waited for one and a half hour.
{aur: feed sb or an animal with sth] b We waited for one and a half hours. ✓

---····- -. --·----·- -·-·

:ui E COLLOCATIONS NOTE:

foreign body = an object
a Tick the appropriate boxes. which has entered sth else
by accident and shouldn't be
1 body behaviour culture appearance place affairs language there e.g. foreign bodies in
'
.., j
sb's food
strange ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
strange affairs = peculiar
foreign ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ matters, events
foreign affairs = politics that
concern the relationship
between your country and
other countries

,-,.
;l
Jb Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.
eyesight, education, imagination, soil, history, sound, health, colours, conditions

rich: .~1!!~9.!1:'.~.t!!'.?r!.(.=:=,. ~~~~!!~'!)................................... poor: .~'(~~~9.~.~ .(:: .t~!~i!!ff).. ....................................... .

.~.C?!! J"f.Jc!.~~U'!.~ .9.~~~!r!fl.. ~~'!./!.~)....................... . .~~~J_<?~!!~r:i. .(::=.!~~ .~!~r:i.~~t~;. -~~~~'?)................... .
] .~.i~!~'.Y. .(::=. !~r%. ~~~r!!!~~ P..~~9 ........................ .. .!'!'.~fl!r!~~~'?.'?. f.~ .!~C?.~!r:i.9. _i_ry_.~r~~!~~~. !~~':.'?9... ..... ..
-~-C?.I!~~- (.=:=_ l?.~~~~~'?fl. ~!9.~ .9.'-!.~!!~Y)................ .. ...... r.~.
.~'?.i!. ~?.~ .~.'-!!~~'?.~~- !!'.?r. flr.<?.v!.~'?.9..~r.C?P.~) ............ .
j .~'?.(C?!-!r~. <.=:=. .~!r.'?!!ffL ....................................... . :~'?.':'.'?~.(.~. ~~.'?~!1:'.fl. .i.'?. 9!-!~~i_tr.} ............................ .
.~~~.,!~.(.~. ~?.~ .9.~P.C!)........................................ .
.~'!,,:t_~i!!~i:!~..( '::.!-!~~':'_i_t_~~!~~ .'-!.f!!?Y.e.~':.'?!~} ....... ...... .

-J F PHRASALVERBS
J ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ -:_;:;CC=
1 bear up be positive/ hopeful, despite 7 bring forward 1 advance to an earlier date/ time
n
LI 2 bear with
suffering or misfortune
show considerable patience 8 bring off
2 ra,ise for discussion (formally)
succeed in doing sth difficult
towards 9 bring on · cause (sth negative / unpleasant)

u:::::::;t5 blow up
lose consciousness
leave the ground (of a rocket)
1 enlarge
10 bring out
11 bring round
cause to be seen; make clear
1 revive
2 persuade
2 exaggerate 3 bring to sb's house
cause to happen (usu. of situations)
 I':'
'".- .I
k
complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page.

1 Mum refused at first, but we managed to 11 There was a tremendous noise when the rocket 7
....... P.r!mt. ..... her ...... ~~~~~ ..... . . blasted off
................................. J
2 Try to ......... !?~ilLWith ......... her; she's under a lot 12 Fortunately, we were able to ....... P.ring ....... him '7
of pressure. .. .. .... .. ... . by sIappmg
... ... ..round . h.rs face. - i
-~J
3 It's typical of the press to ... .......Ql.QW..l!P........... . 13 If you can't see the map in detail, have it
0
the whole matter. ........ .Q.l.QW.Q. .L!P........... • l
_J
"' J
4 Frank is ........f:J.f!.c!r!rm.'I.P. ........ as well as can be 14 ...... Jlrfng ....... John ... ...n?H!'!P. ....... for coffee one
expected under the circumstances. day.
~
s Her high temperature was ........Q!.Q.LJ9ht.Rf! ....... . 15 Even though the boxer ....... P.(<J.<?~~~.C?.L!L ...... for a ~
by going out in such bad weather. few seconds, he still refu~ed to give up.
6 The increase in responsibility has
....... P.rR!-!g!!t9.<!.L ..... her best qualities.
7 What ......'?.~<?.L!.!l.f?!.~~~'!.L .. her decision to move
house?
b NOMINAL FORMS: Fill in the correct nominal form. 1.__)
8 Who .... Rf!?!-!g~U~~~~r~.... the idea of electing a
I blackout, blast-off, blow-up I r-1
new treasurer? 1 After ........!?!~~.~-.<?.f!. ........ , the rocket disintegrated.j
9 The new director ........~.(?.'!.f!.1!!.~tt........ a big 2 The doctor said the ......... P.(~.'?~~!.IL ....... she had
business deal. could be a symptom of a number of conditions ;?
10 Can't you ..... J~~!~9. ....... the party ..... t~rW.<!!!.cf..... . bl
3 Would it be possible to get a ........... ~~.-.L!P........ . ci 'o

so the Smiths can come? of this photo? /: 1

'- j
l'

G WORDS EASILY CONFUSED

a Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.

1 The game of chess has been in .. ,.. for hundreds of years.

®
existence B duration
2 If you are ..... of your ability to succeed, you will d<;> so.
@ confident B secure
3 You have to agree with his reasoning; his plan is so ......
A straight @ straightforward
4 Lucy is an extremely ..... person and that's why she has lots of friends.
A outward @ outgoing
5 The estate is ..... to the public every Sunday from April to October.
® open B available
6 Why don't you take the ..... and decide what should be done next?
A start @ initiative
7 Chris' skillful play put his opponent ..... the defensive.
@on B in
8 The cause of the problem ..... in unemployment.
A occurs @ lies

r '

LJ
49

----------------P-- CJ
• \ ~ I
~ J \,B:j=m in the correct word in the appropriate form.
ij_ · ,., : • 'bo~der / frontier shiver / tremble
1 The ...~'!.~rJ.f!.~.U~'!.'!.~~~!. .. was temporarily closed 1 He was .... .. .!r.rtm~l~IJ9........ with anger, but said
0 by soldiers for security reasons. nothing.
2 The bedsheets had a ........ ..l~Pr.<!.rtr.......... of 2 The house ,........ !r.'n!!~~f!!.~.......... as a convoy of
white lace. lorries drove by.
3 The garden had a beautifully kept lawn with a 3 The homeless man stood in the doorway
........ ..l?.C?r.<!.~r. ......... of white rosebushes. ......... ~~~".'~f['!.~ .. ....... violently with cold .
4 They grew up in a remote .. ... ... .!r.C?n!i~r... ...... 4 Her legs .....~~~~.~~~'!J.~.1!~9. ..... with fear.
settlement.
5 When he started to ... .........~h!Y.~r... ......... with fever,
border and frontier are only interchangeable when used
he took himself off to bed.
to mean a dividing line between two countries
shiver: shake, esp. as a result of cold, fear or excitement
border is a/so used when referring to a strip of land I
material round an area tremble: shake involuntarily as a result of being nervous,
excited, weak, frightened, etc. or as a result of being
struck by sth

j H DERIVATIVES
Note: One shivers (not: trembles) with (a) fever

a Complete the table below.

n Verb Adjective ( + opposite if exists) Abstract Noun Concrete Noun
' l
#
d !
1 announce (un)announced announcement
.......... .............. announcer
, .

,' .J
:: l
' j
2 annoy annoyed, annoying ... .~~'!.~Y~~~~.... -
0
3 apologise J<!~!~P.~~'!.~.~.t!~. apology -
"1l ..
4 apply (in)applicable,, applied ... ~P.P./!~~~~<?.'!... , applicability applicant, applicator, appliance
L, j

5 (dis)approve (dis)approving ...(cj_i,~)~P.I?.~~~!=!~ .. -

6 argue (un)arguable, argumentative .. .. argument .. ... -
.··i

7 assist (un)assisted assistance assistant

........................
:
8 astonish astonished, astonishing astonishment
··········. ............. -
9 attend (non-)attendance,
... (!'!.)~~~f!.'!.t!~f!... , (un)attended attendant
(in)attention, (in)attentiveness
J 10 attract .. (.£!!?)~~~~~~~".'~ .. attraction / attractiveness -
~ \ b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.
1 ···H e arrive
· d ... ................
unannounced ...... .......... ., no one was expect·mg h.1m. ANNOUNCE

2 We all found his refusal to help extremely ..... ..... ~!?~~¥!!?ff ........... . ANNOY

.. ......... .. .... .... an d ·ms1s

apologetic
3 Th ey were most .. .... ........ · t ed on paying
· f or th e d amage. APOLOGISE

4 Use the special .. ........?PP.!!~?.~':'.~ .......... to put a layer of glue there. APPLY

5 Carl frowned, showing his .... ..... ~{~!=!P.I?.~~'(.~!......... . APPROVE

.
6 D1ana ,s a very .... ...argumentative
.. .... .... .......... ........ person an d never agrees w1·th what anyone says. ARGUE

7 I needed some ........ ..~~~l~~?.r:i.C?~ .......... , but the nurse ignored me. ASSIST

8 To Rob's .. .. ....~~!9.'J.~~~~~.'!.~....... , he was offered the job. ASTONISH

9 The flight .......... .~~~~~~.'!~........... told me to fasten my seat belt. ATTEND

", 10 I really can 't see the .. ... ... ...~tt~!'!~~~':'.~........... of snowboarding. ATTRACT
- - - --··-·-··-- •«.,--•·-·-·-· - - - - - - -
! I
Fill in the correct word each time.
1 (anxious, anxiously, anxiety) 7!
a By the look on her face, I could tell she was full of ........ fm~('#!Y. ......... .
c:J
b Feeling sure she was being followed, she peered ....... im~iQH$!Y........ behind her.

2 (avoid, (un)avoidable, avoidance)

· of th·1s s1·te 1s
a Th e aim · to m
· f orm t he pu bl.1c of t h e dangers of usmg
· tax ............................
avoidance schemes.
b Though nobody believed them, the managers told the workforce that the recent job losses were
..... HIJ.<ilXQ!9.c!.I?!~ ..... .

3 ( (un)aware, awareness )
a We need to increase public ..... .i'nY~rnn~.~~ ...... as to t_
he seriousness of the pr~blem.
b Unfortunately, she was ..... .. .1-!n?I.W?l.rn •....... that people were watching her and made a fool of herself. Ii
6...1

4 (bear, (un)bearable, bearer) 7

a The pain was so ......~1:1.~.~!'!f~~{~...... that he had to call an ambulance. U
b I don't mean to be the ......... !?~?.~'!.~ ......... of bad news, but heavy rain is forecast for tomorrow.

5 ( (dis)believe, (un)believable, (dis)belief)

a It was a truly .... !-!!"!R~{(~r<!.~!~ ..... moment when Katie won the gold.
b When he announced his engagement, everyone just looked at him in ........c!!~~~!i~t... ..... .

6 ( benefit, beneficial, benefactor )

a In her old age, Mrs Grey became the ...... R~Q.'!l<!f!~f...... of the local dogs' home.
· ·
b Con t rary t o popu Iar opinion, compu t ers can have a .................
beneficial ,.......... effect on young peo pl es
'
education. 9
L)
7 (betray, betrayal, betrayer )
a No matter how hard you try, I will never
..........k~!f~Y. ........ Simon's confidence.
b The children knew that what they had done was
a ........ ~'!.~~?Y.~t ....... of their father's trust.

8 ( breathe, breathless, breathing )

a I knew his condition was worsening because his
.... .. .. ... ....... was gett·1ng heav1er
... .....breathing · an d h eav1e
· r.
b Watching him open the letter, we were
breathless
............................ w1·th an t·1c1pa
· 1·10n.

_______________,! '',-
.-::.:?/\
i
 Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
1 Choose the correct answer.

J 1 I found the training exhausting as the coach always pushed us to the ..... .
A restriction B border @ limit D frontier
2 The doctor had a complete ..... for his patients' feelings.
J A disinterest B dismissal C negligence @ disregard
j
3 You look tired. Why don't you go to that new health farm? I'm sure you'd find it ..... .
9 @ beneficial B essential C profitable D valuable
------4
•.._ .::,
4 They prepared to ..... their leave, believing the meeting to be over.
A set B wave C offer @ take
5 Jack ..... seeing the doctor until it became absolutely necessary.
A held over B waited @ put off D refrained
6 He painted a gloomy ..... of life as a student.
A image @ picture C drawing D illustration
7 I bought the car, ..... that I would get a pay rise and be able to afford the instalments.
A speculating B considering © assuming D estimating
8 When you pack, .... . in mind that the weather could turn cold.
@ bear B hold C retain D reserve
9 The football stadium was illuminated by .. ... .
A spotlights B searchlights C flashlights @ floodlights
10 We made an agreement ..... no one would use the computer for more than two hours.
A whereas B allowing @ whereby D supposing
11 Frank has a ..... unusual collection of old toy cars.
A little @ somewhat C far D greatly
12 He woutctonly ..... to violence if provoked .
A move @ resort C fall D attempt
, .. ,. ~,;

2 Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

A l.____a_s_s_o_rt_e_d_,_m_a_tc_h_in_g_ _____, CI notice, observe

1 The twins were dressed in ........~.~!~MJ.g_········ 1 She spent years in Africa ... ..':'.~~~':'!}'!9.. ... the
clothes. behaviour of gorillas.
2 It was a(n) ........ ~~~~~~~......... group of vicars 2 He actually thought nobody would ... .. .. ~~~~<?.~ ..... .. .
and lawyers. if he went out wearing odd socks.
3 If her shoes and handbag aren't 3 Few motorists actually seem to be .... .<?!?~~':!!!?fl .. ...
........'!!.~~~~~~.fl......... , she refuses to go out. the new law.
4 He bought her a box of ........ ~~~~~.:~......... 4 We both attended the same lecture yesterday, but
chocolates to cheer her up. he didn't ....... n~H~.~........ me.

I
B oppr~ss, suppress I DI lessen, reduce
1 For many years, the people had been 1 You should eat less fat to ..... r.e1.'!.l!~~L .... the risk
....'?.PP.~~~~~~.... by those in power, and the time of heart disease. essen
had come for them to fight back.
' i
2 After he was made homeless, he was .....(~~'!.~f!.r!. ....
2 The dark and gloomy weather .... RP.P.(~~.~~~ .... to begging on the streets.
me, making me feel anxious and uncomfortable.
3 The ~mount of help she needed ..... !~~.~~~~~ ..... as
.__J. 3 The information was ... ~':'P.P.!.'!~~'!.C!.... by the she became more independent.
government.
4 The warmth of the sun ..... !~~.~~IJ.~.<!...... as the day
4 The schoolboy could not ..... ~~PP.~~.~~ ..... a wore on.
giggle and his teacher gave him an angry look.

_52
 •.·J
..
1:

Choose the correct preposition / particle. 5 Fill in the correct preposition / particle to complete
1 If we could all live a life free of/ for tension, the phrasal verbs with put. f'l
how much healthier we would be. down, through, out, up, aside j
2 In some jobs, employees feel under/ in 1 I'll get a taxi from the airport- I wouldn 't wan
constant pressure to impress the boss. you to put yourself ...... .~HL .... on my accouJ .
[inconvenience] ···
3 Studies have shown that too much stress is
2 We agreed to put ..... .'!~~<!.'!...... our difference:=j
detrimental for/ to our health.
at least over Christmas. [forget] I
"""'- .J
4 There is a lower incidence for / of heart disease
in most Mediterranean countries , and this can 3 The receptionist said she would put me
be attributed on / to diet. ....~1!.~<?.1!flt!... . to the manager.
[connect a phone call]
s It seems that our attitude for / to life can make 4 His poor exam resuJts can be put ... .. .cJ.<?.Vf.'!...'n
a difference to / at our health. to his lack of interest in the subject. '" I
[attributed to] 0

4a Match the expressions with mind with their

definitions.
6 Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form. 0
j foot, arm, elbow, eye, thumb j
1 spring to mind C

f 1 When I ran out of petrol in the middle of now{Jre,

2 cast one's mind back
I had no choice but to .... .(fJ.l!mP...... a lift to the
3 have a (good) mind to do sth a
e
nearest petrol station. [try and get a lift by
by the road and holding up one 's thumb]
stai·
g
.
4 know one's own mind
2 The rebel troops .... .c!!f!J.~~-·· ·· the villagers w o
5 put one's mind to sth
6 speak one's mind
b
d
-~ joined them with guns. [give weapons to] 1
3 The reporter ... ~{~.<?.~~~ ... his way through th~
a intend to do sth crowd to reach the film star. :c-
[push using the elbows] 7 1
b devote energy and effort to sth
1
4 My boss invited me out for lunch and then ·.J
c come into one's mind
expected me to .....JC?RL .... the bill! [pay] ]
d say openly what one thinks about sth
e be sure of one's opinions; not be 5 When I introduced my fiance to Melanie, sf.!
easily influenced ......~Y.~9-...... him thoughtfully for a while, as,jf
trying to decide whether or not she liked h' ~.
f think back to a time in the past
[look at carefully] d

7 Fill in the correct noun.

b Fm in the correct expression from above.
permit, shop, week, load, life
1 I'm not afraid to ........ ~P.~<!KmY.m!mt... ...... , ~ ?

even if I know I might upset someone. 1 His work.~h~P.· ··:···· ·... was full of ~o~ls and J d
pieces of machinery. [room or bwldmg wheft: sb
2 If I ... ...<;~~.(mY..r:rJ.i.r..cf.!?~9.L ... , I can remember does repairs, makes things, etc.] ~,
that first Christmas we spent in Switzerland. 2 . I was finding it hard to deal with the incre,: led
3 She ...J".1.9.'-Y.~)J~U?'!Y.r.i.m!n~ .... and isn't easily work/9~~ .. ........... , so decided it was time 'id
persuaded to change her point of view. take a few days off. [the amount of work to b~
done by an individual or an organisation] .
4 If you ....... P.HtY.C?.l!r.mir:!9..(9. ...... . it, I'm sure you 3 A more flexible working ...... ~~~t ..... woul6 ;be
can find a solution to the problem . welcomed by everyone at the co~pany. , ,.
[number of hours / times worked durmg the v. 'ek]
5 He said he ........ .~?.~.~.!r.!IJ.~IJC?... ....... report the
4 He began his working ....... Hf~ ........ as a w.Jter
children to the police for trespassing on his
and ended up as a chef at a top restaurant_.
property, but he never actually did it. [period of sb's life in which they work]
~· 6 What's the first thing that ..... ..~P.!'.i.'?9~J~.m{,:i.g_ ..... . s A foreigner can't get a job here without a . ;ork
~ when you think of him? . .. ..P.~(~.~~ ... ... [an of!icial document that allo_w_s
t you to work in a foreign country] . .
r~
L - ------.
J
:-. -
. 1··
-Part 4 Reading & Use of English
~~or questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
I

MANANA
=~he Spanish word 'manana' (1) ..... means 'tomorrow', but has made its way into English as a way of saying
·not today'; in other words, putting off what could be done now until some (2) ..... time in the future. It is used
~ o characterise the relaxed Mediterranean attitude to work, seen in a negative (3) ... .. by certain workaholics
7 om northern Europe.
~Jhe climate has much to do with this attitude; in the (4) ... .. of summer, through the long afternoons, it is unwise
7 o do anything , and the saying 'Only mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the midday sun' is a (5) ..... response
-'
to any accusations of idleness. There could , however, be a more decisive one. The low occurence of heart
- ~isease in Mediterranean countries has generally been (6) .. ... down to diet, and specifically to the large
- ~uantities of olive oil, fresh fruit and vegetables (7) ..... in these countries. It is not out of the (8) ..... , though,
.tJ1at the more easy-going attitude to life and work also contributes, while the stress of life in the more work-
. }riven north seNes to shorten the average lifespan of inhabitants there.

1 ® literally B specifically C especially D exactly

d 2 ® indefinite B inexact C infinite D unstable

3 A view B form @ light D shape

J 4 A peak B depths C midpoint @height

5 @fair B mild C just D definite
] 6 A turned @ put C gone D brought

7 A constricted B conspired @ consumed D constrained

fJ
\c. 8 A possibility B idea C facts @question

TI
For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space ..Use only one word in each
Q pace.
A Meeting of Minds
· ·)iogenes of Sinope is probably the most famous of the Cynics, a group of philosophers (1) ... .. ..~IJ.C? ... .. ..
~ ,ejected the material things of civilisation and favoured a return to a simpler, more natural life. He studied in
/\thens (2) .... ..'!.'!.c!.'7r. ..... Antisthenes (he in turn a pupil of Socrates) and was a common sight in the city, where
. }e lived in the streets and (3) .. ...c!r.~~~-~.cf.... in rough clothing . He is renowned for the contempt in which he held
. the scholars and artists of the time; he could not understand how they could spend their lives in intensive study
)f the suffering of Odysseus while ignoring the suffering of their (4) .... ... ~~n....... everyday existence.

- His fame was so widespread that Alexander the Great (5) .... !?lm~~!L. .. paid him a visit while they were both in
·· ':;orinth. The young king asked him if there was (6) ........~.fJY. .. ... .. favour Alexander could grant him . Diogenes
. ,vas lying on the ground, Alexander standing over him eyeing him thoughtfully. 'You can step out of my
. sunlight, ' was the only reply. Alexander was (7) .. ...... ~'?. ...... .. impressed by the philosopher's self-assurance and
ndependence that he exclaimed, 'If I were not Alexander, I should like to be Diogenes.'

The proof of the pudding is in the eating, as they say, and it seems Diogenes got something right.
· 8) .... P.~.~P.!!'?. .... the difficult life he led, he lived to the ripe old age of eighty-nine, dying in 323 BC, the same
._.-;ear as the young Alexander.
 · · -·--- · · -·-· -...... ......·'",··-··-·· · · · ·•·-c -.--c---·:-·:'.1 l"'' :'

Part 5 Correct English Usage

A WORD USAGE J
Tick the three words / phrases which can be used with the word in colour.
1 fine 2 foot 3 grab 1·~j
.. ... ..( ...... sand .. .... /. ....... of the mountain ...... l. ....... a bite to eat
a ... ~'-!.I?.(~"!.... meaning ✓
set .... ........... . .1n a p Iace ....../. ....... hold of
a ....../. .... ... line a dog's ... ..P.?.'« ..... .. .. .. /. .... ... an opportunity
.......{ ....... art ......:!........ patrol ....~."!!~~- .... control of sth
4 escape 5 express 6 fail
...... / ........ injury ...... -!. ...... interest ... ...:(...... .. to see the problem
......:-!. ....... death ..... / .... ... gratitude hopes ... Jf!g~ .....
... ."!.V.?.<!."!... . taxes ....../. ...... oneself through music ...... :!. ....... miserably
.. .... /. ....... sb's attention .... ~~~~( .... words ✓ . , d
...... .......... 1n ones uty

B IN OTHER WORDS

PITY

2
•
-•
• I I
• ·- A

• •
3 • • I • I •
• A A

•
4 I •
• • - • ,- •

POOR
Due to the global economic crisis, many people are now badly off and at risk of
losing their jobs and , consequently, their homes.
2 The charity aims to help the needy people of the city.
3 Millions of people are destitute and living on the streets.
4 The government often ignores the underprivileged sections of society.
5 My grandfather came to this country without a penny to his name.

C STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
Can you tell the difference?
1a The hall is twenty square feet. b The hall is twenty feet square.
.fT.IJ.t?.!?~a .r!J.f!~$.LJr~.~.i(( .9.Y.} Q((.. .m1.~..
C?~mP.{t:i.'!.<!.... . {g~'?.IJ..":'.?.'!.!!!~?.~~r~~.?.9!!:.(~~~~R.::=.:1RR.~R!-!~f~ ...
.TJJ.£#!!$.'-!.(~m~m. 9UIJ.ff..'«?B~.~- .?!!tm. ........... ......... . (~~ljJ ........ .. ... ........... .. ...... ... ..... ........ .. .... ....... .. ..

2a There's a boathouse on the river. b There's a houseboat on the river.

J~. ~~~~~!!!9.. ~'!.~!~~. ~ -~~~~r. ~r. !~~~- t~r. ~'!.~P!!!9.. ~ ... fflJ.ftl'?.'~. ~ .i?.C?.c!t. !n. wt!!~IJ. P.ff.C?P.!~ .!~¥~~. 9.Q..tfJ.~. riY.ff.(.J
.~~~.t. !!!:!. .............. ............................................ .
3a A ·new head teacher will be appointed shortly. b In short, a new head teacher will be appointed.
fP.-.n.~w. .IJ.~!!gt~<J.C?Mr. w_if! .P.~ .~.rtmf9Y.f#.cf.Y.~.r.Y.~9~/J-1 £!f!.?. .~f!.V!..~~rf!~ / .r.9. -~~~ .'!P.,. ~. f!~~- ~~?.~..t.~~~t_i.~t
~!U.1?.':..~mP.!~r.~~:1. .............................................
4a by hand b by the hand
l :":'..'-!~{t:i9..cm~'.$. .IJ!J:r.H~..(~?.(IJ.ttr..tlm!"!. ~ m!!R/;l.(t:i.~J ... l :=:. t:'.9.(9'. .~!?} .IJ~n~...$.IJ.ff..t.C?.C?k. tlJ.'?..C?hi/9.. ~.Y. !h~ ...... .
.f!.ll. !t/~$.'?.i.'-!mP.~~~.h!J:Y.~..I?~~!"! .~nm~H .9.Y.hrm~•l .... MJ).9'. !!n~.~rn~.~~~. tt:'.~..(9.?.cf:J.............................. .

-~
u-----------!If--------: EXAM PRACTICE
]Part 5
riYou are going to read an article about the power of legends. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D}
] which you think fits best according to the text.

7 The Cowboy: An American Legend

d A long line of covered wagons makes its way down the side transcontinental railway, linking the east and west coasts,
"" of a hill, heading towards the other end of a long dusty and in 1869 it was completed. Lacking labour to build from
'c lvalley. A figure on horseback appears on the skyline, then the west, they had shipped thousands of Chinese over the
:]another and another. 'Indians!' yells the leader, and they Pacific. Not wanting them to stay, they were not allowed to
_ begin to draw the wagons into a circle. Two men stand at bring their wives, but many stayed anyway. So it is that in
;qopposite ends of the main street in a town, their hands photographs of gold-rush prospectors you can see many
...Jresting on the butts of their pistols. One has accused the Chinese faces; so, too, the large and bustling Chinatown in
. other of cheating at cards, so someone must die today. A present-day San Francisco. Yet, in films, the Chinese are
]huge plain covered in cattle; men on horseback gallop to conspicuous, chiefly by their absence.
~ and fro, kicking up dust, guiding the herd towards a distant Above all, the Wild West only lasted about fifty years; by
'""failroad. the turn of the century, the land had all been settled, the
Jrmages like the above spring to mind when we think of the Indian Wars were over and the tribes in reservations, and
history of the USA; indeed, the Wild West is portrayed as the rule of law had been established. In 1883, Buffalo Bill
fthe most romantic time and place in that history, the Cody, renowned hunter and army guide, created the Wild
t:bowboy the most alluring figure. In.film, book and comic, West Show, featuring Sioux chief, Sitting Bull, and
he is a powerful influence - even today - on the American, sharpshooter, Annie Oakley, and together they toured the
~~nd indeed the world; ·psyche. country and Europe; a sure sign that the real thing was no
-~-.1rhe truth of the matter is very different, however, in terms more.
_of the real impact of the cowboy and other related Even during these fifty years, events of far greater
F}:,henomena on the history of America. The Hollywood importance were going on elsewhere in the country:
!""Jersion also flies wide of the mark in terms of the true American industry began to dominate the world;
~ricture of life in the :y.test. electricity was harnessed, the telephone, light bulb and
·:_the move west began in earnest after the American Civil transformer invented; twenty-five million new immigrants
-~-war was won by the Union in 1865. Huge territories had had reached the eastern shores. Yet the cowboy stands
. .- been seized from Mexico in 1847, and the defeated _ untouched, aloof - his courage, independence and self-
:J\oldiers of the Confederate Army of the South, facing reliance still a touchstone of how to live, act and be.
'· ioverty and possibly starvation, headed out there to a fresh What this shows us is something that should, perhaps,
- ~tart and a new life. Being farmers, most were seeking land, come as no surprise; that legend has a power that history
\nd land was freely available at that time. Along with the and fact do not. What is worrying, however, is the way that
~outherners came farmers for whom the east was a narrow viewpoint can lead to narrow legend making,
- 9ecoming too crowded, and ex-slaves for whom the South which leaves out stories that should be told: the man from
:;vas still a place where they were second-class citizens. China who ends up digging gold from the Dakota Hills; a
-So the move west was dominated by small farmers, man born in Africa who ends his days as a cowboy on the
-~~rotected by the US army and by their own firepower. The Texas plains.
J owboy was restricted to· the enormous cattle ranches in There is hope, however, if we look at the case of the
Texas and New Mexico, and evidence shows that this job American· Indian. In early westerns, they were almost
- Vas done mostly by poor blacks and whites from the South. invariably portrayed as savages, attacking wagon trains
..:_ f et you would be hard-pressed to find a western film and farms, famous for the practice of scalping their
featuring a black, and even the white Southerners are the victims. Recently, however, a more sympathetic view of
- ,xception rather than the rule. these people has emerged; the understanding that great
-.,uiother factor that provided great impetus for the move injustices were done to them, and that their way of life and
west was gold. In 1849, prospectors rushed to California thinking is of significance and interest. In this way, we can
- :nd then, in 1874, gold was discovered in the Black Hills of see the advantage of legend over history; that legend is
·- Dakota, prompting another gold-rush. During this time, story, and so open to reinterpretation, change and
the government had been hard at work creating the adaptation in a way that the iron facts of history are not.

~ -c-;--
- -~- _-_- _- _- _-_-- -······················· --•,·······-·
31 The first paragraph presents
A the different sides of life in the Wild West.
H
':;:-:;i
@ the stereotypical conceptions people have of ·the Wild West.
C scenes from three famous westerns.
D the difficulties of life as a cowboy.

32 The writer claims that standard images of the Wild West

A are only part of the truth.
@ n
affect the way we think.
C form a vital part of American history.
u
D are products of misleading historical material.

33 The move westwards

A was motivated by greed.
, B was caused by war in the east.
C involved far fewer people than is imagined. q
u
@ came from a desire for betterment.

34 What do we learn about the Chinese? B

@ They went against the wishes of the US government.
8 They were unwelcome in America.
C They came to dominate goldmining.
D They founded the city of San Francisco.

35 What is the implication of paragraph 7?

A The Wild West was short in duration.
B Buffalo Bill Cody was partly responsible for the end of the Wild West.
@ People believe the Wild West lasted much longer than it did.
D The Indian tribes were what made the West wild.

36 The example of the Indians in the last paragraph is used to show

@ the flexibility of mythology. r '

B that Indians have never found justice.

C that the stories about Indians were entirely untrue.
D the reliability of history over myth .

l. J

~- )

,·t·~
- --------u
,~
! t'··•->
!fart 6
You are going to read an extract from a short story about an immigrant. Seven paragraphs have been removed from
t h e extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (37-43). There is one extra paragraph which
:·•.'·

Jou do not need to use.

A TIME FOR CHANGE

3 Giovanni wondered idly, as he tossed another burger It seemed to him afterwards that there had been a
a
~nto the hotplate, exactly how many of those things moment when everything completely stopped, a
de'd fixed since he'd opened the restaurant ten years silence and a cessation even of time, and that he had
before. Maybe half a million. Maybe more. It wasn't felt a strange feeling of stillness and peace unlike
:!1,at it was hard, even during the lunchtime rush - he anything he had ever felt before. Then the
=!,as on automatic pilot once he got the order from earthquake struck with a roar, and the world turned
Lillian, and didn't even have to think as the onions to rubber.
';lied, as he flipped the burger, cut the bread roll,
1..J)asted it and put it all together. B

]37 1
C The silliest thing was that his first thought was of the
second burger, and what a shame the Mexican
He'd come a long way, after all, since landing in woman hadn't got to eat it after waiting so long. The
,.,,.ynerica with no more than a few sentences of earthquake had subsided and the air around him was
:J,glish and a few dollars in his pocket. Hard work, full of plaster dust, which made him cough. He didn't
sure, starting as a dishwasher (pearl diver, they'd seem to be injured in any way - he moved his fingers
~ lled it - he liked that), then waiter, then cook, and toes cautiously to check.
t:tcumulating the savings he needed to go back to
Turin to marry, open a restaurant or cafe, and look E
.frard to a bit of peace.

r~s I G
An aftershock changed that feeling into worry. What
about Stella, he thought, and Mario? The boy hadn't
felt well that morning and they'd let him stay home
r}, it was more to do with a peculiar feeling he'd from school so he'd be with his mother, at least. But
been getting more•- and more of late, which he was were they there? She'd said they might drop by the
1:19able to shift. A.feeling that he wasn't anyone restaurant at some point today. They could have
, iiymore, not like when he had been growing up in b_e-en on their way.
1J1y, not as his wife and the kid were here in their
Q'¾tive land. He was neither one thing nor the other, I 43 I F
u d it was making him feel more and more like a
gJ ost. So, the earthquake that everyone talked about had
finally come to LA. Presuming he got out of it alive, he
L~ I
d
9 A would be an earthquake survivor, an LA veteran .
There'd be a lot of work ahead, rebuilding the place.
'Giovanni! The burger!' It was too late, of course; the Maybe it was a good opportunity to change things
Cl derside was black. He put it on a plate to one side round a bit. Maybe he had just let things stay too
c.Jd added a fresh one; through years of eating the much the same for too long, and given himself too
ruined food himself, he'd got a taste for the burnt much time to think.
r:'" ) at. Lillian was looking at him quizzically and he
sjiiled confusedly, not knowing how long she'd been
watching. 'This is LA, Giovanni,' she said. 'You've got
tr 1keep on the ball. '

[-Jo I H

\ .. ;l
 0

A He'd told no one about it, passing it off as a E Cries ~rom outside reached him in his hidin1
phase that would pass, a kind of delayed place, and the sound of a siren. For a moment, =
homesickness. Anyway, he'd always been kind he hoped, crazily, that they would never fin)'f1
of bored by people who talked about their him, and then that he'd have at least a little ti~
problems, a habit more common here, it in there. It felt good to be in there, alone, and he
seemed to Giovanni, than it had been back at had not been alone for a long time, undisturbe<Q
home. But now that he really needed someone Fi
i...J
to tell him not to worry, he didn't know how or
where to start. F And what about Lillian, and the customers? '1'1
shouted her name, but could hear no repliJ
Doubting that voices would carry too far in such
B The glass at the front of the restaurant went rubble, he took out his lighter and used it to tal!"l
almost straight away with a terrific crash, and on the wooden table top above him. Listenin.J
Giovanni watched the father shielding his hard, he heard some answering taps and
daughter from ,the flying pieces as she in turn thought, 'Well, at least someone's all right.' g
tried to pull him under the table. The floor was ~
hard to stand on, but Giovanni made it over to
the hotplate and turned it off, then he too dived G But then he'd met Stella and suddenly lta17
under a table. Then the roof collapsed in on top wasn't so important anymore. Turin began U
of him, and there was darkness. become a fading dream in his mind, his
childhood haunts and friends fond memorie2J .
rather than yearnings. And so he'd got t~J
C And it wasn't that it was a dull job, particularly. place, married the girl, put a deposit down on a
He had his regulars to chat to, Lillian had been car and home. They did all right; a boy of fifl
with him for five years and they were firm friends, and now another on the way, money a bit tig~gJ
. and the street outside was a busy one and but then when hadn't it been?
interesting to watch: the college kids going past, '1
u
all laughter and brightness; the cars cruising on
sunny Saturdays, music blaring; the quiet H He got the second done without further mishap,
morning street. and went to the end of the counter to have[}
cigarette. It was the lull time of the afternooJ
and only two tables in the small restaurant were
D He had only been back to Italy once, when his occupied, one by a man and his teena[l
father died, and that had only shown him that if daughter, the other by a young Mexican woma,)
he returned, he would feel the same. Turin had Giovanni wondered if she felt the same way as
changed, grown bigger, uglier, dirtier. The he did . q
neighbourhoods were gone, replaced by high-
J
and low-rise buildings. And his father's village,
where the funeral had taken place,"had been no
better, many of the buildings having fallen into a
state of disrepair.

r - --.
s~f
t-,°,)_!
,part 7
1;;:Yo~ · are going to read an extract from a history book. For questions 44-53, choose from the sections A-G. The'·., ·
:rctions may be chosen more than once.

Massacre at Wounded Knee

On December 29, 1890, a battle took place in which The captured Indians had previously been ordered by
the Sioux chief Big Foot met his death, as did some the officers to give up their arms but Big Foot had
two hundred of his followers . Big Foot and his men replied that his people had no weapons. However, the
had been camped on the banks of Wounded Knee US decided that all the Indians should be searched
creek since the previous day, when the US army had one by one for weapons. The US troopers actually
intercepted them on their way to the Pine Ridge found only two rifles, one of them belonging to a
Reservation and brought them to the creek to set up young Indian brave called Black Coyote. He raised this
camp. At this time, the once proud Sioux, whose free- rifle above, shouting that it belonged to him and had
roaming life had been destroyed, found themselves cost a great deal of money. What happened next is
living in reservations set up for them by the US unclear as eyewitness reports differ. According to one
government. Relations between native American of the Sioux, Black Coyote was going to put down his
Indian tribes, including the Sioux, and the authorities gun and at no point did he aim it at anyone. The US
'7 had long been strained, but now the Indians had been soldiers, however, reported the incident differently.
J deprived of their right to live a traditional life. And
even if they had had any hope of regaining it, the E The soldiers started firing and the Battle of Wounded
buffalo, which they relied on for their existence, no Knee began. Few of the Indians had weapons,
longer existed in sufficient numbers to support them. however, so they had no choice but to flee. From the
heights above the camp, where the US army's

~
.
In a desperate attempt to return to their days of glory, Hotchkiss gun - an early kind of~machine gun - was
-
many Sioux sought salvation in a new mysticism, positioned, fire rained down onto the Indian teepees.
being preached by a priest called Wovoka who Clouds of smoke filled the air .and men, women and
prophesied thatthe dead would soon join the living in children scrambled to save themselves. Many sought
a world in which the Indians could live in the old way. the protection of a ravine next to the camp but only a
He also claimed ·that a tidal wave of new soil would few made it as most were cut down in the crossfire.
':. }_, soon cover the earth, burying the whites as it did so,
and restoring the prairie to the Indians. In order to F When the violence finally ended, Big Foot and more
1
'~..l hasten this event, wh ich would also mean the than half of his people were either dead or seriously
restoration of great herds of buffalo to the prairie, the wounded. One estimate has placed the final total of
.~' 1g Indians were to perform the ghost dance. Many of the dead at almost three hundred. The soldiers lost just
,j dancers chose to wear brightly coloured shirts. These twenty-five men and had thirty-nine wounded, most of
were called 'ghost shirts' and would supposedly them hurt not by the Indians, but by their own bullets.
"1 protect the wearer from harm. Not even the bullets of The Indians, after all, had been ill-equipped to engage
J the US troops could penetrate them. in battle. One young survivor, Louise Weasel Bear,
remembered how the US troops shot the Indians
During the autumn of 1890, the ghost dance spread down like buffalo, deliberately targeting women and
J through the Sioux villages of the Dakota reservations. children .
..-:-ci It had the effect of revitalising the Indians and striking
,,... !)
fear into the hearts of the whites, who realised that the G The Indians who had survived were gathered together
government's attempts to subdue these people had on the Wounded Knee battlefield and loaded into
:_J not taken away any of their fighting spirit. One wagons. The bodies, denied any religious ceremonies,
government agent at the Pine Ridge Reservation was were left lying where they had fallen. As the wagons
• l so frightened by this display of solidarity that he moved off, a blizzard struck the area and when a burial
.:.J desperately wired his superiors in Washington to warn party did return, the bodies of the Indians, including
them that the 'Indians are dancing in the snow and are that of Big Foot, had been frozen into grotesque
wild and crazy'. He also appealed for protection and shapes. The surviving Sioux were taken to the Pine
suggested that the leaders be arrested and confined. Ridge agency and left lying outside in the bitte~ cold as
,___ As a result of this, an order went out to arrest Chief the only available quarters had been taken by the
Sitting Bull at the Standing Rock Reservation during soldiers accompanying them. Eventually they were
which the chief ended up being killed. taken to a church to shelter, where a banner
proclaimed: PEACE ON EARTH, GOOD WILL TO
) That caused Chief Big Foot to lead his followers away, MEN.
but they were stopped by US soldiers on December
th
~- , 24 . The chief sat among his warriors and tried to talk
with the army officer who had been sent to arrest him .
 i."
j
lli
l;;.•

Jn which section are the following mentioned?

J
officials being alarmed at the ghost dance 44 C

casualty figures for the US army 45 F 9

J

Ij.
Ii
discontent with the government of America

the delay in burying the deceased

46

47
A

G
'7
;:J
..•
'-
the position of the American soldiers 48 E

differing explanations of the battle's cause 49 D J

r-- 1
supposedly bullet-proof items of clothing 50 B
J
a decision to take Indian leaders into custody 51 C

a return of significant numbers of buffalo 52 B

the use of advanced weaponry 53 E

j

-·-, -: =

· .· , ~
 Part 1
Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points'"·'··
rammar
j ARTICLES [IJ
1 The Definite Article I
J
""
The is omitted before:
1 a mountain, lake
The is also omitted before:
1 school, bed, church, court, prison when we refer to
Mount Everest (oR: Mt Everest), Lake Victoria the purpose for Which they exist. [BUT: if we go to
~ [BUT (in the plural): the Alps, the Andes, the Rockies, these places as visitors or to meet/ see somebody,
O etc.] we use the.]
2 an island The children go to school at 8.30.
;J We're going to Malta for our holiday. She went to the school to speak to her daughter's
teacher.
~j [BUT (in the plural): the Philippines, the Bahamas,
etc.] NOTE:

] 3 a meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner)

Come on, everybody; breakfast is being seNed.
The words university and hospital follow the same
rules in British English, but in American English
we use the in either case.
4 a colour, game
Br.E.: He was taken to hospital.
7 Green really suits you.
He went to the hospital to see his friend.
J Basketball is my favourite sport.
Am.E.: He was taken to the hospital.
5 a language He went to the hospital to see his friend.
I learnt French at school.
. [BUT: I learnt the French language ... ] 2 Dad, Mum (meaning our parents), Uncle/ Aunt+
name when they are used as titles. .- r
6 a street, square, park

i
c
1! Dad's in the garden.
· Oxford Street, Parliament Square, Green Park
~J [BUT: the high street, the Mall (a straight road
Aunt Louise gave me this jumper.
in central London), the Strand (a famous 3 heaven, hell, paradise, humankind
=l street and small area in central London)] That invention was a step forward for humankind.
cJ 7 a non-English newspaper 4 means of transport with the word by before them
I bought a copy of 'La Stampa'. by car I bus I taxi I train, etc.
[BUT: we use 'the' with English newspapers; [BUT: in my car, in a taxi, on the eight o'clock train,
the Guardian, the Times, etc.] on a bicycle] .

"i
,j
~,
8 a magazine and most periodicals
Vogue, Time [BUT: the Economist]
9 a bridge, station, airport
London Bridge, Paddington Station, Gatwick
Airport
5 the word work meaning place of work
Jason isn't at work today.
6 percentages, fractions
Sixty per cent voted for the changes.
Two thirds of the pie had been eaten.
I
d 10 airlines, companies 7 a noun + number
British Airways, Kodak, Sony Your train leaves from platform three.

I
~ ~

. J 11 illnesses, diseases I'm in Room twenty.

L J diabetes, leukaemia, hepatitis
[BUT: (the) flu, (the) measles, (the) mumps]
F 1i
12 a bank, shop, theatre, hotel or restaurant when
,_j it is in the genitive (the apostrophe before the -s
is often omitted)
,
' Barclays, McDonald's, Se/fridges, Woolworth's
I stayed at Claridge's.
It's on at Wyndham's theatre.
13 a planet !·•-

Mars, Saturn [BUT: the planet Mars]

14 a title
Doctor Hill, President Obama, Captain Cook
 .u,·-:
--- ,.,,--,•----•c::·•'<,...,... ,..-,cr-,,,_

PRACTICE
a Correct the sentences where necessary.
1 There was an interesting article in the Le Figaro 5 My niece has gone down with the measles.
✓ (oR: ... with measles.)
D
today.
......................... :::.!~. ~'!. .f!f.1~~~ :::............................ . 6 ;~~·~~~~·~·~~··~·~~~~~i~·i~·~~~·;,~~·;~·~~~·~~·~~··· ·~
2 We went to the court to observe a trial. Blanc.
✓
...................... ::: l!!P.~. !~ J'!J.<?.'!.t. !}.1.<!~~·............. .......... .9
I
3 The two thirds of the children in the class were 7 I tried to learn the Japanese, but it was too ~

n~
girls. difficult.
Two thirds of ...
.......(oii:·::...ie~~ifJJ1ti~~-~:!'!fatii~ge·; b'ut":: T.....
4 There were a lot of people on the bus so we 8 It was really busy at the work today; the boss
decided to go by car. wanted me to do everything! 0
✓
··············································································· .....................:·:..~.'-!~Y.!!!. Y!.'?.~~. !.C?~~Y. ::: ...................... :1
b Fill in the where necessary.
1 Go past ... Jn~..... prison then turn right at the 14 The best shops are definitely in .... H!.~..... high ]
bakery. street.
"l
2 Today we're going to have .......:: ...... dinner in 15 ...... :-: ...... fifteen per cent of those asked said J
the garden. they had no preference.
3 ... .Ih~ .... Chinese language is very difficult. 16 ...... ::...... violence is unnecessary in sports.
4 A lot of people died in that country from 17 I read about it in .....~~.~..... Observer.
...... :: ...... cholera.
18 Manned spaceships cannot land on ... J'!.f:..... ~1
5 I'm afraid I've got .. HJ~.!::: .. flu. planet Mars yet. u

6 He was sent to ......:-....... prison for fraud. 19 What time did you arrive at ...... :: ...... Victoria ':]

7 We decided to take ..... m~ .... eleven o'clock Station? cJ

train. 20 ...... :: ...... red is my favourite colour.
cl
8 It was like ...... :: ...... hell on ...... :: ...... earth 21 Could you please put me through to ...... :-:...... U
working in that factory. Room 52?
9 My uncle was rushed to ......:: ...... hospital last 22 James hasn't come home yet; he's still at
night. ...... :-: ...... work.

10 Many children around the world are victims of 23 When is President Obama going to r-1
, n • •• : : • • • • • •

...... :: ...... hunger and ......:-....... poverty. visit your country? .J

11 I'm going to spend all month in .....~~.f!..... 24 We usually go shopping at ...... ::...... Selfridges,..,
1
Seychelles. 25 ...J~~ .... English are known for the amount of 1.. j
12 ...... :-: ...... Kodak is the biggest employer in our ...... :-: ...... tea they drink.
town.
13 We'll be landing at ...... :: ...... Gatwick Airport in
twenty minutes.

0 _·:,
-~~---- ,...,.... ....
 ARTICLES [II]
The Definite Article II 2 The Indefinite Article
The is used before: 1 A is used before a consonant sound
1 a hotel, cinema, theatre, museum a European country, a one-way street [one: WAn]

a 2
the Savoy (Hotel), the Odeon (Cinema), the
Palladium (Theatre), the British Museum
a river, sea, ocean, desert, gulf
An is used before a vowel sound
an MP [em pi:], an honest man, an heir/ heiress
[the h is not pronounced]
the Severn (River), the North (Sea), the Atlantic 2 A/ An is used in expressions like the following:
(Ocean), the Sahara (Desert), the Persian Gulf sixty kilometres an hour, one euro a kilo, twice a
3 a ship, canal month
the Titanic, the Suez Canal 3 A/ An can be placed before Mr/ Mrs/ Miss +
4 something considered unique surname:
the Parthenon, the Statue of Liberty A Mrs Brown called this morning.
(= Someone called Brown .. .)
5 a musical instrument or invention
Do you play the piano I the guitar? 4 A/ An is often used with coffee, beer, Coke, etc.
[BUT: in Am.E. we say: ... play piano/ guitar.]
in everyday English when offering or ordering
drinks.
6 some organisations, political parties Would you like a beer?
the BBC [The British Broadcasting Corporation] I'll have a coffee, please.
the FBI [The Federal Bureau of Investigation]
the EU [The European Union]
the Labour Party The indefinite article is generally not used before
[BUT: if an abbreviation is pronounced as a uncountable abstract nouns like:
word, then there is no article: accommodation damage permission
UNICEF [United Nations International Children's anarchy evidence progress
Fund] assistance excitement propaganda
NATO /nert-Ju/ [North Atlantic Treaty Organisation] behaviour lightning scenery
7 plural nationalities ending in -sh, -ch or -ese chaos fun thunder
the Britisb, the Dutch, the Japanese confusion luck work(= one's job)
[BUT: the is optional with plural nationality names ft was such beautiful scenery we had to take some
ending in -s: (the) Greeks, (the) Italians, etc.] photos.
8 a singular countable noun to refer to all things [BUT: we can use a/ an before some uncountable
of the same type in general nouns when the meaning is 'some' or 'a particular
The camel is a useful animal. kind of']
[oR: A camel is ... oR: Camels are ... ]
He has a good knowledge of history.
9 plural place / country names This is a good wine.
~1 the Nether1ands, the United States
[ALso: the Hague, the Vatican] [ALso: I wish you a Merry Christmas.]
~J
10 the name of a family in the plural
~1
the Flynns [oR: the Flynn family]
GENERAL NOTE:
d 11 some adjectives to give them a plural meaning
(referring to all people of that certain category) 1 The is not used with uncountable nouns,
,l the blind / deaf / homeless / rich / poor / old / abstract nouns or plurals in general
a statements.
~J young
I like meat.
Happiness is difficult to define.
F- 1
.. " NOTE: Apples are good for your health .
y The is optional: 2 There is no article in the phrases:
,j a with the word both keep one's head above water at dawn
, Both (the) students were successful. lose consciousness at sunrise
,.:_1' b with seasons from beginning to end at (mid)night
We're going to Spain in (the) summer. from north to south at dusk
~ • c with the word TV
There's a good film on (the) TV tonight.
~. 1.·. COMPARE:
. J in future (= from now on)
in the future (= in the days to come)
NOTE ALSO:
(the) flu, (the) measles, (the) mumps
 TT 1 •, .
Li
PRACTICE
a Fill in the, a or an where necessary. 7
...J
1 That's ....~./..-:.... very sweet wine. 8 London is on ... Ji!.'!..... Thames.

2 Heavy snow caused ...... :: ...... chaos. 9 He is presently visiting ... J/J.~..... Hague.
r-1
]
3 ...... :: ...... life can be hard! 10 Please hand in your assignments on time, in
......:: ....... future.
4 ... .T~~·-·· poor need our help. C)

5 Unskilled workers earn £4 ..... ~t_1_ ••• •• hour.

11 Have you been to .....~IJ.'!..... Sahara desert? J
..:.:. J

6 .. !~'!.!-:: .. Greeks are very hospitable. 12 ......::: .. .... elephants are marvellous animals.

7 .. ..!~'!. .... Japanese are hard workers.

b Fill in the, a or an where necessary.

was spending (1) .. !!?~L-:-... autumn exploring the Mediterranean and had already sailed along
I
(2) .... Jr.~ ....
Suez Canal, ridden (3) ...... ~ ... .. . camel out to (4) .....!~~·-·· Pyramids, visited the J
ancient city of Jerusalem and swum in (5) ..... !~~..... Dead Sea. Now, I was in (6) ...... ::-.. .... Corfu
for ten days. So far, I had been changing location several times (7) .......<!••••.. week and I was
F1
.J
exhausted. However, I had found (8) .. .... :: .. .... great accommodation on the island and was now
taking the opportunity to relax with (9) ... ... ~ ...... nice cold beer.

I was looking forward to the following day when my friends, (10) .. ... ~~'!. .... Taylors, would be
joining me. They would be travelling by (11) ...... :-:...... ferry and would arrive at (12) ...... :: ..... .
dawn. They both loved (13) ..... .:: ... ... Greece and knew a lot about it. John, in particular, had
(14) ......~!'! ..... excellent knowledge of the area and I was sure he would give me a proper tour. It
was going to be (15) ...... :: ...... great fun.

SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY - REVISION r:c1

I. ~
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change ti.1
word given. You must use between three and eight words.
a Unit 1
1 The surgeon didn't start until the anaesthetic 5 Three years ago today, I started studying
'-J
had taken effect. astrophysics. ,..l
did ~~~ w
Not until .. ~~~ .~.'!.<!~~~~.~.t!~.~~.~..~'!~'!.'!. U'?.'?~. ~'!.'!.~!.. I .. .. ........1!.~X'!. .~~.'!!!. ~~~~Y.!t_1_9. !!.~!r~P.~Y.~!~~.!.'?!. .......... .
...f:!!~.!~'!..~~r!!~~t_1_. start. exactly three years. ,.. ,

2 When did they last get in touch with you? 6 The strike started six months ago.
time been ,,
When ....... .. .... .~~~.H!.~.!~~.t.J!m~.~~.~Y..m~t ............ . It . ................. !?~~ .~.f!~!'!. ~i'!: .IJ:1.<?.TJ.t.fy~. ~.i!!~~ .............. ·icj
... ... .. ......... in touch with you? the strike started .

3 There is no doubt that they'll enjoy the play. 7 We had never had a barbecue before.
bound time
was the first time we had (ever) had , ,
It ........................ .................... ............................. ·
They ...... .... .... .... {JXfJ..~.9.L!n~.tR.~QjgY,....................
................ the play. a barbecue .

4 I think they will cancel the match. 8 How long ago did you retire?
feeling long . ~-·
I .. .... ... .. •••. !?~~~.~ /~.~Ht_1_9. .~~.~..'!!~!~~..~~~ ..~.~.. •• .•... ..•
1 How .. .. ........~<?.TJ.fl.!~H/.t!.~:>:/~ .~.~~~.~. !!~~.YP.l!..... ...... .
1

cancelled. retired? ' '

:] b Unit 2
. .1 John's work can't compare with Hilary's. 5 I've got just as many books as you.
comparison number
There is !!~.~'?.'!:'P..c!!.i~'?.Q. .l?.~.t."'!.~~.1!.~'?.~'}.'~. ~f?!.~.~Q.~ I've got .............. ~~~.~~~~.f}.':'.1!!~~~.~f.~'?.'?.~~ ..... ········
............. .. Hilary's. ................. as you.
'l
] 2 Harry's such a wonderful singer, you know. 6 If you open up to me, I can help you more.
so the
9 Harry ........ ......... .~.in~~ .~f?. ~'?.1!.C!~rf.l.!(!Y. ................. . The more .... .Y.<?.Lf..'?P.~':.. '!.l?J<?..'!!~!. !~~..'!!.'?!.~.!. ~~~~~ ....
~
\.c ; ...... ..... , you know. . ................... I can help you.

'l 3 The motorbike is three times the price of the 7 Is this the largest size you stock?
:i moped. than
as Don't ..... .......... .Y.~':'..~t~~~ .~. !~/g~~.~.i~'?.-~~.~n ............. .
~ The motorbike costs ....~~.~~-~.t!~'!.~-~~..1!!.~~~·~·~·-·· .. ......... .. this?
1
,_J .. . .•.. ••••• . •. •.•• .•••• •.• .. .• . •••• . the moped.
8 Eve's the most talented dancer.
,,.1 4 It was a shock to us to hear the news. else
~J by No one ......... ..... .~~~.~.~~IJ..c!.<!r!~'?..<!.~.~.~!!.?.~...... ....... .
We ..... ...... ........ .. .."'!.'!.~'!..~~~~~~~.RY. ...................... . . ............ .... Eve can .
........ ..... the news.

d Extra Transformations
~1Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change
~ j the word given. You must use between three and eight words.

~ i._- 1 I strongly suspect that Mary knew everything. 6 You won't solve your problems by getting a loan.
- belief solution
It ................. ............. l~.mY.f:!.~U~/ ............................. . Getting a loan ... .... Y!.9.tJ.'!.k~.U~n.'Ut!~ .~.c!!!-!U9.1J..(9..... .
..... ...... .... thatMary knew everything. ........................ ....... your problems.

Jimmy told David his figures weren 't accurate. 7 Her kitchen is too small to take a washing
challenged machine and a dishwasher.
Jimmy ..... .'?.1!~!{~.'!J!.~~.P..~~i.~.!'!~ .~<?..~~.~. ~~'?.'!!.~.~Y. .?.~ ..... room
. ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... . ... his figures . There ....... !~tJ.'.t. ~r!~~g~ .(9.9.'!J. !.!~ .{9.9. _If#!~ .r~~fl.l. HJ ..... .
.... .. ....... ..... ........ her kitchen for both a washing
' 3 Most people know that the country's economy is machine and a dishwasher.
~
i dependent on oil.
common 8 Smoking will be banned from next week.
It ... ........... ...... .. .~~. ~~1!!.'!!~~. ~'!.<?.~~f;.c/.f!.~..................... . force
that the country's economy is dependent on oil. The ... .1:1.~.'!.f?r!.~1!'.C?.~!r:i.~ L~P.~~_i!!~. ~~r:i. .~!~~ .~~P.~ .(_ 1:1.~...
.. .. ~r~~fJ.~~.~f}.~C?.!.'?!.~~ ... . from next week .
•_ j 4 You must be on time for the meeting .
}( essential 9 I want to stay out of this quarrel.
it ....... .. . .i~. ~~.~~(}_~~<!!. (tn~f) .Y.<?.l!.f~n~~~~J .!?.~.!. !!r.~......... . sides
on time for the meeting. I ..••.... ...• •• ••. .. •. ff.9.1:,.'_t_ .'l!.?!!.t. .t.t?.!!!~~..~!ff.~.~.!!'! ................... .
'} ~ this quarrel.
Ls 'It is obvious that the old house is past its prime,'
she said. 10 Lee was fired after only six months.
~ .
. j
days sack
'It is obvious that the old house . ./J!!.~.~~.l?.r!.R~!!~L Lee .. ....... ......... ~~U. ~~~ JJ/X'!P..~~.~. ~'!.~.~..................
... ..... .. .. ...... .... ....cfRY.~.. ........... .. ..... .. ... . ,' she said. after only six months.

' £3:'!J! , •- · ·. .

·_.,\..:\,,:..;-:._,:_,-, .-,:··

n
 ~ j·
\i

You are not alone in finding this subject rather 15 He didn't mention their previous conversation. '7
difficult. reference 1
only He ....... !??~~'!..'!.'?. !. ~!~1.1.:~ .'!!~~~..'!!"!Y. .(~~'!rence. to ..... '--J
You .~~~ .Q.C?.t. !!?~. ~l)_IY..P.'!.(~!?r? J. ~I).~..~1:1.C?.!!~~~. !. !~. t{Q.C!. their previous conversation.
this subject rather difficult.
16 The test showed that the girl could hear
12 The advertisement completely deceived her. perfectly well.
taken
She ................~~~..~!-?!!!P.{~.t.~!Y. .~<!~~,:i_ /f)..'?Y. ............... .
wrong
The test showed that .... !!?~r~.~~~..(~.'?~~{'!.~':/Y.L ..·~
J
the advertisement. ....... nRthllJ.9..wn:um.w!th ....... the girl's hearing.

13 The number of employees at the factory has 17 'What you tell me will never go beyond these 0
~l'
been reduced. four walls,' he said. _
cutback confidence · . ;~ i
I There .................. ~~.~.~~~'!..~.~~~~~.~~.~~..................
....... ..... ... the number of employees at the
factory.
'What you tell me .......V!.{~l_!?~.!'.1..W1.'!..~!r!~f~~_t)_ ....... ~ .1
............. f<9.IJ.0.c!~n~~............. ,' he said .
J
18 Alan believes he is a skilful tennis player.
14 My uncle hasn't adapted to being retired yet. prides .
terms Alan ....................P.~!~'!.~. !?!')}.~.~!( ~'.1. .IJ.i.~ .................. ]
My uncle .... ...~?.~!! :~.~?.'!!.'!. !!?.~~~~~.."'!.{~~..~.'![!"!fl. ...... . .................... skill at tennis .
.. .r.~!!r~rU.~t~. r.~!!r~m~,:i.t.... yet.
r}
----------~-- ~ - ~ - - ~ - -~
Advanced Language Points Cl
't.:.JI
i a Explain the meaning of involve. b Right or wrong? Correct where necessary.

1 A scandal involving the theft of goods worth 1 I want to have everything in writing , please. []
millions appeared in the morning newspaper . •••••••••••••• .. ••••••••• •• • .. ·······(.······ · ·········· .. •··············· ·'... !

............. ..............(::'..C?~!!!=i~PJ.{IJ9)........................... .
2 Ple~se be sitting! The performance is about t0'1
2 How many people will be involved? begin. J
.............................(:':..t.c!~~ P.!!r!)........ ..................... . .... P/!!.c!~~ .~.~. ~~~.t.f!#!. ~~.:. ?.!~~~.~. !~~~. Y.~~r. ~.~.<!!~~ ....
~l
3 It involved a great deal of hard work. 3 His surname is from Anglo-Saxon origin. ,,...1
..........................(~..'!.~~~~.~~~~.~~.~).......................... . ::: .!~..'?t ~.'!!/!~:~~.~~!'!. ~f!9.!IJ~..~~:. :::. !~. ~.'!!!!~:~~~~!?. {Q." j '
or,gm.
4 Can you give me a rough idea of the cost
4 The fire was crackling loudly in the fireplace. r-1
involved? ✓ :.J
................ ........................... . ..................................... .
·····························f.':':.~t:1.~~j!~~} ............................. .
5 The children toasted their hands in front of thf'l
5 If I were you, I wouldn't get involved in their
arguments. fire.
........... .................( :=: .P.~~{'?fP.~!~~ ........................... . ................... ·········-:..(::=.."'!.~t'!!.':!!J...........................i: .,

6 It was a long, involved written explanation. 6 The cost of the holiday worked out at £200 eactJ
✓
.................. J':':. 9.9.'!!P.!!~c}.~~Ri.~~~c}_i!~g} ................... . ············································································
7 I witnessed an accident involving a motorbike 7 Don't worry! He'll be back before long! .j
and a lorry . ............... t .c::. !?~ :1_1_ ~~~I)..~.~. !?~r~. fl.9.~.ir?) ............... ~
......... .................... (~..~.'!.t."'!.'!.'!.'!!............................. .
8 We were glad to hear that you passed in your :
. . ,, J
8 He's involved in many different charities. examination .
. . . . . . . . . •. . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C=:=..~.<?!!~~ )............................... . .............. ::: .Y.'?.I!. P.!'!~.~~~ .Y.'?.I!!. .~~c}.f!!!!?fl.~~'?.IJ:..... ;....... ]
9 Further reductions in orders would involve a
huge number of redundancies .
........... ...... ..............l.:: .'!'.'!.~!?)............................... .
J
J Match the following British words with their American
equivalents.

blind
spanner
D.

F A thumbtack /A/ amQng, cQmpany,

l
'] B faucet CQmpass, dQve, frQnt,
B
J tap mQnkey, Qnion, Qven,
C C pants
trousers spQnge, stQmach,
E D window shade thQrough , tQngue,
WQn , WQnder, wQrry
/o/ CQugh, dQnkey, swgn ,
wgnder, whgt

-1,I In other words. Choose the correct answer.

·- jl Be angry Disappear

-~ . arms
1 be up m .. .. ... ................. . [weapons I arms] 1 vanish into thin ... ..... ...~.i!........... [wind / air]
:r
d 2 blow one's ....... ....~~?........... [top/ bottom] 2 disappear without ....... . J~~.'?~ ........ [trace/ track]
3 1ose one ,s ........ temper
............. .... [ moo d / t em per] 3 go out of ......... ~~~.~.t.. ..... .. [sight/ view]
7
".'.)

-,
;,
' Match the idioms with their meanings.
-~
1 She pulled a few strings for me. e
.- ,
~

2 He always pokes his nose into my business.

_]' ··-~···
C a definitely be punished
3 He doesn't have a leg to stand on.
- 1
f b be obsessed with sb
4 She was a bit down in the mouth.
- ' a c be unable to prove sth
5 You'll be in for the high jump.
": ~
b d be getting old
')
6 She's got him on the brain.
·- _;
h e use one's influence
7 He had egg on his face. ··~·..
d f depressed
8 He's a bit long in the tooth.
d
g be too inquisitive
h feel embarrassed

-1 Tick the word(s) which can be combined with the words in colour.

1 delicate 3 smooth 5 fold

situation ✓ skin ✓ one's arms ✓

fabric ✓ flavour ✓ [=pleasant; one's legs [=cross one's

not bitter] legs]
2 egg on 4 clench[= press or squeeze together] 6 flutter [ = move lightly and quickly]
a person ✓ [= encourage] one's teeth ✓ a handkerchief ✓

an idea one's fists ✓ one's eyelashes ✓

i ~.
 g Tick the word(s) which can follow the word in Fill in the correct phrase.
capitals.
at cost, at any cost, cost sb dear
at all costs, .it will cost you
J
.well of somebody :~✓J
1 They were determined to win the competition '.]
[= say good things about sb]
.......~.~.<!~Y..~.'?~L. .... . [= under any circumstancei.)
ill of somebody ;-✓j
[ = say bad things about sb] 2 I can let you have this car, but
one's mind , ✓--1
. [ = say what one thinks open__tyJ
... J~.~{~I_.C?~~~X~~ .... ! [= it will be expensive) G
the truth
[= teli]
3 They sell the goods .......... ~t~9.~L ....... in this
shop. [ = without making any profit on them)
rl:J
up ✓
[ = speak more loudly] 4 The mistake he made in the exam
for oneself
{ = speak personally about sth]
✓ · .... 9-9.~.t/Jim.#!=UK .. . [= make sb suffer a lot] H
5 You must stop your mother finding out .r ")
nonsense
[talk = rubbish] ....... ~t?!!.~'?.~.t.~ ....... . [= by doing whatever is j
necessary] ~
one's opinion

on a topic · i :
___ [= say_! give I state] __
Fill in make and / or have to complete the phrasesEl

1 ....... !!!~~~........ allowances for sth

J
· h Fill in hair(s), nose(s), face or cheek to complete the 2 .. .~~~~.!. !!?~~~... a contract
sentences.
3 ........ ~~X~ ........ a taste for sth
1 Why do you insist on splitting ........~~!~~ ....... ?
[ = pay too much attention to small details] 4 . ..1!~Y.~.!. ~~~.~... an agreement
2 Look me straight in the ...... .J?.~~........ and say
s ....... !!!~~~........ an appearance
that again! [= look directly at sb to show honesty]
6 ....... !!!~~~........ a proposal
3 You shouldn't look down your ...... JJ.<?.~~ ...... .
7 .. ..... !!!~~~........ an effort
at others. [ = act as if one is superior to others]
8 ....... !!!~~~........ a change
4 If somebody insults you, try to turn the other
cheek 9 ........ ~~x~ ........ a party
[~·i°gno;e·pe·c;pie who treat you badly] 10 ........ ~~X~ ........ a bath
5 She had the ...... .C?.fJ.~~!<. ...... to ask if she could
borrow the car again. [= have the nerve to do
sth and not be embarrassed]
6 That film made my .........fJf!ir........ stand on
end. [= make one feel very frightened]
How do you pronounce these words?
7 The children turned up their ...... nR~~.~....... at 1 anemone /inem;rnr/
their mother's lunch.[= refuse sth]
2 annihilate /;}'nar;}lert/
8 Despite the panic all round him, he didn't turn 3 apostle /;}'posl/
a ........ ~~~~ ......... [= stay calm] 4 apostrophe /;}'postrJf1/
5 Arabic /'rer;}bJk/
9 The politician had to resign just to save
6 arena Nri:n;}/
...... }~.<?.~.. ...... . [= protect one's reputation]
i
I 7 Arthur /'a:0;}/
·./~. j 10 That's what I call cutting off your 8 Asia /'.e1p/, /'e13;}/
...... ..'!.'?~~ ....... to spite your ........ f~C::.'?........ .
ftj [ = do sth bad to sb when one is angry, even though
you yourself will be hurt more by doing it]

I 6
UPart 2 Language Development .:
a A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS. WITH PRf;~(),SITt()NS ._J,''~ ;£,",,,'
a Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. b Complete the sentences using the prepositions below.

1 Do you really believe he's capable ..... .... !?!..........

8 murder?
in, to, of, with, into

1 Tom 's complaining ........C?f. ....... a sore tooth .

2 I challenged my brother ... .....JC?........ .. a race.
2 The commander said that his troops would
3 Would you say St Paul's Cathedral is
comply ..... .~!~~ ...... the ceasefire.
characteristic ..........'?!.......... Wren's work?
3 The only person she confided ...... ./n. .......
4 The bull charged ..~~.U?.~~~~~... the matador
about her problem was her best friend .
and the crowd cheered.
4 For the past fifteen years, he's been confined
5 How much do you charge ....... J~t ........ this
service?
...... .!~........ a wheelchair.
5 She's very conscious ... ... ..'?!. ....... her weight.
6 Michelle has been charged ........~!U? ....... .
J reckless driving and must appear in court next
week.
6 What exactly does this soup consist ......~f. ..... ?
7 Healthy eating contributes .... ....~'?........ a
7 My eighteenth birthday coincides ........~!~~········ healthy body.
the first day of my exams; what bad luck!
8 We're co:werting our garage ... ... !m~ ...... a
8 Our train almost collided .... .... '!!/!!? ........ another study.
one.
9 What will it take to convince you ........'?!....... .
9 I demanded the manufacturers of the toffee his guilt?
q
.. r compensat e. -me .. ........for
.. .. ...... .. th e Ioss of my
10 I can 't cope ... ...'~~!~~ ...... all this work .
'-j
tooth.
•,._.,- 1~ 10 y ou 'II b e compet·mg ..anainst I with
·"-·. ........... .... th e wor Id' s
:.J best athletes in the forthcoming Games.

J
U B IDIOMS
Match the idioms with their meanings.
"'1 a
~j K
1 a· piece of cake
C' 1
2 sell like .hot cakes F A almost I exactly the same
il
~ A 8 get one's attention
3 a carbon copy
,-1]
4 on the cards J C talk about something that has been causing anxiety
;I
_j D D very small (place)
5 not enough room to swing a cat

r l 6 catch someone red-handed E something that involves mystery and secrecy

d 7 catch one's eye B F be bought quickly i

H :J
'l 8 be cheesed off G be afraid ,)
,J 9 get something off your chest C H be angry, bored , frustrated
10 chop and change L catch someone doing something wrong
,) 11 cloak and dagger E J likely
12 have cold feet G K very easy

" .i L

r, 1
J:l
tJ
 Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.
1 Your son is just as stubborn as you - he's a real 7 th0
Seeing oonet was clear, the commandos
chip off the old block. scrambled ovor the wall.
......................IJ.~ :~. i.L!~!. !~~~. ~{~. !~f~~L .................. . there Wtit1 11 rJ •
··•••••····•• •• ••••· · .<?. •'-'!!!?!i~~.~tl?.~.1ng.~~.~n.Rr. f?.ll.g_ht
,.,.

2 Let's try a different approach. We've been going 8 I don't thlnl~ 11 d . . L

• 1110 . a doctor; I'm Just feeling a little
round and round in circles all day and still bit off COIOUI' ,- ·
1
haven't come up with a solution. · · · ·· · ·· · · ·· · · · .... : . Slif!htly_ ill ]- :•
..........C?~m!r:i.'!.~TJ9. ~i.t.tJ~~~. ~~~.i.~'!/TJ9. ~r!Y!IJ!!'!g ......... .
3 When I first clapped eyes on him, I couldn't
9 He p~sso<t liit, ..
to unrvern11y 110011 .
o;~~·~i·~~ ·;,;~~~·~~;~~~~·~~~·;~·~ff .~
·...·· '.'
c.

believe he was your brother. ··········---- ··· · ·•.. ...wmu:r.igh.m9xk~................... ....... ~t

saw
·······························································•·•···········
4 Isn't it time you came clean and admitted you
10 'Com~ off It I don't believe you were abducted
· by ahem; lnnl lliqhl I' · "
c\I
• LJ
leaked the information? .. ···· .... ·.... .. ·····.. .. ~.t.'?P.. !Y}'!9......... ................ ... ... !
.............·..................9!?nf~$.~~~ ............................. .
11 Now th at I ici'n 1101 used to his new school, he's p-l
5 We're working round the clock to complete the really como out of his shell. "J
work. ··· ··· ····· ········· .•...UQ.c.Qm~ .{e.s~ .shY. ........................ .
.......... ............. ....?.1..IJ~~r~. ~ .<!.<!Y................... •........ 12 The workor,: uont their workmate to Coventry as ]
6 She's been on cloud nine since she won the he voted ,1u, Ill Hil the strike.
lottery. ....................... .ii!~P.P..f!.<!. ~P.~.c!H/r:i.gJc;,... .. .. .... .. .. . ..... .. ITT
............................. Y.~rY.. ~~.l?P.Y.............................. . ;\
~
- ~ - - - - - ---•1•--•.••• . ···-·~•-- •-•-• · •· 1- -- •·•.-•••··- •r•---·-s-•·. . . . . . - - . . • • ~ - - , -•••--•···•-"--•·-·• • •
- . · ·- .. ·~---, .. - - - - - --•,-,.--,,,-----·----,··-···-·

]
C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional
phrases below.
b Choose the corroct word. J
1
1 learnt HH, 1>01:1m by heart/ head for the recital.
by accident, by appointment, by chance
by cheque, by day, by far, by force, by hand
2 8 ~ rule I low 11II restaurants must display their
prices ou1t11cto.
l
~.,

1 Ann is ......... ~Y..~~t ......... the most creative 3 We'r~ not l>loo(1 relatives; we're related by 'i1
student on the course. wedding/ TTHtrrL~. . c.}

2 It is possible to pay ..... m~.~~.~.9.l!~ ...... at that 4 They esc,1p<11t by way of/ means of a secret
tunnel. ==~ ~1
hotel. ~
LJ
5 Don't be ti<, l1111rt on him. He did it by mistake I
3 Generally, things made ........~Y..~?.~.'!. ....... are
luck.
more expensive than machine-made goods.
6 We trav,jll<H I by land / earth.
4 I dropped the glass ... ..~Y..fl.~<?!~~t:i.L .. . I didn't
do it on purpose.

5 They rested .. .... ... ~¥..~~Y. ........ and travelled

under cover of darkness to escape detection.

6 The villages were taken ....... kY./~r~~ ....... as the

enemy moved in.

7 It was only ......~Y.fCT?.IJ.~~ ...... that I noticed the

window was open.

8 You can see the doctor only ..~Y.~P.P.~~'!.~'!!~!?L .

 D CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
__ Tick the correct sentence(s).
1 a The captain inspired enthusiasm to his men. 5 a Read the book until page thirty.
b The captain inspired enthusiasm in his men. ✓ b Read the book as far as page thirty. ✓
c Read the book up to page thirty. ✓
2 a I've no intention to waste your time.
b I've no intention of wasting your time. ✓ 6 a You're playing with the fire asking him a
question like that.
3 a It would be in your interest to do it. ✓
b You're playing with fire asking him a question
b It would be to your interest to do it.
like that. ✓
4 a He is very photogenic. ✓
b He has very photogenic.

COLLOCATIONS
a Tick the appropriate boxes.

results heat a film electricity offspring

produce ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

generate ✓ ✓

· b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.

sea, surface, behaviour, time, idea, night, skin, applause, treatment, landing, look, neighbourhood, land, guess

rough: ~~~- .(::. ~h9PPYi.¥.i.<?f~TT{),. .~.l!!f.c!f~ .(_7_ .TJP.t. -~~9.9.~~),. wild: -~~?. .(:':'. X!9.{'?mi. ~{9.~,:r:iy);_ !?~h?.'{!~!-ff J7_ ................ .
k~h?xt~~r <:=:=. .rJ.<?.t. g~nu~J,..(~'!?~. (.=:: .!r~~~{'?.~~~'?J}.. .'!.tJ.C?~mr~!!'?.cfJ.,. _tJm~. <.7..'?~9.{~i!?9i.~~9Y?.~('?J1. _;_cf~?..
!~~?..(::.?.P.P.f~~!m?.~'?J}..IJ.i9ht. (.=:: .~r~~~{'?~~~'?1 ... .. _(:':'..'l!.~ir.cf;..~<!R!~?D}. _ry_ight.(.=:: -~-t~rmr.;. -~-~~{~~tJ9)1 ..... .
~~;!!_ f.=::: :1)_9.t .~m~~thJ.i. fr~?-~'!?-~m. <.=:: .~.fJ~r1_;_ryg_?. ...... .~P.P.!?.'!.~~.<.=:: .~.fJ~rt.~tJ9. ~!~~rg .~P.P.f.'?f!?.@nJ1. !~~~.
!?.~~- ~r. g~l)_({'?!!~~~J1.!?.r<!.(tJ9. !.:: .~{~~~~!-!!f:. _1)_9.{ .•.•.... .( ::.~rgo-}. l@N~r?~<!. .9.~. tJ:1.f!.cf)1.!?.r<!. .c :=::. n~t. ......... ..
~~CJ.9.t.fJ),. !!~!9.~~.9.l!!.~.<?.<?R. !.:: .h?X!l)_fl. -~- .fJ!gh. ~/!TJJ.'?. .C?.lfU!'f.~!~~) l .fl~'?.~~.(:':'..~.C!!!?P.(~~'?!Y..~IJ.i.f'!!!?f!!?~?_). ... ..
r.~~~J.1 .!l~~~~ .( :':'..~P.P.r~~~'!??.t~). ................. .............

'
·, F PHRASAL VERBS

1
2
3
brush aside
brush off
disregard sb / sth
refuse to listen to sb; ignore sb
brush up (on) improve skills
9

10
catch sb out

change over
cause sb to make a mistake that
reveals they are lying about sth
stop one thing and start another; .
switch
4 burst into 1 go to a place unexpectedly . ,.,·
. ~~-

2 suddenly start producing sth 11 chase up try to find sth / sb that is needed
(e.g. flames, song, tears) 12 chew over give careful consideration to
5 buy out buy all of sb's shares in a 13 chip in 1 interrupt to make a comment /
business, etc. suggestion
6 call for require / reserve 2 give / add one's share of

~ ,,. 7 cash in on take full advantage of; profit from

money ,,
~ ?,ii,
8 catch on 1 comprehend
2 become fashionable
 •. · J
'.~
~~
"-
a Complete the sentences with one of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page.

1 Dan's always asking her out, but she's constantly 11 He w_on't listen to reason; he simply .. .!)rushes]
.. J?r!-!~Q/1J9... him ..9.ffl.~~(rJ.'l.. . .... ~~~<!.£!..... all objections. ---
2 I hear you're hoping to ....... ~~Y........ Jenkins 12 That new style of trousers has really 1
..... .9.1:!.f.. •... by the end of the year. It'll cost you .....Y~«gnt9.IJ...... ; everyone's wearing them. ]
a small fortune!
13 Sheila had never operated that kind of machif19
3 I'll just .......'?!!~~f!..'!P. ....... those books we before, but she quickly ......~~~9.~.~P.'!....... . d
ordered last week.
14 John .....~~!P.l!.f!.~.!!? ....... with a relevant remark.
4 Detectives tried to ......~~~~~...... him ...... ~~~ .. ...
15 They ..... ...~.~!P..!':. ......... for the petrol and food.~
by asking tricky questions.
16 We are gradually .. ~~?.'!f!!!?fl.~':'.f!!. ... from the
5 On hearing the news, Helen .......~.l!!.~!.~1!.~?. ......
imperial system to the metric one.
tears. LJ
6 Eager young journalists .. .. '?.?.~~~~.~'!..?.'! .... the
situation by interviewing survivors minutes after
the crash.
b NOMINAL FORMS: Fill in the correct nominal form.
J
7 Well, this certainly ........ '?.?.~,.~.!.?.'....... a celebration!

8 The police ... .. .l?!-!r~Ur:M....... the house and

J brush-off, buyout, changeover I
J
started searching for stolen goods. 1 The ... ..'?!!~~9.f?.<?X~r .... to the new curriculum ~-
created a lot of work for teachers. d
9 Give us some time to ...... ~Q.~.\.'.'-'. .9.~~f..... : your
proposal and we'll let you know our decision. 2 Carl tried to speak to his boss, but she just

10 I need to ... ~~~~.ry_!-!P..(~~L. my computer skills

gave him the .......~!.'!.~~:~lf........ . j
before I start my new job. There's quite a lot 3 A management : .......... ~ .. .. ......... . ·1s 1I·k e Iy to
buvout
I've forgotten. take place later this year.
u
G WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
_____________ ......_ ..,~

Choos~ the correct word to complete the sentence.

1 Lake Windermere consists of eighteen kilometres of 5
~
To really appreciate the beauty of the lake, yot:_J
water, ....... by mountains and woodland. must take ..... .. the water.
a restricted @ framed ® to b on ~1
2 I needed to get away from the city and enjoy the 6 At this resort, a wide variety of ...... . activities dali
....... of a cottage in the middle of nowhere. be enjoyed by visitors. ~1
a loneliness @ solitude a sport CE) sporting j
3 There is ample parking available .. ..... to the castle's
souvenir shop.
@ adjacent b adjoining
7 The .. .... . beauty of the place takeirmy breath
away every time I go there.
@ sheer b whole
•. ·
4 Time seems to have ....... still there; nothing has 8 The ....... from our hotel window was breathtakin~
changed since I was a child . ® view b scene LJ
a kept @ stood
2 loneliness: the state of lacking companionship 7 sheer: pure, absolute
fl
[Note: we do not usually enjoy loneliness] sheer madness I stupidity J
solitude: the state of being alone by sheer coincidence
3 Both adjacent and adjoining mean 'next to', but only sheer silk(= fine)
adjacent takes the preposition to. sheer cliff ( = a/most vertical) ;

whole: entire, total i. J

e.g. Fields adjoined the garden.
the whole school I vilfage I apple

""·lll!JJJ_ _ _.,.• ..,,..,.""'

· ••- ·· I!!!!'
.... _ -...... ------------t-!1!' ®'·""-
.m;;._._,."- "'""
-- -• s-•-"·"'......,""--""'•l.bf
"!l!""'"""_;;fl 'i'ctQ.""'~.!"!!.'-"'I
" _.,, . " " " " ' - - - • - - _J'f'111J!/f!t
_, .'!!I 4_,_

--~u-::. ''
 Note the use of there in the following structures.
I don't want there to be any misunderstanding. 7 There being no one left to serve, they closed the
He was disappointed at there being so little to do. pub .

I insist that there be a rematch . 8 There came a moment when he realised his
mistake.
There is no telling what he'll do.
9 There's also Mary to consider.
There may come a time when people will finally
live in peace. 10 Once upon a time there lived a king .

There came to his mind the village where he was

born .

Sl
: ~ DERIVATIVES
'i.',
. '
r1 Complete the table below.
Verb Adjective ( + opposite if exists) Abstract Noun ( + opposite if exists) Concrete Noun
1
r, 1 broaden broad breadth / broadness -
j ······ ·· ··················

l2
.. ~
(mis)calculate
(mis)calculate, calculating ,
(in)calculable .(1!!.i.~!~?.~C?!-!!?.~{'!.~.. calculator

. '3 care careful, careless, carefree care, carelessness , carefulness carer

;.:i ······ ····················
..
11 4 celebrate celebrated / celebratory celebration
··················· ·······
celebrity

j 5 champion - .. ~~~.1!!P.!~~~.~!P.... champion

!1 6 cheer ....... ~~f!.~!!.'!!....... , cheerless

cheerfulness, cheerlessness,
cheer, cheering
-
rj 7 chill
.........<?.t!!!!Y. ......... chill -
:'l
.. I 8 choose
.' ·······~~~~~Y. ........ choice -
j9 clean (un)clean cleanliness
··························
cleaner

ao cloud cloudy, ..... ~!9.'!.~'.~~~....... cloudiness cloud

,., i Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.
J 1 The bank robbery occurred in ... ..... ....f~t9.<!.cf.. .... ...... daylight. BROADEN

LI 2 1
Bring me the ... .... ..~~~?.'!. ~!~~......... and I'll work out our budget. CALCULATE

3 His ...... .<?~r~!~~~~~.~~ ...... cost him his life. CARE

Crowds of people turned up to see the ... ..... '?.~~f!.~t~~~'!.~ ...... .. arrive for the awards ceremony.
D 4

5 The t w O t earns compet ed ·rn th e ..... .......... .. ....... .. ... ... Iast mg
championship · ht .
CELEBRATE

CHAMPION

u 6

7
'Three .. ..... .. .. '?.~£!.~!.~ .. ......... for the winner!' shouted the fans.

The weather turned ............ ~J:1P!Y. ............ last night.

CHEER

CHILL

u 8

9
Mike's extremely .......... .<?.~.'?.'?~Y... ........ when it comes to buying clothes.

The inspector criticised the restaurant for the tack of ........'?l~~,:,_~i_'!~~~..... .. . in the kitchen .
CHOOSE

CLEAN
F1
u 10 The .... .. ... ~~<?.'!.<!.1~~~.. ... .... sky that morning promised good weather. CLOUD

l
' . .. .••····, ····-·····•··· . . ......._,..,..•..... - ·- --·-·- - · ~--·--····· ..
_ -- -·- -·- -- ~ -- --
-

4U
Fill in the correct word each time.
1 ( childish, childhood, child )
childhood
a I spen t most of my .. ................................ ·1n a 1·tt1
I e v1·11 age near t he sea.
b His ............~!?Ug_~~!? ........... behaviour can be extremely annoying.

2 ( collect, collective, collection, collector)

a It was a ......... .~~1.1.f!~U°I!~.......... decision to hire new staff.
b He w1·11 never b e poor as h.1s wor k ·1s muc h soug ht aft er b y ... ....
· ...........................
collectors .

3 ( combine, combined, combination)

a These orphans are looked after by the ...... ....~.'?~~{'!.f!.c!.......... efforts of two local charities .
b Th .1s pain
· 11ng
· ·1s a fantast1c
· .... .. .........................
combination .. . of re d s, greens an d purp Ie.-

4 ( comical, comedy, comedian )

a Have you seen the latest ....... ... .~~Q:1-~.<!Y. ........... series on TV?
b Wh en he mad e h.1s announcement, her expression · was aImost ..................................
comical .
J
1
5 ( commercialise, commercial, commercialism, commerce) d
· t mas ·m many west ern coun t nes
a Ch ns · has b ecome t oo .......... .. ...................... an d Iost ·tIs t rue meaning.
commercialised ·
·1 h commercial
b Th e Harry Pott er f I ms were a uge ............................ ...... success. .
~
t::f
6 ( commit, (un)committed, commitment )
a If you're really ......... ~'!.'!!.'!!!~~~~ ......... to helping the earthquake survivors, start collecting money.
b Work ..... ..~~~!!I.~~'!!.':~~~ ....... forced him to uproot his family for the third time.

7 ( communicate, (un)communicative, communication, communicator)

communicative .. person I k now, 1
a Th oug h he ' s not t he most ................................ ·t ·1s poss,"bl e t o coax th e ·1nf ormaf10n _
out of him if you try.
b Being a good ......~<?.'!!!!?~!"!~'?.<'!!~[....... , we sent Jane to intervene
in the discussion.

8 ( compete, (un)competitive, competitiveness, competitor )

competitiveness
a Her ................................. can b e qui·te ·1rn·tat·mg at t·1mes;
she just has to win at every game she plays.
b The company is no longer doing as well as
its other ........ ~~Q:l.P..f!!!t!?rn .... .... .
@~r:t 3 ·vocabulary Practice
~-·- :c· hoose the correct answer.
U 1 I was taken ....... when I heard the news. 7 It is a hard and ....... rule that to have a successful
A about B aside career in this industry requires great dedication.

B Ic:::::
A swift 6 rapid
a. . . . th!;:::~: Kate had argued.
2 at
8
@fast D speedy
I'm ....... to my boss and no one else.
A B glimpse blink
d @glance D wink @accountable
C privileged
B dependable
D controlled
3 Ihad decided that a win in the local elections
would provide a ....... to success. 9 She loves reading - she always has her ....... in
@springboard B turning point a book.
C milestone D highway @nose B eyes
C face D brow
~
iJ
4 All the candidates were good, but Emma had
the ....... over the others.
10 She can't be interested in the course, ....... that
she never does any work.
A blade @edge
A viewing @seeing
J 5
C point D cut
That new museum is well worth ....... if you have
11
C noting D judging
How exactly did you set ....... renovating a
time.
7__J @a visit B being seen
house of this size?
'-. J A up B to
C to visit D the sight @about D out

J 6 Nobody could deny that the athlete was in top

A state @form
12 His work is going to be ....... at the National
Gallery next month.
A in view B on sight
rl Crank D technique C in appearance @on show
~ J

~ Fill in the correct word.

::_ j AI human, humane C audience, onlookers, viewers, spectators

'"l_
. ~ 1 Sh e .1s. a k'in d an d .......humane
...... ........ ... woman, w ho 1 Forty thousand .....~P.~~~~.t~r.~ .... are expected to
d always puts others first. turn up at the stadium to watch the match.
q 2 Nobody should be deprived of their .....~'!.'!}.'!.fl...... 2 A small crowd of .....?.'!!~~~':!.~..... had gathered
. :i . ht
U ng s. around the scene of the accident.
humane • h
3 In a more ........................ society t an ours, 3 It .'1s est·1mat ed th at tw en t y m1·11·10n ............
viewers.. ......... .
r i nobody would be living on the streets. turned on their television sets to watch the
j
Cl 4 Whatever safety precautions are taken, there is programme.
· k o f ........................
a Iways th e ns human error. audience
4 Th e .. ...................... c Iear Iy th oug ht th e come d'1an ' s
jokes were in bad taste.

"~ BI enjoyment, amusement, entertainment D I lone, alone, lonely I

J1 Our .... ~':i?Y.'!!.f!.'!.~ .... of the show was spoiled by 1 I had never felt so ..~~'?.f!.~.!.!~~~1Y. .. before.
the people sitting in front of us, who wouldn 't
-;_ '~ 2 Ihave lived ........~.1~!!~ ........ for about twelve years
stop talking.
now.
;,.J 2 They hired a small band to play for the
entertainment f h . d. 3 A(n) .........~?.'!.~......... ship could be seen far out to
t
i. 3 w
....h....t.. ·k·:--·d.....f... ~n~;:n~ne~~r ~ueS ~·I bl sea.
D a in o .... .. .......... ........ 1s avai a e to
young people in this area?
4 Hers was a(n) ........,~!'!~~¥. ....... childhood with no
friends to keep her company and parents who
amusement
Much to our ........................ , our maths teacher were absent most of the time .
tripped and dropped the test papers on the floor.

lJ
,_·_Zt~~iI{' ;l.

r , c Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.

1 There has long been a feeling of ....... J:mm(tY....... between the two men. ENEJ

I 2 It was hoped that a .. !.~.C?~!>.~@~!{C?.IJ... could be brought about.

3 The ........ r!~<!!rr. ........ between the two families has led to bloodshed on many occasions.
RECONCILE
'J
I
i
4 Finding themselves in .......~<?.~.(if.~....... territory, they drew their weapons and went on with caution.
5 The civil war was short but ....... !?!<?.<?.'!.Y......... .
RI\ i
cc.J
HOSTILITY

BL01)
~..J
6 The town had been captured by ........ !.':.~~!......... troops. REBELLION

· torn apart by re 1·1g1ous

7 Th e coun t ry was b e1ng · hatred
......................... . Ht[}
G.J
8 It was considered an act of ....... ~.'7!r.~Y.~.1....... and, as such, could not go unpunished. BETRAY

9 ....... B!~!~~L ..... smashed shop windows and vandalised public property. RE'}
,~ ¥

10 The .... ~~~'!P..<!!!<?.!>. .... of our country lasted fifty years. occM

d Fill in the correct preposition / particle. e Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form. J
1 He wouldn't make a good doctor; he faints I restore, recover, reinstate
17
.....f!.t..... the sight of blood. [on seeing]
1 We are all hoping peace can be .. J~~.t.<?r.~.<!... ~
2 You must not lose sight .....C?L .. what is really
2 The worker who was unfairly dismissed has ~
important to you. [forget] reinstated .:::1l
now b een .....................
3 .... f-!..t ... first sight, it looked like a decent place
3 The stolen goods were .. !'.':~~'!.':!.':!!... by the
to spend the night, but it turned out to be
awful. [when first seen]
police and ....(~~!.'!!.":~.... to their rightful owne'"
d
l
4 Do you think the death penalty should be
4 The soldier was ordered to shoot .... ~Q. ....
sight. fas soon as sth I sb is seen]
...(~{1:1.~!~!~~ .. ? ..J.
,-

cc
5 I've never spoken to him, but I know him
... ..l?Y... .. sight. [recognise sb when you see them] <="l
-------ij
_ _ _ _ _ _...,,.,.........,..,.,....,.,.,,...,,,....,,,...,,....,,,,,.,...,..~--...,.,.,,,,.,..,.,.,....,..,.,,....,,._=-----"""""'---.......
i

f Choose the correct preposition / particle. g Fill in the correct noun to complete the idioms. ~

1 She took great pride at / in her work. I wars, battle, forces, chance I
2 I pride myself on / for being a conscientious 1 If we join ... !.'?!.?~~ ... , we should be able to ,,.7!
worker. solve the problem. d
3 Aren't you proud of/ at your daughter's [work together to achieve sth]
achievements? 2 You've really been in the .....~~~~ .... , haven'tr 1
you? How did you cut your head like that? , :
4 The trophy he won takes pride in / of place on [be injured] d
his mantelpiece. 3 She has a fighting ... ~.1.1.~!!~~ .. of winning the " 1
5 After taking the watch in / to pieces, he had no match and shouldn't lose heart. _)
idea how to put it back together. [a good chance of doing sth if an effort is made]Ll
4 They're fighting a losing .... ~~~~{':.... against r,
6 The police are starting to piece together /
those flames; nothing can save the trees no_ t
about exactly what happened on the days
[try without success to achieve sth] '"J
preceding the crime.
7 I nearly went to / for pieces when I heard
about the accident.
8 Personally, I don't care whether or not he
reaches the summit - I just want him to come
home on / in one piece.
LIPart 4 Reading & Use of English
ria You are going to read a short article about two villages, two sentences of which have been removed. Read the
J text and decide which gaps (1-4) the sentences have been removed from.

"1The two villages had stood opposite one another, in The people of the richer village were known as
] sight and within shouting distance, as far back as Northbankers, the poorer, Southsiders, though the
records went, but the mighty river that divided them preferred and more derogatory terms were
,::reated a chasm between the inhabitants that Cliffhangers and Mudhoppers respectively (derived
'jdistance alone never would have. There was a from the slight difference in level between the two
legend that once, when the river was not so wild, a villages). (2) ...... :~ ...... The annual climax to all this
qtootbridge had linked the two; in the poorer village, foolishness was the carnival, when an enormous
• he story ended with the selfish villagers on the other battle would take place, involving hundreds and
~bank destroying it rather than share their wealth ; in hundreds of fireworks, which would fly across the sky
:c-fhe richer village, they blamed the destruction on the in volleys of four, five, six or more, in brilliant colours,
~ ~:=,pendthrift nature of their neighbours, who they said to land amongst, and often on, the houses opposite.
-'"'1-iad taken it to pieces for firewood one cold winter.
(3) ... ....f}. ... ... From what information can be found
l rhere was, in fact, no way to cross the river for many out, it seems that a Souths id er, sick and tired of the
Lfniles, until it approached the sea and broadened, usual dominance of the fireworks of the
where a large ferry shuttled back and forth all day Northbankers, fired the first shot in what became
l1ong. (1) ... ... ......... But even here there was little need known as the Carnival War. Being shotgun pellets,
lqor contact; towns stood on the coast in both they did no greater harm than break the Northbank
directions and any trading the villagers needed to do mayor's window, but soon there were men lined up
:'lould be done without straying to the other bank of on both sides of the river exchanging gunfire.
O he river. Indeed, many villagers took great pride in (4) .. ... .... ... .. . Though no one was hurt, the governor
the fact that never in their lives had they set foot upon was forced to send in troops to take away weapons
;lhe side oUhe river dwelt upon by their enemies. from both sides and restore peace.
U .

0 A Youths with too much wine inside them were fond of

gathering at the riverside at night to hurl stones and
insults at their counterparts across the river.
B It was during one of these yearly displays that real
fighting broke out.

Now answer the following questions.

1 What does the legend described in paragraph 1 illustrate?
A the misunderstanding that began the feud
B the differing traditions of the two villages
@ the depth of the problem between the villages
D the reason for the economic imbalance between the two villages
2 What do we learn about the two villages in relation to one another?
A The richer village is further upstream.
B The poorer village was founded first.
@ The richer village overlooks the poorer one.
D The poorer village is closer to the coast.

11
 •• . ; 1":.. ·,:
r,., "F•:
-i

Part 5 Correct English Usage

A WORD USAGE
Tick the three words/ phrases which can be used with the word in colour.
1 join 2 interest 3 lift .
... .../.... ..... the army places of ...... :!......... .....!?.{~~..... one's voice
.......( .... ... a queue a going ..f~~f?.~!.l_l.. . ....... l. ....... one's eyes
.......( ... .... hands with ..... . /. .. .... .. rate .......l. ....... a ban
..~'?.'!.'!.£!~~... sb by telephone be in the public ... .... ."'.. ...... . ...... .l. ....... sb else's ideas

4 interior 5 harsh 6 head

...... /. ... ..... decorator ...... /. ... ..... winter talk through one's ...... h~L ....
....../. ........ walls ...... /. ..... ... criticism ... ... / ........ of the table
the ...... / ... ... .. of a country ✓
a .. ............... voice . ......:!.... :.... of the family rl
,. I
u
... .!!'!!?~~..... London · a ......hard
d nve ... ........ b argain
· .......t ....... waiter

B IN OTHER WORDS

1 I felt disappointed at the lack of suspense.

2 The serial turned out to be a let-down as the plot was unconvincing.
3 His performance in the movie failed to come up to my expectations.
4 To my disappointment, the show was not as entertaining as I'd expected
it to be.

Negotiations between NASA and the European Space Agency appear

to be moving in the right direction.
2 The establishment of a research base on the moon would allow us to
advance in many fields.
3 Engineers are making headway in repairing the bridge after the storm.
4 Medical researchers have made great strides over the last century.

C STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
Can you tell the difference?
1a You ought to get over it soon. b You ought to get it over with soon.
.£.=::..Y.9.1!:U /~.~.I.!?~fW.~.9.9.r?.fhf!Y.i.{]9. ~Jf:P.~r!~!l.9.~.cJ. !! .. r.(~~ . ~'!.~!. ~~ . ~~~!.Y.'?.l!..~~':'.~. !~.~~. 9.1!.~?.~{'!'!. .~~~.'!.!t .
.H{~f!P.P.~{tJ.(T!Jftr!U. l?.~.(~f!X~IJJ.~!?t,. ~f9_.JJ. ................. !~. !~..'-!!!P.~~~.~~,:,_q .................... ............................ .
ri
2a from experience b ,by experience LJ
· .....................
[indicates the...............................
method of /earning -..............
The best.. way
.......
.[indicatesth.e.saur.ce.JJione'.s.knaw/edge.:7.1.kr.J.ow
to gain knowledge is to learn by experience.]
......................................................................... .
.tram .experiimce a.cheap. product. nev.e,: Jast.s .L0!.1.g. J ~

3a in peace b ·atpeace
J.=::..'!.'!.~!~!':'.~~~~ .-:. t!~. ~~!!!. !~.~~~ . ?.<?.'-!!!!% .~~~r~ .. [ = a. not in conflict; not at war b. dead - The two
··················· ·······················································
.~~ .?.'?.'-!!~.!~~~.!'!..I?.£!~~'!:..'.~~~~~.~~./.'!. P.~~?.E!!.'. !~~ .. ~!?I!.~~~{~.~.~~!':-~·~ P..f:fl.~~ .'!.'!.V!:..~~.f:. ~~?..'!.'!. ~~~~ ......
angry mother said to the noisy child.] problems now; she 's at peace.]

4a He has been very much in the news lately. b He has been on the news a lot lately.
{f:I.~. h~~. R~~.Q. !!?~~IJ. Y!.~{tJ.~!'!. ~I?.<?.'!!.!~ .~IJ.f!. ~~'«?.P..<!P.~(s !!!.~. ~~~. ~l:'P.~~~~~ .'!!!.~~~TY•.'!.~."'!.~.~.~'?!. {~.t.':!Y.·. f!!. r~('!rs
~~.~ / .<?r. .'!1.f!!'!!!~,:i_~.<!..<?n. m~.TY. 1. r.c!~!~.!?.~~tt.-1 ......... only to TV news programmes]
·······························................... ... ............. .. ..... ..
••• • •~- .., • • • - •-- - -•~•~ •• ••••-•••- • - - - - - - - - • , , ~,-....- • o - - • ••• •• ••on ••• •••• ••• • • •~ - • - • • •• ...... • - •--• •• • - •• - •• •••• ••., ~ - - v •••• - • •~•-•- • - - ~• _ _ _ _ ,-.-..,, - , ¥••-•••~ "I ..
~----·-•.~ --c j

79

- --------------1h
 EXAM PRACTICE

art 1
~r questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

U FESTIVAL
rfe road as far as the (1) ..... could see was thronged with people, all (2) ..... towards the town from the (3) .....
d lages where they lived. All carried packages or baskets with food and drink; the festival lasted three days, and
few could afford to pay for food all that time. Some drew carts behind them with products of all kinds, edible or
8 herwise, hoping to make a (4) ... .. during this annual explosion of gaiety. The music had already begun, had
p,obably started as they prepared to leave their villages. It was a very curious phenomenon, the music, because
tire people with drums managed to (5) ..... time with one another, yet as the groups passed by, you could hear
( j ferent melodies being played on the whistles; pipes and guitars the people carried, and different songs being
sung. Some people had (6) ..... begun drinking already, and they sang louder than the others, and slightly out
c1(7) ...... When the town came into view through the trees, a huge cheer (8)
..... , and was echoed further and
f6-hher down the line by people who could not even see through the town yet, but simply felt like cheering.
r-1
' il. 1 A sight @eye C view D vision
d
2 A meandering B leading @ heading D directing
A
. .
9
3 A outer @outlying C radiating D skirting
=;
4 A murder @ killing C massacre D slaughter
~l
: :. 1
5 A stay B remain C follow @keep I
6 A perpetually B purposely C relatively @evidently
17 7 A tone B harmony @tune D melody
u 8 @ went up B let out C sent off D rang in
'.""1 ... ,;;.~~·....;.
i~ ~j
'--j

P.,rt 2
FU questions g.;. 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
space.

DESERT SKIES
r.-~
The Near and Middle East are predominantly dry areas, becoming desert at any distance away from the
·:Jreat rivers of the region , the Jordan, the Euphrates and the Tigris. These arid lands were populated in
~fimes past mainly by nomadic tribesmen (9) .. .. .. .lX~~ ...... would drive their goats and sheep from place to
~ ?lace to find them fresh pasture and water.

~ II day long, the sun is lord of this landscape; (10) ..... .)~~... ... .. light, drains the colour from everything,
'." l,11) ....P.!?Y.!!?fL.. tricks with the mind, creating mirages (12) ........?."! .. ...... the horizon of water and oases.
~ '.\t night, the enormous sky is pitch-black and studded with stars that seem close (13) ....ff.lJ.9.'!9!! ... . to
t ouch. The desert, (14) ....... Uls.~....... the sea, is one of those places that fills a person (15) .......~!!~ ...... a
- Jense of helplessness and smallness in the face of nature's power. It is perhaps (16) .. .... .."!~... ..... surprise
~.J1at three of the world's major religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, emerged from the Near and
/ fiddle Eastern peoples.

LJ

i1
-J Part 3
for questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a o!~ '
word that fits in the space in the same line. · ::

BEYOND REPAIR?
If a damage to a customer's car is niore than it is actually worth, it is declared a write-off; the
insurance company will not repair it, but will pay the customer the market value instead. Often
enough, some time later, the customer will recognise a(n) (17) .... .... ~!?~l?.'!!fng........ vehicle as the COME
10

self-same car, apparently entirely (18) ........(9.~f:!W.9.r:t.f)Y....... . ROAD

The explanation is a common enough practice with insurance companies, but one the public are
mostly (19) .. ... ... Y~~.~~~~ ......... of. When an insurance company declares your car a write-off and AWARE
pays you, it takes (20) ........<:'.~!?~t~.f!!P. ...... .. of the scrap vehicle and the registration do~ument. In owN
order to get back some of its (21) .. .........'?.'!.t!~Y. ...... .... . , it sells it all to a scrap yard . LAY

Salvage companies are able _to repair cars much more cheaply than a garage would, as they
have the parts of thousands of different cars sitting around (22) ....... .. .!-!!?~~.~~.......... in their lots. USE
J
What they can also do is cut the damaged end off a vehicle involved in, for example, a head-on
collision, and attach a new undamaged front to it. The most shady dealers operate entirely
(23) ........ ..!{~~g~UY.......... , using the documents to authenticate stolen cars they have acquired, LEGAL
J
after removing the chassis number, number plates and any other (24) ...... }c!~r.f[fyff!g ..... ... marks. IDENTIFY

Part 4
For questions 25-30, complete the sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the wor~l
given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the word given. ;:.... ...l

25

26 My brother speaks German very well. ~1

command My brother ....... ... ~~.~-~~.~.~~~1.1.~~U~X~~.~'?.<?.~..~~~~.~.~~.~f.!~~ .......... German language. d

27 Everything was very peaceful at the demonstration yesterday.

sign There was .. ..... ................. ........'!.'?..~!fl.1!..'?.U~'?.l!.~.'~................................ at the demonstration &. .i
yesterday.
u
28 More than anything, he wants to become an astronaut.
heart He ... ....Q.~~. ~{~. ~~~1 .~.~!. ~!? .t. ~~~. ~~t~.i~. ~~<!.1. .<?.'!. R.~~~'!:1.i.'!9... ... an astronaut.

29 You can use our caravan while you're in the country.

disposal Our caravan .... .... ........ .... .. .........!~.<!.~Y.~~~.~!~P.~~~.l.. .............................. while you're in the
country.

30 Her political beliefs are completely different from her daughter's.

contrast Her political beliefs .... ..... .... ... .. .. .... .'!!.F!.!!?.~'?.'!!P.!~~~.~':'.IJ.~('!.~~.!~ ....................... .. her daughted .

a·
- - - - - - - - - - - 11-
n UNIT 4 Part 1
Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points
n
d Grammar
A NOUNS / PLURALS
:1
J 1 The following words form plurals as shown:
a belief, chief, cliff, gulf, proof(= test copy of
10 These words take a plural verb. Note the
meaning: arms(= weapons), belongings
a book, etc.), reef, safe +-s (= one's property), damages(= compensation),
7 .I b handkerchief, scarf +-s or -ves earnings, goods(= merchandise), lodgings 1
=1 (= short-term residence), outskirts(= the outer
c Most nouns ending in -o take -s: disco, Eskimo,
kilo, photo, piano, radio, stereo, studio, video areas or limits), premises(= property occupied by
9 .
_-:-::---, BUT: hero, potato, tomato +-es
a business) , savings, spirits(= alcohol) , stairs,
::_j surroundings(= environment)
NOTE: mosquito, volcano, tornado, cargo +-s
11 Do not use a/ an before uncountable nouns:
,.,., or -es
accommodation (ALSO: accommodations in Am.E),
- l
d Proper nouns ending in consonant +-y usually anarchy, assistance, behaviour, chaos, damage,
~! take -s equipment, evidence, excitement, fruit, fun, help,
Do you know the Kennedys?
knowledge, luck, permission, progress, propaganda,
7 There are two Marys in my class.
research, seaside, shopping, toast, traffic,
_j
2 These uncountable nouns are singular in form weather, work(= job)
.,--, and with them we use this, that, much BUT: What a shame! What a pity! ·
[NOT: a-+---aR]: advice, baggage, furniture,
~ A knowledge of Spanish is essential.
'--' information, jewellery, luggage, machinery
Their advice is always useful. 12 The nouns physics, mathematics (maths),

a I didn't take much luggage.

We can count them using a / one / two / etc.
piece(s) of ... is / are.
Let me give you a piece of advice.
gymnastics, billiards, athletics and politics take
a singfilar verb.
Mathematics is her least favourite subject
BUT: statistics + plural verb

• 3 The words thunder and lightning take a singular

verb.
13 Some collective nouns can be followed by either
a singular or a plural verb: army, audience, board,

n
We can say: a clap/ peal of thunder, a flash/ class, crew, committee, community, company,
bolt of lightning. crowd, enemy, family, government, jury, majority,
4 The word police takes a plural verb. minority, orchestra, public, staff, team, etc.
The team is quite big.
5 The w_ o rds hair, money, news and rubbish take
i1
-
6
a singular verb.
The word fish as food is singular. In other cases
The team are all very fit.
14 The plurals of compound nouns are formed as
follows:
either the form fish or fishes can be used. a noun / adjective + noun [We add a plural
B 7 The following nouns are plural and with them
we use these, those, many [NOT: a/ one]: jeans,
ending to the last noun.}
computer screen -+ computer screens
leggings, pyjamas, scales [ALSo: scale in Am .El, b noun+ in-law [We add -s to the noun.}
0 scissors, shorts, swimming trunks, tights, trousers,
tweezers, etc. We can count them using a / one /
two, etc. pairs of .-.. is / are.
father-in-law -+ fathers-in-law
BUT: in the possessive case:

n
My father-in-law's house is in the countryside.
8 The following remain the same buttake a c noun + adverb [We add -s to the noun.]
singular or plural verb according to the passer-by -+ passers-by
meaning:

u aircraft, barracks, cod, crossroads, headquarters,

means, salmon, deer, trout, series, sheep,
spacecraft
d If there is no noun, then we add -s to the end
of the word.
grown-up -+ grown-ups
15 The meanings of the following nouns change
[BUT: one hovercraft, two hovercraft(s)], species,
fl
t~ squid, etc. with the addition of -s:
u 9 Foreign plurals (Greek / Latin) damage - damages, air - airs, manner - manners,
,r ., analysis • analyses, appendix • appendices, scale - scales, spectacle - spectacles, wood -
bacterium • bacteria, basis • bases, commando • woods
L commandos, crisis • crises, criterion • criteria,
erratum • errata, hypothesis • hypotheses,

u .
medium • media, oasis -+ oases, phenomenon -+
phenomena, radius • radii, stimulus • stimuli,
terminus • termini
I.
32LJ

n
 NOTE:
1 three hundreds people, two dozens eggs BUT: hundreds of people, dozens of eggs ·l
2 the 1990s OR: the 1990's '" j
3 a bar of chocolate/ soap, a ball of string/ wool, a bed of roses, a bunch of grapes/ flowers/ keys, a can 1
of Cola, a tin of sardines/ fruit, a carton of milk, a chain of restaurants/ shops/ events, a lump of sugar/ - 1
J
coal, a flock of sheep / birds, a grain of sand / rice, a herd of cows/ cattle, a piece of chalk/ cake/ paper/
bread, a packet of sugar/ rice, a pint of lager, a school of fish / whales, a sheet of paper / glass, a slice
~I j

of bread / cake, a swarm of bees / flies / insects, a tube of toothpaste / ointment / cream !
"----------------------------'-----------------I
NOTE ALSO:
THE POSSESSIVE FORM: r 1
-!
a a dislike / hatred / love + of: a love of music
Study the following cases: ::j
b Thanks a lot. You've been a great help.
1 Sophocles - Sophocles' play 1
c a work of art, the works of Shakespeare Jesus - Jesus' / Jesus's parables ci
• works can mean factory when combined with
an adjective: a gas works/ two chemical works
2 a friend of Jim's ~
3 my mother's sister's son ~~
4 my father-in-law's car i'
5 the Prince of Wale's sports car : r
6 Some well-known shops, hotels, restaurants, etc. 1
call themselves by the possessive form and some c:. I
drop the apostrophe
Claridge's, Harrods, Selfridges

a Choose the correct answer.

1 It's ....... shame that he's leaving.
a terrible b the terrible © a terrible
2 They were attacked by a ....... of bees.
@ swarm ·. b school c herd
3 The investigators haven't made ....... progress.
aa lot @ much c many
4 She gave me ....... to leave early.
a a permission b the permission @) permission
5 I bought ....... scissors yesterday.
a this @ these c this pair
6 A deafening ....... of thunder drowned out their words.
@ clap b flash c bolt

Choose the correct answer.

1 There were about two hundred / hundreds 5 Your new jeans was /were expensive.
people there.
6 Your hypothesis/ hypotheses is ridiculous.
2 My lawyer said I should demand damage /
7 Many species i.s / are now facing extinction.
damages.
8 The statistics was/ were enlightening.
3 The police haven't / hasn't arrived yet.
9 No news~/ are good news.
4 There wasn't / weren't much furniture in the
room. 10 What beautiful / a beautiful weather!
u ~ 1. _MANY, MUCH, (A) FEW, (A) LITTLE, etc. 2 SOME, ANY 3 NO ONE, NONE, NOTHING
1 , Many, Much, (A) few, (A) little, A great deal (of), A lot (of), Plenty (of)
~ 1 many, (a) few, are used with countable nouns, few/ little have a negative meaning(= not enough)
u whereas much, (a) little, a great deal of are used
with uncountable nouns; a lot of, plenty of can be
and can be considered formal English. We usually
say very few / very little.
q used with both countable and uncountable nouns I have little money left.
I received very few Christmas cards this year.
J 2 many, much are used mainly in negative and
interrogative sentences; a lot/ lots (of), a great NOTE:
deal (of), plenty (of) are used in affirmative one too many
sentences She bought five stamps, which was one too
3 a few/ a little have a positive meaning(= enough) many. ( = one extra - she needed only four)

Some,Any
1 Some expresses a limited number or amount; 2 any is used with negative words such as seldom,
any expresses an unlimited number or amount. rarely, hardly, never, without, etc.
COMPARE: You have hardly drunk anything tonight.
If you have some questions, please ask me. [ALSO: •.. drunk hardly anything.]
(= a couple) 3 Note the structure: Some ... others / some ...
If you have any questions, please ask me. Some doctors are sympathetic and others I some
(= an unlimited number) are not. [Nor: GlRef doctors are sympathetic ... ]

No one, None, Nothing

1 No one + singular verb None can be the answer to 'How much I many ... ?'
No one has written to me yet. 'How many tins of dog food did you buy?' 'None.'
No one can be the answer to 'Who ... ?' 3 Nothing can be the answer to 'What ... ?'
'Who switched off the computer?' 'No one. ' 'What did you get for your birthday?' 'Nothing.'
r,_.
· l 2 None of ... + singular or plural verb
[used for three or more people, things or groups] NOTE:
:: i None orthe fax machines is I are working today. None of ... OR: Not one of ...
BUT: For two people / things we use neither. Not one of I None of the athletes failed the drug test.
Neither of the two brothers is I are coming. [NOT: ~Jo OAe of ... ]
:J
{"'fi
Li
dPRACTICE
a Choose the correct answer to complete the dialogue. b Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
d
FJ Sometimes both are possible.
1 ....... of the two restaurants is particularly nice.
Man: While some of these holidays appear to @ Neither B None
"1\ be good value for money, (1) other/
2 l was annoyed that ....... one of them thanked me.
i :; others do not. Does this hotel offer (2)
@not B no
c: 1 many / much facilities?
3 He's seldom got ....... good to say about his
~-Travel agent: Well, to be honest, they hardly provide
brother.
! } (3) anything / nothing to the guests. Also,
~• the staff don't offer (4) some/ any help.
A nothing @ anything
4 We catered for two hundred and fifty guests -
,, -, Man: OK, so can you suggest (5) somewhere /
fifty too ....... !
i; anywhere else?
A much @many
~ravel agent: We do have (6) plenty of / few nice-
5 I'd like ....... more sauce, please.
looking alternatives.
A little @ a little
Man: To my mind, none of the hotels (7) is/
6 .. ..... of the actors had any talent.
are appealing.
@ None . B No one
1Travel agent: Please, sir, (8) nothing / anything is as 7 She only had ....... queries so it didn't take long.
i~..Ji; bad as you seem to think. Most of these
A few @a few
establishments have a (9) great deal /
much to offer. 8 There's ....... like a swim in the sea on a hot day.
i !
i.J Man: Sorry, but unfortunately (10) no one/ none
@ nothing B none
of them takes my fancy. Goodbye! - -
 fJ::
li.
·•· s1MILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples.
1 Nothing can stop them now. 7 We have got little time to waste.
0j
There isn't anything that can stop them now. We do not have much time to waste. ,...1
There is nothing to stop them now. 8 There is more sugar in the cake than is necessary. ]
2 There was (very) little we could do for her. There is too much sugar in the cake. j
There wasn't much we could do for her. 9 The milk is so cold that the cat won't drink it. =
3 Not much evidence of murder was found by The milk .is (much) too cold for the cat to drink. d
the policeman.
The policeman found very little evidence of murder.
10 Well, not all my friends came to my party. I
Well, some of my.friends did not come to my party.cl
4 There is little chocolate in the cupboard . 11 My mother was feeling ill and ate almost 1:1
There isn't much chocolate in the cupboard. nothing yesterday. I
5 Very few people watched the boat race. . My mother hardly ate anything / ate hardly ci
The boat race wasn't watched by many people. anything yesterday because she was feeling ill. :f-
~I
6 There aren't many seats left on the coach . 12 Actually, all of them were late. - -
There are few / are only a few seats left on the Actually, none of them was/ were on time. rc -
coach. Actually, not one of them was on time. J
PRACTICE
7
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change tnd
word given. You must use between three and eight words.
1 We don't have much time to go sightseeing in Athens. 9 To cut that cardboard , use scissors that are veg
little sharp. · ~
We ..................... .Q.{IX~ X~fY..{i.t_tJ~JitJ:1.fJ...... ... ...... ... ... . pair
to go sightseeing in Athens. To cut cardboard, you need ..((9..'-!~~1.~.X~rY..~!?~r7
2 It turned out that none of the guides could speak .. ........... P..~!~.~f. ............ scissors. c,
French well. 10 The sea is so cold I can't swim in it. ':'. l
one much .i
It turned out that ......... !!'?.~.'?.IJ.'!..<?!.!~~-fJ.'!.~~.':!'! ...... ... The sea .... ..i.t!r:'.'!.C?!!.!~~.~'?.~C!.t'?!..1!!.€!...... to swim ih.
.... ...... .. .. .. .. . could speak French well. 11 Is this the only way to reach the city centre? ~1
3 They haven't got much furniture in their new office. other fI
few Isn't there .........?!JY..!.~.9.'!J!U~m~tyi(~Y..(9..~~.<!fh .... .~ ~
They have only got .....c!J':~P..~~~~~..C?!.f!-!!'!?!!'!.r~ ..... .. ............ the city centre? ~
................... in their new office. 12 I only just managed to hide my mother's prese::_j
4 She had all her jewellery insured by Lloyd's. before she came in. I

every . time ~l
She had ........... ~'f.':.'Y.P.!'?.'?.':.!-?!.~~0'?.~~{~':.rX.......... . I ••.•••.. ~!!IJ.i~~.~/ _IJ.~!.cf!Y. .IJ.~.cf. ~!!~~9.IJ..~im~. ~~ .l}/<!.f!.... 1e:.J
....... _...... insured by Lloyds. my mother's present before she came in .
' 71
5 I don't know much about feng-shui, I'm afraid. 13 He only picked at his food this evening. \I
little hardly ,; J
I ... !?~¥.~. !!m~. Hr!~W!~~9.~ P.~ l H!'!~W. X~IJ. mu~ .<!.9.9.l!!. .. He .... ... h~t~tl.Y.M~ .?.l)Y.fh{t_1g_!.!!t~. h?.~~t.Y.. ~f1Y1.IJ!!'!9. ..... .
feng-shui, I'm afraid. this evening .
6 The two cases were hardly connected . 14 How likely is it she'll pass the exam?
little chances -,
There ............. .W~$..(V~!Yl.@I.~. f~flJ:l.fJ.C?!f!'.?!1. ..... ... ..... . What ....... ...... ..?t'!..IJ.f!!. .C?!!~~'?.f!.~. ~( .P.?.~~(1).9.. .. ....... :.
between the two cases. the exam? u
7 The doctor remarked that my progress was amazing. 15 The problem is so complicated that it will take ~'.
what more than one person to solve it. i
The doctor remarked .9.r:i..~~~t~m?.?:frm.P.r~gr~~.~.!. for . -J

...........~~.cf........... made. The problem ..i~.~~'?..C?.C?~P.!~'?!~!~~.f'?.~.a~~Y.'?!!!YL ;

8 The Tourist Board advised us on where to stay. ..Q.IJ~.P.~{$.Qn.fR. solve. d
gave 16 Nothing can be done for her now.
The Tourist Board ....... .... .. fl~Y.~.!-!~.~.cfX{'?.f!.. .......... .. to ;-
.. .... ..... _... on where to stay. There ....... .f.~.~'?.~~i!!f!.!~.~~.~'?.~.~......... for her n<J V·

11'
f: I

11
,··m'.'.1'·,. , ............i'il''· .,.,.. . >'·,>.•1~,,•·f/'"\i//.;,.;;.'!,:;.f; >•;• -,,-.~ ~•; ••·;, •~.,,r.y,1.r"·,1_c,,:,--,-~~.:.:,.;,;;,,:,.~.·-'...'..::..., .................. ,.... ,.,, '

·!i · xtra Transformations

.'_i . . . . ) :;·-
•.·. i ~--'. omplete the second sentence so that it has a ~imilar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
·i y· vord given. You must use between three and eight words.
j '.I

·l
·-~ 1 He is more of an acquaintance than a friend . 10 I don't really care where we go tonight.
;q so make
LJ He is ... .... ...........r:i.<?.~.~~.~'!.~.~..~.fr!~':.~.<!~ ................. . It ........ ....... ~'?.'!.~!? '.t'!'.~~~ .<!.l!Y.. ~~f!.~!.'!.1!~~ .!'?. .'!'.'!.............. .
\'7 an acquaintance. where we go tonight.

!d 2 We fully intend to help Joanne to succeed. 11 I don't feel like going out tonight.
every bothered
We have .. .... ...................~.l:'~ry, _i~!~~~~'?.~. . <?t .~~[p/~.f!............... . I .................. ~~.~ :~. ~~ :!.~.~. ~~ . ~~ /_ ~?.~~.~..................... .
.?.~.~~.
·-1~3 Joanne to succeed.

I have disagreed with her decisions only once in

out tonight.

12 The first time I met her, I didn't like her.

=i my life. take
against C!!~r!'.U?.~~.!~.~~.~ ........................ ..
I .............................
7 Only once in my life .........~.<!~'!Jf!.'?!?~ . ~~<!!!?~~ ...... .. the first time I met her.
J .. ................ her decisions.
13 The way you reacted to her question was
"'1 4 James must be totally crazy if he thinks I'd agree completely over the top.
d to such a plan. proportion
Your reaction ~~~. '?.':IL'?.~ .~!U~~~..'?!?P.P.~'!.~~!Y. .'?.'='.t<?. ~

a
mind

~~:~~.7tuhs~ ~hi~k~ . i;d·:;: :;·:~~:;·:<!~i~~:. . . . .P.f~P.~IT!~Q..~~... her question.

14 I'm sure you'll enjoy Morocco. ·
Mary was surprised to hear her sister sing. bound
came You ........................ ~rn./J.9.l.}.'J.c!.!R . ~Pl9.Y................... ......... .
it ... ................. ~~~~. ~~ .?...~~rP.r!~~. .t.C?..~~':Y. ............. ........ . Morocco.
to hear her sister sing .
15 .Being wealthy puts her in a better position than
My father wasJate; it must have been because of the rest of lJS.
the weather . - advantage
probability Being wealthy ...... JI.('(~~..ry.f!f..~!'!. ~~'(~':.~~JI.~. ~Y.f!!. ......
My father was late; ...... .i!?.~~~.e!.'?. ~.~~!~~~t(!!. Y'!.<!!!L .. . ............. the rest of us .
.... .. .. ... .... .. .. because of the weather.
16 This doesn't concern you, so stay out of it.
U7 The accused was sentenced to a year in prison. business
_ jailed You should ........ .... IJ.f.i.lJ1.Y.'?.':1.(.9.~r!.~~~!r!~~.~ .......... ..
1
·: \ The .................. ..?.C?.'?~~'!.C!..'l!.?.~.i~H.~~.f~r. ................ .. .. .............. ; this doesn't concern you.
CJ
a year.
17 If they weren't always working against each other,
-
1
8 She didn't think of checking under the bed. they'd do a lot better. -
- J occur opposition
It .............. .. .. ~~~.~.'!. ?.~?.~.~ .~'?. ·~-~~ .t.'!. ~~~~.~.................. . If they weren't always working ... !~ . ~PP.'!.~!!!'?.':..~'?...
"·j under the bed . .......... ~?.'?.fJ.!?!~~f........... , they'd do a lot better.
~ 18 Try to slow down on the bends.
9 Arguing all night won't help.
Tl point reduce
u There ................... )~.!?~.P.<;>}Q.t(~IJ)..c!(9~!!?9. .. ................ . Try to ......................~~<:f.l.}.Ci~.Y.9.l!t.~P.~~9- ................. .. ..
all night. on the bends .

f1
 Advanced Language Points
~ ,y ~ · -··

tr
f .
a Fill in the correct words to form compounds. d Say what the following idiomatic expressions mean. D
L side, master, land 1 for effect l:=:.![!.'i>.f?.~(.{CJ..r!.~?.~.?.tJ.~mlc;,.1J..'?!.i.rnP.rn~~J.
'·'
1 .... .§jf:/~ ...... light
(= light at the side of the front I back of a vehicle)
.':I.~..''!.<?.(~.<!. r~~- ~<!!!!~~!'?.tJ. l!!. h{~.~~!!~IJ.IJ.C?!~ J?.r:. ~.ff.~~~: J
2 in effect l:=:.~ff~~~(~~J.Yi.!l);.(?.t?n................... .......... .
2 .. .. )~nf:!...... slide !.'!.~ff~~t..~~ .IJ!!#. [!~ .'i>.P.{{C?.tJ:.. ••.....• .. ............. .......... 7
. ~l
( = sudden fall of earth I rocks down a slope oR: a very large,
often unexpected success in an election) 3 with effect from [ '::. !?~g[l)JCJ. !!PP.!Y. .'?.( .'?.~. X¥1/i!!.!!'.C?!!!l
3 .... ..'.~~~ ...... lady Jh~Y. .~?.(r.f. .9.L!f. .~?.{?r.~~:'i.Wf:n.t!fl. -~~- .i!?~rn?.~.~f:11. Wit!? ..... ci
effect from June. ~J
(= a woman from whom one rents a house I flat I room etc.)
4 to this/ that effect (.':'..~!!l}JIJ!:'i.UIJ.<!(g~IJ.~~i:'.l.!r!~?.tJ.ing]
4 .... m?.~!~r. ... piece He called me an idiot or words to this I that effect. ci
• • • • • • • ·• • • •• ••• ·• • • • ·• • • • • • • • •• •••• • •• • • •. • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • ••·• • • • • • • • •• • • • • ·· l

(= the best work by an artist, writer, etc.) ~

5 to no effect .. [:7'.•l.!!!:'i~~~.~:'i~.M!Yl.. .............. ......... ..
We tried hard, but to no effect. ,...l
5 .. ..~?.~!~~.... mind ·· ··· ·· ······· ···· ·.. ····· ·········· .. ······ .. ····· ·· ······ ···· ··· ········· ~j
(= person who plans and organises sth complicated)
6 to the effect of ..l.':'..?P.P.!.C?X{'!!!!!~[Yl.. ............ ... ... .. .
6 bed ...... ~i~~..... . .1-J.~. P.f:!!~. ~.CJ!!!~m{IJ.9..~C?..tl'!~. ~ff~t?.t. .<?!. ~~?,g.qR. f<?t. !~~.:l
(= area next to a bed)
house. d

7 .... )<!!!~...... mark

(= an easily recognisable object I building by which people
can tell their position or: an important event in one's life)

b Punctuate the following.

. •..•, ' .,: ..·. . ...,_.~ ' e Fill in the correct adjective from the box .
· · _ .,

.•'. That that ambiguous, fatal, vivid, tricky, fragrant, decisive

1 .. ...... )?.~~!.......... accident

~ot; is · that
2 ..... A'!.C?.i~!¥~ ....... battle
3 ...... .!r.c!9r~r:i.L. .... smell (= pleasant odour)
= That (e.g. a fact), which is(= exists), is (= exists); u
that (e.g. a fact) which is not(= doesn't exist), is not 4 .. .. .~mP!g~~'!~... .. statement (= unclear in meaning)
(= doesn 't exist); is that not it(= isn't that correct)?
5 ...... ... tr!~~Y.......... problem (= not easy to solve) :-- i

6 ........ ..¥!'!/<!.......... colour (= bright)

c Fill in the correct preposition.

As soon as she turned in his

direction, she smiled (1) ...J!L ..
him. Then, as she looked away, he
smiled (2) .....t.C?..... himself, 'Well,"
fortune is smiling (3) ....C?.tJ..... me /'£/ bag bat cap fan lack mad track
today, ' he thought. /A/ bug but cup fun luck mud truck
[Note: fortune is smiling on me =
everything is going well for me.]

1;.; ...._
u Match the columns.

1 headway
C
D A various types of head coverings (caps, hats, helmets, etc.)
2 headstart
A B (moving) with the rest of the body following the head
3 headgear
E C progress
4 headstone
F D an initial advantage in a race or competition
5 headstrong
B E memorial stone at the top of end of a grave which has the
6 headfirst
person's name on it
7 headband G
F determined to do what one wants in spite of all advice to
8 headrest H
the contrary
G narrow piece of material worn around the forehead / head
(usu. while playing sports)

a H type of small cushion which supports sb's head

(e.g. on a dentist's chair, a car seat, etc.)

~ . Find words that are pronounced the same way as Complete the sentence by ticking the missing word.
d the words given but spelt differently.
1 bear ..... ...l?!'!f~........ 5 pier ... .... P..~.'!r. ..... .. He Just sat there watching me carrying the four
A suitcases and didn 't even lift a(n) ..... to help.
'1 2 chute ... ... .~h~~L..... 6 made ... .... !!!~~~ .. ... ..
w·3 night ...... Mi9/J!. ...... 7 quay ! ..... . . ..l~~Y. ........ a limb c arm
........k.n.·_.o.·.t......... a bough ......................
bow b finger ✓ d h~r
[ = did not offer to help at all]
-~ 1
1
~.l
h Tick the items whic{l can follow the word in capitals. Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form.
;~1·
~J~-- knuckle, eye, nose, finger, head, foot
a reception i_!] ! [= have] 1 The ship .. ..... ... !?~~~.<!........... its way into the
harbour.
a conversation C2J [= have] [=move slowly and carefully into a narrow place]
2 With behaviour like that, she's .........IJ.~.c!#ing ........ .
one's tongue (!.] [= remain silent] for trouble.
-..:. jj
i
I [=sth is likely to happen]
_ --;' one's fire :, _✓_.Jl i, [ = not shoot]
-1
3 Tracy .........t(TJ9~r.~g......... the silk fabric.
[=feel with one's fingers]
one's tears CJ [hold back]
4 Who ....... .J~~~~.~ .......... the bill last night?
[=pay]
one's excitement [ ] [hold back]
5 It's time you ....... JIJ.L!.9K{~.c!......... down to some
an opinion [✓-J i [ = havef hard work.
[ =begin to work hard]
:1someone responsible 0 ; [= blaming sb for sth] 6 The policeman ....... .....~Y.~~ ........... the group
of teenagers suspiciously.
Q
I

,~: a tradition [preserve I observe] [ =scrutinise]

[hold down = keep a

job or manage to stay
- - -- - -_- -\"":E=
R '. 4• rf.• •••
I • - · •
i -•··_-- - ----'
-----------.,_.,
,.,_.,-. ~---""·""'
~"e~~;Job for a long
k Fill in the correct word.

intricate, courtesy, lightning, electrocute, extricate, curtsy, lighting, electrified

1 Dry your hands before plugging in the TV or you'll .......'!.~'!.'?!!.'!.'?.'!.~~....... yourself.

[ = kill by electric shock]
2 Jim always manages to ......... ~~!.(~~!~ ......... himself from difficult situations. ,,
[ = set oneself free; escapeJ
3 I don't really like the ........ Jightfng .......... in the room.
[ = the quality of light produced]
4 The building had been sketched in ..... ..!!Hr!ffi!t~........ detail.
[= exact; meticulous]

5 A flash of ........ .{iJ/!W!!'}.9- ......... lit up the sky for miles around.
[ = a flash of electricity during a thunderstorm]

6 You might have had the ........ J:RWt~~Y........ .. to reply to my letter.

[ = politeness]

7 The railway system has been ........ ~(f!.C?tr!fi~fl. ....... .

[ = converted so as to be powered by electricity]
8 She made a slight ...........'?.'!.r!-.~Y. ....... .... as the Queen entered.
[ = a 'bow' made by women]

Complete the sentence by choosing the correct ending.

How do you pronounce these words?

I'm sure it's true - I heard it straight from ......
1 assassin /'J'sresm/
2 asthma /'resm'J/
a first hand [BUT: I heard it first hand.
(NOT: from first hand)] 3 atheist /'e181-1st/
4 atmosphere /'retm'JsfI'J(r)/
b hand to mouth e.g. They live from hand to
mouth. [ = in poverty] 5 avalanche /'rev'JlamJ/
c mouth to mouth [ = artificial respiration] 6 Balkans /'b:i:lk'Jnz/
7 Beethoven /'be1th'JUV'Jn/
d the horse's mouth [ = a reliable source or 8 beguiling /b1'ga1IIIJ/
the original source]

C. j

ENRICH YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Note the use of the preposition on. ~
1 His father bought a book on marine life. 6 I'm paying 8% interest on the money I borrowed.
2 Mary will be on the door and George on the 7 London is on the Thames. The village is on r,,
counter. Lake Windermere. · -
3 Most cars run on petrol, but some on diesel. 8 The drinks are on me! 1-~.··
4 You can't work all day on just a cup of coffee 9 She caught her dress on a thorn/ nail. .
and a slice of bread. 10 She has her own page on Facebook.
L__s_T_h_ey_a_re_b_o_t_h_o_n_t_he_c_om_m_itt_e_e_f_b_o_a_r_d_l_iu_ry_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l~.
89
1
~'UPart 2 ·Language Development
Ill"
,_. _
!la

VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH -~-~'-~f~~~T.!~~~---... ,---- .•----- - - -~ ~-- --·- - ---'f
a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions. b Choose the correct preposition.

u 1
in, to, of, from

During the riots, a great deal of damage was

done ....}<?...... the shop.
1
2
He's actually descended by/ from aristocracy.
It was obvious from a young age that she was
destined for / to fame.
n
Jd 2 The elephant is one of many species in danger
3 These chemicals are destructive to / at the
environment.
......'!f...... extinction.
ElCi 3 The manuscripts date .. .!~'?!!!.... the 13th
century.
4 Recent developments in / at medicine mean that
an operation isn't always necessary for serious
complaints.
l
[l
u
4
5
He was deaf .... JC?...... all arguments.
My aunt is deaf ..... !~ ...... one ear.
5 The dog 's devotion to I about its master was
amazing.
I!
6 I have difficulty at/ l!:! expressing my ideas.
There has been a sharp decline .... .!~ ...... l
J 6
profits this year. 7 My parents disapprove of / for my pierced
eyebrow.
!

7 There has recently been a decrease ...... J'!. ....

J 8
the number of students enrolling on this course.
Karen dedicated the book .... J9.... .. her parents.
8 I was discouraged from / by becoming a nurse
by my parents who wanted me to enter the
family business.
=
7 9 She takes delight ..... !!'! ...... simple things. 9 What's the safest way to dispose with/ of toxic
'.j
10 They've been deprived ..... ~f...... the home waste?

~:
t 1n comforts that they're accustomed to. 10 Due to I on bad weather, the plane was delayed.
.:..1
· · · ·· ·• Darwin
·- 1 Gu lf of
'I Carpentaria
:j
~1rnbcrley "'"'
~,:B IDIOMS
• Pl ateua Cairns . \~.
Broome
' NORTHERN
: Fa Match the idioms with their definitions.
.
TERRITORY
_j Gr eat
Townsvi\le •
Sandy Dese1t

1 just what the doctor ordered H QUEENSLAND

:-1
1--------------A..~-------... Rockhamnton ,
J 2 you can't teach an old dog new tricks L
A Australia
,..., 3 down in the dumps K
1 B drink a lot of alcohol Bris
d 4 down tools G
C very drunk
5 down under A
- l
I ;j D extremely dry SOUTH
ALES
'- j 6 go downhill
E immediately; without warriing
Svdney
,- · ] 7 drink like a fish B
F boring
E
J 8 at the drop of a hat
G stop working (esp. to go on strike) RIA
• Melbourne

' 9 as drunk as a lord

;. ._ J 10 as dry as a bone
C
D
F
H exactly what one needs
deteriorate
11 as dull as ditchwater
J easily
like a duck to water J
K depressed
L you can't change the way a person behaves
 complete the sentences with one of the idioms below.
crocodile tears, by hook or by crook, get cracking, as the crow flies, in the dark,
as deaf as a post, in deep water, on the dot, at the double, down the drain

1 What a waste of time! A whole year's work 6 Let's ........... Jl~.t~!!!R~{IJ9........... . ; this work must :
down the drain be finished by midday.
····························-········· ···.
2 You'll be ........... !':..'!.f:.f:P..~~!~r............ if you're 7 I know it's going to be hard to raise the money, 1

caught cheating. but we'll-do it ...... RY. .J:1.C?.C?.~.~r. RY. .<?t'!.'?.~.. ... . . .
L., i

3 Terry's not really upset - they're just ..~.~'?.~.<?~U~. 8 Don't worry, she's ........ ~~..C!.~~f.<!.~.~.P.~~!........ so
··········!~~(?........... . you can play the music as loud as you want. ~
4 It's thirty miles by road, but only twenty .~~.~Q.f:.. 9 I haven't got a clue what's going on. I'm
crow flies completely ............ ..i.TJ.!h~.~ijl.f'.I.<. .. ........... . o
······························.
5 The coach leaves at 7.30 .... .... .. ~!!.m~.':i:~L ..... . 10 Get upstairs to bed ........... ~~.~1!.f:..c!.C?!-!~!~ .. ........... 8
.~ ----------,_____________________n
... ... ..... .... so be punctual.

u
C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
'7
a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional b Fill in by or for to complete the prepositional phrase /
~
phrases below.
1 I only know him .... kY. .. .. name; we've never
by oneself, by nature, by post, actually met. ~
by profession, by sight, by surprise ~
2 I waited !~r. ....... ages but she didn't turn up.
1 The decision to get married took us all 3 .. )~Y. .... the end of the holiday, they were
..... ~Y..~!-![P.[!~~ ..... . tanned and relaxed.
bY. oneself
2 Wh en trave II .mg .......................... ·t 1s
,1 · wise
· to
4 .J~~--·· a moment, I thought you were your =l·
be careful. brother. .j
:.., J
3 I know her ........ ~Y..~!9.~L. .... , but she doesn't 5 ... f.~~.... all I know, he might not have seen you.
know who I am at all. "'1
6 The travellers stopped by the spring to rest 1: i
4 The person who installed our air-conditioning fur h·t
............ aw 1e. LJ
is actually a lawyer ....~Y..P.[~!~~.~!~':. ... . 7 Why don't you have your hair cut short ~
5 Co I.1n ·1s, ..........................
bY. nature , a generous man. .... f~~-•u a change? t.:.J
6 I didn't send the documents ...... ..~Y..P.9.~.t. ....... ; 8 Dan spent the entire morning .....~Y..... the siq.~
I used a courier. of the road, trying to thumb a lift.

D CORRECT OR INCORRECT? u
Tick the correct sentence.
. '
1 a He had a great success with his new film. 5 a In a week's time, we're going to Spain. ✓ . ~
b His new film was a great success. ✓ b After a week, we're going to Spain. ~

2 a This school is two miles from where I live. 6 a Can you recommend me a good remedy fc- }
b The school is two miles away from where insomnia? ✓ u
I live. ✓ b Can you suggest me a good remedy for
insomnia?
3 a It's ten years since I last saw her. ✓ u
7 a You must try very hard if you want to reach
b It's ten years ago since I last saw her.

4 a 'Silence is gold,' he said.

your aims.
b You must try very hard if you want to achi
D e
b 'Silence is golden,' he said . ✓ your aims. ✓
PL /: ·.--------~9!1!!!1!11!
·- s,f
LJE COLLOCATIONS
a Tick the appropriate boxes.
:7,--------.-------.-----
! :1 of mind of feeling of gravity of character of an argument
,:_,,\ ! - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - t - - - - - - ~ r - - - - - - - f - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - j
strength ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
r
, force ✓ ✓

power ✓
,~
, Wote: the strength I force of an argument(= credibility).
::Jwe say the power of the mind (Not: the power of mind)

-,, . ,.1

~i
b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) / verbs they are commonly used with.
; )
road, conscience, majority, record, water, instructions, joke, head, profit, one's teeth, a debt
_j

_, clean: r.<?f.!~J=:.t'!.~..'?!.!.l!l?!?!~N,................................. . clear: .~<?.?.cf.f.::. tr~~.?.( .~(?f!l.~),................................... .

!?~!'!~.'?!~!'!~~..('?PP.:. 9!-![~tY)... .... ... ...................... .. .'?.'?!!~<:/~!?~'!. .(9.pp_:_!J.L!!!M.,......... ......................•.
!.~!?~r~. (."';'Jlf!.~!'JJJ. .'!.'?.!?[!~!fJ_c!!. !-?ft~[!'?.~~)! ...... ... .. m~i<?.rt~Y. .c::. [email protected].~.~?i.C?r.i.tY.)1 .......... ............. .. .
r!.?!.~r. .(::. !?'?.!. cJ.!rJ.Y)1 ................ ...... ..... ..... .. ....... . .'t!.?.tf!U :7. !!.<!!??P.?!.f!n!J;. ................................... .
. .j~~~..(::. r.~t '?.~~.'?~!'!'!. .9.( .<?.ff.~.TJ~!l(~)i ....... ... .. ..... .. .i.'!~{f!-!~~~<?.TJ~. <.=:..~.?~Y. .t.<?. !.'?!!?.'«); ...;...:.............. ..
~r.~ '.~. !~!=!!~ .<:=:=..l?!.1.!.~hl ..................................... . }J.€!~~. <.=:=..?.I?!~.~?.. {l_l}fJ.~. g~!C?.~!Y))........................ .
P.!.9.q!..(::.!'!~{ P('?.@,.............. ........... .. ... .. ........ .
!!. ~~P.!. <.=:=. l~P..<!Y.) ....................................... ..... .
. j
.i ;
,,!_

.. ;

J~ PHRASAL VERBS
1 chuck out force to leave; throw out 7 come along improve (in health)

' 2 clash with not look good with (usu. 8 come at attack
of colours I clothes)
9 come back 1 become fashionable
3 clean sb / sth out take away all money I once more
possessions / stock 2 return to memory
4 clear up settle by means of 10 come by acquire, obtain
explanation / discussion
11 come down be reduced
5 close in become shorter (of
days of the year) 12 come down on sb criticise / scold

6 close in on approach and surround 13 come down with catch (an infectious
gradually and quietly illness)

14 come down to be a question of

i!
 --------------·· •:, .. ::::C:c:- •
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page. ··

1 The Robsons' youngest boy has been 10 Towards the end of the strawberry season,
n
U'
..... .. ~hL;J.q~~~.9.l;IL ......... of four schools. prices .... .... ~~IJ.1.'#..<!RW.IJ.......... .. .
~ -
2 What it all ..... £'?!.1?~~.~'?.~!!J<?. ......... is a matter of 11 I think Suzie is ... f!?ffi{fJ9.#!?W.'J.."XWJ... .... a cold. ,
~1_ _,;,

money.

3 Frank was ...... ~~~.~r!'?.~.<?.l!.t<?.~ .. .... ... all his money

on the stock market.
12 It was a simple misunderstanding that could
have been ........~!~?!.~.<!.~P. ............. very easily. nCJ
13 You didn't have to .... ..~?.~!:.~~~!?.~~ ......... him
4 After trying for hours to remember what had so hard; it wasn't his fault. Cl ·
happened, it suddenly ........ ~?.'!!~.~~'?.~............ .
14 That orange tie really ..... .. .~!?.~h~~..~~~Q.... .. .... .
8
to me.
your red shirt. n .
,_ i .

5 As the police started to .... ... ..~!~~.~. !!'! 5~!! .. .... .. .. ..

15 The man ........... ~~m~.?.L ........... me with a knif;J .
the house, the criminals escaped through the
.·- 1 as soon as I opened the door.
back door.

6 How's your aunt ...... .~Rm{'!.9..~!~!!9. ......... . after

the operation? '" l ,
7 Did you ever think you'd see wide trousers b NOMINAL FORMS: Fill in ·the correct nominal form.-~j ; -.·
.........'?~~~.~.<!.'?~ .. ,......... in fashion? I comeback, come-down I ~ ._
8 When the days start ..........'?!~~_;~~.!~ ............. , we 1 It must be a real .........~<?.~.~.~~<?.~!'! ......... for him ~ -;
like to stay in and read in the evenings. from bank manager to street-cleaner! .-·t .l. ·

9 How did you ...... ..... f~m~.P.Y. ............ that record? 2 The beret is making a ... ..... ...'?~!!'!~~~.'?~.... ... .. . d:
I thought they'd stopped producing it. this season.

G WORDS EASILY CONFUSED

a Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
1 The British are quite used to seeing acrobats 5 Although the performers were amateur in one
and actors ... .... in the streets. ....... , the show was very impressive
A conducting @ performing @ sense B meaning
2 The word is thought to be ....... from Middle 6 A ..... .. library visits our village once a week.
English. A portable @ mobile
@ derived B deduced
7 Paying for her hospital treatment was a
3 It is within the ...... . of possibility that we will soon wonderful ....... of kindness .
run out of fossil fuels. A action @ act
@ bounds B boundaries
8 The town centre has really been ... ... . in recent
4 It is always worth ... .... that there are people in years. It used to be so run-down but now it's fu117_
the world less fortunate than you. ~I~. J
A recalling @ remembering A converted @ transformed
3 within the bounds of possibility: a set expression
meaning sth is possible
8 converted: changed into sth else (from one use to
another)
J
His generosity knows no bounds.(= limits) The sofa converts into a bed.
..,
!
boundary: outer limit
The boundary between two towns.
The boundaries of human knowledge.
convert power to.electricity
transformed: altered completely in appearance or
nature - Marriage has transformed him.
D
n Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.
murmur / mumble cheat / trick
Jfl 1
iJ mumble
If you ...................... , no b o dy w1'II b e a bl e to 1 John must have ..... ~~~.~,~~..... in the test; I don't
understand you. have another explanation for these high marks.
Her dance teacher ... mwm~m~~ ... a few words tricked
2 Th e woman was .. .................... ·in to b uying
·
of support to her before the contest. household items she didn't need.

f
,: l 3 The student .. .!??~~m~~~~··· something to the . was .........
3 Th e young executIve ... .. ........ ou t of h.1s
cheated
d professor and was given permission to leave. promotion by a colleague.
mumbling
4 M y b roth er was ...... ...... ..... .... some th'1ng ·in ....... ... ... me.I Th ere •s noth·1ng ·in th·1s b ox
tricked
4 You .........
J_ his sleep, but I couldn't make out what it was. but paper.
:: l murmur = speak in a low, inaudible tone cheat = to prevent sb from having sth using unfair and
mumble = utter imperfect or inarticulate sounds (with dishonest means; act dishonestly in order to gain
.-j the mouth partly closed) making one 's words
f:1 advantage (esp. in a game)
~ · indistinguishable trick = deceive sb in order to get them to do sth or get sth
from them
HI' DERIVATIVES Note: cheat sb out of sth; trick sb into doing sth
i . Complete the table below.
Verb Adjective(+ opposite if exists) Abstract Noun Concrete Noun
complete (un)completed, ..f!~)~~~P.~~!.~... completion
2 concentrate concentrated concentration
-, ························
" : conclude concluding, .(!~}~C?.t:'.C?.t.l.!~(I(~ .. conclusion

4 (dis)connect (un)(dis)connected, connective

..-j.----------t-----;:(i-n).,.....c_o_n_s.,...id.,...e-ra.....,.b.....,.le-,-(;-:---in-=-)-co_n_s---,-id-=-e-r-at_e_,- + - - - - - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - - - - - - ;
~ ~ 5 consider consideration
- > · considered ·· ·· ·· · ··· ·· ·· ··· ······ ·
-p control
I
(un) controlled , .(LJ.Ql9.Qnff.Qf!f1.P.{f! control controller
,Jr correct corrective, .. .J{Q).~~.((~C?.L .. correction, correctness

i cf cost ........9.<?~UY.. .. ... . cost

' b count countless, .(~~,~~'!.IJ.~<!!?!~ .. count counter
creative creation, creativity creator, .. .... ~r~?.~(cm ..... .
J
b Now fill in the correct form of the word given.
:- 11

;: i 1 The information is .. ...~'!.~~~P.{~.~:.... - we don't have all the facts and figures yet. COMPLETE

2 I hate that .. .~~~~':.~.~~~.~:1... orange juice. They say you just add water and it's as
- 1 good as the real thing, but it's not. CONCENTRATE
J3 Don't jump to ... ~~~~~l!~!~Q.~.... - first impressions can be misleading. CONCLUDE

fl4 The police say that the two crimes are ... ~'}.'?.C?!!!'!~~~f!.c!... . In other words , they have
d nothing to do with each other. CONNECT

. , 5 Our last pay rise has made a(n) .~'?.Q.ff.cf!:!rf!R!~ .. difference. We can afford to go out once a week. CONSIDER

· t raff'Ic .........
·._;~ 6 Th e air .... ............ are on stn·k e again.
controllers · CONTROL

My teacher made a number of .... '?.?.~~~'?.~~?.'!~ .... to my work. CORRECT

1
That was a ...... .. ~~~.~Y. ........ wedding reception. My father was sweating when he handed
over the cheque. COST

:" )9 There were ......C?.C?.l.!m!~~.~... .. obstacles to overcome, but we managed to achieve our aim. COUNT

Yo What's that awful .... ...<?!.~~!!~,:,....... she's wearing? Surely she doesn't think it's fashionable. CREATE

n
Fill in the correct word each time.
1 (convenience, (in)convenience, (in)convenient )
a Not wishing to ..!!!~.9.IJX~'.1/.~!?~~ .. them she made her speech very brief.
b Would it be more ... ..'?~!?!'.~.IJ!~!!L. .. if I slept in the living room?

2 (darken, dark, darkness )

a He refused to allow her bitter words to ... .... .~~.~~~~ ........ his mood.
b .. ... P~~~l_l.~~?. ... ... fell and the temperature dropped.

3 ( deaf, deafening, deafness )

a A ..... ~~?.~~.IJ!!?9. ...... sound come from the kitchen and everyone ran to see what had
happened . C-1
b Desp,·t e h.1s .......... .. .......... .... , he aIways manage d t o commurnca
deafness · t e w1·th th ose aroun d h.1m. tJ
4 ( deceive, deceptive, deceitful, deception)
a Looks can be ... ..c}i:le.'?.€:AP~.£:.!.. ... ; I wouldn 't put my full trust in him yet.
ece1vmg
J
b They were accused of obtaining the paintings by .... ..c/.~~~P.!{<?.'J..... . . ""l
. '
d
5 ( decide, (in)decisive, (uri)decided, decision )
a I'm still .. ...'!.':'.<!.~!?!?.~<!. ..... about which university to apply for. ~
b S.,nee th e out come of th e eIect·ions was .................
indecisive ......... , th e peop Ie w1·11 be caII ed t o th e po II s again.
· d
-·
6 ( deepen, deep, depth )
a What's the maximum ... .... ..cJ.~P.HJ.. ....... of this river?
· b As he picked up speed, his breathing began to ... ... A~~P.~fJ.... .. .. .

7 ( defend, defensive, defence, defendant )

J
a The ......cJ~t~ncJ.~n.t.. .... pleaded guilty to the crime.
b As his attacker came towards him, he grabbed a hammer in self-... ....?.~~~.'!.'?~ ....... .
'7'I
8 ( deny, (un)deniable, denial) 7
C. J;
a John is still in ..... ....c:J.~.TJ!?.L ....... about his alcohol addiction.
b Her vast knowledge of the subject is .....'!.1_1.cf~~!~.~_I.~.. .. . .

'Is he in trouble now?' 'So they say.' 6 It's not so much that I don't want to help you, I
There were twenty people or so . just haven't got the time.
,._ _)

7 She wasn't so much impatient as anxious.

They were so very helpful.
8 'Today's society scares me.' So wrote a ten-ye{ '
You should fold this paper like so.
old child.
They are frightened ; so much so they refuse to
go to the police.
11\;att 3 Vocabulary Pr~ctice , .
~ :f ~hoose the correct answer.
\i ~. 1 The organisation is ..... in Milan, but has offices all over the world.
/ A stationed @ based C established D founded
· Cl 2 It would have been a better book if it had not been ..... of humour.
'! A lacking devoid @ C wanting D deficient

:7 3 We had such a ..... schedule for our trip to Paris that we didn't see all the sights.
_ j A pressed B cramped @ tight D squeezed
4 I couldn't come to your party as the date ..... with my holiday.
@ clashed B struck C opposed D occurred
5 She decided to study at a local college, ..... saving her parents a lot of money:
;·1 A so as B whereby C as for @ thereby
'""'1 6 There is a fantastic shop ..... in computer software near my house.
~, A bargaining B promoting @ dealing D displaying
' 7 After a quick ... .. at the patient, the doctor arranged for him to be admitted to hospital.
- i @ glance . B stare C gaze D glimpse
8 Nothing could make UR ..... the unimaginative plot of the film.
A with @ for C to D by
9 She set ..... to break the record and was thrilled when she managed it.
A off 8 about @ out D up
Few experiences can equal ..... of walking in the Himalayas.
A it B such @ that D this

··) Fm in the correct word.

· - j . Aj.___a_nx_i_o_us_,_e_a_g_e_r_ __. C l.___e_n_t_ra_n_c_e_,_en_t_ry_~

1 I am very ...... !:!f!~!~!-!L .... about the forthcoming 1 You'll find the ......~.'!.t.~<!!!~~-- .... to the restaurant
.. ,1
exams . in a side street.
2 We are ~r:'.~!~~~./.~~g~/. to get the work finished 2 I was denied ........ ~mrr.......... into the club because
j " · .,>
as quickly as possible I wasn't a member.
3 .... ... ~~fl.'!.( ........ to please, as always, he asked 3 ........ ~!!~rY. ......... to the art gallery is free.
if he could do any shopping for me.
4 Did you have to pay an ..... .~n!!'.<![!~~ ...... fee?
4 ...... ..fc!g~r_ ....... faces were pressed up against
the shop window as people waited for the
department store to open on the first day of the
sales.
~- ,,

:l ~, s I~-------~
advance, progress D I humidity, moisture, damp

i , • 1 The decorators are making such slow 1 The ........ .cf!'!~P. ........ had got into the walls and
)
l -- ..... P.r.qgr.~~$....... I doubt they'll ever finish . the wallpaper had started to peel off.
1 . . . ,.,.

I,- 2 Nobody should talk while the exam is in

... ...f!~'?.fJ.~f!.~~...... .
I , , 3 The army's ......~.r:!Y.~.rJ.<;.~.. ..... on enemy positions
_i I
2 Early in the morning, flowers are covered in a
layer of ......'!!~!~.~'!!.~....... called dew .
3 The ...... hHm~9.(t.Y...... in the atmosphere is relatively

L-
i;
was unexpected. low today.
4 What do you think is the most important 4 When we got off the plane, the first thing that
j '--' ..... !!~Y.?.'J.~~ ....... in medicine in the last century? struck us was the heat and ..... .f:1.1!.t!?!~(!Y... .....
J, .
i.
 fill in the correct preposition / particle. f Choose the correct word.
1 Don'ttake his comments too much .. ..f.Q.... heart
He doesn't mean to be critical.
1 The head teacher came to allay our fears /
phobias about the new exam procedure.
0
[be too affected by]
2 The police caught the young hooligans and .-,.,.1,
2 She can be moody at times, but her heart is
put an end to their reign of fear / terror. _i
.. )tJ.... the right place. [be kind and generous
despite not having the perfect character] 3 My parents had instilled a phobia / fear of
1~
I
3 He poured his heart ...~~~ .. to me yesterday and failure into me.
told me how he really felt about the break-up.
[tell sb your most private feelings) 4 ~:~ ~::~,•:::!•o~~out open spaces means ~
4 My heart was ... Jo.... my mouth as I walked into
5 She got the fright / fear of her life when he ij : ~'.
the classroom and sat down to take the exam.
[be frightened or nervous about sth] burst into the room.
5 I tried to help him come up with some ideas for . 6 The sudden explosion struck fright / terror int°2l
his school project, but my heart wasn 't ... !!?.... it my heart. ;::J
and I wasn't much help. [have little enthusiasm 7 People in war-torn areas live in fright/ fear of I""
for sth]
6 It is a subject which is close ....~?.... my heart as
losing their lives. _.1
8 The deer took terror / fright at the sound of ~
I have had some personal experience of it.
gunfire.
[sth you are particularly interested in and which
you consider important]

g Fill in the correct adjective.

d Fill in deadly or deathly. countless, timeless, ceaseless, limitless
1 When they realised she was ... .. ..<!.'!~~!Y...... .
1 In some countries, life is little more than a :..
serious about dropping out of college, her
.... ~~~~~~~-~~ .. .. struggle to find food . [without end]
parents decided not to try and dissuade her.

2 When he finished speaking, a ..... .~'!!!!!?!Y. ... ...

2 He's been told ....
that. [many]
~~~~~~~-~~ .... times not to do J
silence filled the room.

3 On hearing the bad news, she turned 3 The .. ..J~1!!~!!3.~!L .. beauty of her designs is

..... ~~:iir/···· pale.

what makes them so popular .
[so good, etc. that it will never be changed]
4 He has been charged with assault with a 4 Some people seem to think that an energy 1
supply is ..... UtJ:IH!.~~L ... . ~.i
deadly
.. .. .................. weapon an d 1s
· to appear 1n
' cou rt
[inexhaustible; that cannot be used up]
next week.

5 The two business partners ended up as

.... .. .cf.'!f!~!Y. ...... enemies after they dissolved
h Fill in the correct form of the word in capitals.
their business. I

d · _;_1
1 On his ....~~~ ..~~!~9.~.... , he met many strange
people and sampled food from all over the ,:--i
world . WANDER : l
W·
e Choose the correct preposition / particle.
2 He was a .9.'!.~!.~~!~~!!!.~.. boy, who always seemed_
1
1 The lake is approximately ten feet at / in to be involved in an argument. QUARREL • ))!
depth. ~) ,, -

2 These jellyfish have been found at / in depths

of approximately one kilometre under the sea.
sorrowful
3 Sh e Ioo k ed .........................
that nothing had upset her.
that day, but cla1·med t:JI2
SORROW - :
.:,,t,

~) tft:r,
it
4 It's a small ... ..~~tfl~m~.IJL .. , consisting of about ,,,;1
3 We'll need to study the article for/ in some
depth. two hundred houses. SETTLE ·· 1
I
4 I'm a careful swimmer and make sure I never 5 Her powers of .. ...~!'!~~f~P.'?.~..... will be tested ; J
when she runs the marathon tomorrow. ENDURE ( ',
go out from/ of my depth. . . I <._ ,.
7
Part 4 Reading & Use of English
-for questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Fear of Sharks
-when Jaws (1) ..... in 1975, it caused a sensation that has not often been matched since. People (2) ... to see
the giant shark and feel the terror it (3) ..... into the hearts of bathers, surfers and lifeguards alike.

= The power of fear has been used to great (4) ..... by film-makers, most notably in thrillers of this kind and the
- "low-budget psycho movies especially popular in the eighties. The nineties saw a new typ~ of horror; a familiar
:-: >figure (babysitter, tenant, etc.) that (5) ..... to be a manipulative lunatic.

· :rhese films, though, do tend to take our deepest fears that already (6) ..... and simply put them under a (7) ..... ;
r jt may well be that bringing them out into the (8) ..... is a healthy thing rather than otherwise.

1 A brought out @came out C came about D brought about

J 2 A herded B packed @flocked D swarmed
3 A rang B banged C flashed @struck
J 4 A consequence B purpose C result @effect
5 A ends up @ turns out C makes out 0 takes up
j 6 A resist @ exist C insist D persist
7 •@ microscope B telescope C scanner D magnifying glass
] 8 @open B air C outside 0 space

~l
j

~Jor questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
:.Jpace.

~l Dracula
7
·count Dracula, the vampire (1) .........":'.Q.<?./.~~.c!L ..... left Transylvania for England and never looked back, has
~een his popularity remain high in the years since Bram Stoker published Dracula in 1897. Stoker partly based
Jis character (2) ....... .......?.r!.............. bloodthirsty Vlad the Impaler, a fifteenth~century Romanian king who was
notorious (3) ............ J9r.............. his cruelty. He also researched the legends of vampires in Slavic folklore .
\ vampire was undead; unable to rest in its grave, it would rise at night to go on its wanderings,
::;earching far and (4) ..... ....... ~i~~ ............ for a victim to satisfy its ceaseless bloodlust. Vampires feared few
+'lings - just garlic, crosses, daylight and running water - and would live forever (5) .......... .1!.'!J.€:~~...... ... .. pierced
_ 1rough the heart with a wooden stake.

1921 saw the first Dracula film, Nosferatu, made in Germany, and Hollywood (6) ........ J<?!!~~.~~········· suit in 1931 .
• new draught of lifeblood was given to him with the emergence of colour in the 1950s, allowing fans to see
the red blood in contrast (7) ....... ... ~!~~/~?. ......... the white of the Count's teeth and the black of his cloak. The
raze shows no sign of abating. In 1992, Coppola directed a big-budget version, and there have been
.. umerous others since. It seems that no matter (8) ...... ..... .l!.9."'!. ........ ... . many times you kill this guy, he is going
to keep coming back!
 . . ----~---,·"';<:.,,.,,-~:c-·~'.'?'7?f1!,r rs\~
Correct English Usage
JA WORD USAGE
~'Tick the three words/ phrases which can be used with the word in colour.
J
chance
✓
pure .. ... ... .......................... ........ .. .
2 claim
✓
..... ......... ..................... the throne
3 conditions
.............~!~,;>_~<!!.<!.~ ............. of living ~
~1
jump at the .... .. .... ..... /. .... ... ..... .. wars ........... ..../ ................. lives 1· . ✓
.lVln g · ·· ··· · ················ · · · ✓········ · ·· ·· ·· · d.

a fighting ....... ......... ..'':.. ..... .... ...... . ... ....... ......... 9.~L ................ a job icy 1stormy ..... ........ ....... .. ... ........
a golden .. .... ... ..'?PP..'!!!-.lf!!!!Y. .. ........ .....................-!. ..................... la~d meet t h e .............. ....... ✓ ... ............. . '-

change 5 comprehensive 6 course ✓ . ~

a welcome ...... ..... .... :( ..... .. ...... .. . ..................ML.. ................ marks a ......... .. ... ................ ..... of action --
✓ ✓
a ... ........... ... ... ... .... . for the better the ..... .. ...... .-!. .............. of history
a weather ~.~f:1.<!.'!fl~.!l}_ .Y!~..~~<!H!~r
✓ ........... .1n sb' s moo d
a ........ ........
: : :::::::: ::::/ ::::: : : : : : ::.~~~~d:,
a country. .... ....... ... .P............
✓
ath ..........r:1
.__
--
a ........./..... ... ... insurance policy a race ...... .... .. ...... ... .. ........... ........ --

B IN OTHER WORDS

1 The beach is actually a good way / a good distance from the main
road.
2 We stayed in a small hotel in the middle of nowhere.
3 The museum is a little out of the way, but it's certainly worth a Visit.
4 The car broke down miles from anywhere.

1 The whole area has been placed in jeopardy by the nuclear power
plant.
2 Does living near a landfill mean your health is at risk?
3 The sad fact is that the rhino is in danger of becoming extinct.
4 More and more sea creatures are under threat than ever before.

C STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
Can you tell the difference?
1a The students who had protested were suspended. b The students, who had protested, were suspended.id
.L:=:.PP.Ir. m~ .~!~~~r:i.~~. '!!.Q.<?..l'J~~.P.r~t~~.t.~~. '!'!.~r.~......... [..............
= All the...........
students were suspended because they
..... .. ..... .. ... .... .. ..... ... ....... ..... .... ...... -1
..~!1.~P.~!?~~~•l ..... .... ..... ........... .. .. ...... .. .... .. ... ..... ...... . had protested.] .
....................................... ............... ......... ............... ... )

2a We have heard nothing from our cousins in America b We have heard nothing of our cousins in America fr,,-•1
for months. months. .J
.£.=:=:. 9.'-!r..~'?.!1.~.i.'!~ .~r:r. ~.'!J~r!~~ .f:1.i!Y.~.r:r.'!. Y!.(~~~~.'!. !.'?. !-!~ / ... . .[ ::. t"!.':'..'?.'!.~. (!~!!!PY.. t. fr!~Q.~~). !!~~ .'!J~!?!!9.r:i.i!.cf. I. !~!~~.c!..
.P.~9.Q.~.cf..I.!~ /9.(.1!'.<?.fJ.f.l'J.~:l. ........ ...................:·............. .i!R~!-!t ~!-{r. ~~<!~!/}_~ .i~. ~P.~r!~<!. !.C?!. .'!?'?.mM.-J. .. ............- ,

3a She's sure to be awarded the scholarship. b She's sure she'll be awarded the scholarship.
J~.·'·~.;~.~~.r.t.c!!!'!.!~~~ .~.'!~.~H!.?.~~~~~<!. .t.~.'!....... .. .. ....... J:':'. !!?.!~~.?P..~~~~!.'~. ~P.~r:r.i.<?!?i. m~ .F?.~r.~~!?. ~(}.'-}/cf.!?~~... .- -
.~~~~~~.~~~!P.:1 ......................................................... . .~Y.<?/cJ..fy~r:J............................................·················:-·.>

4a There was no way for him to avoid her. b There was for him, no way of avoiding her.
[=:==:.!I}_.~~~..~P.~?.~~(?. .':'Pf!!!'?./}_,..~f:1.~.P.~r~'?.Q. .~.<?.I!!~. I}_'?.~ ... . l ~.!"!.~. P..~r.~~':.<!. !r..(~~~ .~P.~~~.~rJ..~~~[~'!. •...~~<?J.'!.~~9 ~-j
1 1

~¥.'?!~. h~r:1. ............................................................ . .............................................................................£1

99

------------------1·!- 1l .
0------ - - - - l
EXAM PRACTICE

•J Part 5
You are going to read an article about the saltwater crocodile. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
I
I·li
. . . which you think fits best according to the text. •~
:,'t.
Conserving the Saltwater Croc /I
·~t
It is hard to understand at first glance what would Yet three decades ago, their numbers in Australia had {1
.\~
i!'. l possess a tourist to visit the beaches of Australia, so reached an all-time low of about three thousand. This :,, ,,2!~

~ full are they of poisonous and ·similarly deadly had much to do with the activity of hunters, who killed
animals. Its sub-tropical waters may appear to be a hundreds of thousands of the animals in the post-war ., 11
c·] paradise, but are home to, among other creatures, period, mainly for their skins (the official figure is -4
: · the most poisonous octopus in the world (the blue- 270,000, but it is likely that a lively black market '.~J
ringed octopus, which carries enough venom to kill existed at that time too, for those wishing to avoid the 1J
7 ten adults), the most deadly jellyfish (the Australian taxman). Ron and Krys Pawlowski were record- ,·.t 1.·

J sea wasp, responsible for at least seventy deaths breaking hunters; they were responsible for the deaths ;,
through the twentieth century), and the most of 10,000 crocodiles between them (Ron was the one ;l

d
n venomous fish (the stone fish, which has the added
danger of being so well disguised that bathers often
step on it by accident; death follows shortly if an
::,:h~::h::~;s::e::s::~~!:~e:~ aprotected 1
I
H antidote to the poison is not available). :r:;i~~~~:sc;i:~::~~ ~e~:~!~~~~dt!::r~ ::r;c!~:;
g The coastal waters of Australia are also favourite
.- ·'.•··.
1 :.·:•i•··
.· ·

areas inhabited by humans; this is often where attacks ~

hunting grounds for some of the largest and most take place. Also, encroaching on a dominant male's
.q a_ggressive shark·s·; swimmers have be~n attacked by territory during this time could invite attack, as a ·•;/.;I

,;-j tiger sharks, harn,.merheads and the biggest of them swimmer or even a boat could be mistaken for a rival. ·~
- all, the great white itself. However, there is another The novel approach to conservation introduced by ·~
r1 animal c?mparab~e in_ size and prehistori~ ~ge to t~e Australian naturalists has tended to focus on the place }~
d great white, that hyes m much closer proxtm1ty and 1s, closest to many people's hearts: their pockets. By ·'II
perhaps, more of a risk than the shark will ever be.
..r1
~..
The saltwater crocodile can be found throughout
d South-East Asia, from India to the Solomon Islands
in the Pacific, but it is in the swampy mouths of
"' 1 northern Australian rivers that it is at its most
::f~:;~~:i? ;:;:~~;:~;~~!1i1~:i~;, ·.•_.
they constantly trap any animals that stray into the
area that separates swamp from suburb, and allow an
.-~
.
1

:
..•:·..
••••_·._,_
·••:
•.·. :

~ ] numerous, for though it has been responsible for over annual cull of limited numbers for commercial ;ij
... twenty-seven deaths since 1876, naturalists have exploitation and to keep populations manageable. ~
l.,
- 1 managed to create a spirit of conservation in the The results speak for themselves; there are now -~
_j human population that shares this coastline with the approximately eighty thousand crocodiles in northern 11
c monster croc. Australia, and a semi-harmonious relationship exists
~ n The largest ever recorded was a titanic 28 feet 4 between them and the locals. Croc attacks, like those
' 1l inches, nose to tail, and they average at about 17 feet, of sharks, tend to dominate the headlines, but this
' · as compared to the great white's average 14-15 feet. has more to do with the sensational nature of such
,..~Despite their name, they are equally at home irt fresh stories than any frequency.
:: ; water, but are capable of travelling great distances Like most dangerous sides of nature, the situations in
d
~. across the ocean, and about a quarter of the many which animal attacks occur can be avoided with a
_
1
small islands around the Great Barrier Reef (some little care. The blue-ringed octopus bites only when
_l sixty miles out to sea) are home to these reptiles. bothered or picked up; shark nets on Australian
,J They are not particularly active hunters, their cold beaches stop the beasts coming into the shallows;
, , blood meaning much of their day must be spent in most poisonous creatures would rather flee than use
. statuesque immobility, basking in the sun on the
__ _) banks and sandbars of the rivers. Their main weapons
_, are surprise and a bite capable of crushing skulls.
their deadliest weapon. And the saltwater crocodile,
when left alone, is far less of a danger to humans
than, to take a few well-worn examples, automobiles,
a •

· ; They must be doing something right, though; they are sunburn and smoking.
;__J one of the oldest species on earth, having changed
.. very little in sixty-five million years.

H,J
 . ux·
0
31 What is the tone of paragraph 1?
@ sensational 9
B warning
d
C calming
D fearful

..
,,,_ )
=-11

J
32 Which of the below is true of saltwater crocodiles?
A They prefer isolated spots.
B They regularly travel long distances.
@ They lead inactive lifestyles.
D They pose no real danger to humans.

33 The fact that crocodiles have changed little in sixty-five million years proves
@ they are well-suited to their environment. ·
B their passivity is misleading.
C their superiority over other species.
D they are reliant on the power of their bite.

7J
34 Which of the below is typical of Australian naturalists' message about crocodiles?
A People can still hunt crocodiles freely.
B It would be a shame if crocodiles became extinct.
C Crocodiles are not so much a danger as a nuisance.
@ It is economically advantageous for the crocodiles to survive.

35 What is implied about the media?

A They are responsible for the improved image of crocodiles.
@ They are interested in the shock value of stories.
C They make up stories about crocodiles.
D They wrongly compare sharks and crocodiles.
-- -
;;_j

36 The final paragraph tells us that

A dangerous animals can always be avoided.
B these animals only seem dangerous.
C these animals only attack in defence.
@ animals are less deadly than other causes of death.
l.. .J
 Uart s
nou are going to read an article about the Marquesas Islands in the Pacific. Seven paragraphs have been removed
"Jorn the text. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (37-43). There is one extra paragraph
which you do not need to use.

3I am called the Marquesas Islands, and I lie in the A ship appeared one day, a huge ship with
r,acific Ocean, south-east of Hawaii, on the eastern enormous sails as full and white as clouds. Men
J dge of the huge island group that spreads from came ashore speaking a strange language -
Indonesia and Australia and sweeps across the South Spanish it is called, I found out later. Their leader was
f1acific. Yet once, long ago, before I emerged from the called Mendana, a hard-faced wanderer with a lust
;:tater to become islands, I was part of the seabed, and for gold in his eyes. There was a disagreement, a
lay down there in the cold lightless depths for quarrel. The Spanish were quick to draw their
q ,mennia. I had little curiosity then; I felt the crumbling weapons; blood, my people's blood, fell on my soil.
E.lnd shifting of the earth below me, but did not wonder.
C
D
One such was called Captain Cook, a tall man with
f'llburst into the sunshine; the light dazzled me for a intense sharp eyes, who spent the days measuring
.J ng time, the sky confused me - it was like another everything - the sun, the sea, my land - and drawing
surface of water high above, and I thought I would my shape onto a huge piece of paper that
r:rntinue to rise towards it. But there I settled, there I represented the ocean. My people did not argue with
~:Jtayed, smoke rising from me into the sky. Then the visitors anymore. They drank a rilagtcal drink the
cooling, I slowly came to understand my new self, strangers brought, and it made them forget all their
: yhat I had become. sorrows.
Ft. - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
r38 i F i G

J knew there were other island groups like me, some Another stayed with us till his death. Gauguin was his
.. bigger, some smaller, thousands stretching south name, a Frenchman and a painter, and he painted
:clnd west. I could sense them, somehow, at my base, my people and me, myself - my shapes and shades
i ;:.ome connection. And I could feel, too, that they had and vivid colours. He was buried in my soil, and
~something I did not; a presence, a beating drum, a became a part of me.
Jonsciousness less like the birds' momentary flashes
~Jnd more like my slow, centuries-grown thoughts. A

B Things, generally, are no longer so clear as they

were when people first arrived. My happiness was
-1hey worked from dawn to dusk, putting up shelters, pure then, but I was young and did not know the
.junting and fishing, and preparing my earth for many things I know now. This may be the price of
planting. But the work, too , was full of joy; everyone age, this weariness, this sadness; sometimes I just
q ad a hand in it and every night, though tired, they want to sink back down to the ocean floor and settle
( } ould sit round a fire and sing songs about islands there. But my people still endure, and I must be
like the one they had come from. And I knew that one strong for them and endure also.
- 1ay they would sing songs about me, and a great
J appiness filled me; I whispered to the seeds, grow
fast, grow strong, in my fertile soil, and bear fruit to
· ;:Jed my people.

E
 n
u

A Then there were the explosions, gigantic

shuddering jolts that reminded me of my origin.
The ocean trembled, the seabed quaked, fish
E And the people flourished and filled the islands,
until it wa~ time for some to move on further
across the endless, bountiful ocean. Two canoe
J
rose dead to the surface in their thousands, to be hulls were once again bound together, pigs and
fed upon by huge flocks of gulls. There was talk chickens tied on board, food, seed and ff1
of a new sickness; they said all this was caused equipment packed. There were sad farewells; d
by something smaller. than th.~ human eye could they watched where the birds flew, knowing
see-, but I cannot u·nderstand how. islands must lie that way, waited for the right wind 1!'l
and current and followed them. My heart was iJ
B A dot appeared one day on the horizon in the broken , but worse was yet to come.
west, drew closer and grew larger, and I knew my
day had finally come. I had a feeling of destiny F I was a group of islands; a line of islands in a calm j
fulfilled. It was a group of canoes, double-hulled blue ocean that stretched out to every horizon.
with sails and full of people - men, women , Five large, six small, all like little mountain peaks, n
children - and animals, tools and weapons, and steep and tall : For a l~ng time I was barr~n , but J
seeds to plant. The people sang as they came seeds came 1n the wind and landed, rams let -
closer and, though I could not yet understand them take root, grow. Birds came to rest on their
their language, I understood their joy, and it was long migrations, turtles slept on my sands. But W
joy for me, for my very existence. still I was lonely, and I did not know exactly why. H

C More came and they brought more tears. Strange G The worst part was that none of them seemed to fl
illnesses seized my people and they died in their care for my people, want to know them. They d
hundreds. The leaders of the disease-ridden wanted, at best, to change them, telling them of a
vessels did not seem to care; their eyes were newer god, stronger than their sea god. And very q_.
always on the horizon, the next place on which few seemed to love them as they were. One who LJ
they would visit their sickness. did, called Melville, stayed only a month, and
wrote and wrote about my people, and about aq
D I rose on the back of a gigantic volcanic eruption, huge white whale that had begun to occupy hisJ
like the whales when they rise at the end of their " thoughts.
dive, trailing huge bubbles of air. From the
darkness with a roar, past startled schools of fish, H I never rested , never gave up hope. If my ferti!l l
cold sharks, jellyfish and turtles, the water slopes could support plants and trees , then why'--.l
growing bluer and brighter. not more? I had been to the depths of the ocean,
had gazed at the horizon and the sky fo l 4
countless years. I would be patient, and they..J
would come.

r ,

,_ __j

',_ . J

..': ..-:,,_, .. 10:

- --------------~Ir~
U .··
D Part 7
You are going to read an article about hypnosis. For questions 44-53, choose from the sections A-E. The sections
LJ may be chosen more than once.

Hypnosis
g A Hypnosis can be described as altering a subject's D One of the benefits of hypnotism is that it can
state of consciousness and heightening their bring the subject into deeper contact with their
1 responsiveness to suggestion. The most common own emotional life and make-up. This can result
d
way of inducing a state of hypnosis is through the in the lifting of repressions and the exposure of
actions of an operator, or hypnotist, who engages hidden conflicts and fears. In the hands of a
Q the attention of the subject and puts them into a skilled hypnotist, this kind of therapy can be life-
trance-like state. The hypnotist usually speaks in changing for many people. However, it also lends
~ a monotonous tone and utters repeated verbal itself to misinterpretation. Some of a subject's
J commands. Hypnosis can also be self-included, supposed early and, possibly, repressed
brought on by certain relaxation techniques such memories may, in fact, be combined with
J as concentrating on one's own breathing, or by a
variety of other rituals that form part of many
fantasy. If the hypnotist cannot recognise this or
distinguish truth from fiction, there is a danger of
mystical and religious systems. false accusations being made. At the end of the
J B While in the altered, hypnotic state, the attention
last century, the US witnessed a spate of court
cases in which adults blamed their parents for
of the subject is withdrawn from, though still mistreating them as children. The memories on
conscious of, the outside world. Instead, a state which these accusations were based, however,
of consciousness is assumed in which the focus turned out not to be true in most cases.
is on the self, in particular, on the subject's
mental, sensory and physiological experiences. E Hypnosis can be used to treat a number of
When a hypnotist induces a trance in a subject, a behavioural and physiological problems. For
close relationship inevitably develops between example, it can be used successfully to alleviate
the two parties, especially if the hypnosis is being back pain and the pain resulting from burns. It
used in psychiatric treatment. has also been used by some obstetricians as the
sole analgesic for natural childbirth. Its use in
C While most people can be hypnotised, the depth dentistry is also becoming increasingly popular,
of the trance will vary widely. This is usually more as a means of relaxing the patient than as a
dependent on the emotional state of the subject, way of reducing pain and discomfort, though.
though the skill of the hypnotist plays a role too. Research done into hypnotism as a therapy for
Apparently, only twenty per cent of subjects can the conditions outlined above has shown time
actually be made to enter what are known as and again that the effect of hypnosis exceeds that
somnambulistic states using the usual methods of other methods which use the 'mind over
of hypnotism. This is a profound sleep-like matter' approach. Few doctors, however, include
trance, in which the subject is completely hypnosis as part of their normal practice.
unaware of what is going on in the outside world. Problems such as smoking, overeating and
This kind of trance is necessary if the subject is to insomnia also seem treatable with hypnosis.
respond automatically to post-hypnotic Nonetheless, the majority of psychiatrists still feel
suggestions and it is something that many that more fundamental psychiatric conditions
subjects do not achieve, partly, perhaps, because should be treated with the patient in a normal
of their own resistance. As far as therapy is state of consciousness.
concerned, a light trance is all that needs to be
achieved.

lJ
 ~L~
'=-
j
In which section are the following mentioned? ]
7
only a minority of people can be put into the deepest state of hypnosis 44 C ,)
when hypnotised the subject's thoughts are concentrated on themselves 45 B J
hypnosis being more effective than techniques of using thoughts to control physical feelings

a hypnotist's use of verbal instructions and minimal voice intonation 47 A i

the possibility of hypnotists being unable to distinguish between imagined scenarios as real events
I 48
I O
~
the practice of people putting themselves into trance-like states for non-therapeutic purposes ~
cases of hypnosis not being preferred when treating mental problems 50 I E J
an individual's state of mind is significant as to what stage of hypnosis can be induced 51 I C~

the potential for hypnosis as a treatment to access repressed memories 52 I D ci

._,__ .,

~
hypnosis invariably entails a strong bond between subject and operator

-,
Li

1(
c·1 ~.•-
- -----------\U;....,
·· .·
 Part 1
Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points·

MODAL/ AUXILIARY VERBS I: 1 BE 2 CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT 3 MUST 4 SHOULD

Be: expressions similar to modal verbs
1 1 be to + infinitive can't + present infinitive expresses what is not
d a obligation certain or probable in the present.
We are to finish this project by June. (= must) [in negative sentences)
b future arrangement He can 't be in the garden. (= I'm sure he isn 't.)
The casino is to be inspected by the police. [NoT: .. . he mustn't be .. .]
(= is going to be)
2 be supposed to + infinitive ( = should) COMPARE:
~ We are all supposed to take something to the She must be feeling unhappy.
~j reception. She can 't be feeling unhappy.
'-
The new measures are supposed to help the
You mustn't I can 't park here.
J unemployed. BUT:
(= you aren't allowed to park here)
NOTE ALSO:
2 must + perfect infinitive expresses what is
certain or probable about the past.
J be likely to + infinitive (= probably)
Mary is likely to help us.
[ OR: It's likely (that) Mary will help us.]
They must have enjoyed the party; they came
home very late.
can't / couldn't + perfect infinitive expresses what
is not certain or probable about the past.
§ Can I Can't, Could / Couldn't, May / Might They can't I couldn 't have done that! They are
:_l 1 We u,s~ could / may/ might to express possibility
about the present / future.
always so well behaved.
She must have been lying.
--- J John could I may I might be at the office by now. She can't have been lying.
ltcould I may I might rain tomorrow.
4 Should
J [NOT: It oan rain tomorrow.]
We don't use can to express specific possibility
about the present or future.
1 Why/ How should ...? expresses annoyance or
surprise.
BUT: can is sometimes used to talk about sth .Why should we call him?
which is generally or theoretically true. ._. · How should I know?
Roads in this area can be slippery at this time 2 Who should ... but ... is used to express surprise
:C"l
of year. about sth that happened.
-1 2 We can use could / may / might + perfect infinitive Who should walk in but my next door
~ to express positive supposition in the past. neighbour!
- ··1
He could I may I might have forgotten about 3 should + present infinitive expresses advice.
TI our meeting. [present/ future time]
d 3 We express negative supposition with : can't/ You should always treat your sister well.
couldn't be + present infinitive to talk about the You should tell her now. (= You'd better ...)
present. should + perfect infinitive ( = it would have been
She can 't I couldn 't be that stupid! better if you had ... )
can't I couldn't be + perfect infinitive to talk about [past time]
"l the past. You should have told her yesterday.
cJ She can 't I couldn't have been that stupid! 4 (that) + subject + should is used after:
4 We use might/ could + perfect infinitive to a suggest, propose, recommend, insist, demand,
r ' !I
express that sth (usu. bad) almost happened , require.
but didn 't. b essential , important, necessary, strange,
You were lucky; you might I could have had natural, interesting, etc.
an accident. [NOT: .. . may have had .. .] I suggest you should change your diet.
[oR: .. . you change ... ]
c:. J Must They demanded that he should leave at once.
1 must + present infinitive expresses what is certain [oR: ... he leave ... ]
or probable in the present. It was essential that everyone should be given
1...J [in affirmative sentences] an opportunity to express their views.
He must be in the garden. (= I'm sure he is.) [oR: ... everyone be given I was given .. .]
PRACTICE
Complete the sentences with the correct form of can, must, should, could or be able to and the verb in brackets. 11
1 They obviously ..........C?.?.1!.'!.R~.~~P.~.C?.tfng···· ······· (not/ 7 You really ......~t!R~{~.IJ.?.~~.(~~fh~~'!.(~~... ... d
expect) us yet, otherwise they'd be home. (reschedule) that appointment yesterday instead :7
2 There ...... ... ....... ...'!!!-!~U?.~ .................. (be) a rational of simply not turning up. ]
explanation for those lights in the sky. 8 He demanded that the weapons .. ... .~~'?.'!.~<!.!?~ ..... .
3 The escaped prisoners .. .. .. ....'?.c!!?J/>.?X~ .9.9.fJ.~. ....... ... ··· ·· ·i:,-'!!J~~~ .... .. (hand) over. !
(not I go) far yet. 9 I ...... ..... .'!i!-!~t~.c!Y.'!..~9.~f!!!............ (wake) him up d
4 Of course, it's natural that she .... .~.'?!?!-!!~.~~.'?.'?.~~.. .. . because he sounded half asleep. TI
..... ...... ... ... .. (choose) that one. 10 I ............W~~ .?.~.(f!.!!?.!!!1t!L. ......... (light) a fire to kee~
s This work .....T!!!-!~U~n~~!~L<?~.l!!~.~'!..<?!?!!!P.!'!.~f!.<!. .... warm while I waited for help/ but unfortunately the
0
(complete) by next Tuesday. ;~~~u~~~~~a·-::i;;::!:::~:~'?.~~~~.'.f.H!!~... (not/ :J
6 How .... ....~.fJ.9.1!!.cf...... . I ...... ... .!<:Q.9.W......... (know) where
you left your keys?

B MODAL/ AUXILIARY VERBS II: 1 DARE 2 NEED 3 OUGHT TO 4 WILL, WOULD

J
1 Dare 3 Ought to
Dare as an auxiliary verb: Ought to is very similar in usage to should
a is not usually used in the affirmative. (= obligation).
b is not followed by to, and does not take -s in You ought to I should help her in the kitchen mo[]
the 3rd person singular. often. (present / future time] d
I daren't be late again. You ought to I should have helped her in the
Dare you go against the manager's wishes? kitchen more often. (past time]
Dare as a main verb:
a is followed by to in the affirmative. 4 Will, Would
b takes -s in the 3rd person singular. 1 Will expresses persistent action or characterist~
c takes an optional to in the interrogative and behaviour (often considered annoying by the U
negative. speaker). '--
John always dares to say what he thinks. She will pretend she knows something about ,_
They don't dare (to) ask for more. English grammar. ~j
I've told Josh many times, but he won't listen. J
2 Need
Need as an auxiliary verb: Boys will be boys. } [indicate calm
Accidents will happen. acceptance] ci
Need we ask for their job?
He needn 't pay the fine. 2 Would expresses: -- j
Need as a main verb: a past habits.
b habitual behaviour in the past (often -:- 1
Jack needs to study harder.
considered annoying by the speaker) . : '
Does Jack need to ... ?
We would go skiing in the Alps every winter
Jack doesn 't need to ...
(oR: ... used to go ... ]
NOTES: Terry would refuse to tell anyone where he
1 Need in question tags: came from.
You need to save more money, don 't you? As children, they would fight like cat and dog.
ALSO: Kevin tried to open the door, but it : l
You needn't go to work today, need you?
wouldn 't move. (= couldn't be movec.J
2 Compare the following:
Mary didn't need to prepare so much food. 3 Will / Would can be used in requests, offers or
(= It wasn't necessary for her to prepare so commands. -,
much food, but we don't know whether she Will I Would you please keep the noise dowr~ ;
did or not.) Will I Would you be more considerate, please?
Mary needn't have prepared so much food.
(= It wasn 't necessary to prepare so much
food, but she did.)
3 Study these examples:
'Need I wear a tie?'
'Yes, you must!' oR: 'No, you needn't.'
'Must we go with Susan?'
'Yes, you must!' OR: 'No, you needn't. '
 U PRACTICE
a Correct the sentences where necessary.

~ 1 I can be late tomorrow- I'm not sure yet.

....................... mi.9.IJ.t. I. m~Y. I..C?f.?~!~ .~~.............•........
7 Karen doesn't dare to ignore her parents?
.....................( ~fl.:..<!.~.~~'.1.'.t'!~r~. !fl.'!.~~~ ...................

2 They will keep on turning up uninvited. 8 What were you doing out there? You can have
✓ been killed.
·········•· '"··································································
..................~.<?.'!!~. t. 1!.1.~f!.IJ.~ .ry~~~. ~~~~ .~!!!~~ .................
3 'Need you take so much?' 'Yes, I need.'
...............................X~~,. !.!TH-!~.t::.. .......................... . 9 You oughtn 't to have behaved like that.
....................................... ( ................... .. .... ... ..... ..... .
4 You can't have bothered cooking . I'm really not
7a very hungry, I'm afraid. 10 Do you dare to hold that snake?
✓
............... IJ;'?.~<!.r(U ~~PH!~!!~tlJ.?X'?. .~'?.~~.~r.~~.............
5 I needn't invite him, do I? 11 The children shouldn't watch that film last night.
shouldn't have watched
··········· ························IJ;~"!.<!.!... ................ .............. .
6 The education authority tried to clean up the 12 She didn't need have invited all of them .
school, but a small group of students simply needn't have invited I didn't need to invite
····································· ·· ·· ···································· ···
wouldn't stop vandalising the building.
'l ✓
j ................................................. . ................................

b Choose the correct answer.

1 You ....... be mad to go out in this weather! You .. ..... catch your death of cold.
@ must b can a are able to @ could
2 We ....... be late if we don't leave now. We .... ... be there before 12 o'clock.

'.:]
a can @ might must ®
b must have
3 You're lucky! You .... ... have been killed. You ... .... drive so carelessly in future.
J @ might b can @ mustn't b couldn't
"-;,.
.-. 1'-...... .. :. 4 I felt terrible that I ....... remember her name. I .. ..... have died of embarrassment!
J -------.. @ couldn't b can't a was able to @ could
5 The boy ....... have helped his friends but he thought, 'No, I .. ..... .'
@ could b was able to won't ® b didn't

SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY

J
Study these examples.
1 I'm sure John hasn't read the book yet. 6 It's possible I was mistaken.
·- J John can't/ couldn't have read the book yet. I could / might have been mistaken.
2 I must finish this work by this evening. 7 It's certain Dave was working late.
I am to finish this work by this evening. Dave is certain to have been working late.
This work is / has to be finished by this evening. Dave must have been working late_
3 I'm sure they have received our invitation. 8 He always insists on interrupting me when I
They must have received our invitation. am talking. ··
..__)
4 The court advised me to get a lawyer. He will interrupt me when I am talking .
The court suggested I (should) get a lawyer. 9 Maybe Ruth doesn't want to go out.
The court suggested I got a lawyer. Ruth may / might not want to go out.
5 I think they're still living in Kent. 10 Perhaps he has gone away.
It's likely (that) they're still living in Kent. He may/ might have gene away.
They are likely to be still living in Kent. 11 Perhaps Mike's cleaning the car.
In all probability / likelihood, they're still living in Kent. Mike may/ might/ could be cleaning the car.

u
1 )
SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples.
12 It wasn't necessary for her to come to the 15 The plane couldn't take off because of the
meeting. fog.
She needn't have come to the meeting. The fog prevented / stopped the plane (from)
She didn't need to come to the meeting. taking off.
It's not necessary for you to rewrite the memo. 16 You should/ ought to see a dentist every six
You don't have to rewrite the memo.
There's no need for you to rewrite the memo.
months.
It is advisable to see a dentist every six months. ;;;,
cl
You needn't rewrite the memo. 17 I didn't manage to get through to the office.
We don't have to attend the meeting. I was not able to get through to the office.
We are not obliged to attend the meeting . I was unable to get through to the office.
I didn't succeed in getting through to the office.

PRACTICE
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
word given. You must use between three and eight words. re]
1 I suppose you 've already heard the news. 9 I couldn 't go out because of the snow. ~
must prevented q
You ...........m!-!~.t..lJ~'f.~.~!(~?l.~Y.h~~t9. ........... the news. The snow ........... P..~~x~r:i.t~.c!.m~.(frRm}.9~{1J9..............J
......... ..... .. out.
2 Perhaps she has found a better solution to her
problem. 10 It is advisable for you to cut down on your salt r"'l
may intake. ~
She ............. .... .. m!!Y..h?i.¥~.fR!-m~.................... a better ought ~,
solution to her problem. You ....... ..... ........... '?.~~~.~.~'?..'?!-!~.~~~!'! ...... ................ = l
on your salt intake. L J
3 It's highly unlikely that they have completed all the
work. 11 The match will probably be cancelled . CJ
can't au J
They ....... ...~~.'!.'!.P.~~~_i~!Y..1:1.~X~.~'.'.'!!P.!~~~?. ........ all the In ......~!!.P.!~~~~H!~Y./F~~~~~.'?.'?~i.~~~.'!!.~!~~.~!!!.~~......
work. cancelled.

4 You don't have to speak to her at work. 12 As a child he would bite his nails.
obliged habit ~1

You ....................~!~.!'!~U~~!!9.~~ .................... to speak As a child ......... ..1J.f!..V:'.~.~.!1:1..~IJ.f!.!!!!~!!.'?.r~_;.tf!!fL. .......- \

1.cJ
to her at work. his nails.

5 I know it's late, but he may not have got home from 13 I think the restaurant will hire both of them.
work yet. likely w
may It .... J~. !!~f!!Y.. (!~~.t). .~IJ.~Y..~.i!!.~'?.~f:1..~.f!.!'!!r~?. ..... by the ~ r

I know it's late, but ... ... .. .... ..!?~.'!'.~Y..~@.~~ .............. . restaurant.
.... ...... .... .... . at work.
14 I'm sure he didn't know his brother was seriously
6 Perhaps it wasn 't James who stole the car. ill.
might possibly
It .. ..... .... .. ......'!!!~~!.':1.?.~.~.~~~..~.":~!'! ................... James He ............ ~9.1;1.I_<!!? JP.9.~§!l?.IJ. h?l.'!'.~ _kt_1_<;>.".1(!1_ ••• ••• ••• •• that
who stole the car. · his brother was seriously ill.
' ~
7 I doubt Kate will pass her driving test this time. 15 You needn't pick up the dry cleaning , after alt.
unlikely for
Kate .. .... ...... .... ...J~.~!'!!~~~!Y. .~C?.P.~~~................ ..... her It ...... .i~.~'?.t1!.f!.C?~~~~rY..~<?.(.¥.C?!-!.~~.P.!~~.!-!P. ...... the dr~_;
driving test this time. cleaning , after all.

8 The best thing would have be.en for you to consult 16 What do you advise me to do now?
a lawyer. suggest --
should What do ... .. ... Y~!-!.?.lf99~~U .(~_l?!=!~[?.J. .?.9. .. ....... nav~e
You ....... ...... ~f:l.9.l:ll#.h~¥.~.x~'J.~.4ft~9. ... .......... a lawyer.

, '
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -· f-
u
fflJ Extra Transformations - -lj
~l·: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
'OJ word given. You must use between three and eight words.
11 Rob had a quick look at the table to make sure
;!_t_~__~_._~·_._~_
~.~.-~-;__
!-]__-_·:_
__A_.,',·. 1 :o::ve no idea why Sam reacted like that. they hadn't left anything.
:-
1
I .. .................. .~~..<!.t.~.!?.~.~.!~ ........... .. ...... .. ... explain cast
why Sam reacted like that. Rob .................~~~.~.~Ji~~.~.~.!. ~1:1. .~X~. ~~.~r_ ...............

7, 2
c .:J:
A man was arrested for the recent burglaries.
the table to make sure they hadn't left anything.

suspicion 12 Your continuous sniffing is driving me crazy.

They arrested a man ............<?.'!.~'!.~P.!~!?.'!..<?L .......... nerves
.. ....... ...... ... the recent burglaries. You're .. .................9.'!~~~1_1g.~r!.~Y.!?~rr~.~.. ................ .
with your continuous sniffing.
3 We tried hard to sleep, but it was impossible.
j matter
No ............ ......'!!~~~~~.~~~.~~~~.~~.~r!~~ .................. I
13 The cricket match was cancelled because it rained.
called
we couldn't sleep. The cricket match .. ~~~.<?f:!!!~~ .<?.f!. !?~~~.'-!.~~. ~( / .~'-!.~..
] 4 Mark knows all about motorbikes.
........ 1!=! ......... the rain.

wide 14 The expiry date on the passport is March 5th,

_,d '"l
Mark ................. ~~~..<!. r!.~c!.~. ~1).c?.~!~~9.f!.~f.................. 2004.
motorbikes. valid
The passport .................... !~X?P<!..l!m!! ........... .. .. .... .
- '. 5 Peter said the operation was completely painless.
~
.............. March 5th, 2004.
- suffer
Peter said he ...... ........cJ.i.c!nl$.I.J.ff~Un!Y..P..~!n ............. . 15 We closed the club as membership had fallen
................. during the operation. steadily.
decline
6 Hiking twenty miles a day doesn't sound like much
We closed the club due ... J.<?.~.~~f!.~#Y..<!.~.~!!t:i.~.i!? .. ..
fun to me.
............................ membership.
idea
Hiking' twenty miles a day ...... .i.~.!'.9.t'!JY.!~~<!..<?f...... 16 Life has its ups and downs and you must learn to
.. ........ .................... ... fun. face both.
rough
7 Her cryptic comments made me uneasy.
You must learn ....... J~J~~~J!?~.rnHU~.~!U~.~Q.~........ .
left
7 ................ smooth in life.
.... j Her cryptic comments ... .. ...... ['!.f:t.m.~.f~~{~IJ9... .........
............................. uneasy. 17 I don't think she can play such a difficult piece of
music.
~ 8 There's no point in talking to Fran - she won't listen.
ability
pointless
-, it .................. .!$. P..9!nt!~~f? .t?.t!f!ng .I. .t<?. l<!!!L. ............... . I don't think she ...........~.<!~}~~.!!!?!!!tJ..t~.P!?Y. ......... .
...__ j! to Fran - she won't listen . ......... ... ... . such a difficult piece of music.

- ~ 9 It's a wonderful idea, but can you use it in real life? 18 The guide pointed out the inscription to me.
put drew
,.___:ii
It's a wonderful idea, but ....'?~!'. .Y.<?.'-!.P.'!.~)Ut_1./.!m~ ... The guide ................ ~f~~.r!IY..~~~m!~~J<?..... ......... .. .
.. ........ ....... ........ ........ practice? the inscription .

~ 10 John and I do not have any kind of financial

agreement.
entered
• J
I ........................ !mY.f!JJ.Q.tf!rJ.t.~r.f?.cf. /nt.Q........................ .
any kind of financial agreement with John.

il
 dvanced Language Points
~;; choose the correct word to complete the proverbs. c Words associated with sound.
f;~•·, ~-_," ~ , (~ '-;-.,.:;;,;.1,~ .• ~~·~>l,~~•~->...~.' . .. ,. - ·• :•,:•.4.-_
;,,t,a:;,-_-:,. ~! - " ~ ~ ~ ; ! ... I
0
:,r•..:;,.~"'"•t< 1,'', Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

. 1 Still waters run shallow / deep. thud, tick, squeak, rustle, creak, peal, hiss, howl
,./(== a quiet person often hides his feelings or knowledge) L

,.,:t

-Y: 2 First come, first pleased/ served.

( = whoever arrives first will be dealt with first)
1 His new shoes ..... ~9.Lf.'?fJ;l.<.'?.cf..... as he walked
into the room. J ,

2 I could hear the .. .. .. .!!~l.<.i!!9 ....... of the clock in "'~

ri
I

the hall.
Every cloud has a silver/ golden lining. . !

(= sth good will always come from sth unpleasant) 3 I heard a ...... ... !!!!-!~ ........ as the book hit the cJ,
floor. ·

(=
4 Don't look a race / .9fil horse in the mouth.
don 't complain about or reject sth offered freely to you)
4 The young animal .... : .. ~~~!~~ ...... in pain wheQJ :
the hunter shot it. i
r1:
... 5 The proof of the pudding / cake is in the eating. 5 The leaves ...... J.l.!~!~~.cf. ...... as the wind blew J
~; (= the value of sth can only be
). practice)
when it put--int
·'·
seen i; through the trees.
-~f:~·
6 The .. .. .. .P.~f!!!r.g_······ of the church bells told us
that a wedding was taking place.
J/ - :
Fl '
7 This house is so old that all the floorboards ~ .
/re I cat ham hat lack match creak t:l
/A/ cut hum hut luck much
/a:/ cart harm heart lark march 8 The steam escaped from the pipe with a loud ;c-1
hissinn d
......................... soun . '"
~J' i

b Right or Wrong?. Correct where necessary. d Fill in the correct particle. J

1 He talked me into the purchase. set, come, put, pass, break, lay 9
........................ /. J=:=..T!.f!!.~!-!~~f!.c/). ........................ . . l
1 In the wake of the flood, an out.Rm?.~....... of b.J
2 I'm considering to visit China next month. cholera was reported in a nearby village. E" 11
[ = sudden appearance of sth] .,
.................... ::: .~~~~!~~~!'}JI. X!~H!!!~. ::·.................. . d
2 The on.~~L ... ..... of winter brought a period of
3 What time do you make it?
......... :!...(~.'('!.~~!.t!~~.~~.t!.~r.x~~~.~~!~~?.~ .......... . extremely cold weather. r'.
[ = beginning of sth (usually sth bad I unpleasant),j
4 She broke her tooth on a lamb chop . 3 The factory was forced to increase out.P.HL .... r

·· ······ ······· ·· ···· ···· ··· ········(.··· ······· ·· ........................ . so as to keep up with its competitors.
[ = the amount of goods produced]
5 The thief hit the old lady until she lost her
consciousness. 4 Buying a house requires a substantial
... lost consciousness. out.lJ!Y. .... ..... .. of capital.
[ = sum of money spent on sth]
6 The teacher had the pupils learn the poem by
5 The favourable out.~Qffi!L .... of the EU conferer~Je
heart.
I was of great benefit to all the members.
[= result]

7 Not a soul turned up for the talk on historic 6 The construction of a new by.P.~.~~ ........ was
monuments. It must have been the weather. supported by many local residents. · ')
....................................! .................................... . [::: road around the centre of a city I town I busy ar~ }l

----~-.,.,,....------------·-._ _;\- 11 .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ·,1
. ~
l]-
·l l
 e In other words. Choose the correct answer.
Uncontrollable
1 ... .....!-?HL ... .. of control [away/ out]
2 ..... P.~.Y5?m:! ..... one's control [beyond / beside]

Be undecided
1 sit ... ... .. ~r! ... ...... the fence [at/ on]
2 be ..... .. )'!.......... two minds [on/ in]

f Fill in the correct phrase.

on and off, out and about, out-and-out, to and fro, far and wide

1 I go to that club ......... .<m.~!'.~ .9.ff. .. .. .... .

[ = from time to time]
2 He searched ...... }c!Un!H.W!H'J. ....... for the missing animal.
[ = over a large area]
3 The politician is ...... !-?Ht~.Q.<!.~P.~HL .... , trying to convince people to vote for him.
{ = travelling about]
4 She walked ... ...... !!-?.fl:!'.~t<?. ......... in the bedroom, trying to get the baby to sleep.
[= backwards and forwards]
5 He is a(n) ........9.<!t<!!?#:!-?HL ..... fool. I really don 't understand why you like him.
[ = complete; with all the characteristics of a particular thing or person]

g Fill in the correct adverb to complete the sentences.

I beautifully, hotly, moderately, heartily

1 They were looking to buy a new house, something with a garden but ... ..... ~~~~t~.~~!Y. ........ priced .
.- "!!

1
2 It was plain to see that the mummy had been ...... ...~~.~.'-!!!(~{ X......... preserved by the Egyptians.

_J 3 The proposal was ... .. ........ ~<?.~1Y............. debated for at least four hours until they finally reached a
compromise.

J 4 When we informed them of our decision, they ....... .. .. ~~.~!'!!!Y. ........... agreed.

How do you pronounce these words?

1 Belgium /'beld3dm/
2 Berkshire /'bo:kp/
3 Berwick /'ben k/
4 bomb /bnm/
5 brewery /'bru:dn/
6 buffet /'bufe1/ ( = food)
buffet /'bAfit/ (= hit roughly from
· side to side)
cabaret /'kreb;m1/
 ,,.,\lJ~t?
Part 2 Language Development
n
A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS ~J
a Choose the.correct preposition. b Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions
in the box. -
j
1 That child is eager for / at praise. "-.

! to, on, with, from, in, for \

2 Steve may be well-qualified, but he's not very . 7
efficient of / at managing the office. 1 The lab is equipped .... ~mt.. everything you coulcJ
3 Sue emerged from / out the attic covered in need.
cobwebs. 2 Fresh air and healthy food are essential .. . .t.~r.... ~
4 Our teacher laid great emphasis in / on the everyone.
importance of regular revision. ' . . . for th· .
· 3 I d like to exchange thrs skirt ............. 1s Jump~
5 I've always been envious for/ of my sister's 4 I was excluded .. .frnm ... the talks because no orlJ
figure.
trusted me.
6 We all encouraged him !!! / at his efforts and
were thrilled when he succeeded.
s What's your excuse ... .f!?t.. ... letting her down? D
6 Simon was expelled ... trnm ... school for smokin~J1
7 She's just announced she's getting engaged
with/ to Paul.
in the classroom. i
...,..,
7 Experimenting .....Q.IJ•.... animals is immoral.
8 Edward had no enthusiasm about / for life after ,. l
his son left home. a I'm faced .. Y!.i.(fJ.... a difficult choice and can't ;J
decide what to do.
9 I'm not in the least bit enthusiastic about/ by the
trip. 9 Do you have much faith ... JTJ...... alternative ~l
medicine? '- -'
10 The entrance to / in the factory was blocked by
workers who were on strike. 10 He was faithful ... JC?...... her for the rest of his litei
7
c. J

B IDIOMS
a Match the idioms with their definitions.

1 with an eye to E

2 keep an eye on sb F A something revealing

3 see eye to eye G B get someone's attention

4 turn a blind eye to sth K C face to face

5 in the eyes of the law J D be alert

6 up to one's eyes in work E with the aim of

7 cry one's eyes out L F watch sb
8 catch someone's eye B G agree

9 an eye-opener A H in one's imagination

10 in one's mind's eye H very busy

11 keep one's eyes peeled D J according to the law

12 eyeball to eyeball C K ignore; pretend you haven't seen

L cry a lot
u b Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.
1 He has a natural talent for music and can easily 7 The sound of fingernails on a blackboard reaiff
play by ear . sets my teeth on edge.
D ...................~!~~~~~ ·~-~~~'!.<;/. !.'!.!.~~~.~.I!.~!~ ................. . makes me feel uncomfortable
••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

2 The students were all ears when the teacher read 8 His hair stood on end when he heard the scream.
out the exam results. ...........................f:1.~..~~.~ }r!9.~!'!.tJ.~~.......................... .
'.' ... '.' ... '' ..... ''' .... !!~~~!!!~~-~'!.~~.~~!!¥. .... '.'' ...... '''' '''''' .. . 9 He tried to change the committee's decision, but

J 3 The prisoner's plea for mercy fell on deaf ears.

................................w~.~- fgn9.r~9. ....... ............ .......... .
to no end; they still went ahead with the plan.
in vain, without success
···································································· ·· ·······-··
4 The people of the town moved heaven and earth 10 Since she lost her job, she's been at a loose end.
to save the historic building from demolition . ......................... ~. '!!}~1!..1!~!h!~9. .~~ .~.<?.... ..................... .
..................~!<:'. .~x~,y_t_lJHJ£J. !!! .!~'!.~( P..<?.V!.'!.~ ...•••.•••.....•...
11 Stop crying! It's not the end of the world if your
5 That new car she's driving must have cost the team didn't win the Cup.
earth . .................~~'.~. !!~!. ~'!.'?~. ~. ~.'~!.i.C?.l!~ ./!~?.'?.~~.'!? ................ .
... ....... ..... ... .......P~~l_l_ X~fY. .~~P.~IJ.~!~~........................ .
J 6 When I prove you wrong, I'll make you eat your
12 I had a narrow escape - that bucket could easily
have fallen on me.
was almost involved in an accident
words.
7 ....... ............. )~.~~. ~~.~~. ~.~~~ .Y.'?.L!. ~~.~~................... ... .
:J

::] C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

a Fill in for or from to complete the prepositional phrases.
1 · I'm putting my house up ..... .f~r...... sale. From .... now on,. th·ings are going
5 ............ · t o b e d·tt
I erent
around here.
2 His name's Archibald - or Archie .... .J~r.. .... short.
6 You can keep this doll ...... f~L .... good.
3 .... frnm .... time to time I like to get away from it
all and rent a cottage in the Lake District. 7 We crept into the house .... )9-f...... fear of waking
the baby.
4 Helen couldn't go on holiday ..... .f~r...... lack of
:_ §
cci money.

cri b Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional phrases below.
Lj
in a good mood, in a hurry, in a mess, in a row, in a temper, in action, in addition to, in agony

1 She's not .. )Q..f!.fJ.9.9.<!J!J.C!.C!.cf. .... today so don't tell 8 She may not look like a particularly good player,
her about scratching the car. Wait till tomorrow. but when you see her ......... !!?.~~~(9.Q........... you'll
see what I mean.
,- ~. 2 I wouldn't speak to the boss now; he's been
.. ..... .!r:i.J!)~!!!P.~L ...... all day.

3 Mary was ........ ..!n.c.J.9.9.'JY.......... after the fall so

we called an ambulance.
4 Ben has got a postgraduate qualification
..... JIJ.~f!f!m<?.TJ.!~....... his. degree.
5 I'm sorry, but I can't talk now. I'm .... !!!.~.~~f!Y.....
........ ... .... . to get to work.

6 The trophies stood .......... .i!!.~.!~~........... on the

mantelpiece.

7 The kitchen was ........ .!!?.fl..,:,J.~!=!~.......... ; it looked

as though a bomb had hit it.

rl
/o CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
Tick the correct sentence. 7
~j
a How come you haven 't finished yet? ✓ 7 a I'd like to spend my holidays on the mountains
b How come haven't you finished yet? instead of by the sea. ·
a He has a good humour. b I'd like to spend my holidays in the mountains
b He has a good sense of humour. ✓
instead of by the sea. ✓

a He's impervious from criticism.

b He's impervious to criticism . ✓
a He did it on his own initiative. ✓
b He did it with his own initiative.
a He's a walking encyclopedia. ✓
b He's a moving encyclopedia.
a One or another way, I'll pass this exam.
b One way or another, I'll pass this exam. ✓

_j

E COLLOCATIONS
a Tick the appropriate boxes.

a passport a building a monument hope an old painting a bus pass

renovate ✓ ✓ ✓

renew ✓ ✓ ✓

b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.
deal, clothes, meals, hair, punishment, reading, rain, sleeper, skin, weather, smoker, traffic

light: .C?.t~!~~~- .<.=::. ~.':'.'??~~( -~-'~m~~>!. ~~~-,~.<~pp:_ ..... - fair: .~~-~!.(.:=.. ~~iJ.~~~)!. ~~-~~ .(<?P.P.:..c!~r~Ji ............... .
.~.f!~'!Y.)1 .P.'!.r:i.i.~~'!:'.f!m.<.:=. .iJ.'?.t. ~~~~r~li -~~~.C!!hfJ. .-. .l?.'!.IJ!~~'!J.~.1?!.f.:: .i'!.~@~~J.,. -~~{r:i. .(:=:=. P.~!~J.•........
.( :=:=. .f:!?~~1~/1?!!1.fJ.J.,.l~!!?.(~P.P.: .~.f!~'!Y.)i .~.l.f:~P.~( .. . .~~~P!.f!!. .<r:i.~<?-~)............................ ................
f:~~!!Y. -~~'?.~~~>.,..~!n~'>.f:!. .( =:=: . ~~~-~!? '.~ ... ...... .
.( :=:=. .
.~!!!~~~- ~. ~~t).,_ .t!.~tf!~ .('?P.P:. h~~XY.J. .. .. ......... .....

c .l

F PHRASAL VERBS

1 come forward present oneself 8 count on rely on

2 come into inherit 9 count out exclude
c(
3 come off succeed 10 cover up prevent from being revealed
4 come out 1 become known 11 cry out for be desperately in need of
2 be published 12 cut back on use / spend less
5 come out with say (usually sth surprising) 13 cut in interrupt
6 come to regain consciousness 14 cut off 1 disconnect
7 come up with think of 2 isolate / make impossible
to reach
 . .\::c.
: [] a Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page.

1 You can always ........ ~~~~L~'.1......... Mark to help 11 He ...........qHU!l. ........... while I was talking which

J in times of trouble.

2 The officer asked for volunteers to ......qgm~ ..... . 12

I found most rude.

You can ..... .9.9.'-HJ.t.. .••• me .. ..... gHL .... - I hate

7 .. ff?rw.~r.r/. .. . card games.
J 3 I was really down on my luck, then suddenly I 13 The charity gala was a great idea, but it didn't
learnt I'd ........<;.c?m~.{IJ.(CJ........ some property. really .... .. ..~~tJ:l.~..C?.f!..••••... .

4 All the villages on this side of the mountain were 14 When is your new novel .... ...'?~~~1:.~.?.'-!.t.. ..... ?
...... .... 9.t!.CCJ.ff. •.•..•...• by snow and the children
15 Children sometimes ... .~gm~.<?.l.!.t..~~(IJ..... some
couldn't go to school for a week.
amusing things.
5 After being unconscious for a few minutes, he
16 They tried to keep it a secret but eventually it
~ finally ......... ~~'!!.~.!R......... . came out
,.J
6 The government tried to ........ ~~~'!!". .'!!?......... the
unpleasant incident, but the press found out
about it.

7 7 I think there's a problem with the phone; I've

d just been .. ..... ... ~~t~~ .......... .

8 The land is .... .'?!Y.!~9..~~~/~~ .... . rain after a five-

year drought.
b NOMINAL FORMS: Fill in the correct nominal form. ~
cover-up, cutback
9 . 9c1n you ..... ~~.'!!.~.~P..~!!~ ..... a good idea for this
xear's sch9ol play? 1 The government is making another
....... ~~~I:>.<!.'?~ ....... in education.
10 The government has promised not to ... ..<?.'!!.....
.~~~fa.:.~~ .. funding for education this year, but 2 It must be a ...... ~~~'!!.-.'!P........ ; I can't believe
no one believes them. no one knows how he died.
;:-:_. ~., .... :

""j
d G WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
a Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
1 We saw some fantastic cave ...... . of buffalo, 5 In Australia, he made a fortune from organising
which dated back to the Stone Age. cricket matches with star ....... and enormous prizes.
®
drawings B diagrams ® players B contestants
2 He may be an amateur, but his work is well up 6 There is no ..... .. that it's going to be another cold
to the ...... . of professionals. day today.
A scale @ standard A suspicion @ doubt
3 At his old school, he made it mandatory for 7 The benefactor, who wishes to remain .. .... . ,
students to all have the same kind of schoolbag. requests that the money be spent on new
Do you think he'll do something ....... at this equipment for the school.
@ anonymous
- j
school? • A mysterious
,.. ~
A suchlike @similar 8 The fire department ....... the residents that there
u 4 The new owner of the house had ....... plans for was no chance of the fire spreading to their village.

f l
the place, including a theme park in the back ® assured B insured
garden.
®
elaborate B arranged
 ····.• "•"··"···~---"····· - "·'""···,· ·,·::• r ·-•!' ·1:~ ; <r·~?/.,• -·J~f:,e~:r1,...,~:I ::'/\,. _~~-~ ·- ~··•-·:·<:~•~-h~J~ ~

Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

gather / collect flatter / compliment ' ]
1 He had been ......C?.<?!!~~!~Q.9. ..... seashells for ten 1
1 The teacher ..~CJ.'!JP.. !!!!~!!!~!1... the class on a project
years. which they had done. ,.. 1
2 Every evening, the whole family would , · t · flatterinn -
2 Th ere s no poIn m ..................v... , ... me; you're no, I j
........ 9?.(Q.~L ...... round the fireplace and talk. getting a bigger allowance.
ri
3 Church volunteers are ..... ~~!!~~~~IJ.9...... money 3 This whjte outfit really ....... /{f!.t!~r.~ ........ your dar~J
for the needy. complexion . ~'
4 ........~~!~~~........ around, everybody. Mr Smith 4 Her husband ...C?!?!!'J!.~i.~~~!~~ .. her on the way sr7
has something to tell us. had dressed for the wedding. ~

gather = expresses the general idea of bringing or compliment=

. to say nice things
. to sb (about sth); praise
,...,
drawing together in a group flatter = to say kind, pleasant things to sb especially in : ;- i
collect = gather from different sources; accumulate order to get sth from them; make sb seem more attractiC. J
or form an orderly whole
---- - - -------- ~-.. . ,., .,. .,. ,. . . .---~- ~-~----~-,...._.----~--.,,,..,..~-·'""1-
H DERIVATIVES ~l
a Complete the table below. .:, ,,' !""1
~ ~ " - ' - - - . . : . . . . _ - - - - - - ~ - - - - - -_j
Verb Ad. r (+ oppos,·te ·t' ex1s s ·t ) AbS tract Noun Concrete Noun
Jee ive (+ opposite if exists)

1 depart departed .....<!~P.~1!-![~ .....

'J
2 d~pend (in)dependent, dependable (in)dependence, dependability .... ~~P.~.IJ.cf~!"!L.
--~-----,1---------------+-------------+--------~:1
3 depress depressed, depressing, depressive ....<!.~P.r~~~!~~.... depressant, depressi,~ l
4 describe indescribable, .... cf.~.~~!!P.(~':'~ .... description, descriptiveness

5 design design ......cf~~~9.'!~r. .....

6 destroy ....cf.~.~!r!-!~!!':'~.... , (in)destructible destruction, destructiveness destroyer
1 - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - ~':"1
7 determine .. ..<!.'!.~~!.~!!1.~<!.... determination · l

8 develop .f.l!!"!}~~Y.~!~P.~~. , developing development developer

1-------1---------------+-------------+---------:i
9 die dead, deathly, deadly .. .. ....cf.~.c!!h ........

'-1_o_(m_is_)_d1_·re_c_t.....1-_ _ _ _.._.._.(_!~_}fi_.!_!~_
.~_.~._.._.._ _ _ _.L,_d_ir_e_ct_io_n_,_d_ir_e_c_tn_e_s_s_,_d_ir_ec_t_iv_e_,__ _ _d_i_re_c_to_r_---'_
1
b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.

1 The train now ......cf.~P.~rt!r.9. ...... from platform seven is the 10.45 Victoria to Brighton service. DEF" ;U

· ·1s very .... denendable

2 Lou1se · b d one effIcIe_
... r.. .. .. ... .. .. .... . - you can trust h er t o get th e JO . nti y. DEF>i~D

3 The news of the disaster was very .... .~'!P.!.'!.~~{'!.f!..... . DEPF"iiiS

4 We couldn't believe there was no food of any .... ~~~.C?!.iP.!!!?~ ..... being served on the plane.

5 This course is specially ......<!.'!.~!9.r:r.'!.~....... for beginners.

6 They said the building was ... !r:r.~'!.~~f!-!~!{~/~... , but then a lorry drove into it and the whole thing
collapsed!

7 We are looking for someone with drive and ...<!.'!.t.~r.~!!1.'i'.~~'?.'!... to fill the vacancy. DETERr..,/NE

8 Brian is a property ......<!~.V.~~<JP.~L .... and as such is always looking out for derelict buildings to buy.

9 After his announcement a .?.~!!!.l?!Y./.cJ.~.c!~!Y.. silence filled the room.

10 She addressed me with a(n) ..... f:!!r~~!~~.~~ ..... that surprised me - she's usually less open. 01f tcr
I

u
 Fill in the correct word each time.
1 ( disappoint, disappointing, disappointed, disappointment )
a The news that he hadn't got the job was very ...~~~.~P.P.~{Q.~i.'!~... .
b Remember to book early to avoid ..~/~~PP.'?!.'?!P.~'!.t .

2 ( discriminate, discriminatory, discriminating, discrimination)

a This report shows that there is still much .. #!~C?.~('!!ir!~(ign... against women.
7 b He is incapable of ...c:f!~C?.(~'!!!r!?J.{~1)9... between fresh and frozen fish.

3 ( distribute, distributive, distribution, distributor )

.................... sI·d·e of th·ings nee d s to b e Ioo ked at t o max1mIse
a Th e ......distributive . . eff'Ic1ency.
.
b He monitors the .....c:f!~~({l?.L!.~i.C?!'! ..... of food and medicine to the poor.

4 ( divide, (in)divisible, division, divider )

. ·1s a num b er. th a. t ·Is ... .....................
a N1ne divisible .. b y th ree.
7
b Many celebrities fail to make a .... ....c:f!'!W~,:i, ....... between their public and private lives.

5 ( doubt, doubtful, doubtless, doubter )

a I have to admit I am still .......~'?.L!.~.t!I!!...... . about their chances of success.
b I have no .. .......<J.cJ.I.J!?!... ..... . as to her innocence.

6 ( dread, dreadful, dreaded )

a -S he went ihto shock as soon as she was told the .......~(~c!#f!-!L. ..... news.
b, )'I/hen she heard the knock on the door, she knew that the .......~~'!.<!.<:!.~~ ....... moment had come.

7 ( educate, educational, (un)educated, education )

a •coThough she was ....~,:i,~.c:f.l.J.~~!~~ .... , she was by no means intellectually inferior to her colleagues.
0

b •• M . t er has foun d an extreme Iy reward'Ing JO

<· .Y s,s · b work'Ing w,'th c h.ld
, ren w,·th spec,a
· I ..........................
educational need s.

8 (effect, .(in)effective, (in)effectiveness )

a Accord .ing t o c h.ld I psychoIog1s · ts, corporaI purns
· h ment ·1s an ..........................
ineffective · 1·,rnng
way of d.1sc1p . ch.ld
I ren.
· ·,nt ro d uct'.,on, much ·d ebate had gone on as t o th e .. ........................
b · Bef ore th e,r effectiveness of using · compu t ers ·in
the classroom.

ij
Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
a Choose the correct answer. 7
c.J
1 If you haven't done any weightlifting for a long time, you should ..... up your muscles gradually.
A pull B fetch @ build D catch 1
'-j
2 I ..... to think what will happen if I injure myself before the match.
A loathe @ dread C despair D fear
3 The summer months are the best, apart from the really hot ..... we usually get in August. 7
:= J
A term B interval C wave @ ~pell
4 She liked the leather jacket, but was rather ..... off by the price.
@ put B taken C held D set
5 The police were puzzled by the break-in as there was no apparent ..... .
A design @ motive C principle D plot
6 So ..... in conversation were they that they forgot to pick their children up from school.
A distracted B attracted © engrossed D gripped
7 You should always check the ..... print before signing a contract.
A minute B little @ small D tiny
8 She cannot ..... ignorance this time; she must have seen who did it.
®plead B refer C defend D insist J
9 Why does your dog always ..... for the poor postman?
A fall @ go C run D_ stand
10 We assumed that it was a matter of the ..... urgency.
A major @ utmost C biggest D largest
11 They would spend their holidays ..... aimlessly from one place to another.
A passing B sightseeing C transporting @ travelling
12 Make sure your boss is in the right ..... of mind before you discuss any changes with him.
®frame B turn C set D way

"1
b Fill in the correct word(s). "1
"'-cf
A j herd, flock, school j C j by chance, casually, occasionally I j
i
1 Why are you all following Jack around like a 1 He occasionally
............................ ·
v1s1"ts h ·
1s aun t ·
in th e coun t ry, L1
--'
..... }~'?.'?.~ ....... of sheep. but not very often. r~

2 My uncle Roy used to own a ....... ~~~~···;··· of ·. 1.

2 My sister met an old school friend in the street thej
cows, so we would drink fresh milk whenever other day .. .. ..~Y..'?.IJ~!"!~~....... . ,.
we visited him.
3 I got so annoyed when he turned round and r ..
3 I had a wonderful opportunity to study a
..... ~9.IJ.CJ.9.1.. .... of beautiful turquoise fish when I
........ f?.~.'-!~(~Y... ...... dropped an empty packet on J
the floor. ~
went scuba diving yesterday.
4 Did you see the way that .. ... ./{'?.'?~....... of birds
4 She .....C?.~.C?~~i.<?!!~(IJ...._._speaks to us when she's in Li
the mood. .: i
circled the chimney twice before flying away?

~1
I
t

B I elderly, senile, senior I DI salary, wages, fee I

1 Mr w·11·
1 ,ams .1s th e .....................
senior part ner .in a 1 If you want to have the operation done in a private .
company that makes electrical appliances. clinic, the ....... .f~~ ........ may be very high. r '
I· .

2 I really envy the amount of patience that 2 Although his job as a bank manager means he
... ...'!!~~[!Y. ..... people seem to have with their has to travel a lot, Tony's generous ...... ~.c!!~JY. .. ... .
grandchildren. makes it all worthwhile,
3 Many people become ...... ?.'!.'!!!~ ...... in their old 3 As the ...... ~~9.~~...... at the factory were very low, ,
age and need to be looked after. several workers decided to look for another job.

119

-----------rh
u
.
.
c Match the Idioms with their definitions•

1 set your heart on something d

b a do something which shows you have power

2 the sky's the limit
and are prepared to use it
3 clear a hurdle f
b there are no limits to what somebody can
C
4 go from strength to strength achieve
5 flex your muscles a
c keep getting better
6 be on the sidelines e
d decide you want (to do) something very much
e not be fully involved in something
f deal successfully with a problem

;l d Fill in the correct form of the word in capitals. e Choose the correct preposition / particle.
d
1 Only through sheer ..... ~~(~~'!1.in!H!<?.t:i. ..... was he 1 On account for/ of her terrible injury, she was \
able to beat his opponent. DETERMINE unable to continue the race.

2 Too much ....'?.'?.~P.~!{~{~~~~.~~ ... can makefor a 2 For the first time ever she was in / on the brink
bad atmosphere. COMPETE
of victory.
3 .!!!_/ At the eyes of many spectators, the Russian
3 Unfortunately, our coach can be very stubborn
skater should have won .
and .......c!.'?.'!!/l);~~.~~IJ9...... . DOMINEER
4 They should be thinking in terms of / for
4 The ........... r!':'!!!!Y. ........... between the winning the gold medal.
competitors has proved difficult. RIVAL
5 Not only was she with / in the lead, but she also
5 B_arnes was the ....... ~!'!~~~P.~!!':~ ....... champion looked the freshest of them all.
of motor racing. DISPUTE
6 She managed to complete the course on / in
q
·I
6 It was .......~~~~.'!.'!!!'!9.{¥.. ..... difficult to get hold of one go.
~j
tickets for that match. EXCEED

~~ f Choose the correct meaning. g Complete the sentences with the appropriate
1 I'm afraid he only came second this time round. idiomatic pair.
a as he did on the previous occasion bit by bit, pound for pound, side by
@ on this particular occasion side, mile for mile, stride for stride
2 She managed to finish the task ahead of time.
a far too early 1 It was wonderful to see them standing on the

• @ before she needed to

3 -Pele was the greatest footballer of all time.
@ there has ever been
podium ......... ~~cf.f!.PY..*!~ ......... .

2 The sumo wrestler matched his opponent

... .. P..<?.l!!?~.f<?.f.P.<?.':'-IJ.cJ...... , making it a fair contest.
b of his age group
3 He ate the chocolate ........... !?.iU~Y..~.i.t............ to ,
4 They should at least qualify for the finals, but .~
give himself some energy.
time will tell.
@ wait and see what will happen in the future 4 The two runners matched each other .~trJ#~J<?.t.
b it is something that will definitely happen ...... ~(f!~~....... .
5 The way they are kicking the ball around you 5 Siberia, ........ .'!J!!~.f9.~.'!.1.if.~......... , is one of the
can see that they are playing for time. world's coldest areas.
a trying to make use of the time
@ trying to delay the game

1~ 1
 Part 4 Reading & Use of English 11"7j

a You are going to read a short article about the 1996 Olympic Games, two sentences of which have been removeJ.
Read the text and decide which two gaps (1-4) the sentences have been removed from.

Spectators at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta above the lifter's head. Though there are wot~ 1
City, USA, were lucky enough to witness the most records for the individual lifts, it is their combined
riveting piece of competitive weightlifting in living w~ight that ~cunts towar~s victory and would, 7)
memory. The protagonists were Greece's Leonidis this case-, claim the Olymptc gold. (2) ............... ;::J
Valerios and the world champion and holder of all
What added tension to the event, in the eyes ,,,qf
three world records in the 64 kg weight category,
Turkey's Nairn Suleymanoglu. Nicknamed 'the many viewers, was the political situation betwe~ ¾
Pocket Hercules', Nairn had dominated this the two countries. (3) ...... ~ ....... Earlier that year~-a
category for years, and was considered by many . dispute over an uninha~ited island in Greek territo~r
the best pound-for-pound weightlifter of all time. called lmia had brought the countries to the brink~ f
(1) ...... ~....... In fact, they had drawn in terms of total war. · ··
weight lifted, and Nairn had taken the title solely on For enthusiasts, however, and the liftp-·ls
account of his lower body weight. This year, themselves, things were rather different. An ev<J t
however, it was Leonidis who was the lighter. Nairn from the Ancient Olympics, weightlifting is one of
would have to be the one to lift more this time the purest sports, a simple battle between grm~''\y
round. and muscle, participants regularly lifting up to thh-Je
Weightlifting competitions involve two stages, each times their own body weight high over their heads.
with a different lift. First comes the snatch, where (4) ............... Competition necessarily me~s
the lifter must raise the bar above their head in one winners and losers, but it also means competitcd ,
motion, before rising to full height to complete the and both men expressed afterwards that without
lift. The second is the clean-and-jerk, where the bar such a close rivalry, they would never have reactqd
is first brought under the chin, then to full stretch the heights they were inspired to reach. l
~ .l

J., A However, the previous year, at the World

Championships, Leonidis had come very close
to beating him.
B Relations between the governments of Greec~
and Turkey, often strained, had deteriorated
quite drastically.

-
b Now answer the following questions.
1 1995 was the year when
A Leonidis began to compete internationally.
B Nairn ruled the world of weightlifting.
©Nairn finally began to look beatable.
D Nairn and Leonidis shared the World Championship title.
2 To win a weightlifting competition, you must
® lift the most weight overall.
B win at two different lifts.
C lift more weight in at least one stage.
D be lighter than your opponent.
n
.
.

UPart 1
EXAM PRACTICE 1-------"·/.
For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

j Bullfighting
A bull is never used twice in a bullfight. This, of course, is mainly because they (1) ..... death at the hands of the
J matador, but occasionally, like the gladiators of Rome, a very brave bull will be let off the (2) ...... Such bulls
spend their remaining years on farms; a bull has an excellent memory and will not (3) ..... a matador's tricks twice.

Q rhe main piece of trickery at a matador's (4) ..... is his cape. The colour is actually irrelevant, since bulls are
'-- colour-blind , and red is used mainly for show. It is the movement that catches the bull's eye, and the transfer
;:1of the bull's (5) ..... to the cape is the (6) ... .. of truth for the matador; failure could well mean a goring. Such
J wounds can be (7) ..... ; the worst is in the thigh, for there lies the femoral artery, close to the surface and
(8) .. ... to empty the human body of blood in a matter of minutes.

J 1 A show @meet C find D rein

2 @hook B leash C lead D rein
'7
:. R
;;:, 3 ® fall for B give in to C take to D keep on
4 A fingers B use © disposal D armoury
=1
a 5 A intensity B fixation C concentration @ attention
C'1
6. A instance B time © moment D hour
-l C deathly D final
Li ·7 A terminal @fatal
8 A potential B capable @able D possible
7
_j

""-Part 2
t~or questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
space.
0- ...
1
MIXED SIGNALS
.- ~eroplanes nowadays are crammed (9) ..... ..'!'!Hl!....... computer technology; radar systems, autopilot,
J~ollision warning devices and so on. They make the job of a pilot easier, and make it that much
(10) ...... ..'.~~~.... ... likely that a plane will crash through pilot error. But what about computer error?
- ·1,

a Boeing 767 was just taking off when, completely out of the (11) .. .. ...~!~~ ....... , the plane's
1
•. ;
1
• .t
1991 ,
•
computer started the reverse thrusters , (12) .....'?!!.'!~~'!.fl.... the plane to crash . No one can be sure
' t13) ......Yf!?Y. .... .. . the computer malfunctioned, but it can be added to a long list of incidents that seem to
Ulave (14) ....... .'!.C!... ...... relation to pilot or technical error; faults that appear and disappear like ghosts.
0 1'here are an increasing number of experts who are blaming these on electromagnetic interference caused
'__)1 5) ..... .. ..~Y......... laptop computers, mobile phones and even portable CD players and games machines.
These could upset the delicate balance of electronics on the plane, creating faults, misreadings and even
· \ ashes.
·... .J
Airlines generally ban the use of electronic equipment during takeoff and landing, but many experts have
! 1alled (16) .. ..... }'?!. ....... a total ban. The future threat to air travel might not be a terrorist with a bomb, but a
,.joy with the latest electronic gadget.
 Part 3 ·
For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
word that fits in the space in the same line. '"-
aj

THE CHANGING FACE OF CHINA

In the late nineteenth century when two Americans pedalled their way from Constantinople
···
to BeIJing, vI·11 agers ·In ch·ma greet ed th eIr
· b.k · h orses., Th.Is (1 7) ......................
I es as 'foreIgn fascination .. FASCINATE
with two-wheelers has not lessened and in 1994 alone almost thirty million bikes were
produced for the home market. However, a visit to the city of Beijing today will
(18) .....~1!/!fl~t~.1!...... you as to the fact that the bicycle no longer rules. The polluted haze of LIGHT
rush-hour traffic is testimony to the fact that bicycles are now a (19) .... .... ~Y.i.'?!L .. .... breed, DIE

having been replaced by cars, which to the 21st-century Chinese family are symbols of
progress.

This (20) ..... ~~~~.~~{?.~.... with four-wheeled vehicles has also been noted by sociologists as OBSESS

being (21) .... !!??.~~~.t!r~...... of the (22) ..... ~!~~':.~f!f!...... of the gap between the classes, only INDICATE / WIDE

the rich being able to afford one. Also, people are turning their backs on bicycles due to
the dangers of pollution and the invasive presence of the car. However, is travelling by car
really a viable (23) .. ..~!!~!!??.~~~~ ..... to the bicycle? With China's roads amongst the deadliest ALTER

in the world and with fatalities in 2000 (24) ... !!~r!l.l?.f!t~IJfl..... 83,000 , one dreads to think what NUMBER

would happen if everyone bought a car, as then there would be more cars in China than in
the rest of the world combined!

Part 4
J
For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. ~j
Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the word given. u
C "'!

25 The thief hid behind the wall so the police wouldn 't see him. --1
avoid The thief hid behind the wall ............. ........ ... .~<?..~Y.'?.~<!.P.~!1: Jl. .~~~1!. .1:'.Y......................... the police . ,_J
1

26 We will send the goods when we receive payment.

receipt The goods ....... .. ... ....... .... w!U.l?.~..~~r:i.tc;,.1JJ~.9~!P.t9.L ... ....... .......... . payment.

27 Please don't interrupt me anymore.

wish I ..... ....... ..... W.i.~h .Y.<?.I!..'lf.9.l!!g.~t9P..in.t~ff.l!P.!f!?9. ......... .... .... me.

28 You don't have to buy the product if you don't want to. u
obligation You .... ..... ~r~.µ_1J.<;/.f!!. .~.<?..<?R!!9.~.tf.9[!.{~t,~{l.f..Vf.f:l!!.t.~~~Y~r>..... .. .. to buy the product.

29 You can't blame me for causing the accident.

through It is .. .... .... ..... ......thrR!-!9h .!1.9. .(~.l.!!t.Qf.mY.RW.Q.......... ... .. .. ..... that the accident happened .

i....J
30 I am currently setting up my own business.
process I am ......... .... ........ !n.th~.P.t9.9.~~$..Qf ~~(@g..l.!P. .. .. .............. .. . my own business.
u

~ ,,·
23
1
'
':,'· !
~ , :, · ·
:'

";,;_",: ,:·•.-t
- --11-·-
 Part 1
UNIT 6 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points
1
U Grammar
~ A CONDITIONALS
-i
:.J 1 There are three main types of conditional: 2 to express doubt or uncertainty
Type 1 refers to present / future time I don't know / I doubt / I wonder / I'm not sura If /
[possible situations] whether:
if + simple present - will / can / may / might + infinitive I doubt if I whether they will know.
If he is polite, people will like him more. I don 't know if I whether he will tell you.
If they are able I If they can, they'll drive all the way. 6 If+ would is used in reported speech:
If he has a camera, he can take a lot of photos. She asked him if I whether he would be there or not.
Type 2 refers to present / future time 7 If + would like (if + want / wish)
[unlikely, unreal or imaginary situations] If you would like to take part, please sign here.
if + simple past - would / could + infinitive 8 The following words / phrases introduce
If he was I were polite, people would like him more. conditional sentences and cannot be followed by
If they were able I If they could, they'd drive all the future tenses.
way. unless, provided/ providing, even if, suppose/
If he had a camera, he could take a lot of photos. supposing, on condition that, so / as long as, in case
Type 3 refers to past time I will come to the party provided I can bring a
[for actions that didn't happen] friend.
if + past perfect - would / could / might + have + Unless I find a taxi soon, /'II be late for work.
past participle I can lend you my digital camera on condition
If he had been polite, people would have liked him that you 're very careful with it.
more::: Take a jacket in case it turns chilly.
If they hild been able, they'd have driven all the way. unless (= if ... not)
If he had had a camera, he could have taken a lot
~J
_}
of photos.
I'll go unless it is raining.
[NOT: ... unless it isn't mining.]
2 Mixed Conditionals: various tense combinations are When unless means 'except if', we can sometimes
possible if the context or logic permits it.
=1 If she was late, she always took a taxi.
use a negative structure after it.
~j I'll go unless you don 't want me to.
If you hadn't told him, he wouldn't be here now.
If the plane left at nine o'clock, it will have arrived 9 If + adjectives
by!76w. · If interested, write to the following address.
• j
._____. 3 If necessary, take a taxi.
if + should [implies slight probability]
If Jack should ring, tell him I won't be long. 10 If so, if not
(= If Jack happens to ring, ...) Are you free tomorrow morning? If so, let me know.
Are you coming with us? If not, give me a ring.
The words Should, Had and Were can be placed
before the subject, with the if omitted. This is rather
NOTE:
formal.
in case is followed by a present or past tense, or
Should he ring, tell him I won't be long.
by should (= might).
Were I in your position, I would go.
f'"'""\ Write down her address in case you forget it.
Had I seen Sue, I would have explained everything.
J4 but for means:
i) if it wasn 't for (= without)
[NOT: .•. in case you will forget it]
oR: He wrote down her address in case he forgot it.
OR: He wrote down the address in case he should
ii) if it hadn't been for(= without) forget it.
But for you, I would be totally lost.
But for your help, I wouldn't have been able to
finish it.
if+ will/ would is used:
1 to express willingness, a request, refusal,
insistence, desire, etc.
If you will I would wait a moment, I'll call the
manager.
If you will keep on misbehaving, I'll send you out.
If they would take us, we could get there on time.

fl
11
fill in the correct tense. n
1 Unless there are any last minute problems, the 5 If you'~e as clever as you think you are, why d
opening ceremony .... ......... .'•X!!{JJ.'?.............. (go) ........ ~!?.1!.'.L ...... you ........ P..~~~ ......... (not pass)
ahead as scheduled. yesterday's test? -----,;
d
2 But for the bad weather, it ...... ~C?!-!!~.~~X~.~'?.~.1?..... . 6 If you ........... ~~!-!!~.~~~~ ........... (like) to meet me for
(be) a lovely outing. lunch, just call me. 9
3 Supposing you ................~'?.~.t. ............... (lose) your 7 If they .... :...... ~?.~U~~!=:1:1. ........... (take) the map, they-J
job, what would you do? wouldn't have got lost. _
4 You can borrow my car provided you 8 I wonder whether he .. Y'(.i!!.!..~~!-!!~.f~!'!!!~~... (confideQ
............ P.!.'?_l!!!~f!............. (promise) to drive carefully. inme.

B 1 VERY, TOO, ENOUGH 2 EACH, BOTH 3 ALL, WHOLE 4 ELSE, OTHER

Very, Too, Enough 3 the, a, this, my etc. + whole + noun

'"').j
1 Compare the following: oR: number (one, two, etc) + whole + plural noun '- ·
He is very old. The whole week was wasted.
He is too old to go climbing. They hadn't eaten for two whole days. '7
[negative meaning]
j
NOTE: It snowed the whole time.
He is old enough to go climbing. OR: It snowed all the time.
[positive meaning]
He isn't old enough to go climbing.
[negative meaning] 4 Else, Other
2 too + adjective ( = more than necessary) 1 a) someone, anyone, no one, everyone etc. + els'""l
He is too generous with his money. Someone else must tell him. ::. j
3 too much + noun b) who, what, where, how+ else
There is too much sugar in the sauce. What else did he tell you?
much too + adjective NOTE: It must be someone else's.
This sauce is much too sweet I sugary to eat. [NOT: ... semeoRe's else]
4 very much is normally used after the object.
I like Bach's organ works very much. 2 every other day (= every second day)
OR: / very much like Bach's organ works. I go to the beauty salon every other day. 'f:
1
the other day(= a few days ago) _j
2 Each, Both
I called him the other day and invited him to tlk)
1 Each takes a singular verb if followed directly
by a noun.
___________________
party. ~]
.i

Each present was separately wrapped. NOTE:

2 Each takes a singular or plural verb if followed 1 none other than (= no one else but) shows
by of + pronoun / noun surprise r '

Each of them was I were given an apple to eat. The mystery guest was none other than Brad Pitt.:. i
2 another+ expressions of distance, money, or time
3 Note the structures with both.
If you want an en~suite bathroom, it will cost yo~ 1
Both boys were good football players.
Both of the boys were good football players. another £40 a night. l _j
In another week, we'll have finished the work.
Both of them were good football players.

· 3 All, Whole
1 all+ noun
All children go to school.
2 all (of) + the, this, that, these, those, my, your, etc.
She spent all (of) his money.

NOTE: Not all of them agreed.

[NOT: All ef them didn't agree.]
~1r;~;~;;~·; ·
FIii In the correct word.
J 1 The ......... ~IJ.C?!~ ......... (all / whole) day was spent
arguing with bureaucrats.
10 I consider myself mature ....... ~!'!~~9./J....... (enough/
very) to make up my own mind.
,,.1
-71 2 Each invitation ...........~~~........... (was/ were) 11 Who's eaten ............~.I!............ (all / whole) the
:J delivered by hand. cheese?

3 Lisa's on the phone .........~!Uh~ ......... (all the/ the 12 The guest speaker at our school assembly today
whole of) time; it's so annoying! was .......... ~'?.Q.~.......... (no/ none) other than your
aunt!
4 It's .......'!!!-!~t~'?.'?....... (too much/ much too) far to
7
--d go on foot. 13 I'll have paid off my debt in ........<!1.1!.<?.t!!~r...... ..
-= i
(another / other) two years.
5 We hired two chefs and ........ ~~!~.'?.r ...... (both of/
both) them turned out to be incompetent. 14 ....... A!'!Y.C?.r!.~ ........ (Anyone/ Who) else but my lazy
brother would have carried your suitcase. Next
6 This beer is ............ ~~~ .......... (enough/ too) warm.
time, I'll make sure he helps.
7 Natasha's .......... J~~ ........... (too/ very) weak to
15 ..........~~~(Y. ......... (Each/ Every) other week, I do
do gymnastics anymore.
voluntary work at the hospital.
8 We all enjoyed the party ...... ~.~!Y..'!}.l!.<?.IJ...... (very /
= very much).
16 My dream is to see the .......... ~~~!~ ........ {whole/
all) world.
9 I met two delightful sisters and ...... PJ.~Y)?.9.(IJ.......
(both they / they both) spoke fluent Spanish.

=t SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY

=J Study these examples
1 If Tim doesn't go now, he'll be late. 7 Carol didn't like him, so she didn't go out with
Tim will be ,late unless he goes now. him.
Tim won't be late provided/ providing he goes If Carol had liked him, she would have gone
now. out with him.
Tim won't be late as long as he goes now. 8 To be honest, if I were you, I'd listen to my
2 ·· Put your shoes on because there might be parents.
some broken glass. To be honest, were I you, I'd listen to my parents.
Put your shoes on in case there is some broken 9 Well, I didn't go because I didn't know he'd be
- }
glass. there.
3 Ben can go out if he informs his parents. Well, if I had known he'd be there, I would have
Ben can go out on condition that he informs his gone.
parents. Well, had I known he'd be there, I would have
4 Well, if you happen to see her, give her my gone.
regards. 10 Frankly, if they hadn't helped, she wouldn't
Well, if you should see her, give her my regards. have managed.
Well, should you see her, give her my regards. Frankly, had they not helped, she wouldn't
5 I don't have a car, so I don't have huge have managed.
expenses. 11 But for your brother, she wouldn't have
If I had a car, I would have huge expenses. succeeded.
6 What would you do if you injured yourself? If it hadn't been for your brother, she wouldn't
What would you do if you were to injure have succeeded.
yourself? 12 In my opinion, you should have rejected the
What would you do were you to injure yourself? offer.
Suppose / Supposing you injured yourself, what If I'd been in your shoes/ position, I would
would you do? have rejected the offer.
 PRACTICE ·
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change thtJ
word given. You must use between three and eight words. · ·

9 If he apologises for his behaviour, he can come=l

back to work. ~J
condition
He can come back to work .~m .,;:_q_ryg[U~Q..(l:J.c!!.h~ .. cl
.. ...... ?P.<?.~<?fJ!~f!.L .. .......... for his behaviour. =-;;

10 If you were made Prime Minister for a day, what"l

would you do? ~j
be
If you ... .. ..... .............vy_f!.~~..~C?..~.f:.~?.'?.f!.......... .. ......... CJ
Prime Minister for a day, what would you do? ~l
------- -·-- ·~·-~•·,- .. _. ____ .
11 You might miss the last bus so take some
1 If he hadn't been copying , he wouldn't have been
disqualified.
money for a taxi.
in
tor a taxi in case you miss
J
must Take some money ..... ................................ .... ...... t
He ... ... .. ...... .'!Y.'-!~t ~~X~. ~~.~!?.f.~~~'!) .'?.'!P.Y.{'!JI. ... ... ....... . .. ........... ...... .. ..... the last bus. j 1
otherwise he wouldn't have been disqualified. 12 Without his parents' support, he wouldn't have
2 He's not very polite, so he will never get a pulled through . :]
j
promotion at work. for d
were If ......... !t. h?.~TJ.'!.P.~~IJ. /9f N.~.P.?lf!.IJ.~f.~'!P.P.~!1......... ,
r.~.
If ..... .IJ.~. '!'!.f!!.f!.!!!~f~ .P.~}~~f!1. IJ.1.ifJf!.t. !. '!'!.<?.'!!~. !. ~~~~~...... he wouldn't have pulled through . ,., i
get a promotion at work. "I
13 Unless you promise to pay it back by the end ot-'
3 If she weren't so patient, she wouldn't be such a the month, I won 't lend you the money. , .

~•~~~~1!.f~~~ y_qH.l!!~ mgn~Y. P..i~.'!i!!~~ x_qH.v.mm(~~..._J

good teacher.
because
It is ...... .. .....~~.~~~~-~.~~~..~~.P!!.~~~!?~.~~~~.~.f!~.!~............. to pay it back by the end of the month. c ·
1
such a good teacher.
14 She didn't see anything because she was asleep.J(
4 If you hadn 't helped us, we wouldn't have finished been :
on time. Had ...?.~.f:.f?~t~~.~.'!.~?.l.E!~P..?.~~.'!'!.C?.L!!~.~<!X~ .~.~~~ .... rli
your something. ..ij
But .... ..... ... ... ... ..... .... .!!?!'.Y.9.W.~~IP..... .... ...... ............. .
we wouldn't have finished on time.
5 I wasn't feeling well , so I didn't eat anything.
would
If I .... .. ..1!.~.c!,~~'!.1:'. .~~.~!!'!JJ. .~~~t!.!.."!.C?.l_l_l~.~~~~.~~~~.'!.......
something.
6 What would you do were the plane to crash, Jack?
if
What would you do .. !f.~l}.~.P.!~J:.f!..'?!.~~~f!.<!J .~'?.('?..~'!. ...
...........?.~~.~~ ........... , Jack?
7 If you aren't careful , the engine will seize up.
unless
The engine will seize up ......... ..l!!!!~~~.Y.9.H!!f~..........
.............. ...... ........ .. .. ..... careful.
8 If you bump into him, give him my love.
happen
Give him my love .. ........~M 1!lcf.l.!!.Y.9.LJ./J.~P.P.~IJ. .. .... .. .
.....~'?.~!!!!1.1?..~Q.t.'?... him.
;4)l Extra Transformations · ·1·.:
{ ~ Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the •·
[I word given. You must use between three and eight words.

U1 I don't think we'll be ready to do the concert this 10 I find it hard not to laugh when she is talking.
weekend. face

J put
I think the concert will have ..... !~.~~.l!.':'.t?!!..~.~!!! .....
I find it hard .............(9..~~~P..<J..~!r~l!J.f.1.U<!f~ ............ .
.. ............ when she is talking .
...................................... next weekend.
11 Whatever you do, don't panic.
Darwin's ideas gave us an insight into the origins thing
of man. The .................. !~~!. !~!~9. XR!-!.?.f.1.C?.L!!~.~~ ................. .
light is panic.
Darwin's ideas .........~h~~/.~fJ.('!.~.!.~?.~t.!?9.f.1.~P.'!. ...... .
12 Your injured back means you do not have to
... ..... .. ........ the origins of man.
serve in the army.
I think living in the country would suit you more. exempt ,
better Your injured back means ....... Y.~'!.!!!.'!.:~~'!.'!!P.!........ l
I think you ..................~R!-!!~.i?.'!..~.~!!~r.~tf................ .. ...... .fr.9m.~~.r:vir!9 ........ in the army. !
............. living in the country.
13 I'm afraid you'll have to accept it.
You didn't have to make all these preparations just choice
for me. I'm afraid ....... ...Y.'?.L!..(~W)..~.<!Y.~..'?!?.f~~~'?.~. !?!-!L ....... ..
trouble to accept it.
..
You need ....'!.?.~.~.~~~..fl~!?~.!?. .~.'!J~!~./.~~?.~ .~~?.':'.~.1.~...
for me.
14 ~::::ny people want typewriters nowadays. f'
I've never heard that name before, I'm afraid. Typewriters ............ ~r~'!.'.~.'!!.'!~~.{'!..<!.~!!?~'!.~. ............ . ,.
means· .. .............. nowadays.
That name ................ P.~~.'!.~.!?~!~!~9..~~.~.~............... ,
9 15 He definitely won't let you down.
I'm afraid.
J likelihood
_; 6 There ·is no way you can justify his actions last There is .. .......r:i.C?. _l!~~~~fJR~~t ~UJ.~'!!.!. !?!~ /'!!.t!!?fl.. ........
~l night. you down.
u justification
16 Mark's spending more than he earns at the
There .. .................. /~.!?~J'!.~!!t!~~.t!~!?.t~~................... .
moment.
his actions last night.
beyond
: 7 If you can't afford a new car, the old one will have Mark's ............... .IJY}IJ9..l?~Y.9.IJ.r!. hf;;_ .IJ:1.~!'!!1~............... .
.,. ~
; to do. at the moment.
d do
17 The idea of going to the beach received
If you can't afford a new car, you'll .. h~~~.!~.~.<!~'!. ..
unanimous approval.
............. ...~?..Y!.~~~.. ............... the old one. favour
8 Dave was ill for a week, but he's now out of bed Everybody ..............~~~ /.'J.f~¥P.'-!(. .<?!. 9!?!t:J.g_ ............. .
1" ~ and doing things again.
, .. .. .. ........ to the beach.
u about 18 The cheetah easily caught the gazelle.
Dave was ill for a week, but !!~.!~.n.C?~.':'P.. .<!f!~.~.~.<?.'!!.
stand
.. .. ....... ... ...... .... ............. again.
The gazelle didn't ... ~~~.'!.c!.~.~~~!!.~~-'?.(.~~~~l?.~'!.f!.!. ...
' 9 I like to play the piano now and again to make sure ........ ~9.<!.i!'!?.L .. the cheetah.
I haven't lost my touch.
"-" time
I like to play the piano ........ J~~~..t!P.~.~~.~~'!!~ ........ .
Li . . ................ to make sure I haven't lost my touch.
Advanced Language Points d Choose the correct word.

a Collocations: Fill in the correct adverb to complete the 1 He's out of his head / sense / mind if he thinks
sentences. I'm going to work for nothing.
[ALSO: He's off his head ...]
bitterly, flatly, gratefully, strongly 2 You must try to forgive 7acquit/ overlook her
for her rudeness.

~
1 Sharon ........ J~?.~1Y......... denied any involvement
3 All that is above / over / beyond my
in the crime.
comprehension.
2 I ....... !?!~~r!Y........ regret not studying harder at

3
school.
1
Mike ......9.r~!~~~{ Y..... accepted our offer of help.
4

5
He wanted to remain anonymous for anxiety /
fear/ fright of reprisals.

He was told to hold back / cut down / refrain

ra
::: j
4 I .. .. ...~.~~~~9.!Y. ..... advise you to consult a lawyer.
from drinking alcohol.
I
6 The crime rate is in / at/ on the increase.
~
b Say what the following idiomatic expressions mean. 7 They are aiming / thinking / objecting to change •iI.
1 with respect f.~ .':'.~~~-~~~':'. .?.1?.~.~~~~~JC?.~!~~W~~/.
some existing laws. rel
~rm~J~~ P..C?H!~'r.1..................................................... . 8 He's doing some scientific researches / d
~(.
~~r ~~~~~C!~!?!i. ~!!~. r~~J?.~<?.t!..~~.~!. P.!~~ .~~!? :~ .~~r~-
researching / research on the subject. f
2 in every respect .7:.!IJ..~X~'Y.P..c!!'!l.C:!-!!~~.~'!.~c!U....... .. ..
9 The so-named / so-called / so-mentioned expert
turned out to be a con man.
d
j
-~~.:.'~ .~~~:~.:!!~. t~~~. ~~~~~. P.~?P.~7. !!!..:~7_rx :.:~P.~?.~-.. 10 Private lessons often involve one-to-one/ one-by- r: i
one I one-against-one teaching. 1
3 out of respect for .:7..i.1?.!?!'#~rJ!?.~'-1.C?.~.r~~P..~fU~r.. . c,
.~~. "!f.<?.~f!. /C?t'!J~!. ~~<?.~~.~.~. ~~!. ~f.r~~.P..f!.<?.t. !.C?r..C?.l.!r. ....... . e Choose the correct word to complete the proverbs. ~
= !•_·.·.

friend's dead father. 1 Don't make a mountain out of a hill / molehill. .

··············································································
{ = you shouldn't exaggerate a small problem] · _
4 in respect of .7'=.~'?.IJ.~'!llJ.~IJ.g;,.<!.~.r~g~[~~ ................ . 'J .
.!.f!.f!. !?~~. 9~~~~r~~. !~ /J.'?.~IJ9..~C?. l?!.~~. ~.~C?.~ .<?!. ........... . 2 Where there's a will / goal, there's a way. f
P.~<?.I?/~!!!~ /IJ. !.~~P.~~-~ .<?.~ P..C?lM!'?.!'.: ........................... . { = if you're determined to do sth, you'll find a way] r-1
rr

; ,1

l
3 One good turn brings/ deserves another.
c Say what the following idiomatic expressions mean. { = if sb helps you, you should help them in return :J
when they need it] ... i!
1 of one mind .:7..i.TJJmrn!3.TJJ.'!!?t................................ .
We're of one mind in this matter. 4 Once bitten, twice shy/ careful.
{= a person who has had a bad experience will be c: -;
more careful in the future] ~

5 Don't put all your eggs in one hand / basket. r

2 bear in mind . ;:=..(~m~mP.~X.$!h.!!mt.wi!l.P.~."'-~~f1,1L
{ = don't depend comp.letely on one course of action ~:·;.
.f?.f!~C!fJ. mir:i.cf. .t.l'J~t .(IJ.~!.f!( P..~. ~ /<?.t..<?!. tr~m~..cm. M.9.l'JH?IY: being successful; instead give yourself several ,.. j
different possibilities]
... ,. ,:~

3 on one's mind .::.k~!~~f!IJ.9..'!.'!~........................... .. ~j

~!!~'.~..I?~?.. ~. /C?.t. fm. n~r. r!!!Q.~ .~<!!.~!Y.-........;................. .

4 to one's mind .:':..i!?.~~f~..<?P.!n!~!?.......................... .

T!?.~¥.~!!1.~X~!t~~.~'!.~~J!.t~.~!~Y..~?.'?F~~: .................. .

5 have a mind of one's own .~.h!!~'!J~.'!..~k!U~¥.!~... ..

.~~ ~~..'?!!~ '.~..C!.IJ!.'!••c!.~.~!~~'!.'!.~ ......................................
Xrm.~lJ.Q.l.!f~n'.(.IJJ!.~~ .cJ.Q.tJ.~.1.lm.fj,9.tJJ.~.JIJ.ing.?.$.h~r;..... .
you've got a mind of your own, haven't you?
129

n
 FIii in the correct word each time.

1 ( excite, (un)exciting, excitable, excitement )

I ren are oft en resti ess, energet·1c an d h',g hi y ..............
a Young ch.ld excitable
.............. .
·.}.···
b So great was his ...... ~~f!~~'!J.~.'?L ... that he couldn't sit still.
· ,.1
··,.
)J_
2 ( exhaust, exhausting, exhausted, exhaustion)
r
·, a Robert is off work suffering from ...... [email protected]...... .
b They called to say that their food supplies are almost .. .... -~~~.?.l.!~~~9. ...... .

3 ( experiment, experimental, experimentation )

a Although it is still in its ....~~P.~r.im.f!.f).{<:1.L. stage, there has been a lot of interest shown in the new equipment.
b Many people protest against ...~~P.~!.i.'!!~!!!~J'?.'!.. on animals.

4 ( explain, explanatory, (in)explicable, explanation )

a Sam's behaviour is simply ..... {IJ.f!XP.{~~~!?[~...... ; I can't understand it at all.
b Why did you do that? I demand an ..... -~~/?.~<!~~~~'!.'!...... !

5 ( explode, explosive, (un)exploded, explosion )

r
' 1. -
a The huge .......~~P..1!?~{9.IJ....... shook the whole neighbourhood.
b Experts were called in to detonate the ..... !-!!?~~P!~~~~ ..... bomb.
; -
.. 1
, {

' 6 ( explore, (un)explored, exploration, explorer )

a On their expedition, they made their way into previously ......'!.'}.f!!:P.~'!.(~.'!. ..... parts of the jungle.
b 0 ·1 , .. . ............... ·rn th e No rth s ea has b een going
exn/oration
1 ......... · on for years.

7 ( express, (in)expressive, expressionless, expression )

a Although he asked her three times, she just gave him a blank ... ~W!.~~~/'?!?!~~-~... stare.
expressive · ·t·
b You reall y need t o b e more ............................ rn your wn rng.

8 ( extend, extensive, extendable, extension )

a The housing estate ......... ~~t.f!!?~~ ....... in all directions as far as the eye can see.
b Last night's storm caused ........~~~'!.~!~~....... damage to the old church.
; ).
*:i:1
0
1-o!-~
~$,i'"'
:¥~""1l~
f """
'.~f:~~
,ts~""
\ .::"t:'
"';!''.
!I!!!~
{'.~""'
;: _""'
. "- ".4""
!· '!'!!
: --· - - - - - - " "· ·" ""
··•·•- -""
·· - -, -· ·-""'*""'
·" -··""'
· . _ _ _...,,..,.
.,.,,
,-----------------~~

J
 - ··:c:· ,, :·?:~n ~:7;f2
Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
a Choose the correct answer.
1 Towards the end of the exam he found it hard to ...... . his concentration.
J
A carry on B carry along C keep on @ keep up
2 The second ....... of her new watch seemed to be sticking .
j
A finger @ hand C pointer D figure
3 Although the singing was not up to much, the acting more than .... ... up for it. 7
@ made B brought C came D · took :::i
4 He was so unpopular that not many people showed .. .. ... at his death.
A sympathy B mourning @ grief D feelings
5 After two weeks off school , the children found that time was beginning to .. ..... .
A delay B extend C relax @ drag
6 Having to complete his article by the end of the week is a(n) ....... prospect.
A impressive @ daunting C threatening D hurtful
7 Susan lost her job ....... no fault of her own.
@ through B over C by D with
8 Amanda was upset by his rejection, but decided to ... .... the past behind her and get on with her life.
A push B fix C drop @ put
9 The company offers e~rt advice for those with a ....... sum to invest. ]
A mass @ lump C block D bulk
10 This theme park attracts more visitors than ....... any other in Europe.
@ practically B really C utterly D actually
11 The black horse is regarded as the ....... favourite to win the race.
A fiery B ardent @ hot D warm
12 The noise of the traffic ....... the child's cries.
A deadened @ drowned C covered D suppressed

b Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form. J

I
A manners, mannerisms, ways I cl.___m_in_o_r_,_p_al_tr_y_,_pe_tt_Y_ __,
7
1 A certain degree of tolerance is required to be 1 So taken was she with my son's ability that she u
able to put up with other people's funny little offered to give him private tuition for a ... .. P.~~~1.Y....
........l.."(~Y~ ......... .
1
sum. ,J
2 They found some of her ... P.~'!.IJ.f:!.i.~!!1.~... 2 We are getting a little tired of their ... .. P.~~~Y. ......
somewhat irritating, especially her gestures.
3 I dread going to restaurants with my sister's
arguments.
• wrong t o imprison
3 It 1s · · you th s f or ..............
minor.... . J
children; their table ..... !!!~J).IJ.f!!.~...... leave a lot to offences.
be desired.
4 He is very wise in the ........ ~~Y.~ ........ of the world.
4 How could you be so ..... P..~!!Y. ...... as to ask her
to pay for the stamp?
D
BI middte; ·medium, average· I I
D misinterpret, misunderstand I U
1 I always prefer to drive in the ....... JJJ.i.C!~!~ ..... . 1 Don't ... ~~~~!!?.I!.~~.~<!!'!~ ... me - I want you to know fl
lane on my way home. that I appreciate your help. tJ
+~.;.~ 2 He was of .... ...~X~f~9.~...... height for his age. 2 When abroad, it is easy to ..... m!~{tJ.t.~rP.!.~!... ..
somebody's hand gestures.
3 The waiter asked if 1. wanted my steak rare,
... ....P.f:~!!-!':!. ..... or well-done. 3 You must have .. m!~.'!.'?R~[~!CJ.CJ.~ ... me, as I
Li
4 His marks at school had always been below specifically remember asking for these walls to bf ]
.. ... ..~X~f~9.~...... . painted blue and not cream. .·
4 I do apologise, I thought that she was your fiancee.

'.tJi
I must have ...'!J.i.~':1.IJ.~f!!.~!~~~ ... • f l

~ - - - - - - - -i 1~
 I c Tick the correct possibilities.
contrast ✓
g Choose the correct preposition.

1 on the point of e ,;: -· ·

truth (harsh)
1 stark . ✓ 2 to the point C
{ warning
naked ✓ d
3 up to a point
accent (broad) a
4 beside the point .......
2 wide smile ✓
publicity ✓ 5 make a point of b
{
open ✓ f
6 make one's point
appearance ✓
scene ✓
3 ug 1y a irrelevant to the subject
7
'.:l
{ memory (bad)
behaviour ✓
b do something in a deliberate way
C relevant to the subject
relative ✓
:1
;.J
4 d. t t memory ✓
d partly, not completely true
is an look ✓ e about to
{
area (remote) f prove that something is true

d Fill in the correct word. h Fill in the correct expression from above.
'7
flutter, tremble, shiver, shudder 1 John was right about her ...... .'!P..!~.~ .P.9}IJ!....... . ,
but he should still give her a second chance.
1 She gave a ..........~!!!'!..~!. .......... of delight as he
romantically proposed to her. 2 The scout lea?.er .....'!!~~~ -~..P..C?.i!'!~.~t. .... including
all the children in the activities.
2 The very mention of her name still causes a
"'l .........~~~~~~.( ........ among her old students. 3 I was ..... ~~.~~~./?.'?.~~!.~!...... saying something
-~ JI
3 We heard the ......... ..!!!-m~t ......... of wings and when tllere was a knock on the door.
three sparrows flew out of the tree.
4 Some medical students actually filmed the
4 She could tell that he was frightened by the experiment in order to .... P.~~~.!_l?~!!.P.~~".1.t. ... .
....... Y~.'!!~!~ ......... in his voice.
5 You could see that she disapproved but that
was .. .. ~~~.i.C!.~.~~~.l?.'?.i?.!... :. .
e Choose the correct preposition.
6 The young lawyer's questioning was brief and
out, with, in, into
........ ~<?. P:i.~.P.!?!~~. ....... .
1 The small children roared ......\Xml... .... laughter
- -.; at the clown's antics.
j
d Fill in the correct idiom.
2 As soon as Mr Jenkins came in the room wearing
an apron, they all burst ...... ~~~ ....... laughing. scream blue murder, be a scream,
black and blue, out of the blue
3 Watching the monkeys mimicking members of the
audience had the rest of us .:.. .!!'! .......... stitches. 1 The programme .showing some of the funniest
4 Everyone dissolved ...... !m~ ...... laughter when slip-ups made on television is sure to
the circus tent collapsed . be a scream

2 I was ..... .. ...~_l~~t~!'!~.~{'!~.......... after the white-

f Choose the correct word.
'
I, water canoe ride.
1 The young actor walked off stage to a
thunderous round of applause / clapping . 3 How come she announced her resignation

2 The jury's verdict came as a shattering blow /

.. ........9.1:'.t<?!.!h~.P.{'!'L ....... like that? Had
knock to the young defendant. anybody upset her in any way?

3 It had been a harrowing incident / experience, 4 The child began to ......~~r!:~1!'..~f.L!~.'!1.'!.~~~.~---··

one she would never forget. when he dropped his ice cream .
 ·- j
;:

C.
.

:r··! Part 4 Reading & Use of English

I

For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

A Bad Feeling
Jamie went (1) ..... down the road as fast as his legs would (2) ..... him. The feeling was still inside him, less
intense than when he had first heard it - like a (3) .. ... scream from the bottom of a well - but still clouded wil""J :
fear and dread. Something had happened to Michael. -! ·
It had always been this way. If anything happened to one, good or bad, the other was instantly aware of it. The~
1
were accused of cheating at school because they produced identical answers. They often knew what the otht 4 •
was going to say, could even say it at the same time (though they avoided this; it tended to (4) ..... strange
looks) and their mother said they had had their own private language until the age of five, which they chattere.,..•1
(5) ..... in, incomprehensible to anyone else. ~J
There was smoke coming from their bedroom window and Michael's face, a mirror of this own, was framed in
it, screaming, just like he had the day he fell out of the treehouse and ended up black and.
(6) ..... all over. Jam7 l
got the ladder from the end of the garden and (7) .. ... it against the wall of the house, went up and helpGJ
Michael down to the (8) ..... . He had a feeling that if he ever lost him, he would live a twilight existence for th,..e
_rest of his life, only half complete. j
1 A swaying B careening C swerving @tearing
2 A bring B support © carry D transport
3 A whistling @piercing C screeching D thunderous
4 A pull @ attract C catch D drag
5 A along B around C about @away
6 A red B purple @blue D white
7 A yanked B engaged © propped D hurled
8 @ ground B floor C earth D land

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each spa<=l.

Tiny Drops in Every Carton is All_. it Takes

.• .,
In recent years, there have been great developments in dental care and the fight against tooth decay, and ma 'I
experimental schemes have been set (1) ...... ... ~P. .. ..... ... to tackle the problem. Dental experts in Manchester&~
presently studying existing schemes where schoolchildren drink fluoridated milk. Fluoride fights plaque, t,t,~
bacterial build-up on teeth (2) .. Y!.~!~~.U~~L slowly destroys enamel and causes tooth decay. ·
.,
One such programme is supervised by Professor Mike Lennon and his staff at Liverpool University, with four
local authorities - St Helens, Knowsley, Wirral and Winsford - providing the drink. Exactly 0.5 mg of fluoride: 1s
added to each 200 ml carton of milk at the dairy, and these are then distributed to schools. Once an authol N
has decided to (3) .........t!!~~......... part in the scheme, governors at each of its schools ar~-given the option to
have the fluoridated milk. Nobody will be deprived (4) .......... ~L ....... the opportunity to join the scheme if tr V
wish to do so. The school governors, in turn, give the parents of every child the choice between normal rt ,k
and milk with fluoride. Around 15,000 children aged between three and ten have joined the scheme
(5) ... .. .~~r:i.<?.~ .... ..... it began in 1993. -·
'The university takes samples every week to (6) ... .... P.~~~........ sure the level of fluoride is correct,' sa,d
Professor Lennon. 'Although it is (7) ....... J~<?.......... early to say how successful our fluoridation has been i,n
reducing tooth decay, we are confident that it will be beneficial. Other studies that have been done show .:. ~:it
fluoride in milk does work. Indeed, those who do not drink fluoridated milk could be (8) ..........~.L ........ a senous
disadvantage.
rt
tH

J Part 5
EXAM PRACTICE 1-------
q You are going to read an extract from a novel. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think
d fits best according to the text.
They sat on the window ledge watching the storm comes,' and the girl nodded. At that very moment, a
1 come in over the sea. The air had become very still great bolt of lightning tore across the sky left to right,
:J and heavy and the voices from the promenade below, cutting it in two with its bright-white jagged path, and

H which usually carried up to them easily, were muted

and the words impossible to distinguish. The pressure
"' of the air made the boy feel tense, but he knew the
straight after, while the photographic impression still
hung ghostly in their retinas, a crash of thunder shook
the windows, shook them from head to toe, and the

J storm would be here soon and that would make

everyt?ing all right again, and so he felt he could
e:. stand 1t.
rain came down in torrents.
The promenade was quickly deserted, as people ran
for cover, the father picking up his child and carrying
n The girl felt the first light gusts of the indecisive wind her across the street, hand held over her head to keep
J and felt that new joy inside her again. As a child, it as dry as possible. The students held out the longest,
storms had terrified her - probably because they had getting well and truly soaked before heading off, still
,..1 done so to her mother and nothing leaves fear in a shouting away at each other, up to their residences on
d child like that - and together they would huddle on Palm Street. The boy and girl stayed on the window
the sofa, curtains drawn, and jump out of their skins sill, drenched to the skin but not minding, watching
~ with every glow of lightning through the fabric and the waves crash over the sea wall onto the promenade,
9 every peal of thunder. Then one day, years later, with leap high in the air to mingle with the pouring rain
= friends in the countryside, aild shy to show her terror, and come back down again. The horizon was gone,
ci she had sat through the full fury of one, feeling she the sea and sky mixed into one element, and the air
j would die at any moment. She hadn't and the fear had smelled earthy and full of charge.
been replaced by exhilaration, and since then she'd The wind and waves died down, the rain slowed and
1 been hooked on them. then stopped and the storm had passed. The asphalt
~J With that strange, unsettled wind that came now from glistened, the slick pavement shone like oil. They
the left, now the right, warm and thick, came the first
heard a gull cry; the huge white bird flew out from
~l lightning: The storm was still over the horizon and all where it had found refuge and soared up fifty feet in
i j that was visible was a glow of light like a bomb the wind without a wingbeat, effortless.
exploding in the sky above it. A child walking with her 'I'd better go,' said the girl.
"l father saw it and cried out, pointed; the man leant
J down and counted on his fingers, his mouth moving. 'What'll you say?'
Then, from across the sea, a low rumble, like a giant 'That I got caught in the storm and had to take
" ljust waking. The man had got to the end of his third shelter.'
d hand; he showed his child, telling her, the boy 'Some shelter,' said the boy. She looked down at her
assumed, that the storm was some three miles distant. dripping clothes and laughed.
r 7\

\Some people stopped on the promenade to watch as 'I'll say I took shelter in the swimming pool,' she said.
1
~ more flashes came, others speeded up to get home 'Fell in.'
r l
and into
. shelter before it arrived. The first forks were
'" ivisible over the sea, distant, and bright as a lamp, . 'Will you call later?'
-s-~quick as a thought, and a group of French students 'I'll try.'
, ~gathered below gave a shout in unison at each; out of 'It's silly,' said the boy. 'I mean, you're eighteen.'
(school, away from home and country, together and
1 'They're just a bit set in their ways, old-fashioned.
-- young and full of confidence. The wind, stronger now,
They'll come round eventually.'
C ,plucked their shouts out of the air and bore them
· ,away down the coast, and the sea swelled with waves 'And in the meantime?'
,:_ .ifhat threatened to break over the sea wall. 'In the meantime I'll get caught in storms and
, 1The first drops of rain fell, fat and hea.vy, on the heads cloudbursts, downpours and showers, drizzle and even
'.of the boy and girl, and on the promenade small dark thick sea mist; and I'll have to take shelter.'
~ 'circles dotted the paving stones. The boy said, 'Here it 'Just don't go buying an umbrella,' said the boy.
 ..•-·-~
-~
.- ··-.·:i\:~
_...,,--,:

L.

J
31 Both the boy and the girl
A feel excited at the prospect of the storm.
B have mixed feelings about the coming storm. 7
c._j

© are glad the storm will break soon.

D feel worried about the consequences of the storm.

32 What do we learn about the girl's phobia?

A She hadn't truly got over it.
B It made things worse for her mother.
© She didn't want people to know about it.
D It brought her close to her mother.

33 When the child sees the flash of lightning, her father tries to
® teach her something.
B distract her attention.
C allay her fears.
D show her she was mistaken.

a
34 Why were the students the last to leave? J
A They had nothing to do.
B They lived closest.
© They didn't care.
D They didn't understand.

35 Which of the following is said with irony?

® some shelter
B old-fashioned
C in the meantime 1..J
D umbrella

36 What problem does the girl seem to have?

A Her parents are very old.
@ Her parents disapprove of the boy.
C Her parents are afraid of storms.
D Her parents are against change of any kind.

; ,_ _.,i
141 ''·

--------------1r
r; 1
!, l
 Part 6
You are going to read an article about Al Capone. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the text. Choose from
the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (37-43}. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

It was St Valentine's Day, 1929. Disguised as Torrie had gone up to Chicago in 1909 to help Big
policemen, a gang of mobsters entered a garage Jim Colosimo with his rackets there, and in 1919 he
owned by rival gang lord Bugs Moran. The seven summoned Capone to join him. In 1920, Colosimo
men within were lined up against the wall and was murdered, many claimed by Capone, and Terrio
summarily executed, among them some of Moran's took over the Chicago operations.
right-hand men. The incident marked the end of the
rivalry; from then on, the Chicago bootlegging racket C
was under the sole control of Alphonse 'Scarface'
Capone. Al Capone was left the undisputed crime lord of
Chicago; with an estimated income of some
~ I 37 I H $100,000,000 per year, he could afford to buy
J World War One had seen a ban on the use of grain
policemen, judges and politicians. World-famous, he
bragged that he was doing nothing but supplying a
n to make alcohol, in order to save it for food; at the demand. 'Some call it bootlegging. Some call it
d end of the war the prohibitionists seized their chance. racketeering. I call it business. They say I violate the
They drew most of their support from the prohibition law. Who doesn't?' He had a point; liquor
~ countryside, and the rural population was massively flowed as never before in those years. In New York
tl over-represented in both Senate and Congress. alone there were some 32,000 speakeasies -
Industrialists also saw the advantages of a sober whereas before prohibition the number of legal
:} workforce; their combined leverage ensured the saloons had been around half that.
'-J passing of the National Prohibition Act on October
28th, 1919. America was officially dry. A

JI 38 I G The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great

Depression that followed changed things
] Between 1865 and 1910, 25 million immigrants had considerably. By 1931, eight million American
poured into America, mostly poor people from workers were unemployed; with no state benefits,
"'1 Europe and mostly into the great industrial cities of 'breadlines' formed, where charities handed out food
:..J the north. The vast majority worked long hours for to hungry families. Ideas began to change - perhaps
low wages to support their families, but there was a the American Dream was in nee·d of some radical
q minority who were not prepared to do so. revision.
d
,.. 1
I 39 I D E

I
i..J Because of its proximity to Canada, where much of In 1939, he was released on grounds of ill-health.
~] the illicit booze was shipped from, Chicago quickly Prohibition had been repealed in 1933, and the
became the centre of the bootlegging racket. A rackets had been taken over by the highly organised
:J number of different gangs operated each out of their Sicilians. Capone retired to his Florida estate and
_
1
own 'turf' for a while but the amounts of money died there in 1947, forgotten and unmourned.
involved made previous operations pale in
_; comparison, and set the minds of gang leaders to
expansion.

40 B

\.._ _)

11
 A Public opinion, too, was to a certain extent on his E The debacle came from an unexpected quart19.
side. He was, after all, the epitome of the Finding it impossible to pin anything on Capod
American Dream; a poor boy made good. What in the field of bootlegging, a group of
he did was illegal, sure, people said, but it investigators (known as 'the untouchabl~'
shouldn't be. He was ruthless, granted, but only because of their incorruptibility) managed ::-j)
towards business rivals. prove he had evaded taxes. In October 1931, h~
was tried and convicted , and sentenced to tf•· x
years' imprisonment. The untouchable czar ~ f
B Al Capone was born . in 1899 in Brooklyn, New Chicago had been brought down by the men fl
York City, the son of Napolitan immigrants, and couldn't bribe.
was soon running with the James Street Boys, a
gang headed by Johnny Terrio. In a saloon fight
with another hoodlum while still a youth, he was F He was charged time and again, but always
J
slashed across the left cheek; the resultant mark managed to have the charges dropped, either F"}
gave him his nickname, 'Scarface', one he always his influential contacts in the judiciary or ~
hated and that no one dared to use in his intimidation and even murder of key witnesses
presenc~ once he had risen to power. and jurors. He boasted that no charge would e8 r
stick, that he was untouchable, more powe'BJI
than the opponents he had ranged against him.
C But open warfare was breaking out, and a 1925 '.'.l
assassination attempt showed Terrio that his LJ
heart was not really in it. He handed over control G The measure was not nearly so popular in tne
to Capone and retired . Soon, just two big gangs cities, where the law was flouted from the v~a: -.
were vying for control of Chicago, Bugs Moran's beginning. People brewed alcohol in their ba s
and Capone's, and the city rang with the sound of and kitchen sinks, and illegal bars, known '- s
machine-gun battles and bloody shootings. It all 'speakeasies', began to spring up. With prices
culminated in the St Valentine's Day Massacre. sky-high due to its scarcity, the profit margins'ln
alcohol for a supplier were potentially immensi.J

D These young men formed gangs that terrorised

the populace, extorting money under the guise of H The growth of this power had idealistic rocjS.
'protection' and organising the illegal gambling Protestant groups in the US at the turn of the
and prostitution rackets. For them, bootlegging - century had a goal and a dream; an America t~rat
as the making, distribution and sale of illegal was full of hardworking families that worship1j d
alcohol became known - was tantamount to a in church every Sunday and lived according to its
1
licence to print money. principles the other six days. The dream <"- !i>O
included an America free of alcohol , and t h
formed groups which pushed for the making; of
this 'devil's drink' illegal.

'- J

(., ·. . ·

i¼f:;: - - - - - -- '1
-
1 '
; 1p rt7 ',,,
~ a ~
You are going to read a magazine article about people and animals. For questions 44-53, choose from the sections'
DA-F.
A Giant Leap for Mankind
In 1859, Charles Darwin published his classic our weakness (forcing us to find other means of
study, The Origin of Species, in which he defence; however, if you see chimpanzees
presented his theory of evolution by natural scaring away lions with sticks and stones, you
9 selection. Though many people ridiculed the can assume we were at least as resourceful) . The
d connection he made between man and ape at the other candidate is language. Apes are highly
time (pictures of him in Punch caricatured him as sociable, intelligent and communicative, yet they
12] half-monkey), the idea has come to be accepted communicate in terms of sounds (denoting, for
by nearly everyone. One thing that remains is the example, anger), facial expressions and gestures.
question of how human beings managed to get A language is not just sounds or even words, but
so far ahead of gorillas, chimpanzees and the rest a system. In other words, it must have a
so quickly. After all, the first recognisably human structure, a grammar, that allows users to

J foot trod the earth a mere 150,000 years ago; a

long time if you're waiting for your coffee to
manipulate the sounds to vary their meaning.
Though apes can get a lot of information across in
arrive, but not long enough in evolutionary terms their way, there are obvious limitations, such as
n for large shifts in our physical stature. the impossibility of conveying abstract ideas.
J
B It cannot be denied, however, that the gap E Extensive research has gone into the ability of

~ between ape and human societies is enormous.

Apes live a day-to-day existence in small groups,
apes to lear,n language. The theory was that if
they showed a capability, it would indicate that
without making shelter or clothing, subsisting the rudiments of language could have come
mostly on fruit and berries. This is how our before the explosion in human development.
predecessors lived, but now we live in our Attempts to teach them to speak ended in failure
millions in huge cities, cultivate our food and due to the fact that the ape's larynx is not well
have done things as extreme as reaching the enough developed to produce such complex
moon-~nd plumbing the mysteries of the oceans. sounds. Sign language, however, was more
. ·>successful. Apes could learn up to 200 signs, and
One of the arguments proposed to explain how
one gorilla in particular began to put signs into
we evolved so quickly cites the advantages of
,..,, different orders to express different things; the
i human hands and the use of tools. The dexterity
beginnings of a grammar.
our hands have is unparalleled in the animal
kingdom, and there is no doubt that the F It would appear that apes are perfectly capable of
availability of tools has allowed us to do things using words, which implies that we are still not
otherwise impossible. Some apes, however, very far from them in terms of brain structure.
display primitive tool use (chimpanzees use This suggests that it was language that produced
blades of grass to 'fish' for termites in mounds), the giant leap forward our ancestors took all
so it seems that we have simply developed that those years ago. Language is, after all, a unique
C 1 which was already there. way of communicating the unseen, and of
d D imagining the future and hypothetical. It is
Other candidates put forward for the post of
perhaps the ultimate tool in the struggle for
most influential cause of human advancement
survival, and enabled us to spread to the four
•· J include our upright stature (allowing us to see
corners of the world.
further; but apes can also stand on two legs) and
r •,

L
In which section are the following mentioned?

a range of theories to explain our rapid evolution 44 D

the considerable time span required for major advances in development 45 A

apes being successfully taught an alternative communication system 46 E

physiology preventing advanced language use 47 E

other species demonstrating rudimentary handling skills 48 C

the contrast in lifestyles due to evolutionary leaps 49 B

apes being unable to express theoretical concepts 50 D

highly-developed spoken language allowing humanity to dominate the world 51 F

the widespread derision of a theory 52 A

grammatical awareness shown through an alternative form of communication 53 E

J

1' 1,,
u

~ .)

145
) ·1
- - - - - - -~
;~~
 Part 1
UNIT 7 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points' ·

JGrammar
A UNREAL PAST TENSES
3I
Unreal past tenses express an opinion, wish or regret about something we would like to be different.
1 Simple past for present / future time 3 if only
1 It is used with the verbs/ phrases: If only we had taken some more money with us.
A wish, if only, would rather, if, it's time, it's high / If only she had been more careful.
d about time, as if / though, suppose / supposing 4 would rather
I wish I knew her phone number. I'd rather you had told me yesterday.

~ If only I could fly!

I'd rather you came with us today.
We'd rather they hadn't moved so far away.

If I knew that, I'd tell you. [2nd conditional] 5 if [3rd conditional]

It's time we took a break. If I had had more time, I'd have dropped in on you.
ALSO: It's time (for us) to go. If he had gone by bus, he probably would have

"J [NOT: It's time~.]

It's high I about time you got the roof fixed.

She behaves as if she was I were my mother.
COMPARE:
He talks as if he were rich. (= he isn't)
6
arrived too late.
suppose / supposing
Suppose I Supposing he'd left before the
manager arrived, what would have happened?
Suppose I Supposing you had had a crash?

• He talks as if he is rich. (= perhaps he is)

* Suppose I Supposing it rains, what will you do?
* Suppose I Supposing it rained, what would you
PRACTICE
a Fill in the correct tense of the verb given.
do?
1 The boy looked as if he ........ !J.<!~n'.t': 1.<!.<!....... .. .
[* with suppose / supposing a past tense sounds (not have) a good night's sleep in ages.
less definite, a present tense more possible.]
2 If only I .....J:1.~.<!..IJ.~.t~P..~~.YP..... (not speed up). The
NOTE: , accident could have been avoided.
I wish we went to Spain every summer.
[NOT: I wish I YffiS geiRg ... ] 3 It's time we .......... l?.<i.~#./.!P........... (face up) to our
I wish we were going to Spain this summer. problems.
[NOT: I wish I weffi ... ]
4 She acts as though she ......... ~'!!.'!.!.."!.~~......... (be)
in charge here, but she's just the receptionist.
I wish + subject + would is used when talking
about the present or future to express a wish for 5 . When we get there, I'd rather you ...<!.i.c:f!?Jfl},~!~L
a change in someone's behaviour (which is .............. (not insist) on my taking part.
annoying or displeasing), or for a wish for
something to change in the future. 6 It's high time the government
I wish she would visit us more often. .. ..........!<!.'?~~~.<!. ........... (tackle) the problem of
I wish she'd be kinder to those animals. unemployment.
I wish it would stop raining.
7 If you ............~~~-!.~.'!!............ (sit) closer to the
,- , NOTE: window, you would have seen the procession.
~ l 1n this structure wish and would cannot have the
same subject; [NOT: I wish I w01::1ld .. .] 8 Suppose you .. ..... ~~~/9.m9.~~~ ...... (forget) your
el passport, what would you have done?
,) Past perfect for past time
:J 9 They told me that they wish they ....!:":~~~ .9.<?.i."Ifl....
1· wish .. .. .......... (go) with us on the cruise, but they
I wish I had listened to you, Dad. can't afford it.
I wish she had given me the message earlier.
Emily wishes she hadn't overslept. 10 I think it's time for us ........... tR.!~~Y.~........... (leave).
2 as if / as though It's getting late.
[refer to a real or imaginary situation] 11 · h he ................
I w,s would nive K .... ..un · up) smo k.,ng.
. r. ....... (give
Dave looked as if I as though he hadn't had
I'm worried about his health.
any sleep.
Ben acted as though I as if he had never seen 12 She'd rather you ...... ...fJ.~Hr.'.t~~ifl. ......... (not say)
me before. anything to them about her problem, but it's too
late now.

ll
 b Make up two appropriate sentences for each situation.
1 It's snowing.
1wish ..{.C?.C?.l.!!~.m~.~~Ur:i.9.1.!.!!'f.f!g.!!!.?..~?.fm~.~.C?.C?.l!.'!trY.i.~tC?.......................................................... .
1 ..._ J

If only .U. rf.C?!-!!f!. ~-~C?P.. ~!!9.~!f!g .l .{ .<!.i.<!nI h~X~. !9. .9.9. .t<J. -~~h9.9.{ .t.C?.<!i!Y;..f!f<;: ... .................•..................

2 You're in prison.
I wish .LQ!!~r!'.! /~~~~.c!Jfy~. !?~'!.~. !. !.Y'!.~!.~.!!.~~i. ~!'?.·..................................................................... .
If only .!. ~~':'.{<!..'!~'?.~P..~.!.!~~/'?.'?.cf..""!.~~.!?~~~~~. f!.~'?:...................._. .................................................. .

3 You've missed the last bus home.

I wish .. !.[?~.<!.tJ:!. m~~~~~UQ.~. R.'-!~ .U .Q.<!.cf. ~!"!<!.1}_9.~..'!!~f!~Y. !<?!..<!.!~~ii.~!'?.·.......................................... .
If only ../. X-:'~~.~t [?<?,!!}.~./. ~!!'!.!J:>.~.~ .~.L!.~. ~.<?.!.!!~.'?.9.1!Y.~. ~!<!.r:1.91..~!~: ...................................................... .

4 You're looking at a holiday brochure.

I wish .-~ /J.<!~. ~f!<J.1}_9.Q..'!!~~~Y. .t.<?. 9~. t~. ![?~ .$.f!Y.'?.1:>.~_I!~~ // .~?.~. g~!,:i.g_ .'?.I}. _ry_C?!!~~Y.. !!!!~. Y~~ft. ~.~<?: ...... .. .
If only .!.~~I}.(<! .9.'?.~r!. [?~{~<!<!Y. J.~f_l_~. -~~!! -~~!-!!~.'?.<?.'!!~.~!}_~,. -~-~<?: .. .................................... .. .............. .

5 Your car has broken down again.

I wish . r'?.C?.L!!~. ~f!.<?.~'!.!!..'?~~- .9~!./. !.t?~<!. _ry.~~.!t~.f!~!'?.~.cf1.~!'?.·........................................................ .
If only .~ _1!}.'!.C?!?~!!~'?..""!.'?.'!.I.cf..9~mf!. .c!!~r!9..~/}.cf__fy~!P.). ~ .1:>.c!.cf. ~. M~.~'?."!~~~•..~!.~: .....................................

6 You are at school and you've just found out you've got a test.
I wish .-~ .~.c!~!. ~r:i.9.~!!.~-~.<?.I.!!.!!!!?. .f!~r!!~U. ~.<?.'!!~!'.?!!~ .~.c!~!. r.f!m(r:i.<!f!.c/. !!!~,..~.t.'?: .................................... .
If only .!!!Y. .t.f!.~~f_l_~~ .IJ.<!.cfr! :t '?.9.1!}.f!.!~~?I.Y. !. !. !!~?. .~.t.<!Y.~.<!. .ir!. k~?.,..f!.t.'?: ............. ..................... .............. .

l'j B 1 WOULD RATHER 2 HAD BETTER 3 WISH, HOPE

'\/l 1 Would rather(= Would sooner) 2 Had better
·,, .•,, After would rather, 'to' is never used. After had better, 'to' is never used.
For present / future time: This structure is used to refer to present / future time onlfl , .

:t 1 I'd rather go now.

You'd better apologise to her now.
We'd better not tell the boss about the burglary yet.
S. J

·. 'j I'd rather not go now. 9

[with the same subject, the present infinitive For past events, we use it would have been better if + '
/I is used] past perfect. ,_J
'\l 2 I'd rather he went now.
It would have been better if we hadn't told the
boss about the burglary straightaway.
I'd.rather he didn't go now. 'I

d
"J
·. .i
[with two different subjects, the simple past
is used]
NOTE: would rather and had better can be
followed by a progressive infinitive.
For past time: I'd rather be skiing than doing a test.
I'd better be leaving now.
1 I'd rather have gone yesterday.
I'd rather not have gone yesterday. F 'J
3 Wish, Hope
[with the subject the present perfect
I wish someone t n9un
infinitive is used] I hope + subject + verb
2 I'd rather he had gone yesterday. I wish you luck I a Merry Christmas.
I'd rather he hadn't gone yesterday. I hope she enjoys I will enjoy the cruise.
[with two different subjects the past perfect suT: I wish to see you after class. ( = want)
is used] I hope to see him soon. (= would like, expect)

NOTE: a 'wish' may be expressed using may. l

NOTE:
I'd rather stay here than go with them. i,,,,..,..,_.,.,.,.,,,,.,,i May God be with you. . I
May you live a long and prosperous life.
UPRACTICE
a Choose the correct answer.

~ 1 May all your dreams come / came true.

2 Be quiet! We'd better not have been / be talking when our teacher
comes back.
nr
LJ 3 Would you rather stay / stayed at home or come with us?
4 The head teacher wishes she would see / to see you after class.

• She'll be in her office.

5 Don't you think you'd better rethink/ have rethought your strategy?
6 I'd much rather Jim hadn't taken / didn't take the matter into his
own hands. I could have sorted it out myself.
7 Wouldn't it had been / have been better if the police hadn't stormed
[l the building like that?
u 8 I hope you to change/ will change your mind.
9 It's too late! The children had better be going/ went.
10 The couple hope to get I they got married next April.
=1
j b Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form.
~----------------,
break, sort, see, play, fix, tell, clear, admit

1 I'd rather 1
....... ~!¾.Y.~..~'?. ~ ...... . him the truth yesterday.
2 Supposing your Jeep ..........~!'?.~.':.......... down in the middle of the desert, what would you do?

_ .J 3 I wish the weather ..... ~P.'!!~.!?!~{f.( ..... up so we could go to the beach.

4 Someone had better ...........~.'?.'!-. ........... out the problem immediately.

5 Wouldn't they rather ......... J?.~~Y. ........... tennis than watch TV this afternoon?
6 It would have been so much better if you ....IJ.€1.cf..~.C!m!tt~~.... to making the mistake straightaway.
7 Isn 't ·1t ab out
. . time
· ................. th e was h.ing mach.me.? It' s b een Ieak.ing for wee ks.
you ...........fixed
8 James was so pale he looked as if he .......~~.~.~!:!:~....... a ghost!

SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY

Study these examples.

1 I think you should change your diet. 7 You ought to get the zip replaced.
I think it is time (for you) to change your diet. You had better get the zip replaced .
I think it is (high / about) time you changed your It would be better if you got the zip replaced .
diet. 8 I regret causing/ having caused a scene.
I think you had better change your diet. I wish / If only I hadn't caused a scene.
2 I'd like/ love to be able to play golf. I am sorry I caused a scene.
I wish / If only I could play golf. 9 They should have warned us beforehand.
3 Why won't it stop snowing? It would ·have been better if they had warned us
I wish / If only it would stop snowing. beforehand. '
4 I'd like you to pay more attention in future. 10 She prefers to read rather than watch TV.
I would rather/ sooner you paid more attention in She prefers reading to watching TV.
future. She would rather/ sooner read than watch TV.
I would prefer you to pay more attention in future. 11 The boy pretended to be doing his homework.
5 We would prefer to hire a car. The boy acted as if/ though he were doing his
We would rather hire a car. homework.
6 If you don't help, I'll be angry.
You had better help or else/ otherwise I'll be angry.
 9 He'd better not come to school late again or
there will be trouble.
will
There .............. w_if!. k!t~f~HI:>/~. if. h~ .t;;.9.l!l~~ ..... ........ ·1
to sch0.ol late again. ~•
10 I'm sorry_I didn't send her a birthday card.
wish
I .................. : ........ ~!~~ ,LIJ.~.c!. ~~1'.1.~ .......................... cc
her a birthday card.

11 The staff would sooner have a shorter lunch

break and leave earlier.
1 You'd better leave early to avoid the rush hour. prefer ~
left
The staff ............... W.CJ.1.!l#. P.r~f~rJ~. ~?X~ ............. :... '-'{
It ................... .~~~!~ .'?.~..~~!!~!. tY.'?.'!. !~~ .................. .
.. ............ a shorter lunch break and leave earlier. f
early to avoid the rush hour.
"li
12 If the company doesn't refund my money, I'll ~
2 You really must learn to look after yourself.
sue them. [
high
otherwise ':1i
It is .................... ~~~~..t!!!!~ X.?.l.f. !~?.~1!.~ .~?. .................. .
The company had ...... ~~~~~t.~~~~.'!.<!.!!!Y..'.1!.<?!?~Y... ... ~
look after yourself.
.. ..CJ.(IJ.~f."Y.!~.~.... I'll sue them. i
If you don't tell them, you'll be severely punished.
3
better
13 He wishes he hadn't picked a fight with the
. l
'°1
policeman. -1
You ....................~~·q· .~.'=!!!~!. !~!~ .~~.~!!!. ~!................... .
having r j
else you'll be severely punished.
He .................... r.~9r.~t~.f:1.~XifJ9.P.!!?!<.~.c!. ................... H
4 We shall now discuss the next item on the agenda.
for a fight with the policeman. _
'--
'··. 1. ·

14 If only I could read music.

It is .................... .~~'!!~. f~r, H~ .~9..cf!~~I!.~~ .................... .

5
the next item on the agenda.
Please be quiet.
love
I ....................."!.<?.'!/1.!~¥.~.!R.R~.?.~/.€!.!~ ....................
read music.
~,

::- ;,
J..
wish
15 The visitors to the gallery pretended to admire i..1
I . .........................~~~~ .Y.'?J!. .~?.'!.1.q. !?~ ........................ .
the artist's work. r \
quiet. 1
acted - 'l
6 You shouldn't have made the same mistake twice. The visitors to the gallery ....~.C?.t.'=!~.~~.!t.U~~':'.fl.~..... ·
better .. .... .ft!~Y.~~m((~.Q........ the artist's work.
it ........... ."!.'?.'!.l.c!. !?~¥.~. R~~r:i. .~.~.t.t.'=!r. !f.Y.'?.'!..11.~~~'.~ .......... .
16 I prefer playing classical music to jazz.
made the same mistake twice. rather
7 I'd prefer to go to the supermarket later. I ..........~~H{~ .~?.~~.€!(. P.!~Y. .C?!¥l.~.~!~?_/, !'r.H~.i.C?. !h¥l.lJ. ........ .
rather jazz.
I .••...•••..••••..•••••.•••• .Y!.?.'!.1~. r.~!~~~. ~~ .......................... .
to the supermarket later.
8 I prefer to watch football on TV than play it.
sooner
I ............. '!!.'?.l!.l.c!. ~~'?.Q.~.( .'«~{<?.~. !.<?R!k?P .<?!!••-ry ............ .
than play it.
"l Extra Transformations
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
word given. You must use between three and eight words. ·

~
10 I had a disagreement with Alice about the party.
opinion
Alice and I had ......................................................
a difference of opinion

',". ! .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. about the party.

'· "•~~:'!; .,,~ . . , , 11 Without her help, I wouldn't have passed my

driving test.
'\
been
If it ...................~~~~'.t~.~.~!?}~~.~~~.~~IJ?.... ........ ..... ,
I wouldn't have passed my driving test.

You should always pay attention while driving. 12 This exam is bound to be difficult.
look doubt
There is ...... !'.'?. .Ui.f!!~. ~'?.'!.~U~~<!.t)Jryf~. ~~~IJ:1. .~!(L ...
You should always .... .!'?.'?.~..~~':t':.Y~~.~~~.Y.C?.i!?9. .....
......... .. ......... while driving. ................. ... be difficult.

2 Sara inherited the house from her father. 13 The dog didn't pay any attention to its owner.
~1 left notice
Sara's father ··········································
left her the house in The dog .......~~c!.'!.'U~~~.~~Y.U<?.C?fr..1:1.'?..r:>.?H'?~.~f. ......
J ................. .
....... ............. his will. its owner.

The best thing for you to do is to co-operate. 14 You acted quickly and that saved many lives.
~ 3
interests prompt
It would · be in your best interests to It .......... ,. ~.<!~ .Y.R!-!f. P.r.C?P.P.!. ?.'?.~i.C?!?~t~?.~ .~~'(.~~........... .
··········:·······················································
co-operate. many lives.

4 You would save money if an accountant did your 15 We don't seem to have any coffee left.
r1i books. run
We ................. . . .. ...........................................................
seem to have run out of
..'-Ji worth
It ...........................t~.~'?.t:m.9.~µ!!'!9. ........................... . coffee.
an accountant fo do your books. 16 Robert is in the wrong in this instance.
J fault'
5 I turned up late but they had already left.
Robert ... . ... ...... ..................
is at fault
................ ... ....................
only
I turned up late .......... 5!~!¥.!~J!~~L~i.~~?.~.~r........... .
.................... in this instance .
.. .................. that they had already left. 17 The police arrested him and charged him with
murder. ·
I'm afraid I didn't catch your name.
repeating arrest
Would ......... ... ........ Y.?.l!..1!!!~~.~~l?.':.~!!~fl. ................... . The police ..... ... .l?!~~f!.~.f..l?.'-f!.~!'!'..l!.'].cf~?.~rr.~~~ ....... .
your name? .................... and charged him with murder.

7 You can choose what restaurant we go to. 18 We couldn't find the puppy anywhere.
:c~ up nowhere
It ................... ..... ... .. /~.~P..!'?..Y.?.lf...................... ........ . The puppy ................~?l.~.n!?w.ry.~r.~J!?.P.~ ................
what restaurant we go to. .................... found .

8 I get on very well with my uncle.

terms
I am ..................~~.X~!Y..9.'?.'?.<!J.~rP.:>..~!!~ ................. .
my uncle.
_J
9 My mothe~ didn't feel like going out to eat.
mood
My mother .,........ ~~.~~~(~l]..t.~~.rr:i.'?.'?.~.~'?UJ.C?.i.'?!L ...... .
............ ;....... out to eat.
 Advanced Language Points
a Right or wrong? Correct where necessary.
1 Robert stopped smoking with his doctor's advice.
d Fill in the correct word. J
a flake of ..... ~n9.W.l.P.<JinL ..
u
1 bread
....................:·:..'?.'!.!!!~ .cf.C?.<?.tRr:~ .~.C!.~!~~....................
2 a splinter of ...V!.'?.'?.'!.!J!!~~~ ... smoke
2 He doesn 't wish any reward.
.....................::: .~!~1!. /'?.( !!_l!Y..(~~f!f~:......... ...... .... .. 3 a blade of ...... ...9!.<!~~.......... paint

3 Her reaction took me by surprise.

✓
4 a pinch of ........... ~.<!!!........... sand
• ..-

4
············································································
If the institution of marriage breaks down, so will
5

6
a dab of ...........P.~!~L. ........

a lock of ... ....... .l?f:!!f............

wood

hair
n~
our society.
······························· ······(.·····································
7

8
a puff of ...... .... ~~.<?.~~ ..........

~r~~~·-··....
glass

salt
u_-
:i l
5 The two brothers set off in quest for gold . a morsel of ........
............:·:. /'!.R~~~.t. .'?t fl~!~:. (~./'!.~~'!!.'?_I!. ~t!...... ...... 9 a fragment of ......9.(~~$. .... ... snow
6 'Down with all traitors! ' the crowd shouted angrily. 10 a grain of ... ...~~.'!.<!.!.~~_l.t_ __ ,... grass
✓ '7
········································· ···································
J
7 I'm afraid I have already committed myself to go .
............... .:·:..'?Pt!!f!l.!~~'!.<!..'!!Y.~.~!t. !~ .9.<?/'!.fl: ..... .. .. ..... .. e Match the columns.
8 They waited one and a half hours and then left. 1 What an effort! E
✓
···································-·································· ······ 2 Really? B A Hmm. :'l
-i
C B Oh?
b Find homophones for the following.
3 What a nuisance!
4 How lovely! F C Tch!
T
1 wait ..... ~.~!gh~ ..... 4 sew ....~R~L~~·-·· 5 It hurts! D D Ouch! =J
2 their ..... .!h~(~ ...... 5 fair ....... (~(~ ....... 6 I'm thinking. A E Oof! J,
j
-
3 air ....... h~(( ....... 6 queue ..... .. f~~ ---·· ·· F Ooh!/ Aah! ~

r::i
;!

c.J
c Choose the correct word to complete the similes.
1 as proud as a(n) mouse / ant/ peacock .
/~u/ both, coal, comb, most, only,
2 as cunning as a hen /fox/ hare Roman, sew, so, sow
3 as wise as a(n) owl /fox/ dolphin /au/ allow, drought, drown, plough
4 as busy as a(n) bee/ ape/ donkey /'J:/ bought, brought, caught, fought,
ought, thought

f
5 as gentle as a horse / lamb / penguin

--
.....___....,~-----
··• - ~ -.- .-.;--

What's the difference?

-- ~--
·- ---
__...,,..-,-:--··
·- . .
---------~
.,,---
.

1a out of the way. b out of one's way

.<.=:=..'?.'?.'!!P.!~~f!j_ .'!!!!~.1!.'!1)..............................:......... . (= make a special effort to help sb) ",
············································································
.~Q.~..\J'.~.~JH~~ .~'?.-'!!1:Y.~. _t_ry~!. !~~t ~~~ .~t~IJ.~. ~~Y.: ..... . f.{~~~~ .cf.<?!!:! .9.~ .'?.l!!.!?f.Y.'?.l!!..~~Y.i .~ -~·~!!. ~~.'?~9.~ .'!!Y.~.~~;1

2a have an eye for b have one's eye on sth .

.(~.~~ .i!. 9.~C?.~ i!!~fJ.'!..'?!. ~~'!)..................................... f.7.. ~~Q.~ / .c!.~~~('!. ~!~~ ..............................................~ !
.~!?~.Q.~~ .~!!.~Y.~.~<?.( .'?!?!C?.l!!;. !h~t~.~~Y. ~,:,-~:~.-~. ~'!.~!Y.'!.~r. !.~~X~-~X.~Y.~.~~-~~i!!.~~~fl.i!!~~-~!.!~~.-~!!~.C?.(.~~-~.:.'?f1·
~ -- ------------------------------~----------J- ..
!' ,7
:~ ~

u
1
 In other words. Choose the correct answer. k Fill in for fear of or in fear of.
'.~,

Be against 1 As it started getting dark, we drove more slowly ·1

D
·1.;.·. ·
·.·.· . .. ·

1 be opposed ....... t~ ....... (to/ in) ..... J<?.~.f~c!!..~!. ...... crashing. ·"J
j

2 be ..... ..!Q........ opposition to (in/ to) 2 The fox hid in the bushes ..... )QJ~.c!!..C?f... ..... the

•. Nearly
1 come close .......!~ ....... (at/ to)
hunters and their dogs.
3 During the war, spies lived ....... !~J'!.~!..<?.t ......
• ;
:.•·•.'.•.1·.·
•.

2 be on the brink ....... !?L .... (on/ of) being discovered. t

rt 4 I crept slowly into the room ..... J'!!..~f:~[.~f....... i
l

[;j
waking the baby up.
j
h Fill in the correct word to complete the similes.
If you do sth for fear of sth happening, you do it
8 a bone, the weather, a berry because you don't wish that thing to happen.
If you are in fear of doing I experiencing sth bad,
.l

.i
1 as changeable as ............... m~.~~~f~'!L .......... .

2 as brown as .......................?..l?.~f!Y.................... ..
undesirable, etc. you are worried because you may be
about to do or experience it.
NOTE ALSO: to live in daily fear of ... [ = always be afraid of]
l ;s

J 3 as dry as ................<!.k~n~.(:=::..l(~IY..c;f,r.YL ........... .

Tick the items which can follow the word in capitals.
'

~
J ·1 Fill in the correct noun to complete the prepositional
·E!l!II
. phrases with under. [= take out; extract] • a tooth ✓

consideration, construction, misapprehension, [ = suddenly pull a gun from a gun on somebody ✓

cover, impression, orders one's pocket and point it at sb]
[pull sth to pieces] something into pieces
1 She was by now under no ..'!J.i.~~P.P.~'!.IJ.~!?~}<?.TJ..
about the problem. [= inhale smoke] . on a cigarette ✓

2 S.mce th e I·b I un der .............................

I rary ·1s st·II construction , [=strain] : a muscle ✓
we are unable to borrow any books.
somebody's hair ✓
3 Some creatures only come out under
.......... ~~Y:~!........... of darkness. [= regain one's self- : oneself together , ✓
control] i
4 He was under ........ ..<?.~<!.~!.~.......... not to discuss
[draw a card] : a card from a pack
the assignment with anyone.

5 We were under the ..... .!mP.rn~.~!9.Q. ...... that he

was approachable.

6 Your proposal is still under .... ~9.IJ.~!~~f?l.((cm..... .

~i
,j Fill in the correct preposition / particle.
at I in
1 Sh e ·1sn 't very Iuc ky ................. games of chance.
How do you pronounce these words?
2 We weren't at all lucky ..... .'.Y.((fJ...... the weather.
1 cholera /'koldrd/
3 She's lucky ..... )TJ........ almost everything she 2 claustrophobia /,kb:strd°faub1;)/
does.
3 cleanliness /'klenlmds/
4 ...... ~~....... luck would have it, the village 4 colonel /'k3:nl/
policeman was passing just as the car hit me. 5 Columbia /k;)'IAmbJ;)/
6 comb /k;)um/
5 You're ....... ~'!. ....... luck; this is the last one we
7 comfortable /'kAmft;}bl/
have in stock.
[As luck would have it = By chance; be in luck 8 comparison /k;)m'prensn/
(OPP. be out of luck; be. unlucky)]

,4J
n
Part 2 Language Development
A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS
a Choose the correct preposition.
1 Unfortunately, the people in that town aren't 9 I'm really hopeless with/ about machines so don~
very hospitable with / to strangers. ask me to fix it. ~1
2 When do you graduate from / out of university? 10 Feeling himself falling, Tim grabbed at/ in the
3 Diane has a solid grasp about / of the subject. railing and missed. J
;;;J
4 Why are you grumbling tor I about the weather?
It's lovely today.
5 If he's guilty of/ for the crime, he should be
locked up.
6 Simon has the most annoying habit by / of
answering a question with a question.
7 Working as a coal miner is harmful for/ to your
health, as you inhale a lot of coal dust.
8 Because he's the heir to / of the throne, he is
accompanied by bodyguards wherever he goes.

b Complete the sentences using the prepositions below.

~
J with, of, in, to, on ~
1 I' m .Ignorant ...........
of th ese c hanges t o th e sc hed uIe. 6 Th e res t au rant en·t·1c was very ·Impressed .........
with .. ='

Why wasn't I informed? the quality of food served here. ~l

j

2 If you have the vaccination, you'll be immune 7 on h.1s t·1me so he goes - J

He wan ts t o ·improve ...........
... Jg.... this illness. to the athletics stadium to train every evening . ,..
3 Paul's farewell speech made an impact ... R.r!.... 8 Has t here been any ·Improvement ... ..in.. .. .. h er -1
u
all of us. condition today?
4 You must never be impolite ....!~ .... the customers. 9 My brother is simply incapable .... ~(.... taking a : ]
good photo. :;. .l
5 The teacher tried to impress .. ..<!.I'}.... the students
the importance of a good night's sleep before an 10 What would you advise me to include .. )'}_ .. .. thri;
exam. report? 7
<s..J

B IDIOMS
a Complete the sentences with one of the idioms.
in fits of laughter, other fish to fry, in a flash, as fresh as a daisy, food for thought,
acting the fool, in the flesh, fishing for, a flying visit, fork out
,- 7
"- ~

1 Rob said he'd be back .......... :.. !!!.~J{~.~~ ............. , but that was an hour ago and now I'm getting worried.
2 Stop ........... ./~~h!IJ.9./9.( .......... :. compliments!
3 Stuart's been .........~~~{'!!l..t.lJ.~.t~~L ........ all day and hasn 't got any real work done.
4 You must have had a good night's sleep - you look ...... ~$.l~'J.!ih.fl.~.iU!.fJ.i.!iY. ...... .
'- j
5 Th ey pa1·d us .... ... .. .. ..a...flY,ing .. .............. on t h e1r
. .. ..visit · way t o s·1rm1ng
· ham.
6 The comedian had the audience ........ ~TJ..f!!~.9.Uc!.l!9h!~L ..... all night.
7 I had to .............. !f:?r.~.~':'.L. ........... £60 to get the washing machine fixed.
8 Did you really meet Tom Cruise ............ lr..~~.~..f!~~~............ ?
9 Some of the ideas raised in that discussion have really given me ........ (9.9.~l<!.~ .~~.'?.1!9!'!!........ .
10 He's not interested in going into business with us as he's obviously got ... .... ..9.!~~r/~~!U~.frr. ........ ·
nb Explain what the Idioms used in tfie sentences mean.
u 1 Fiona really has the gift of the gab. No wonder 8 Don't ask me to read the instructions. It's all · Greek
she's such a good salesperson. to me.
0- 2
....................!.~~.~~H!!Y. .~<?..~P.~~~. ~f!.1!................... .
The children gave the game away by giggling 9
.................... !. -~~I).'.~ .l.!.TJf:!~r~!~.tJ.cf. !!. ~t~H: .....................
My sister was green with envy when I told her I'd
Q when their father came in. won a car . .
d .................~?.~!~'!.~ .~~.~.~~~P.~!~.~. !. ~'!.~!.£!.~ ............... . ........ .... ................'!':'~~. '!.~'Y. j~~~C!.':'.~ ........................... .
3 It goes without saying that she was thrilled to 10 I wish she'd get off her high horse and stop
d
.
pass her driving test.
............................. !(~..'?!?'!.~'?.<!.~ ............................ .
bossing people around .
.... ~~<?P..~~W!9..~.~.!t~!!~'.~..~.~!!~r.!~?.1!..~X~'Y.<?.'!.~.~!~.~....
The children were as good as gold all day.
B ,
4
.....................
~~~~ x~rr.
.~~!~:~.f!.1?!!'!.~.c!....................
5 I don't believe she caused the fight - she

D wouldn't say boo to a goose .

......................[~.~.~~Y1.9~!f!.~ P..£!!.~~1}; ... .. ............... .
6 When he said he didn't like your Porsche, it was
1J just sour grapes.
... ~!~ Pt'!.~~!!~!~fl. .'!.?.~ .~?. !!~'!..i.t. !!~ .~.~..~~~'.~ .~.~~'!..i!...
~
7 My sister thinks I'm really lucky to work in a
~i shop; to her, the grass is always greener on the
other side of the fence .
.wlmt.Y.C?.L!. tmv~n'.( 99!. ~lW?Y~ .$.~!=!m$. m~rnJf.'!~(rn/Jl~.

"1; PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

-J Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional phrases below.
-1 in competition with, in control of, in custody, in danger of, in debt, in detail
.J
1 They're holding her ..........!fJ.P!-!~(C?.<JY.... ... ... until she tells them who supplied her with a false passport.
=--~
1 2 If you're that much .. .... .... J'?..c!~~L .......... , shouldn't you start paying back some of what you owe?
~
3 1 e t o k now I' m ..... ... ..............
I l.k of
in control............. . d a 11 th e t·,me - th at' s w hy I'd .never cons,.d er hypno t·ism.
my mm
~\
----; 4 The twins have been .. !!'!.~~'!.1.1?.f:.tH!~':..~!!~ .... each other ever since they were born; each one feels they
:;;.l
need to be better than the other.
:1 5 He explained his plan .... ...... .!1};.~~.~c!H............ and it appears that he's covered every eventuality.
~

d 6 Those children in that boat over there are .... .... !IJ..~?.'!.9.f:t .C!f. .. .. .... drifting out to sea.

b Match the prepositional phrases with their meanings.

·1'." 1
1 in disguise .. ~...
2 in difficulty .. P... . •'

A not sure; uncertain

~: in doubt
in exchange for
in fashion
.. It.
.. f....
.. !:!...
B trendy
C supporting

x:
I '
in favour .. f ... D having a problem
E dressed to avoid recognition
.. J
F swapping one thing for another
);,
t:t•

J
iI
 .··-.,, •,. .:•

- D CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
·)Tick the correct sentence. ~
j
a I saw him a few days later. ✓- 7 a They put up a statue to the honour of the late
b I saw him in a few days. statesman.
['in a few days' is not normally used for past time]
b They put up a statue in honour of the late
a I'll see him in a few days. ✓
statesman. ✓
b I'll see him in some days.
8 a A strange object appeared in the horizon. 9
3 a at the foot of the mountain ✓
b A strange object appeared on the horizon. ✓ d
b at the feet of the mountain
4 a We're going to have three weeks' holidays. 7
- J
b We're going to have three weeks' holiday. ✓ 8
5 a There's no hope of his succeeding. ✓
b There's no hope to succeed.
6 She put some more wood to the fire.
She put some more wood on the fire. ✓

E COLLOCATIONS

a Tick the appropriate boxes.

eyes the sun face teeth diamond light
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ sparkle(s)
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ shine(s)

----- ---------~------ ~~----- ------ . •-------------~------ ---- -. ---~- -----

b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.

voice, person, breeze, lights, colours, eyes, slope, music, water,

drugs, manner, skin, metals, hint, movement, drink

gentle: X~['?.~..(:=:. f¥'.{l!J,.9H[~t).,. .P.~!.~Rr.. (.:'..~!!?~},.!?r~~~-~. soft: x~!~.~-.(::. gH{~tJ.,..1?.~~.~!:~.( ::'..1!9hU1. !~g/J.t.~. (.=:=. .~i_'!)j
.(:=::.J!gh!l,.~y~~.(:':'.H[mt),. .~!RP.~.(:':'..1).9.t..~!~~.PJ.,... . !.9.l!J.c!r.!!~),..~P!~Hr~. (;:-..1J.9!. l?.'!(~~1,..l!J.L!~!<?. .( :':'..'!R!"=~
.l!Jlnm~r.<.:=..~!r.~,..'?.<!!.~!H!l,.h!Q.~ .(::.!.'!~!MJ.,........ . .l.9.l!~l1.!"f.c!!~r. (. =:=:. ~9.( .~.<J!.C!.f:~: .<?.C?.1J.t.~.!n{r:i.9..t.9.9... .: .;
.l!J.9.V.~l!J.~!?!. (.7.. '?.<!!!??} ..••. .• ....••. ......•.• ..••....•...•.... .l!JH~h .!i.l!J~ ), .~rH9~ .(C?.PP..=. l?.'!r~),. ~~!!'!. (.=::. ~.'!)!?!?!~),
.l!J.~!~!~.{::.!~~.~.h?.~~ .~~-<!!?. ~!h~r~J.,..<!!.i.'!~.<.:=..r:i.C?.rt:. 1
.<!!~~h9.~i.~l.............················ ··············.......... ;i;-ci
• • • ••• ••••••••••••• •••• ••• •• .. •• • ••• • • •• ••••• •• •• • • •• •••••• ••••• •• · • •;..•1

c Tick the correct answers (three correct each time).

1 Dad doesn't approve of the people I ... .... around with .
a go ✓ b hang ✓ c play d knock ✓
[hang I knock I go round with = associate with]
2 If you are not careful , you'll ....... up badly injured.
a settle b end ✓ c land ✓ d finish ✓
[end I land I finish up = find oneself in a particular state]

3 She lost her temper and ....... out at me!

a lashed ✓ b struck ✓ c hit ✓ d beat
[lash I strike I hit out at = hit suddenly and violently]

4 Please ... .. .. in on your grandmother from time to time. ""J

a drop ✓ b call ✓ C butt d look ✓ .
[drop/ call/ look in on = go to visit tor a short time] [butt in on = interrupt sb's conversation rudely]

- - - - - - - - - - - - -:-,
H
~
,_
\l
 ·P

O= PHRASAL VERBS
/
1 ease off/ up slow down; become less intense 9 feel for sympathise with '
r 2 enter into take part in 10 fiddle about do small tasks without effort or
~
3 face up to confront sth (esp. sth unpleasant) interest
("!'
4 fall for 1 be easily deceived 11 fight back 1 endeavour to control a
2 fall in love with sb strong emotion
I.. .
2 show resistance; not give in
5 fall off diminish; decrease
! 12 fight it out settle a disagreement by
6 fall in with get involved with
-~ fighting or arguing
7 fall out with quarrel
13 fill in for take sb's place temporarily
8 fall through not be completed successfully
r-,_ 14 fill in on bring sb up to date with
(of a deal I plan)

Efomplete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.
,.J 1 The number of foreign students in the college 11 I ce rtam
. Iy ........................
feel for ........
. th e parent s o f
is gradually ........ .!~!{~IJfJ.~t!......... . severely handicapped children.
Ifind it hard to believe you ...... .!~U.9.1,1.ti.xW:1... .... . 12 You could tell by the old woman's expression that
her because of something as trivial as that. she was trying to ........ Ji.9/Jt.!?~~L ...... the tears.
J 3 Until my toothache ...... ~~~~$..C?tt.l.!-!P. ...... a bit, I
can't eat anything.
13 Our holiday plans ........ t.~!Uh!.9.1._19.Q..... unfortunately
so we're not going anywhere this year.
=I 4 We played a great trick on him and he 14 Don't let the authorities evict you -
~ .......... .!~!UC?.( ........... it. ........ J!fJ~~.~~.~-~········ !
5 The president.refuses to .........f!.IJ.t.~r.!r!!~ ........ . 15 Dan ....... .f~!UIJ.X~HI)........._a bad crowd and got
~l
L.j
negotiations with foreign ministers at present. into trouble with the police.
6 You'll have to ........ !.~~'!..'-!P...t.C?..•.....• the fact that 16 Alex .......... Jf!.lf.!!?!'. ........ :. her the moment he saw

J 7
you're getting old.
I don't wantto get involved; you'll have to
her.

:. n ........
H9!1t.ir.9.'1.L ...... between yourselves.
: l
U 8 Jason spent two hours ... ...~~cf.cf!!!'.9..i!.l?.'?Ht ..... in
his bedroom.
f' 1
d
' 1
9 As soon as I get back from my holiday, I want
to be ....... J!!!~~/IJ..C?!!••.....• all developments.
r:- i 10 Do me a favour and ........ )~lf.!~.f~r.......... me
d while I'm at lunch.

:-1
I '!

...t WORDS EASILY CONFUSED

~f Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
' J
~J 1 The most recent ....... in the food industry does 4 Her plan had its ....... , but we couldn't be sure of
not seem to be to the consumer's advantage. its success.
: ~ A growth @ development @ merits B values
d 2 Fundamental changes have been brought ...... . 5 One of the drawbacks of shift work is that people
in the way most of us live. have to change their sleeping .... .. . .
@about B out @ habits B pattern
3 We can't afford new furniture so we're going to 6 Television has changed the ....... of family life,
....... what we've got and give the living room a eating patterns and how we think and feel.
u new look that way. @ structure B construction
@ rearrange B change
-'~,..,......,.,.......""."'.C"'....,..._ __ _ , , . , , . . . . , . . . . - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - -- · -

-
 b Fill in the correct word.
relieved / relaxed
1 Christy felt very .....~~~~~.~'!.<!. .... when she found
strain / tension
1 There was a great deal of ......!~~~!~!L ... between
0
out she'd passed her exams. the two men. q
2 We were .....~'!.1!~~~.c!..... to hear that an operation strain
2 Th e ....................... of wark.ing a f·tt
I een- hour day ,- 1
would be unnecessary. began to tell on her.
3 Lisa seemed totally ..... [~!~.~~~·-··· as she lay
listening to her favourite music.
3 Accordir:ig to doctors, nervous ..... J~f.1.~!~!L .... is
major cause of headaches.
J
4 The baby was .....rn(<!K~~ ..... and ready to fall 4 Their financial problems have put the cou pie unQ r
asleep after its warm bath. a lot of ....... ~m~{IJ........ . :J
relieved = no longer worried or anxious about sth . strain = a state of worry 9r fatigue due to pressure ~
.-•]
relaxed = not tense, worried, upset or nervous tension = a feeling of nervous anxiety or worry
..
H DERIVATIVES
a Complete the table below.
J
!'7
Verb Adjective (+ opposite if exists) Abstract Noun Concrete Noun l
-
1 fail (un)failing, failed failing, ...... J?.if.l.!r.~ .. ..... - ~

2 fascinate fascinated, ... ,~~fjn~t{f.19.... fascination - ;;;=-

;,;., l

3 fatten fat, fattening, ....... .f~f!Y. ........ fatness fat

~

4 fault faultless, ....... !.~µ,!fY. ....... fault fault '-

5 flatten flat, flattened, flattish .... .!!~!1}.f!.~~---··· - - ~

6 flatter flattering flattery flatterer

....................... ·~ (

7 fool foolish foolishness

..... .................. fool-. ,. r
~ '\
.- i)

8 force forced, ..... /<?.~£'!.~'-!!...... force, forcefulness - c.JI

i
9 forge forged, forgeable forgery, forge forger, ..... .t~r9~!Y. ...... _i

10 found founding, unfounded foundation foundations, .... J<?.'!.'!.t:!~r...... ..__J :

~1 '
b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given. d
1 His devotion to her was .......... !ff!f?.if!rm .......... , even when she was imprisoned. F~ .•l• ·,
I
,.

2 What's so ....... J~~~.i.'!~~!'.'JJ......... about the lives of the rich and famous? FASCINA'i-i
'
Don't buy that piece of meat. It is too ............ .t!'!!!Y. ..............

-
, FATT .'.l
3
- -#,
4 Th e fire
· was caused by .. .. : ...............
faultY. ............ winng.
·· FAULT
-'
5 Oh no! We've got a ............ ..!!~.L ............ tyre. FLATT
---,
;~

,. . J
6 They say that imitation is the sincerest form of .......... J!~!!~~ ........... . FLATTER

7 · ta k e mad e h er fee I very .................................

Her care Iess mis foolish . FC cl
"j

8 One of the engines caught fire and the plane made a ............(<!.~~~.'!............ landing. FORCE

9 You could tell at a glance that the painting was a .... :.... ./9.rn~G'. ............ FOF E
\.-..)

10 foundations
Wh en b u1·1d·mg a h ouse, th e firs t st ep ·1s t o Iay th e ...... ........................... . FO~NP

, _.l[-
15
·· .;;;__
Il
f J, Fill in the correct word each time.
Li~
1 ( forget, forgetful, (un)forgettable, forgetfulness)
'7 a My grandfather's .~'?!JJ.~"!!.1!!!1.~~~ ..... is becoming a problem ; he can never remember where he puts
things.

7 b Meeting the American president was a(n) .. ..~r:,/<?.(9.'!.~~i!R!~ .... experience.

2 ( freeze, freezing, frozen, freezer )

'" ~ a I always bake twice the amount of food I need so I can put half of it in the .. ... ..J('!.~.~~~ ......... for next
time.
b Despite the ... ..... !!.~.~~~'!fl........ cold, I decided to cycle to work this morning.

_ 3 ( freshen, fresh , freshness, freshener )

1
a I a Iways ad m,re· th e .......freshness
..... .. .... ... .... ... an d en th us,asm
· of th e young t rainees
· .
b Open the window so we can get some ..... .....!!'.~~f:I. .......... air, will you?

~- ' 4 ( befriend, (un)friendly, friendship, friendliness)

a You can 't beat the ... .fr!~r:i.~(i_ry~~~....... of the locals in this town.
b Her latest film is about a young runaway and the local teacher who .. ... .!~.~tr!~[!~$........ her.
.- J
::~ 5 ( frighten, frightening, frightful, fright ) _
a I got such a .. .. .... ./(!9.~.L ........ when I saw the huge spider in the bathroom the other day.
· th t frightful t ·ff. ·
b We got st uck m e mos ..... ....... ................ ra Ic Jam on our way ere.h

6 ( frequent, (in)frequent, (in)frequency)

a In the evenings, he used to ....... .f!.~.q~~!I.L. ..... the local night clubs.
b Although he loved his aunt dearly, he paid her ..... ..intr.~~!,!~,:i,L. ... visits, preferring to call her on the
phone.

_: 7 (grieve, grieving, grief, griever )

· a Everyone went round to pay their respects to the .. ......9.~!~X!~Y. ........ family.
b We all knew that their .......... W!~(........... would soon turn to anger.

8 ( guide, guiding, (mis)guided, guidance )

a Their ...... !!!!WY!r!~~ ...... attempt to help caused a lot of problems .
b Without her help and .. ... ..9.~~9.<!!?~~ ....... , I would never have got this far.
 -· - ----·-·------·-··•·,------ ... _~----:.~

Vocabulary Practice t
Choose the correct answer. ]
1 Michael was ....... on marrying Sandra and 7 If you wish to receive regular news of our progress, I
nothing was going to stop him. just ask to be put on our ....... list. 'l
A fixed B determined A reception @mailing ~J
C obsessed @intent C distribution D postal I
2 For her birthday, she was given a make-up set 8 Only when I gave her a stony look did the woman ~ !
....... lipsticks, mascara and nail varnish. behind nie stop ....... her newspaper. ;;:,I
A involving @comprising A swishing B rattling ~
C holding D consisting @rustling D clinking J
By an unfortunate ....... , the groom's aunt was not I
;:: j

3 .... ... of their recent quarrels, their friends were 9

taken aback by their separation. invited to the wedding . . Fl
A Unknowing B Unacquainted @oversight B insult '"-1
@unaware D Unexpected C disregard D neglect I
4 Due to the recent water shortage there is a ....... 10 Old age pensioners have been .... ... hit by the rise :·l
on the use of hosepipes.
@ban
C veto
B boycott
D taboo
in inflation.
A roughest
C strongest
B toughest
@hardest
'-·J
l
,.. ;
5 She explained that her poor exam results ..... .. 11 Kevin is determine.ct to finish the job ....... long it '· ·
no relation to her true potential. takes. ~
A yielded B held A no matter @however ~

6
Coffered @bore
After failing to reach the second round of the
contest, he could be ....... for feeling disappointed.
12 If y:;:::::: stain ~n~::~:~ite T-shirt, try
bleaching it; it usually ....... the trick.
:1
"' (j
A exonerated
C comforted
@forgiven
D supported
@makes
C does
B
D
shows
takes :j
~

b Fill in the correct word.

A I exceedingly, excessively
1 Aft er h.1s d.1vorce he started d nn
2
· k"ing ......................
excessivelY. .
This is an ....f!X~f!.~#!r!fl{Y... . good ale. Did you
CI incidental, occasional
1 Although not a heavy drinker, he does enjoy
an ...9.C?.C?~~('?n~L.. glass of wine. " ·f"
:l
brew it yourself? 2 These risks are ... !!'!~~<!.f!!"!!~L .. to the work of a r · •
3 Although you are faced with an ....~!.'?.~.~~[,:,_9.~f ... coastguard . :
difficult decision, no one else can make it but 3 For Inspector Bryant, it was the ...l!?~!~f!.l'J.if!!.... 7
you. details that often proved most telling. ~ r

4 The board were accused of paying themselves 4 Melanie used to work for us on an ...9.~C?.~~!9.!!?L"' '.
.. .. ~~.~~$.~iY.~!Y. ... . high wages. basis.
f

B I inability, disability j DI indecisive, undecided

1 Many people fail to visit the dentist regularly due 1 I wouldn't bother asking Roger if I were you;
to their ..... .{1:'.~.~_i!!~Y. .... to pay for dental treatment. he's so ... ..in#~9.{~iY.~.... , it usually takes him a
2 She qualifies for various benefits on the grounds whole day to reach a decision.
of .... .c/l~{l.i?HftY. .... . 2 When I spoke to him last night, he was
3 It wasn't until he went to secondary school that ...'!.IJ.cf~~{~f!.cf.... about whether to come with us ,
h.1s Iearning disabilitY...... was d.1scovered .
· ................ or not.
4 His ..... !!'?~1: H!!Y. ..... to say no to his peers has
1 3 It's too early to draw conclusions from the r,
research as the findings are .. !!?#~~!~~"(~ .... so far.J
always been his downfall.
4 The venue for the games still remains
...l!n.cJ~~(g_~_cf_... .
159

-------------~'Li!,_
 ff]
[ C
Match the idioms with their meanings. f Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form. •

1 coin a phrase
C obliterate, exterminate, eradicate, erase ·
:_•,n 2 speak the same language
a 1 Only by talking her through the procedure, did
~J 3 be the talk of the town
e we ... .......~!.<!~~ .......... her remaining doubts.

'q 4 talk tough

b 2 The small village was ...... ~~~{~~.~~!.~~...... by the
·j
;L
d bomb blast.
5 speak out of turn
3 They only managed to ... .... ~~~~;_~~!~ ....... the
a have the same interests and opinions
illness through mass inoculation.
b frighten or impress somebody
4 When the rescue team arrived , they were
c invent a new word or expression dismayed to find that all the civilians had been
d say something at an inappropriate time exterminated

e be the topic of everyone's conversation

g Match the idioms with their meanings.

1 close to the mark b

2 leave a mark on something e

Now fill in the correct idiom from above.
3 overstep the mark d
1 Don't mind John, he may ... .... ... !fl.~~.!~!-!gh ..........
4 up to the mark C
... .. ......... but underneath he's quite sensitive.
~~ 5 make your mark on something a
2 It's great working with Tony because we seem
to .....~P.~?1:l.<[email protected]!f:m~ .... . a do something which makes people
3 When Andrew Lloyd Webber's production of
notice you
Cats opened, it ... .. '!'!.c!~.~t:i.~..t.c!!l.<..C?U.fJ.~J~~ry...... . b say something that is mostly true

4 I must have .... .....~P..C?.~~!! ..9!-f.t.gUL!.(!L .... .. . c be up to an acceptable standard

because he gave me a filthy look. d behave in an unacceptable way

J 5 It was F. Scott Fitzgerald who ~~~l).~~.!h~P..~!.<!~'?.

.............. 'the Jazz Age' to describe the 1920s.
e have an important and lasting effect
on something

a
Fill in the correct prefix.
J I~
_u_n_,-in-,-d-is-,-i-m~
h Now fill in the correct idiom from above.
1 She ......'?.~~[~~'!PP..~1J~~.'JJ.~!.~.. .... , and her boss
1 As he was found guilty of plagiarism, his had no choice but to fire her.
English paper was ....µ!~ .allowed.
2 Practising for hours on end has really paid off;
2 They deplored her .... im .moral behaviour so her performance was really ... ..L!P..!.C?Jh~.1!:1.<!!.~.....
much that they stopped talking to her.

3 It was totally .....1;1.tJ_justified of her to hurl verbal 3 The Jacksons ..... .. m~f!~ .tl:J.~jr..lJJ~[t'?.IJ.... .... the
abuse at poor Carl like that. music world in the 1970s.

4 The new educational reforms proved virtually 4 Although he hasn't had much experience of the
... .)IJ.. effective in eliminating the problem of local irrigation system, his analysis of it was
i. .
illiteracy. very .... ..... ~~'?~~. !'?. .~~.~..'!?~[~ .. ... .. .. .

5 The evidence was thought to be 5 Years of continuous warring has !~f:t.H.tmcJ.(~..c?!'! .

...... in.conclusive so the prisoner went free. ....... .. ............. the two neighbouring countries.
 · Part 4 Reading & Use of English
8 You are going to read a short article about the X Generation, two sentences of which have been removed. Read the h
text and decide which two gaps (1-4) the sentences have been removed from.
r,
1
We had the Jazz Age, otherwise known as the So here it is: the X Generation has no interest in ·-
roaring twenties. We had the Angry Young Men of tradition and its values; it shows no drive, no . .
the fifties, and their American counterparts, the beat ambition; it holds morals and morality to be :
generation. (1) ..... .!L .... To coin the phrase that meaningles~.
neatly captures the spirit of a period is a worthwhile I would agree that there is a wide streak of
pastime; if a writer succeeds, they have created a scepticism running through this generation, but who
new usage, made their mark on the language. You can possibly say it is not justified? A hundred years t
can be sure they are hard at it, and you'll all be ago, the confidence of the Age of Enlightenment
pleased to hear that we've already received ours. was still with us. Science, it was said, would ~
Generation X. This is the expression that attempts eventually solve all the mysteries of our world; ~ I
to define this generation of young people, who patience was all that was necessary. (4) ... ........... .
grew up in the shadow of the millennium to the Technology would create a life of luxury for all; =l.
sounds of electronic music, grunge and hip-hop. poverty would become a thing of the past. iJ
(2) ............... What does it say about us, this X that Then along came Einstein, and things began to
has been branded on our foreheads? The letter X is unravel. The quantum physics he is the father ofr7
used in algebra to represent an unknown quantity; came to the rather odd conclusion that light cannotd
this has spread to more everyday usage, as when be defined as a wave or a particle, but rather acts
we talk about an undefined amount or unnamed like both at various times. This may not seem suchg
person (I'll give you X pounds; you go and get the a problem to us, but accepting the fact thatd
present). Not too bad so far, but X also means anything - much less something as fundamental as
'wrong' (usually seen in blood-red ink on pupils' energy - can be two things at once rocks logic,,.,.
exam papers), which is more definitely negative. mathematics and science itself to their veryJ
(3) ...... ~...... . foundations.
;
!
.1
::I
.
A It is also used to cross things out, and on signs
prohibiting certain acts; all this seems to say we
are somehow defined by our irrelevance,
absence and general undesirability.
B The sixties were characterised by the peace and
love of those flower children, the hippies.

b Now answer the following questions.

j
1
1 What does the word 'it' in line 8 refer to?
,i
j A the spirit of a period
:j
. ,l B translating
. ~

j @ inventing new terms

·-) D creating a name for themselves
1
L • ~
2 What is the purpose of the third paragraph?
:i
·l
@to list the attacks that have been made on the author's generation
B to present the author's critical conclusions
C to honestly lay out the faults of the younger generation
D to provide support for the title 'X'
~ _ _ _ _ _ _E_XA_M-PR_A_C-TI_C_E 1-----~
Part 1
~ For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
:J
CONCERT PIANIST
QThough success came early to Vincent, and continued where so often it (1) ..... and fails, he was always very
n down-to-earth about it, even to the point of being (2) ..... modest. His triumphant debut at the age of seventeen
§j was (3) ..... as 'a bit of luck, really - I happened to be in the right place at the right time. And in the right mood
- just met my wife, you see.' You'd never take him (4) .... . a pianist; he had the weathered face of a farmer or
fl sailor and a five o'clock shadow that had generally (5) .. ... its appearance by lunchtime. His hands, though , were
LJ the most beautiful I had ever seen on a man, and so at (6) .. ... with his hairy arms and peasant's face that you'd
~
.:-·]· swear they'd been (7) ...... And to hear him play was to forget his coarse appearance - his skin seemed to glow
_ from within; an expression of (8) ..... bliss softened his features.

] 1
2
A stumbles
A decidedly
B trips
B barely
@falters
C minimally
D hesitates
~overly
3 A passed away B crossed out C pushed under played down
4 A with @tor C as D like
5 A taken B had @made D done
6 @odds B opposition C contrary D contrast
7 @ transplanted B transported C transferred D transcribed
8 @ utter B mere C sole D whole

~] Part•2:
~ · For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
space.
n -,.

ADOPTED CHILDREN
,- 1Though an adopted child may have a very loving family, there will still be some feelings of curiosity about the
~ 1
hJ natural parents who gave them up for adoption. This in (9) .......... ..'!.<?............ way means that the adoptive
· parents should withhold the knowledge of the adoption from the child, (10) ...... ~~L~!r:>.~f!....... this could cause
; 1 resentment in the child discovering the truth. Timing is the main difficulty, it should be something that happens
~j sooner (11) ... .... .. r~!~f!L ....... than later. Parents who adopted a child as a baby and let them know as soon as
they were able to understand invariably say they felt that the child accepted the truth fairly matter-of-factly.
n .
J Problems often arise later, when a child goes to school. All children want to fit (12) .. ....... ...!~ ............ with the
crowd, and of course most children live with their natural parents. These days, however, this is not always the
(13) ... : ...... ~~.~~ ...... ... . ; with the growth of the single-parent family and unmarried parents, families are more
unorthodox than ever. Whether good or bad, this allows an adopted child to feel less like a fish
.- . (14) ... ....... .~~( .......... of water.

, j The need to locate a natural mother or father may grow, (15) .. ......<!.f!?.P.~~f!......... loving and being loved by
adoptive parents. There are procedures available for doing this, and a child - or, more usually, a young adult -
·t ·1s a very t rauma1·1c t·1me. o nee 1
should be s uppo rt ed , as 1 ·t ·1s d one, (16) ... ....whatever
................ .... th e ou t come, an
1
"- adopted child is generally better able to return to their adoptive family without regrets or illusions.

iI
 Part 3
For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
word that fits in the space in the same line. -
n
~
MIDDLE AGE CRISIS Lj

You 're over fifty - middle age has caught up with you, and you have to face the
dreaded annual check-up. Dogged by (17) .... )TJ.c/.'!.9!~i.C?!!....... , you have been trying to DECIDE
put this off for as long as possible but you now have no choice: bits haven't started
dropping off yet, but you now notice the odd twinge when you stretch for something
on a shelf, (18) ...IJ.~~?.W~~~n~~.~... when you walk up a flight of stairs, and so on. It's all BREATHE
very well being (19) ... ....~'!/~!?~{I(~ .... ... about your lifestyle - 'There's no history of illness DEFEND
in our family'; 'I'm as strong as an ox' ; 'My grandfather smoked sixty a day and lived
to the ripe age of eighty-seven'; you state (20) ....~f!!P,f}_?.t.i.C?fJ:~ly...... , but deep down you EMPHASISE
know there must be something wrong .

I Of course, you want to continue to enjoy life to the full, but you're (21) ..... .!!.i!Jt!f~i:i.'!.c/. ..... .
by what the check-up may reveal. 'What is that lump? ' you wonder. Dwelling on all the
FRIGHT

P. ossibilities ..... sen d s you ·int o a (23) .........

(22) ...................... downward · I of d epress,on
.... .... ......... .. spira · - th e POSSIBLE, DOWN
last thing you need at your age.

Better to think positively and look on the bright side of life; 'I think I'll go to Thailand this
year on holiday ... or maybe I'll buy a new set of golf clubs.' Images from your past
suddenly flash before your eyes. Your confidence is (24) ..... !!'.9.1!!.~m~f!IJ..... shaken until MOMENT
you look around the surgery and realise that there are many more people in a much
worse condition than yourself.

J
Part 4
For questions 25-30, complete the sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word ]
given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the word given. iJ

25 I try to stay away from the dangerous parts of the city.

steer I try to ........ ............. .... ~~'!.~!..9!~~(.CJ.L ............... ........ the dangerous parts of the city.

26 I don't mind which flavour ice cream you choose.

same It's .....................?!Uh~.~.<!!!HUC?..1!!.~... ............... ,... which flavour ice cream you choose.

27 A red sky in the evening shows good weather is on its way.

sign A red sky in the evening .... .... .. ... .. ....... ... J~.~.~!gn.~L. ........................ good weather approaching.

28 These candidates are only one step away from success. d

brink These candidates stand ........................ '?.t:i..~~.'!.P.r!!?K.CJ.r ....................... success.

29 Try to do it and if you can 't, I'll help you.

go Have ... .. .......... ..... ....... . ~.fJ.~.~.t~t............. ................ and, if you can 't do it, I'll help you .

30 Doing this exercise again won't be bad for you, you know.
do Doing this exercise again ................. Y!.9.IJ.'!.1R.Y.9."!..<!!?Y..~.<!!.1!!................ .. . , you know.

I-

..
163
~~<
:.,;
. -----,' J-
n
 Part 1
UNIT 8 Grammar .. Transformations - Advanced Language P~ints

Grammar
A THE INFINITIVE

u 1 The infinitive with to is used:

1 to express purpose
The English eat to live, whereas the French live
4 Introductory or final infinitive phrases
To be honest with you, I don't want to go today.
I've never read it, to tell you the truth.

D to eat. [NOT: ... fef-te live]

In order to and so as to are used in formal English.
We telephoned ahead in order to I so as to be
sure of finding a room.
We telephoned ahead in order not to I so as
5
should / would
You o~ght to
( might
l
Present infinitive - Perfect infinitive

go ... [present/ future time]

have gone ... [past time)
not to have a problem finding a room. could
[NOT: .. . ahead~ ...]
I'd like to have seen that programme yesterday.
2 after the structure be the first / second / last /
best, etc. INFINITIVE FORMS
John Hanning Speke was the first European to
1 You ought to help them.
identify the main source of the Nile.
I want to be told as soon as possible.
3 after some adjectives (disappointed, surprised, They seem to be repairing the road again.
happy, sorry, etc.) instead of a time clause.
2 You ought to have helped them.
I was sorry to hear the sad news.
He's believed to have been killed.
(= I ~as sorry when I heard ...)
He appears to have been waiting a long time.
4 after only to express annoyance or disappointment.
NOTE:
I walked in only to find the room turned upside
the infinitive forms of have:
down.
Rob seems ,to have a lot of friends.
5 to can stand for an infinitive clause Kim seems to be having some problems.
7
~1
I have to go out, but I don't want to. He is said to have had no involvement in it.
NOTE:
This puzzle is difficult to solve. [NOT: ... solve -i t] PRACTICE
~1
a Choose the correct answer.
~ j 2 The infinitive without to is used:
1 I would rather not think/ to think about tomorrow's
1 after hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe, make,
let;'would rather, had better exam.
I watched I saw I heard them go in. 2 You'd better not let/ don't let your teacher hear
Bur: In the passive voice, see, hear and make take you say that.
to.
3. I avoided inquiring into the matter further not to I
They were heard I seen I made to go in.
The verbs watch, observe and notice in the so as not to seem nosy.
passive are followed by the present participle, 4 They seem to finish / to have finished
not the infinitive with to. renovating the library.
The youths were observed entering the house. 5 Why not confess/ to confess? You'll feel better
2 after do anything / nothing / everything ... but / afterwards.
except, etc.
You do nothing but moan about everything. 6 He started to leave the room only fall / to fall
BUT: What he did was (to) have it replaced. flat on his face.
The only thing to do is (to) phone him. 7 A woman was observed tamper / tampering with
All I did was (to) try to give her some advice. the brakes.
3 after why in questions meaning it's pointless /
8 Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to go/
unnecessary to do something.
Why argue with them, Joe? They won 't listen!
go into space.
Why not tell them what happened?
To is optional after help.
Mary helped me (to) cook Christmas dinner.

3 Infinitive + prepositions
Prepositions are not omitted in cases like:
Your meal is all you have to pay for.
We need a vase to put these flowers in.

IE
u
n
b Fill in the correct form of the verb given.
1 I feel privileged ..... ...... .t!?.f:?~.g_i_ryfng ........ (dine)
with the Prime Minister tonight.
5 He was noticed .............t!~IJJJ.i!!9... ......... . (hang)
around the bank looking suspicious.
J
2 We were made .. ......... .t!?J!9.YJ!P............. (tidy up) 6 It's actually normal practice ...........~!?.!~~~ .<?.~ ......'.:] ..
our rooms every Saturday. (take off) your shoes before entering a temple in IL ~ia.
3 'He appears .!.C?..~f!X~J:~~~1:l..~.1.~.~P.!!?9. (sleep) rough
for some time'
'The only thing to do is ............ .C~<?J..~.~!P............. .
(help) him get back on his feet again.'
4 We ought ..........~<?..~.c!X~.9.~~~ ........ (go) last week.

B THE GERUND
1 The gerund is used:
1 as a verbal noun. BUT: note the difference in meaning with the ~---J-,
Smoking is bad for your health. following verbs. _
2 after prepositions / prepositional phrases. 1 The cat stopped toying with the mouse.
He 's fond of singing at parties. (= stop doing sth) ,..1
3 after certain verbs and phrases: The cat stopped in the garden to toy with th' j
admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, mouse.
delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, (= stop one thing in order to do another.)
face, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, 2 I remember giving you my mobile phone. ~
mention, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, (== remember sth done) •
·prevent, propose (= suggest), quit, resent, resist, I will remember to give you my mobile phone.
resume, risk, save, suggest, tolerate, understand, (= remember to do sth) ~1
can't help, can't stand* , it's no use I good, it's 3 I propose waiting till the police get here. J
(not) worth, feel like, what's the point of, there's no (= suggest)
point (in), have difficulty (in). I propose to start next week. ( = intend) -_~1
[*can't stand is occasionally followed by to + 4 I tried to explain, but nobody would listen. J
infinitive]
(= attempt)
4 · after: be/ get used to, be/ get accustomed to, Try beating the eggs with a wire whisk. ,.. i
look forward to, object to, in addition to, take to,
with a view to, admit to, close to, confess to,
(= experiment) ~j
5 I'm sorry, I didn 't mean to step on your foot.
resort to, opposed to, prefer ... to, resigned to
(= intend) i=-1
I have to be at the airport by eight. It mean57
NOTE:
getting up early. (= involves) :;,. J
1 He used to jog to work.
[used to + infinitive] NOTE ALSO:
He is used to jogging to work. 1 go on + infinitive ( = finish doing sth and stab
[be / get used to + gerund] doing sth else)
2 When need, want and require take a gerund, The President went on to praise the mi/liona~-~
the meaning is passive. for his donation. '
Your car needs I wants servicing. go on+ gerund(= continue doing sth) ~--
(= Your car needs to be serviced.) She went on talking about herself for hours.~1
3 As well as takes a gerund when: 2 keen / interested + infinitive (for a particular _ 1
a it starts a phrase or a sentence thing) ..d
b the first verb is in the simple present or past Helen is keen to go abroad.
tense. John was interested to hear about it.
As well as fixing the roof, Jack mended the keen on / interested in + gerund (for a gener:. . _,
fence. interest)
Sue made a new skirt as well as knitting herself Susan is keen on I interested in cycling. -~
a jumper. 3 afraid to expresses unwillingness c~used ~y ·u ar
Infinitive or Gerund?
afraid of can have the same meaning, or it can
express fear about what might happen. . - -
Either infinitive or gerund can be used after the The children are afraid to cross I of crossm
verbs like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue, the bridge in case they have_ an accide:'t. l )
can't bear, etc. with no difference in meaning. The children are afraid of having an acc1de~~
when they cross the bridge. j
UPECIAL NOTES:
1 The phrases would rather and had better may be 5 Note the following structure:
(1 followed by progressive infinitives. I suggested to my friend that he should go.
U I'd rather be working today. [Nor: I suggested to my friend~.]
· We'd better not be smoking when the boss arrives. 6 There are two structures with worth:
The verbs excuse, forgive, pardon, prevent and The museum is worth visiting.
~ understand need a possessive adjective or proper
noun before the gerund. 7
OR: It is worth it to visit the museum.
We can use there with problem / difficulty + gerund.
Excuse my saying so, but you're wrong. There won't be any problem I difficulty finding
r,
Id
OR: Excuse me saying so, but you're wrong.
He prevented their I John and Clare going.
tickets.
8 There is also a structure with have + gerund
oR: He prevented them (from) going.
(= experience)
t} Note the following gerund structures: You won't have any problem parking the car.
2i I do~'t mind { Ja~k / Japk's } going alone.
I obJect to I htm I hts
9 We can use either a preposition + gerund or an

j
0
Th~ :~;~: t:d~:: r;: ;~:~~s a~i'~:::::~rmit are
followed by a gerund, but when they have a second
infinitive with no difference in meaning after:
aim at doing / to do
amazed / angry / annoyed at finding / to find
grateful / thankful for having / to have
,: l object, they take an infinitive. pay for having / to have
j
'"PRACTICE
711 in the correct form of the verb given.
✓ Your shoes are all scuffed. They need P<?H~h[,:,.g_L 8 We can't help ...... ............?.~~{r.>.9...... ............. (ask)
~
... t~.~~.P..'?H~~~~ ... (polish) . ourselves if we couldn't have prevented them from
_J .................. .!~~¥.(TJ9.................... (leave). I don't think
:J I couldn't sleep so I tried ............... !".~.<!~!!?fl ............... .
we tried hard enough ................ J9..$t<m................. .
(read) a book. It was dawn when 1 finished it and I
~ l still wasn't sleepy.
(stop) them.
9 Excuse my ... ...........m~.TJ.(i.C?.t)i!?9............... (mention)
'3l I really object ........ .t!?.P~ir.g.9.ri@/~~!L ...... (criticise)
it, but have you ever considered ... !.~.c!~~?.~~{~r,>9....
by people who hardly even know me.
--1 ..................... (redecorate) this room?
,j 'What d.o you propose ........... ..t.<?..cf~.l.g~(r:iJJ. .... ..... ..
10 Atlantic Airlines regrets ...........~9..?.l'J!?~~!!'?.~... .. ..... .
(do) about the workers' dispute?' he asked the
r l (announce) the delay of flight 123 to Boston.
a manager.
C -~

$.. As well as ....... .......'~Y!m~~~~!!?9. .............. (withdraw) 11 Will you remember ..... ...... .. .. JR.int<?.~Q.1.............. .. .
(inform) everyone concerned about the
c, all their 'savings from the bank, they approached
administrative changes?
cl me for a loan.
12 I'd rather .... ....... .... .l?.<!.MTJ9........... .. ..... (lie) on a
6 Do you fancy .. ................. ~~~/@.................. .. (see)
-~ a film tonight? b eac h ·1n Hawa11.. th an ..........................
(be) sittinn ;:,............ ..
(sit) here doing a test.
'? What's the point of ...................?.(Y.LJJ!?g .................. .
- 1 (argue) about it? Let's just agree .... ....to..c.i.iff~r... .... .
_ 1 ..................... (differ).

SiMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY

~j Study these examples.
1 Nobody noticed the actress when she left the 5 Liz studied every day to keep up with them.
r' theatre. Liz studied every day in order to keep up with
..... 1 The actress left the theatre without being noticed them .
by anyone. Liz studied every day so as to keep up with them.
r ' 2 It seems they have been waiting for some time . 6 Carl pretended he hadn;t heard what I said.
. ~- J They appear to have been waiting for some time. Carl pretended not to have heard what I said.
3 The teacher made him rewrite the exercise. 7 There's no point (in) putting the blame on her.
He was made to rewrite the exercise by the teacher. It is not worth putting the blame on her.
i c. J 4 All the baby does is eat all day. It is no good / use putting the blame on her.
~ The baby does nothing but eat all day.
t
. SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHERWAY
Study these examples.
s Do you object if I check your work? 13 The grass needs to be cut, I believe .
Do you object to me / my checking your work? The grass needs cutting, I believe.
9 Dan was shocked when he learnt his results. 14 Alex found it difficult to justify his opinion.
Dan was shocked to learn his results. Alex had difficulty (in) justifying his opinion.
They saw him fall off the chair. 15 I'm not in the habit of doing my own ironing .
He was seen to fall / falling off the chair. I'm not u~ed to doing my own ironing. ·
It looks as if she has completed the work. 16 Phil made dinner and washed the dishes as
She seems to have completed the work. well yesterday.
He admitted trying to open the safe. Phil made dinner as well as washing the dishes
He admitted having tried to open the safe. yesterday.
He admitted (that) he (had) tried to open the safe.

PRACTICE
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the r]·
word given. You must use between three and eight words. ~

1 Spending all your money at once was silly. 9 I think I might spend the evening watching television.
was considering fl
It .. .. .... ~<!~.~@~.~~.~P..'!.1!.C!..<!!!.Y.9-'!.(.~~':.~Y. ....... at once. I ....................~.1!!.~~,:i_~!F!~[!l(l_fJ..~P..~r!~!T_1_Y. ................... J
the evening watching television.
2 He made us rewrite our essays.
-;
were 10 Marie says that she didn't break the vase. ri
We .... ..............~~~~.'!:i.<!F!.~.t~/~~!.i.t.~.................. our denies
essays. Marie ... ~'!.1!!~?. .~!.~~~~'!fl. !. ~~X!~9. .~!.<?~~'!. ! .(~~.~~).~f}.~.. . ~l
3 Do I have to learn these phrases to pass the
the vase. broke :J
exam? 11 I try not to buy cat food that contains less than
necessary .
Is ............~~ .'!.:~~~~~'Y. .(~?.~ .'!!.:UC?. these !~~~1}. ............
50% meat.
avoid
]
phrases to pass the. exam? I try to ..................~X~!~.~l!Y.!IJ.9..C?.<!U~~H ... ..... .......... ~
1
that contains less than 50% meat. 1- l
4 Mary came up with the idea that we go out for iJ
dinner together. 12 They didn't bother to say goodnight when they left.
suggested without 9
Mary .~':'J!f!~~~~.<!. ~~~. fJ.?.~1!f!. f. (!~~~~. ~~. ~~~! / .(~~.~!)..'J!.~.. They ........ ~~~ .~!!~?.~.~ .~~Y!!?~.!. ~'?.!~~.~~1:1.fl. !.~. ~~X........ .. l
for dinner together. should go out goodnight.
5 I can hardly make out his signature. 13 All they do is sit around and complain.
nothing
u
difficulty
I ........ ¥1.!1:i..f:l.<!X{Q.9. /. _fJ~Y.~..<!!ff[~l;l/!Y.. <!!!). !1:1.~.~!!!9. .'?.'!t ...... . They ... .... ......... ~'?..1:'.?.~~!!?f!.~~!.~f.t.fl:r'?.~'::~ ................ r-it
i
his signature. and complain. L...J

6 It isn't worth trying to get out of doing the washing- 14 Kelly pretended she hadn't seen me.
up. have · r1
waste Kelly pretended ...... ........,Y.<?.tt.<?JJfl:Y.~.:i.~f!.I)...... ......... t:J
It .............. )~.~.Yf.~~{~ .C?U!rn~.{fy_i!Jg............... ; to get .................. me.
r l
out of doing the washing-up.
15 Do you mind if I borrow your notebook? d
7 We succeeded in finding a better offer. object
managed Do you ...'?.~i.~.~t~'?..'!.1.~.L'!!Y..~'!.~~?.~.i!?fJ).~(.~ .~.?.~~'?.~... "l
\
We ......................... mfl.lJ.~9.~P..f~.((tJ.<;/. ........................ . your notebook? ~J
a better offer. 16 The politician was stunned when he read the
8 I always make the same mistake. newspaper article about his past.
'LJ '
keep to
I . .. . •• •. .• •..• ••... . ... .~~~!?.. (~':.~ .'!:'!!.~!':.9. .~~.~............ ........... . The politician .. ... ... .. ... ~<!~.~.t.L!!J!'!~~.~9.t~~.<!.. ....... ....
same mistake. ....... .... ...... the newspaper article about his past. fl
u
1r7
- - - - - - - -lJ-
 Extra Transformations
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the ·
word given. You must use between three and eight words.
1 we are trying to solve the problem of transport. 11 Just because you have qualifications doesn't
come mean you will succeed.
We are trying .... .J~.~~IJ!.~.!-!f?.~!m.~.~.C?!!-!U~Q..~'?....... guarantee
................... the problem of transport. Qualifications ...............{IX~.fJ.Q.Yimrnnt~.~.............. .
. .. .... ...... .. .... of success.
2 Supper will be ready soon.
long 12 I didn't pay the bill because I forgot all about it,
It ................... ~<J.l!J. ~~ .!'!.'!9..~~t~~~ .{_ ~~~~ .................. . I'm afraid .
.! supper is ready. slipped .
h n.~
I didn't pay the bill because .. 1!P.P.~~.IJ:IY.~~1!.C!... ''
:] 3 Daniel lost his job when the factory closed.
.. ....... .................... , I'm afraid.
redundant
n Daniel .................. ~~~.IJ:l.?.ct~.r.~~~~~?.1!!.................. . 13 I tried to tell him not to make the jump.
-~j when the factory closed. discourage
The crowd responded angrily to the referee's
I tried ......... JC?..cJ!~~.<!.'!!.~9~. ti.~'!!.f!.<J.1!!. !!!?.~!!"!fL ........ .
cl 4 the jump.
decision.
J drew 14 The date of the archery contest is the 21st.
The referee's decision ...<!.~~.~.~'!..<!!?91J'.t'!.~P.~!?~~.... take
...•. t<?.TJJ. .....• the crowd. The archery contest .Y!.q!.f. !~ .(<J..U~ .9.9.~IJ9JC?. U~l:<.~..
Luckily, they were able to return to Anne's idea
.. P..l_<!~~ .?.TJ.... the 21st.
5
~ when John's plan failed . 15 You could burn yourself if you're not careful.
fall danger
Luckily, they had ..... ~!H?~'.~.!~~?..(<J..~c!!!.l;>.?.C?~.9.r:i. ..... You are ................. !CT.~{l.lJ9.~r.Rf.t?Wnl@ ................ .
................... when John's plan failed. yourself if you 're not careful.
You cannot fit more than two hundred people in 16 I was completely astonished to see Bill recover
this hall. very quickly.
maximum astonishment
Two hundred is ....t.~.~.!!1.~~!'!'.l!.IJ!..'!!-!m~'!.~.'?LP..~.C?P.!~. To ............... ~.Y. ~~mP.{~.t.~. ~~.~<?.'!!~1_1_1!!.~!?~. ........... .... ,
[l ......... .:: ........ you can fit in this hall. Bill recovered very quickly .
[ s
i..t I don't care if you're tired; we've got to keep 17 She has a very dominant father.
going. influence

B difference
it .... !!!~/_<_~~ .r:i.~ .<!.i.f!~r~!?~~ .(~'!..IJ!.~)..~t:i.~.t!J~r. Y.9.~ .?!.f!.....
His father .. ti.€'.~.~ .9.!~?.~ /.~tr.C?!?g.!,:,_~~'!.f!!?~~ .C!.IJ.!.C?.l(~r.
her.
n tired or not; we've got to keep going.
18 Pollution of rivers has doubled in ten years.
t:l I didn't think of asking Simon to help. twice
occurred There is ...... !~!~~ .?.~. m'!.C?l!. P.!?!!'!.~~<?.1!. ~t. r!':'.~.~~. ~~ .....
;' It ................ .1:'.~X~~.?.~~.l!!!.~.<!. !~. [!!~. ~?. .~~~ ................ . there was ten years ago.
: ~
Lj Simon to help.

I'm afraid I must strongly disagree with the plan.

Q
~ objection
I'm afraid I must .. f.cJj~~LtJJ.c!k'}..~.~!rR!?9..9.l?l~frl9.tJ. ..

E;~~~·;~~~~~·~,:e
was right.
t:::::nme believe that Johnson

leads
Li That latest clue ........... .!~~{l.~.m~.(9..IJ.~!l~v~ ........... .
... .. .. .... ... .. .. . that Johnson was right.
n
 rdvanced Language Points
. say what the following mean. c Say what the following mean .
red-hot ~g. h!?!. m?.t. !!. ~?!!n~t P.~ .(C?.'-!f!l.~<!. .~Q!!l.(~r:t:?k!Y 1 green belt .{ll~<!.W.IJ.~rn.kH((<!!!?Y.l~.P.rnlJ.i.l?!f~d ........ .
················ ................................................................ . ............................................................................. ]
2 red herring ~!IJ. .i!.('Jl~Y.?nt. wh!ff)..cf_if~1Hmf~......... . 2 green-eyed monster ..i~~(C?.'-!~.Y. ... ......................... -
..<!~~_1.1.(~C?!!. fr~m. ~~f!. !!?~{IJ. .~~~i~<:.t. ~!. .t.C?P!~ ..................
·············································································1
3 red tape ..l?.'-!f.~?:'!.~!.?.~Y. ... ......... .... ........................ .. . 3 green ·fingers .rn(~ffi@.!!?.~~.'«IJ.9..i.~§.~U(~.cf. ltJ. ....... . =?
.9.(~~!1}9. P.!?:I}~~...................................................... ~
4 red flag ..f!~9..'!.~~~.~~>Jf!.<!!~~~<:..<!.~~9.~~ ..................... . 4 greenhorn .€¾.TJ.in~~P.~ri~n~.'J.cf. P..~r.~!?f!t. ~<!~(IY... ........;;. j ·
.'!.~~~~~~~ / .<?!?f:~.(f!.<!........................ ........... ........... ... .

5 greenhouse effect gr~~'!.?!. W.~[!!1.!IJ9. gfJIJ.'J..~!L. .... .:J ·

. R~c;;~u~.~. h~?.t. f€1.t:,.t:,.9!. ~$.9f!P.~ .(IJ.{9.tJJJ.IJ. it~ .l!P.P.~r. !~1(~~~.
C"}
6 green light .~ff!'?.i~!.P.~f'!l.(~~(~IJ)C?..~.~g!l}.?.fJ. ~~~~'?.'!.. .. j
.('?P.P.:.f~~.{igf!t} ................................ ..... .....•.... .......~.
b Fill in black or blue to complete the phrases. Then
7
explain their meaning.
d Match the statements with the appropriate responseJ

• beat sb .......~_l~~L ..... and .......~~L!.~.... .... . 1 Here's to you! ..!?... 5

.. ................ .(:=:..'-!.'!!U .~!?. !~.."'.'~'Y. kr.'-!!~.~.cf)........... .. ...... . ~
2 Cup of coffee? ..!'!... ~
""'-'
t out of the ....... !?{'!.f!........ . 3 I'll buy the drinks. .. f ...
..........................(:':..'-!!!~~P.~~~f!.<!!Y) ................. ........ .
'""l
4 You don't mind if I use ~j
your .phone, do you? ..!=!...
t not as .......P.~<!.~t ...... as one is painted
......... ...(:':'.ggt. ?:~. !??:~ .?.~ .P.'J.C?P.!~ .~..~Y. .'?.fJ.~. !~)............. . A I could do with one.
B Be my guest.
t a bolt from the ....... ~{'!.~........ .
.............(:=:..~!~. '!.t:r.f!~P.f!.<?!~~ .?.'!~.~l}P.~~!=!~<!ml............. C No! This one's on me.

t till one is ........~!!-!~ ........ in the face

.(.=:=••~'J!!!9..<!.~.~<!.~~.~~.'?.1!.f:.!?~~!..L!~'!:..V!~1!.'?!-!t~l:1.'?~~~~ ..

t in .......~!!=!~t ...... and white

................... .. .... .••{ ':':, .!Q..'«f!((TJ9).......................... :.. .

e Fill in the correct answer.

the present President, the President present, the President-elect,
the would-be President, the actual President, the stop-gap President

person due to take up their appointment

as President
the would-be
2 .... ......... President
......... ..... ..... ..... ...... .. · t o b e p res,·d en t
person h oping

......... ......... .. th e pres,·dent h.1mseIf / herse If

the actual President
3 .........................
4 ......~1!.':.f.r.E:~{'!.':!?!.1:1.!~~.~!?L. ... : the President who is present at an occasion

5 .....!~~.~!~P.:~.~P..~r!:~.i!!!:~! ..... : the temporary President

6 .. ....~~.':.P.r~~~.1!!.~r.~~~<!.~!?~ ...... : the current President

 f Match the columns. h Fill in the correct prefix to form the opposites.

1 split up with D
(= stop a relationship)
..<!.~t. mount ...i!!... apt )m .. mobile
2 keep up with .... ~....
ii Ieg1'bl e
........ ...t .. resistible ...i!!... secure
q (= keep oneself informed I up to date)
..<!.~~.. regard ...t .. refutable ..~~ .. sociable
,.J 3 put up with AID
( = endure; accept) .. !-!~ .. likely in eI'191'bl e
........ .. ~~ .. lawful

:1 4 come up with
(= produce)
C .. .in... attentive
..<J/~ ..
...i!!... organic
in JU · d.ICIOUS
·
.. /.'!... capable .
~ ~

embark ........ .. .i.r!... hospitable

A annoyances
B the times
C some good ideas

D one's partner

Fill in the correct word to complete the phrases.

behalf, agreement, pity, influence, association,
reference, aid, compliments
g Tick the correct answer(s).
:--1
j 1 He. looked ....... rather sad. 1 on ...... .... ~~~~/!. .........:.. of ·
a as if he was ✓ 2 with the ......?.'?.'!!P.!{f!!.~!!~~ ....... of -
b as if
n c that he was 3 out of ............ P..i!Y. .............. for
J 4 in ....... ~fl.f~~tJJ.~m......... with
2 You can tell ....... that he's a big eater.
-·- a by his size ✓ 5 with ........~'!.(~.(~.'!.~~ .......... to
b from his weight ✓
c by the look of him ✓
6 in ............ .€1.i.cf.. ... .. ...... .. of

3 She struck me ....... very competent. 7 under the ........ .~IJ.f!!-!~~S~.......... of

a as being ✓ 8 in ..... . ~~~~f!~.~i.C?t! ......... with
b that she was
c as ✓
:a:,··- - ., ____ -

LI
Tick the correct answer.
1 - Most ;... ... offenders are arrested on charges of petty crime.
a childish b juvenile ✓ c immature
[ = a young criminal who is not old enough to be taken to adult court]
2 She doesn't go out in cold weather as she's quite a ....... child.
d a delicate ✓ b susceptible c soft

._ _.., 3 Although she was only twelve, she had a very ....... attitude .
a older b mature ✓ c grown
 Choose from the following words / phrases to m Fill in the correct word to emphasise the adjectives.
complete the headlines and explain what they mean.
spill the beans, shelved, to be laid off,
pitch, bone, razor, icy, crystal, stark, paper, flat j
- not up to scratch, on the cards, pops the question - 1 There's no use asking Bob to lend you the
1
money; he's ...... .J~r!L ...... broke. '
1 CRIMINAL'S BROTHER ....... .. ... ~P.{~l~.{J:1.~./J.~~~~ ........... . ~J
[spill the beans = reveal secret information about sb 2 We found the poor toddler standing in the
else's actions] paddling pool ....... ~!~~~ .... ... naked. 7
2 LOCAL EDUCATION .. ....•..... • ~~!.~P..~'?..~~~~~~·~·········· ···· 3 The hotel we usually stay in has a swimming :::-1
[up to scratch = of the desired or proper level I
standard] pool filled with ...... ~rt.~.t.~L ..... clear sea water.
3 NUCLEAR EXPLOSION WAS ..•. .. . .....9_f!.!h~.~~.~g_~············
[on the cards = imminent]
4 Don't make too much noise; these walls are '.J 3
......P..<!P.~f....... thin. =
4 NEW RAILWAY PLANS TO BE .. . ... ...... .. ~Q.~f'!.~!:f.. ........... . 5 The truth is, Mrs Millis, your son is just
[shelve sth = postpone for an indefinite period] ....... ~~~~ ....... idle.

5 1,000 WORKERS ........... .. ... .!f:!. f?~ }?/1. ~ft................ . 6 He to?k a deep breath and plunged into the =' l
[lay sb off = make redundant] ... ..... /~Y.......... cold water. ·· J
~ --'

7 It was ....... P.!!~~........ dark so we had to fumble

6 POP STAR ... .. ..... ........ P.~P..~..tf!~.!1~~.~!!~~ ................ ,. around for a candle. 'l
[pop the question = ask sb to marry you; propose J
to sb] 8 She had a ....... r.~~C?.~ ....... sharp mind and was:; ,. 7

a pleasure to teach. 9
Tick the correct answers.
1 • You can launch
a a boat ✓ b a campaign ✓
c a rocket ✓ d a show
How do you pronounce these words?
2 You can satisfy 1 compass /'kAmpds/
a demands ✓ b one's hunger ✓
2 consequence /'kons1kwdns/
c an ambition d a condition ✓
3 constable /'kAnst;}bl/
3 You can confirm 4 constitute /'konstitju:t/
a a. reservation ✓ b a suspicion ✓
5 corporal /'k:>:pdrdl/
C a bo_ oking ✓ d a date ✓
6 corps /b:(r)/
4 You can accept 7 cough /kof/
a an invitation ✓ b defeat ✓
8 country /'kAntn/
C a gift ✓ d responsibility ✓

ENRICH YOUR KNOWLEDGE .

Note the use of the preposition on.

1 This house is mine and will remain as such. 6 Breakfast, such as it was, was served between 9::J
[= remain mine] and 9.;30. [= used to.say that there is not much of st,h,
2 It is not an interview as such. or that ,s of poor quality] · ·
[ = in the strict sense of the word] 7 There are many beautiful islands such as Mykonct::;
3 She gave me such help as she could, but it Crete, Corfu you should visit while you are in
wasn 't enough. Greece. _
[ = for example] . .
4 Such of the students as have poor results will a Always say at the start of the application that you ;,
have to take extra classes . are applying for such-and-such a job because ... - :
[ = Those of the students who ... ] . { = used for referring to sth without saying exactly w,LJ
. ·t
5 I just bought one or two things - bread and milk
it is]
and such. [= used for showing that you could add
other things like the ones mentioned, and similar
things or people]
n~art 2 Language Development
~ VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

~J Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions. b Choose the correct preposition in the sentence.

of, by, from, on, in, to 1 He has always been jealous of / for his younger

0 1 There has recently been an increase ... ..i.r!.....

the number of students choosing to study 2
brother.
The crowd started jeering with / at the Minister
of Education as soon as he opened his mouth
1• foreign languages.
My boss is completely indifferent ... ..~<?..... my
to speak.
2
3 Paul 's a very withdrawn child and it's hard to
problem and refuses to give me time off.
r!1 get him to join in / on.
Ei 3 I believe this brand of washing powder is inferior 4 Alice told us a really funny joke about/ for a
.....!?. .... the one I use, even though it is more penguin.

J 4
expensive.
I insisted .... ~~ .... paying for the meal.
5 Is there any justification for / from the
government closing down so many childcare

]5 Both my children are intent .... ~~ .... becoming

lawyers. 6
facilities?
Sue's always been keen on / in tennis and now

•
she's taken up badminton too.
We have absolutely no intention .....C?t. ... ever
6 staying at that hotel again. 7 The key of / to the whole case is to find the
murder weapon.
7 David invested all his savings .. .)'!..... his
8 Sam's only problem is that he's lacking on / in
~
sister's new company.
common sense.
8 How many people were involved .....i!!..... the
9 Our neighbours are leaving to / for Perth
incident?
tomorrow morning.
I was really irritated .... RY..... your small-minded 10 The teacher gave us a lecture on/ for the
comments. importance of being honest.
Jenny felt isolated .. t~~--- all her friends when
she moved to a small village.

U1010MS
,i Match the idioms with their definitions. ,,
~J \
1 keep sth under your hat L \' \
2 hard up J A completely mad \
3 hard lines C B forgive and forget old quarrels \
\

B and become friendly again \

bury the hatchet

J
\\
A C hard luck
as mad as a hatter
G D run away
6 can't make head nor tail of sth
'"1
F E have a good appetite
7 lose heart
"'j
D F stop wanting / doing sth due to
8 take to one's heels
a lack of confidence
, 'g K
over the hill
G can't understand sth at all
--,o nothing to write home about H
H nothing special
-• ,1 at the eleventh hour I
I at the last minute
'...
.)
j.• eat like a horse E
J poor
K be too old
. L keep sth secret
 ·c ] .·..•?
t
Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.
1 He's an old hand at this kind of thing. He'll be 9 He's a taxi driver so he knows London like the~]
able to settle the dispute. back of his hand. "'
......................... ~~!Y.. ~~P.~r!~1:1.~.~.<!......................... . .................................Y~fY.. W~!! .. .. .............. . _......... ·ri
J

2 My parents really had their hands full with seven 10 Hands off! Those cakes are for the visitors. ,_}
children to bring up. .............................. R.C?!!:fJ9.~~.fJ!................ --·············
had a lot of work to do
11 'Many hands make light work,' commented Mr cl
3 Lisa isn't normally rude, so I'm surprised she Brown· after we all helped him move. ~ .~

4
was so off-hand with you .
.............................~'!.~.f!i. ~~!~P.! ............................ .
Could someone lend me a hand with this trunk?
12 ::~::::::-.r~::::~:::::::~7::~:~:::r i
hand.
................................ t!~IP...IJJ.~............................... . ........................... ~~{~~1!f!. ~~,:,_~~................ --......... -0

I 5

6
They are living from hand to mouth and are
worried about being evicted for not being able
to pay the rent.
.....!~~!1:'.9J'!. P.!?'!.~.1!Xi. !!!'.~~1J.9..i!. ~!f(~'?.'!!!. !~. ~'!.'.'(!'!.~..... .
I'm sorry I can't help you, but I've already got
b1
\j

too much work on my hands .

...........................!9..!i!1.~~. ~i!1l'!..<?.~ ...........................
7 Don't worry, you'll be in good hands at the hospital.
.........................".'{~//. !f!~'!.'J..'?~!~. 9.f. ....................... .
8 If you don't listen to my advice, I will wash my
hands of you and your problems ..
'!9. .~<?.rJg~r. (~'!l. r.f!~P.9.1J~{/;J.1_f!. f~ri. ~9. .(<?ng~r. w!U~'!s. t~. M'P

C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional phrases below.
in flames, in focus, in good taste, in hiding, in ink

1 Once the building's .......... ..in.!~~~L ......... , take the photo.

2 The application form must be completed ............. !!'..!1J.~.............. .
3 His comments about death weren't ....... .i.'!.9~~~.!i!1.~!~........ , were they?

4 How long can the thieves remain ..... .... ..!t:'.l.1.i.cf!!'/9 ........... ?

5 It didn't take long for the whole house to go up ...........i!'!.!~~1!!.~~ ........... .

;
b Fill in the correct word to complete the prepositional phrases.
Ij pain, need, orbit, person, time, words
l,
I
·,
1 We are in ......... ':'.~~·~·········· of help.
l 2 Alistair talked to the manager in ........P.~.(~!?!L ..... .
\ 3 We called an ambulance and in no ...........@·!.'!.......... at all it arrived.
LJ

\
4 I went to the doctor because I'd been in ......... P.i!1.~IJ........... for a week.
5 Jenny thinks she's wonderful. In other .........~~~~~......... , she's conceitec.-!

6 How long has the satellite been in ......... .<?~l?H.......... ?

1i

r
 fl o CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
·~,f Tick the correct sentence.
; . -, ,.

lb
1 _.
1 a Nelson's Column is in Trafalgar Square.
b Nelson's Column is on Trafalgar Square.
✓

2 a The hotel had a good service.

b The hotel had good service. ✓

3 a His task was to spy on James Bond. ✓

b His task was to spy James Bond.

4 a They drove over a suspended bridge.
b They drove over a suspension bridge. ✓

5 a There are red and green beads on this string. ✓

b There are red and green beads in this string.
6 a comic-tragic
b tragi-comic ✓ [ = sth that is both sad and funny at the
c tragic-comic same time]

·,-::·

JEa COLLOCATIONS
Tick the appropriate boxes.

;} tidy
room
✓
performance sum/ profit
✓
person
✓
handwriting clothes
NOTE: tidy sum / profit =
neat ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ large sum / profit
'" l_j
immaculate ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

,... 1. b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.

· voice, sound, explosive, life, music, note, winds, protests, laughter, society, applause, behaviour

loud: '(.9/~~1.~.9.~nF!1. m~~!~,. P.~9.~~-~!~. (:7..rJ.9!~y;_ Y.9.~c!!J1 .. high: X~!~f!..(91?1?:. #~~P.;. /9.'l!lt. ~~P.{9.~.iY.~..( ~- P.f.!':Y.f!T!.'-!!.. .
!!1.'!.gNf!!,. ~P.P.~~-1!~~•..~.f!!!~•r.i.9!-!!..(::. !1.Q.1J.9Y.!m1. .~.'!F!. .f!~P/9.~!¥.'?),.![(~ .( :=:=. .'?~P.~!J.~!~.~i .i~~:~.f!ff!ng),. ..........
r!~!~Y.} ............... ............ ........ ................ ... ....... . .IJ.9!.f!. f.°7:. ~( / .rJ.f!~!. !h~. !9.P. .9/ .<!. m~~.i.C?~~ .~~!1.~~J.,.... .
.'«!Q.cJ.~.(.=:=. .~!!.9.'!g),. ~C?.<?!~tY. .(::. !-!P.P.~t:~,~~~. P.~9.P.(~)
.. 1
,I
d

("1 ················. ······················. . ,............................ .

s.. .t - - - - '- - ~ - - - ~ -...............- -

F PHRASAL VERBS
n
_1, , . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
~ 1 fish for attempt to get in a sly way 7 get around 1 persuade sb gently
(esp. information) 2 overcome a problem / difficulty
2 fold up collapse or fail (usu. of a business) 3 move around
4 spread (esp. gossip, rumours)
3 follow up 1 investigate further
2 take further action on 8 get at 1 criticise continually

~-,
r ')
4 force into
5 force on
make sb do sth against their will
compel sb to accept sth
9 get back at
2 imply
take revenge
1O get back to speak / write to sb at a later date
6 fork out pay (usu. unwillingly)
11 get by (on) survive financially

7,
 ..".
u.
]
complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page.
1 Do you know how much I had to ........... .t~~~.~~L .......... for all these books?
2 She's constantly .........Ji.~~!1}.'J}9!. .......... compliments.
J
I don't want a pet so don't try and ........... ..JC?t~.~.............. that puppy .................<!.'}... ............• me.
3
4 If you don't want to do it, nobody will ........ ...... !~r~~ .............. you ...... .... ..... !~H~ ............... it.
]
5 On such a low wage it must be hard for him to ............. g~t.9.Y.............. these days.
6 Try to .. ... .....'J.f!.t.~r~~~~ .......... your husband to come to the meeting. J
7 How did that rumour ..........'J.f!!.~~~~!!~ .......... , I wonder?
8 He's always ........ ...fl.~.~~i.'!f!.?.! ........... us for leaving the doors open.
9 She 's amazing
· .1 At nine
· t y-one shes
' st·11
1 gettinn
. .......... around
. ..::/................... on her own.
10 I'll .......... 9.~tl?.i!.'*.<!tL ....... him for what he did last suminer.
11 What exactly was the lecturer .... .......9.~.tJ.i!!9.~L ... ..... when she said that?
12 Isn't there any way of ...... fl.'m!n9. .i!l.(9.IJ.tJ.<!.... .... this problem?
13 .
Det ect 1ves following
are ................ c: ...... ... Iead s concerning
.... ...un · Iast mg
· ht' s bom b scare.
14 I'll think about your offer and ......... fJ.~!.k~'?.~.!!? .... ...... you within a few days.
15 1
She .........f'?.~ .<?.Vf.~.~..'-!P........... the phone call by writing a letter to confirm what had

16

G WORDS EASILY CONFUSED

a Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
1 The soldier carried .. ..... the order. 7 Over the years, this company has ....... itself a ]
·.,._ft ® out b through reputation for producing high-quality goods at
2 The results of the survey ....... that more than
affordable prices. "1
half of the children in the country have got a TV
a acquired @ earned d
set in their bedroom. 8 The company I work for ...... . me with my own ~.
• . 1
a intimated @ indicated It's one of the perks of the Job. -
~j
3 It is bad for the digestion to read ....... eating.
a facilitates @ provides
a during @ while
4 It is often said that people today are not at all
interested in .. ... .. of a social kind.
@ gatherings b assemblies
5 He has an extremely pessimistic ....... on life.
® outlook b prospects
6 Children today are less ....... to take up hobbies
such as learning a musical instrument.
@ likely b probable

2 intimate: hint; make sth known indirectly 5 outlook (on): one's general attitude to life
He intimated his disapproval a long time ago. His whole outlook on life has changed. .
indicate: suggest sth to be true prospect (of): sth one expects or knows is going to hap't,.2n
Evidence indicates he was murdered at midnight. The prospect of going abroad bothered him.
4 gatherings: meetings of groups of people NOTE: when we refer to a future possibility, both are corr( ;t
(usually informal) The outlook / prospects of new investment is I are g/ocI;__,;JY.
assemblies: meetings of people for a specific purpose
school assembly
NOTE: gatherings can be social, but assemblies can't.
 u b Fill in t~e correct word In the appropriate form.
re~ew / update unlucky / unfortunate

u 1 This bus pass must be ..... f~!!~.~~~ ..... every

montt, to be valid.
2 He spent the whole weekend at the office
1 It' s ...................
unfortunate.... th at th e wrong me da1was given
to the athlete.
2 He continued to gamble, even though he was
.

.....'!.P..'!!!!!r!9. ..... the computer files. usually ......':'.'!.1!-!~~.Y....... .

3 They ..... [~!"!~~~~ ..... their friendship after not 3 He lost his life's savings after making an
having seen each other for ten years. ...'!.IJ/<?.r:t.'!.'!~t~ ... choice of investment.
4 We must .......'-!P.~~!'!. ...... the book before we 4 In some countries, a black cat is considered to be
publish it again. ......lJ.rJ!H~~Y...... . .
renew = to start sth again after a break; to validate unlucky = having I bringing bad luck
sth for a longer time (licence, permit, etc.) unfortunate = sth which causes one to feel sorry
update = bring sth up to date or make it more about sth or for sb; sth which causes one to feel
. ___,El modern (often adding the latest information to it) embarrassed and awkward

u~
q H DERIVATIVES
U a Complete the table below.

rri Verb Adjective ( + opposite if exists) Abstract Noun Concrete Noun

i 1 grow grown-up, grower
t::.:I
growing, grown, grown-up ...... gr~Yf.t.ry.......
2 guide guiding, .JT?J!~J.9.'!.~C!.~~... guidance guide
3 harm harmful ' .......................
harmless harm, harmfulness, harmlessness -
4 hate · hateful, hated hate, .... ...ry~tr~~L .... -
5 heat heated, hot heat, .... ..~.~!!!!!!9. ...... heater
6 help - (un)helpful, helpless help, helpfulness, .!J.~!P.{~~~t:i.~.~L helper
r-71

be j
l
•I
7 hesitate unhesitating, .... )J.~~~~~nL ... hesitation, hesitancy -
8 hijack hijacked hijacking, hijack ......fJ!i~9.~~r......
9 humour humourless, ....t:i.L!.'!!.C?!.C?.l!~ .... humour, humourousness humorist
10 hunger hungry ... ...~':1.1:'.9.~!. .. .... -
~
cJ b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.
1 A ....... 9.(<?YY.!l},9. ....... child needs plenty of healthy food . GROW

2 The conservation of the environment is the ...... ..9.'!.~cf.i!'!fl....... . principle of Greenpeace . GUIDE

3 I wasn't convinced of the ... ~~~P.~~.~~".1.E:~~.... of the drug , despite the doctor's assurance. HARM

4 His ... .~~.~~~.'!.!. !!~~~ .... of the police was written all over his face. HATE

5 They had a ........~~~.~f!.c!......... argument in front of everyone. HEAT

6 If you run into any difficulties, I'll be happy to lend a(n) ... ... .!!~{!:'.~'!.!!......... hand. HELP

7 Any ...... ~~~H!'!~!~r:'. ...... on the part of the pilot could have cost us our lives, but luckily
• 8
he acted promptly.

The .. ..... .'!Ji~~~~!. ....... demanded to be taken to Acapulco.

HESITATE

0 .

9 Jim has a reputation for being a talented .......~.'!!!!~~!~~ ....... .·

HIJACK

HUMOUR

10 They were both l!!-!!!9.r:Y.l.!'!!-!!!9.~t~'!f/ for fame so they move to Hollywood and started taking
LI acting classes. HUNGER

q
17lJ

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' -'-=-==-·. ···

FIii in the correct word each time.
1 (guilty, guiltless, guilt)
a His ...........9.1!.if!Y. ........... conscience told him that he shouldn't have spoken to her in that way.
b Overcome by feelings of ............9.'!.~l_t...... ,..... , he confessed to the crime.

2 ( harden, hardened, hardship, hardness)

harden
a To .............................. your na1·1 sappy
I a coat of th·1s spec1a
. I na1·1 varrns
. h.
b You could tell by the tiredness on her face that she had endured a lot of ........ !!~~~~IJ!P.......... .

3 ( (un)healthy, health, (un)healthiness )

a Researchers are looking into the relative .... .J!."!~{~1:1.i.'!."!~~....... of diet beverages.
b Though we are all aware that junk food is ....... .l!.'!.1!.~~{~IJY........ , we still like to treat ourselves to it
every once in a while.

4 ( (dis)hearten, heartless, hearty, heartlessness )

a Pretending to be her ex-boyfriend was such a ........~'!.~!!-./~~~......... thing to do.
b Before they set off on their long journey, the men enjoyed a .......... ~~~.,:t,Y,........... breakfast.

5 ( heavy, heavyish, heaviness)

a The robber was described as being of a ....... ..1!.~~'!Y.!~.IJ......... kind of build.
b Opening the door to the now empty house, he felt a ....... .1!.~~~!!!~~~........ of heart.

6 ( home, homeless, homelessness )

a The only way to combat .... !!f?!?!~~'!.~~l).f!.~~ .... is to provide more housing.
b I felt mean but I just didn't have any spare change to give to the ........~'?.'!J.~!~~~........ old man.

7 ( (dis)honour, (dis)honourable, (dis)honoured )

a Mr Steve Davidson was a(n) ........'!.C?!!!?~[~~ ...... .. guest at the function.
b Although Sam protested that he had done nothing ....~~~h~!!~l!.~~~.1.~..... , nobody believed him.

8 ( hope, hopeful, hopeless, hopelessness )

1
a Today's youth have a feeling of ..... ~9.1?.~. .~~~-ry~~~..... about the future.
b Mary searc hed her room over an d over again, · ..............................
hopeful oft·in ct·mg th e m1ss1ng
· · keys.
l) Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
a Choose the correct answer.

D 1 We ....... asked for the roast beef, so why have you brought us lamb?
@specifically B decidedly C solely D strongly
2 You do realise that your decision will ..... .. a great strain on our relationship.
A expose @impose C suppose D propose
3 I am leaving my house entirely at your ... .... for the weekend.
A pleasure B disposition @disposal D usage
4 I resent the way you are alway~ findin,a; ...... with my friends.
A mistake B blame (£)fault D lack
n
.---.'
-
5 He managed to pass his exams ....... having missed two months' school through illness.
C_i
A in addition to B even though C on account of @in spite of
6 Diplomatic relations between the two countries were ....... after weeks of intense negotiations.
A repositioned @restored C rebuilt D replaced
7 I'd rather you ....... any overtime until next year.
A not to do @didn't do C don't do D not do
8 These ....... chairs are really comfortable. Where did you get them from?
A adjusting B bending @folding D adapting
7 9 Fill in the form as ....... in the instructions below.
j A implied B devised C guided @specified
,:_] 10 This activity book is ....... with puzzles and quizzes.
j @packed 8 thick C compiled D full
D
11 It was with ....... feelings that she accepted his marriage proposal.
!' l l
A confused @mixed C disturbed D preoccupied
~J 12 After a ....... of failed relationships, she finally found the man of her dreams.
A network 8 group @string D suite
7 ,I
'° j
b Fill ir:i the correct word in the appropriate form.

] AI claim, demand C l~__de_f_e_ct_iv_e_,_d_ef_ic_ie_n_t_~

1 She ... ~~!1:1.~.tJ.~.~~ ... an explanation as to why he 1 Accor d .mg t o th e d.1et·1c1an,
· her d.1et 1s
· ...................
deficient ..
hadn't done the work. in fibre.
.... ............. over t wen t y 1·1ves.
2 Th e factcry f .ire ..... claimed 2 Due to its .... ~~(~<?.ff)(~ .... brake system, his car was
taken to the garage.
3 We ....<!.~rr!~IJ.c!.~~... to see the hotel manager
when we were refused room service. 3 The hockey team's game strategy was
................. ·rn a num b er of ·1mportan t areas.
.....deficient
4 Mr Jones ...... ~(~~'!!~ ...... to be the owner of this
j magnificent villa. 4 In factories, .... ?.~(~.'?!!'!.~..... goods are removed
i...J
and not delivered for sale.
fl
J B l~__d_iff_e_r,_d_iff_e_r_e_nt_ia_t_e_ ___, DI observance, observation
1 I persona II y f'rn d ·tI very d·tt·
1 1cuIt to ....differentiate
.................. . 1 Although his condition is said to be stable, doctors

Ll between the Scandinavian languages.

2 We may be identical twins, but we
are keeping the patient under ...?.~.~~'Y.<!.~i~~-·-- .
2 The police should use their powers to ensure strict
.........<!!ff~r. ....... greatly in personality. .. ..9k~'!.r:'!~!?9.~.... of traffic laws.
0 3 Interpretations as to what the poem means
........ ~!!lf.f!.~........ .
3 The committee insisted that ....<?P..~~t:Y.~!'!~~-.. of all
the regulations is essential.

u 4 It is virtually impossible to ... #ilf.fJ.(fJ.t:,.(i~f~ ...

between a crocodile and an alligator.
4 The detective was noted for his powers of
observation

17:;_, _j;,
j
 Choose the correct answer. e Fill in the correct verb.
1 If two people are said to go back a long way, it make, let off, fly (2) vent, air 1....J
means
@they have known each other for a long time. 1 ..... {~(Pf!. ..... steam
7
b they are old-fashioned. 2 ...... J!Y. ........ into a rage - J
c.i
2 When you go out of your way to do something, 3 ...... 'f.f!.rJ!....... your fury
you 4 ..... m?.~.f!...... your blood boil
a fail to do something.
5 ....... ~!f........ your feelings
@make an extra effort to do something.
6 ...... )IY. ........ off the handle
3 If it is said that you have a way with children, it
means
@ you are good at dealing with them.
f Fill in strong or high. '1
1 Looking after a ........ ~!9.Q..-spirited child twenty]
b you often act like them.
four hours a day can be exhausting.
4 When someone takes something the wrong way, r1
it means 2 There are two words which describe my broth(J
@ they are offended by something somebody exactly; ..... ~~~~Q.~.. -willed and independent.
Fl
has said.
3 Although she is a lovely person, her ........~.~f!.~.. -J
b they disagree with something.
pitched voice really grates on my nerves.

d Fill in the correct noun. g Match the idioms with their meanings.
,r
,:-1
J outburst, outline, outlay, outflow 1 the big guns d ' ~j
~

C
1 After our boss had given us an ..... ~!-!f{~Q.~...... . 2 a war of words
of the situation, we set to work. 3 a battle of nerves a rl
,___J
4 a smoking gun b
2 There was an increasing ..... .<?.'!!!!~~ ..... of
refugees from the war-torn area.
\.
' c--1
a a situation where two people try to j

frighten each other by using threats :J

3 His .... ~!-!U?!-!f~L. of anger made everyone sit up
and pay attention. b something that proves someone's guilt. 9

C an argument where the two sides ._j '

4 Although the initial ...... .'?.1.f.t!~Y. ...... was only
involved criticise each other
£10,000, he still couldn't afford it. ~l
d the most important people of an
~
organisation .
,I

'
h Fill in the correct word(s) in the appropriate form to complete the idioms.
shake, scare, jump, frighten

1 We were all .~~?.f~<!..U(~Y.f!.t.f!!'!~<!. out of our wits watching the lava

rushing towards us. [extremelyfrightened]

2 We found him .........~h?.~in9 ......... like a leaf, under the kitchen table.
[shaking because of fear]
3 During the hurricane, I was ..........~!??.rn~ ......... stiff.

4 When the earthquake struck, it .f:i~?.~~.c!.l.fr.ighf~l:1~g_ the life out of him

and he didn't know how to react. [extremely frightened]

5 I almost ........ l'='.l!JP.~~ ......... out of my skin when the ground started
to shake. [be so frightened one makes a sudden movement]

L..
L
:fl~·
··•· ~ :.:.:ik.~~iw,,ilif;:il.'.;.;J;~..,;~"'Wai:,-,.~·:..>,..·IJ.l~...:.a.•..i;.,~~.;.;~~--,u~:.i.r.s.1;1,~,1:,;..i.-:.rA>:~--·.-..-~.... 11J~.a:;:,1.:,.,;,t1>J:.s.i;,,:-. ...._.~~i;:.;;.:.-.~...-~~a:;:-J.::.•~.. .....,.,.::4',•;,;.'(.'.-,.,;.r,,>i.~',-~a,1,,.-,._·.._...,;;,·;,,1,,-,"'...:'--l'.;,,i.:.&:IL.,r;..;.t,,,;;.,,~,.;.,,:..=-...iw,&,;;~.:.....~~.:.a..v~·

lilPart 4 Reading & Use-1of English

i Jor questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

;- A Frightening Prospect
]His temper is starting to become alarming. He used to be so quiet, but he's changed (1) ..... belief. Now if he
doesn't (2) ..... his own way, you can see him start to boil. He goes red in the face and his eyes (3) ..... this awful
dstaring look. Then, of course, the shouting starts.

I've tried (4) ... with him, but it's like talking to a (5) ..... wall. If I'm at home, I can just ignore him and wait till he
(flgets tired of it, but if we're out somewhere and he (6) ..... a scene, I find it dreadfully embarrassing. It doesn't
tiseem to bother him, though.

r:}My mother-in-law tells me not to worry, but she doesn't have to put (7) ..... him all the time. And twenty minutes
Jafter an outburst, he's forgotten all about it and is as nice as pie, but I can't (8) ..... things off so easily.

f nd just imagine, he's only four. Heaven knows what he'll be like at fourteen.

1 A away B above C over @beyond

• 2

3
A find
A turn into
@get
@ take on
C take
C put on
D make
D turn out
D explaining
§ 4
5
A soothing
A blank
@ reasoning
B stone
C pandering
C high @brick
6 A does B has C fixes @makes
J 7 A out of B into @ up with D across
8 @ shrug B twitch C nod D wave
J
r-]=or questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
Y,pace.

"l
u William Wallace Revisited
~1
In the summer of 1995, it was announced that William
lWallace, one of Scotland's greatest heroes, was to be
d
immortalised (1) ..........<?.'!.......... the big screen. And
~ 1Nho was to play the role? None (2) ........ ~~~~(........ than

... hn actor from down under, Mel Gibson! Well, the

nnationalists may have been irritated (3) .......... ~Y. ........ ..
1 1·t t urn (4 ) .. .. .. . ....out
'_ s·'r he c ho ice, b ut how d'd .. .. . .. . .. .. . ?.
'"'-1,
· After five Oscars and over $200 million at the box office,
~, ll
· : .:he nation should be proud. After (5) ..........~............. ,
·: l.tvho cares that it was shot in Ireland by Americans? The Scots benefited (6) ....... J~'?.'!! ......... the experience
· r f-lnd were laughing all the way to.the bank. In fact, Scotland earned itself a reputation which brought tourists
., U,rom far and (7) ........ Y!.if!~ ......... . However, everything then went awfully wrong. The true historical facts,
having been distorted by the film-makers, were forgotten only to be replaced by fictitious ones, and the
ff promotional gimmicks were not always in good taste, as in the example of the William Wallace beer! It was
; Ua.s (8) .... !U{IJ.C?.L!9h ..... the Scots had voted in favour of the Hollywood myth!
/!?
,,,,..,,......,.__,.....,.,__,..,....,..,_,,....,,.,""""'....,.,.,,_,,,,._.,,.......,,...,..,,..._..,..,.,....,,,..,.,....,,,,,,,,...,.,,_......,_..,.,.,.._"""""" ____ ,.,,,.,._.,__......,,.,..,,.,,.,_,,..,,,,....,.,_.....,..,.,.......,,..,,.
...,,,,,..,._
 Correct English Usage
A WORD USAGE
Tick the three words / phrases which can be used with the word in colour.
1 straight 2 peak 3 pile
....~i.~~.<?!..... hit the ...... / ........ of one's career ✓
a ................. of work
be ...... / ....... with sb a mountain ....../........ . a ...... /. ...... .. of clothes A
...... /........ hair the ..... ./... ...... of one's cap a .... P.~~~ ..... of lies d
keep a .... .. :!......... face the ...... UP. ....... of an iceberg a ..... ./......... of debts fl
;-: ;
ITT
4 operate 5 match 6 mount
... !!!!!1.~~f!.... with care a perfect ....... :( ...... . . .... .. :-:. ....... a campaign l"l'
...... / ........ a business ' . ✓
meet ones .. .............. . climb
................. . :~
a mountain ;J l

....... !.. ....... on sb a ..... ff!l.'!:'.~.... of tennis ....... /. ....... a horse

...... .-!........ machinery strike a ... .... /....... . ....... :-:. ....... the steps fl
;::J

He refused to take anything to make his headache better.

2 As soon as he gets his leg fixed, he will return towork.
3 That's a bad cough! Are you taking anything for it?
4 Some American hospitals refuse to treat patients who don't have
medical insurance.

A concert was held in celebration of the composer's birthday.

2 The festival commemorates the anniversary of a great battle.
3 A fireworks display was organised to mark the king's birthday.
4 A huge parade was organised in honour of all those who had
risked their lives to save the town.

C STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
Can you tell the difference?
1a at the point of b on the point of f"ll
L::. ?.PPl9.?.<;h!P.9. .(?. .~!!!t~l:. T_IJ.~..c?!~. l?.cfY.. w.~~ .?.( .t.fJ.f!. L=::.?./;J.9.l!.t..t.C?.!!.c?.~tlJ.-..Th~Y. .'"Y.~!~.9.IJ..(fJ.f!.P.!?l!'.t9.(9.9f!lg . j
P..c?ir.t. 9.t.c;l.~.~!h:l................................. ,................. RHf. W.IJ~f!. !h~ .(~l~P.h~I).~. -~~.IJ9:l ............................ fl_ _.

2a No doubt b Undoubtedly
L::. !. ~l!P.P..C!.~~ :~.fJ.f~ .~i.9!J.tJ. ................................... L::. ~~r!~!t:i.lY. !. W.!~IJ.9.L!.t..cf!?YRf,. .~.~~. l~ .~~g,IJ.t:. :.......... .
11 .'!-!~~~~~t~<!-'Y.'. .~~. m~9.IJ..~mmu~~,.. m~~~..<!.~t!f!tt~.-1 .. .
;'~~~·\11' d ,
Il,i . 3a The actors cannot start the performance until b The actors cannot start the performance unless
the curtain goes up. the curtain goes up.
.£.=:. .(IJ.fJ. !!ft~!~ .IJ.~Y.fJ••(9..'"Y.<!A .l!!?ti! .(Q.fJ..<?!-!!1!!{fJ. .9.9.~~ .. c.=:::. tr~.!~P.~~~!~/.~. t~r. !~~ .~C?.t.<?r.~. ~~. ~~~.~ .~IJ.~......... . '
u
·:

.HP. .~rJ..C?r.cf.~r. .tR. ~t~.1.t~~. P..~r!!?r.rn~IJ.9.~..U.t. !~ .9.~.r.t.~!n. P.~rt~rm~r:i.~.~. !f. m~ .~.t!rY!!n.?.~~.~r?:t .9.9. .'!P...(~!3. .~9.t'J.'t
the curtain will go up)] know whether or not the curtain will go up)]
4a Society as a whole is corrupt. b Society on the whole is corrupt.
L::=. Ih~. Wh.c?l~ .9.( .~.c?ftfJ.f.Y. l~..<;.c?rrt!P..fl .................... . [.=;:;. M9.~!. Rf. ~9.c;J~tY. .(~J~9.ff/.!P.!J... ....................... ···
··········································································
~it\·,
·\~Y-
ljr - ---------.u~
' '
fl---------,
EXAM PRACTICE

• Part 5
:'.1 You are going to read an extract from a novel. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think
U fits best according to the text.
, Though it is his creation that has become known as their protection and kindness; my heart yearned to be known
d Frankenstein, in Mary Shelley's book it was the name of the and loved by these amiable creatures'. It is when he is denied
scientist himself, and he who is referred to in the title this - and even attacked for his monstrous appearance - that
0 Frankenstein or the Mo~ern Prometheus. . . hatred begins to grow in him, and a desire for revenge against '{J
: .i The latter half of the title draws the reader to immediate a creator who left him to this most bitter of fates.
comparison with the ancient myth of Prometheus, who, Still, Frankenstein is given a chance to redress the damage.
;l though remembered mainly for the gift of fire he stole from Like Adam, the monster asks Frankenstein to create a mate ~:,
•.·.·.·_
l
·I·.
·
.
_•.•
•·

...J the gods to bestow on humans, was also their actual creator, for him 'with whom [he] can live in the interchange of those ~:
fashioning them from clay and breathing life into them. sympathies necessary for [his] being.' Frankenstein agrees,
jThough Prometheus is often regarded as heroic for his moved by the creature's misery, and even begins the work,
defiance of the gods, Mary Shelley hints at a darker only to tear the body to pieces before he has reanimated it.
'7interpretation by her use of a quotation on the title page from The most telling reason he cites is that if he does so, 'a race
JMilton's Paradise Lost, another work about creation; this of devils would be propagated on the earth'. Again the motif
·time God's moulding of the first man and woman. The three of birth is raised, but here we have the creator refusing his
~ lines come from the mouth of Adam: creation the right in turn to become creator, to bring a being
to life. This condemns the creature to a lonely existence,
d'Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay / To mould Me
having a tie to only.one person in the world; Frankenstein. It
man? Did I solicit thee/ From darkness to promote me?'
is perhaps the cruellest act in the book, despite the
.~·lBefore even the first sentence of the book, we are presented bloodthirsty nature of the monster's subsequent ones.
1
with three creation 'stories, and a definite onus on the creator
re
L

responsible for what has been given life, calling into

"'·J1uestion the assumption that life is a gift to be automatically
Though the central characters in the book are men, it was
written by a woman and an important way of looking upon it
is as an investigation of birth. Shelley's mother had died
thankful for.
giving birth to her; Shelley herself had lost her first child
; ]fhe terrible revenge that the monster wreaks upon his shortly after its birth, with Shelley aged only seventeen. At
2. heator - destroying, one by one, each and every person that the time of commencing Frankenstein, she was nineteen,
he loves - fills us with sympathy for Frankenstein, but the pregnant again and with a five-month-old son. Frankenstein's
J ,ympathy goes equally towards the monster, abandoned at abandonment of the monster at birth certainly echoed
chrth and condemned to isolation. It is this conflict of Shelley's feelings of abandonment by her mother, but there is
opposites and the impossibility of reconciling them that gives another facet. The horror Frankenstein experiences at the
~ l he book its power; there is no clear divide between right and first sight of the living creature is a common post-natal
tjyrong that allows us an easy exit at the end. reaction mothers suffer, which can take a long time to recede.
-f rankenstein is full of ideals as he works towards bringing his Shelley used the tale to explore this, one of the dark secrets
J reature to life; having lost his mother while young, he seeks of motherhood; at that time it was generally portrayed as
to conquer death once and for all. When he sees 'the dull nothing but joyous and trouble-free (just as Frankenstein
:'" yellow eye of the creature open', however, his reaction is one idealised his own 'child's' birth would be).
J>f.disgust and horror, and he flees. The ugly and messy facts Again, however, we have the play of opposites; Frankenstein,
of reality conflict violently with the scientist's dreams, and his though he rejects his creation, is simultaneously unwilling to
" f Sponse is to leave before bestowing even a name on the let it be fully free, by creating a partner for it. Thus,
_jreature. throughout the novel, and to its bitter end, the creature can
If we compare the creature's ideals with Frankenstein's we only return to Frankenstein, as if still attached by the
it 1 '
- :ee another opposition. Frankenstein's dream is born and umbilical cord. By refusing to cut the cord and allow the
--Jrows in isolation - he shuts himself away and works 'like a creature an individual existence, Frankenstein effectively
"~urricane' to reach his goal. The creature, on the other hand, sows the seeds of the destruction his creation unleashes upon
: reams of becoming part of society; in some of the most him; but when Frankenstein is dead, the creature can live no
""lf10ving language in the book, he proclaims of humans 'the longer, and resolves to build a 'funeral pile, and consume to
,1!1ore I saw of them, the greater became my desire to claim ashes this miserable frame'.

IZ .,

ll
 n
:
L_J
~
31 In Frankenstein, the figure of Prometheus is
A criticised for stealing fire from the gods.
B compared to Adam in Paradise Lost. j
\.:",;...._J

@ treated in an unconventional manner

D responsible for creating the monster.

32 According to the text, the book's strength derives from n

;- 1
® the difficulties it creates for the reader. u
B the three different angles presented.
C the empathy we feel for the characters.
D the way it distorts a traditional story.

33 Why does the monster carry out the terrible acts it does?
A Frankenstein created a monster.
@ He was rejected by society.
C He is not grateful to his creator.
D He feels a twisted love for Frankenstein.

34 Why does Frankenstein destroy the monster's mate?

A His pity passes away.
@ He fears it will allow the monster to have children.
C He doesn't want to let the monster go.
D He wants revenge for the evils the monster has done him.

35 Despite the surface narrative,

® Frankenstein is the real villain in the novel.
B the novel was written by a youth.
C deep down the novel is full of horror.
D the novel deals with women's issues.

36 Overall, it would appear that Frankenstein

r·~
A is a victim of circumstances. '·' :;

-i...J
B was disappointed by his failure.
C came very close to achieving his goal.
@ is to blame for the tragic events.

LJ

r""~
- - - - - - - -1;1 .
IlPart 6
nvou are going to read an article_abo~t a forest fire. Seven parag!aphs have been removed_from the text. Choose from
~Jthe paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (37-43). There 1s one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

THE DEEPEST SCAR

nl knew the mountains by name, by shape, by size; I We'd been called up while on standby in Larch, my
• ffelt I could even close my eyes and know them hometown. Twenty of us veterans and some new
:::Jthrough their presence. Observation Post One was blood; five college kids, my little brother Steve one of
, near the peak of the highest of them all and from it them. He'd always wanted to fight fires and was
rlthey spread out to all horizons; massive, craggy, finally old enough to - he'd signed up for when his
their tops bare of snow in this fierce midsummer term at college ended, and come to join me.
r -reat, the dark . rock gradually giving way to thicker
:Jand thicker pine down to the valley floor, which was B ]
as perfect as a green carpet, fitted carefully around
] he foot of each mountain. What we hadn't reckoned on was the wind change,
and the strength of the westerly that caused it. The
37 C moment we felt it, we veterans froze; it came roaring
through the trees with another deeper roaring adding
i., nside me was a scar that mirrored it exactly, that I to its voice. This last was our old enemy's war cry;
had
:~::,,
come up here to allow to heal. I had always the fire sprang up fifty feet into the air and raced
~ ome into the mountains to heal; the wilderness, the towards us like a viking possessed, with a bloodlust
~olitude, soothed me, calmed a heart torn by my to be sated.
,--parents' break-up, the disappointments of youth and
·. 11dulthood. I just wasn't sure they were working their F
~magic this time. ·
I was his elder brother by seven years - he had
J as I
7.-
· --..------------------
G followed me for as long as I could remember. It was
often nice, sometimes annoying, but it was a fact.
Fl was starting to think that was the problem. The Why I had not realised it would happen then is
~} adness was still laced with bitterness, and a need to something I will never fathom and never forgive
blame. And what else was there to blame but those myself for.
,_l1uge silent giants, who did not mourn or shed tears,
d id not sing funeral songs, but sat, eternal, stone- E
hearted. For them a human death was nothing. A
~ "hountain took thousands of years to be born and But physical scars, though painful and unsightly, do
!.
.zjiousands more to die, and in that time would not hurt for long, and they show the world at least
witness thousands of deaths both great and small. that you have risked yourself, have fought. It was the
"1 scar inside that never seemed to stop bothering me,
the dark scar so much like the one down on the
-i forest floor, so like the bare earthen grave in which
~ l his was when the fire crews were summoned, the we laid him, my divorced and distant parents and
~lanes and helicopters dispatched. I, too, had seen their last and desolate son.
~11any of them , fought in the smoky thick of them to
d top their spread, emerged exhausted and hoarse
from the heat but triumphant, as the flames subsided
.·"\,nd the fire planes doused the last of the
:lmouldering embers.

J,-· _.,___________________]
L 40 D

j
n
 '""Ui:fll

n
A I had wanted to fight fires for as long as I could
remember; I waited for my schooling to end with
E The other two were fine - had gone off at a slant
but reached the river safely, plunged into its cool "'3
n
impatience, itching to become part of what was, sanctuary. I was fine too, though I had to spend
for me, the real world of nature and its forces, some weeks in hospital, and the burns I received n
creative and destructive. Steve was different, trying to pull Steve out from under the burning ~
studious and quiet, but I always felt that my tree wiU never properly heal, and will always make
burning ambition had put a spark into his heart people look twice. (1
that, like a forest fire, had smouldered a long time
before bursting into life. LI
F Likewise we fled, fear our demon, as the trees
popped into flame all around as easily as candles LJ
B It was a big fire but the winds weren't high and the on a birthday cake, and smoke made our eyes
position was good; we concentrated on cutting a sting. We headed for the river and I, missing two
firebreak from Cawdor's Ridge to the river, cutting men, turned back to make sure they were safe. It 7
it off on two sides. This done, we looped around was what I always did, trusting my luck, my e:-J
and started doing much the same on the other instincts, my knowledge. My brother, trusting only
side, from the river up to the ridge. I remember me, turned back too. S
being unconcerned, grinning at Steve's ash- d
blackened face and flashing white teeth and
eyes. G Tony Morgan had been doubtful when I q
volunteered. He said it was too early to be alone. : ,
He was one of the new breed of forest rangers, c.....1
C Except for that dark slash that I couldn't keep my who'd learnt the skills in college, knew countless ff".•' ).
eyes off, as hard as I tried. From the open side of facts and theories that I lacked. But I insisted,
Cawdor's Ridge it cut a swathe of black burnt knowing that I too had something he did not; a ..
wood and ash-thick earth down into the heart of sense of being part of it all, a feeling of kinship L

the forest, stopped only by the river, glinting here with the mountains. · i
and there in the sunshine as it wended its slow u
way to the sea.
H And as many fires. There were fires every n
summer, when the dead wood and grass were id
D I had loved it, loved the danger, loved the bone dry and summer storms snaked lightning
satisfaction of doing a hard and dangerous job into the peaks and valleys. That was my job here '.' 1
well. They had called me 'The Charm' because I at Observation Post One; any smoke was to be d
put myself at such risk and always emerged logged, its position noted and observed for days
unscathed. It had seemed like a good thing, after. Most fires went out alone; some gently n
being lucky, but it didn't any more. The scars, one smouldered and then sprang up, sudden , [
inside me and one down in the valley, catching monsters, armed with swords of flame and intent .1 \_i

my eye; all that remained of the last fire I had on destruction.

fought.
d

185

-----n~
l}art 7
You are going to read a text about archaeology. For questions 44-53, choose from the sections A-0.

~HE TREASURE OF PRIAM AND THE MASK OF AGAMEMNON

6 There is a long tradition of amateurs in the field of
archaeology who are often as fanatical as the
C Schliemann excavated several other sites related
to this time in Greek history, the most famous
being a shaft grave at Mycenae, on the Argos
professional: breaking into the tombs of the

J pharaohs, letting light into a darkness over 4,000

years old; trekking through jungle and swamp for
plain in Greece. This was the site of the citadel
which supposedly belonged to Agamemnon, King
weeks on end to follow up rumours of cities lost of Argos and commander of the Greek force
and reclaimed by nature; deciphering the during the Trojan War. In 1876, Schliemann
hieroglyphic intricacies of forgotten languages entered a grave containing a number of bodies,
belonging to citizens and civilisations long- jewellery, drinking vessels and weapons. Five of
] buried. Heinrich Schliemann was one of these the corpses wore death masks made of beaten
and, like many of them, was driven by an gold; removing one (resembling a bearded man)
obsession that was to rule his life. Schliemann Schliemann glimpsed the face for a second before
J had read and reread the stories of Homer, The
Iliad and The Odyssey, while he was working in
it crumbled to dust. In an excited conversation,
Schliemann uttered his famous words, ' I have
'7 his business in Germany. The story of the ten- gazed upon the face of Agamemnon!' Later
j year Trojan War, fought over the divine beauty of investigations into his two significant finds told a
Helen ('the face that launched a thousand ships') rather different story. In all proba,pility, the
9 and the homesick wanderings and adventures of treasure found at Troy was not Priam's (it is now
d Odysseus and his men, who had to use all their believed that Priam's Troy formed the seventh
wits and courage to stay alive, filled his head with layer Schliemann went through), and the gold
~l a magical vision. He began to form an idea, one death mask was dated some hundreds of years
-j that experts scoffed at as pure fantasy. before the reign of Agamemnon.

s:] Schliemann asserted that the places, events and

people describedi~the epic tales were more than
D Schliemann was attacked by critics, who said that
this style of excavation was more like a child's at
i 1 just myths and legends. He was sure that they the seaside than that of a serious scholar. In his
,E I had some original basis in fact, no matter how overenthusiasm ard haste he had done
· much elaboration and distortion had been lain on irreparable damage, tearing: his way down
7 top afterwards. His dream was to unearth the through layers of history to satisfy his thirst for
j legendary city of Troy, home to King Priam and the glory of a big discovery. It cannot be denied
his son, Paris, abductor of the incomparable that Schliemann's methods left a lot to be desired
, I Helen. The success of his business allowed and were more akin to the grave robbing of the
,.J Schliemann to retire early and pursue his dream, Egyptian pyramids than the painstaking brush-
and the year 1870 found him in Hisarlik, Asia and-trowel work of modern archaeology. It
~l Minor (present-day Turkey), excavating a 'tell'. should be noted, however, that the critics that
cJ This was a huge mound, much like a hill, created condemned his methods had also ridiculed his
over millenia by the successive building and theory in the first place, leaving him with little
~; razing of mud brick houses, and reaching up to choice but to try things his own way. His
~j 100 feet in height. He began to strike different establishing the connection between myth and
layers denoting separate cities, going back reality has proved extremely important in the
~ \ hundreds of years each time. In 1873, he hit the fields of archaeology and social anthropology,
.J ninth layer, which contained a considerable among others. He also achieved something that
hoard of treasure. This he claimed to have perhaps few people do in their lifetime; he
~ ;belonged to Priam, and he was sure he had fulfilled his dream, and found the site of the
d reached his goal; he was certain he was looking famed Troy, ancient city of legend and history .
. ,at the remains of Troy.

''
 ·.·,,,~T,u ;:fi},0

In which section are the following mentioned?

fl
the conviction that despite embellishment, a legend was based on factual events I 44 B

Schliemann's uncovering an object causing irreparable damage 45 C

embarking on an expedition to find a lost civilisation, based on hearsay 46 A

contemporaries condemning Schliemann's methodology 47 D n'

.
'
u -

ancient works inspiring a theory 48 A

demonstrating conclusively a link between history and legend 49 D

financial security enabling an amateur to fulfil his dreams 50 B

Schliemann's assertions subsequently being proved incorrect 51 C

non-professionals engaging in archaeology 52 A

the rejection of Schliemann's theories resulting in unorthodox techniques 53 D

J

~_;
 Part 1
l UNIT 9 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points
~ ·

8} THE PASSIVE VOICE [I]

~!e use the passive voice when we don't know or do 5 When the subject of the active voice is people or
not want to mention who or what does something. In they, followed by reporting verbs such as believe,
i:JJch cases, we are more interested in the action than consider, expect, hope, know, report, say, suppose,
d e person. think, there are two possible passive forms:
1 Simple passive tenses are formed as follows: Active Voice:
11 to be + p~st participle People I They say she is an articulate speaker.
U My car ,s washed ... Passive Voice:
My car was washed ... She is said to be an articulate speaker.
rJ My car will be washed ... oR: It is said that she is an articulate speaker.
.J My car has been washed ... ALSO: They say a German architect designed the
My car had been washed .. . building.
My car will have been washed ... The building is said to have been designed by a
1 ______________________ German architect.
"-~OTE: OR: It is said that a German architect designed the
~et instead of is / was can sometimes be used in building.
, 1spoken English. The infinitive in the continuous form can be used
,~ John got arrested at a football match. after the passive of believe, expect, consider, report,
etc.
=l Continuous passive tenses are formed as follows: People believe that she is living on an island.
~ to be + being + past participle She's believed to be living on an island.

·J My car is being washed at the moment.

My car was being washed at that moment.
_:_ The future continuous and perfect continuous
People believe that she was living on an island.
She's believed to have been living on an island.
ALSO:You are supposed to be working.
tenses are rare in the passive.
(= You should be working)
The passive structure of infinitives and gerunds: You are I were supposed to have been working.
] (= You should have been working)
Active Voice Passive Voice
to tell to be told 6 In the passive voice, allowed is used in place of let.
-:-Jwe ought to tell her She ought to be told the truth. He doesn't let his son drive the car.
~I,. the truth. His son isn't allowed to drive his car.
Nobody is to tell him He is not to be told about it.
"Jabaut it.
-1to have told to have been told PRACTICE
d we ought to have told She ought to have been told a Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.
her the truth. the truth. 1 They don't let me stay out after midnight.
,,. l They were to have told
J you sooner.
You were to have been told
sooner.
} .~.'!!. ~~!.~H<?.'lf.~.<!..t.<?. ~!~r.. !?~r~f!-.~.( .'!!.i~~!9.t:i.~•.... -..... .
telling being told 2 Nobody likes others criticising their work.
: - 11 remember her telling I remember being told .~~~~~.Y. !t~~-~. m~~( .~~r~. ~~f!!!1. ~rm~f.~~~·-............. .
_yne about it. about it.
-. I don't like their telling I don't like being told what 3 We will have spring-cleaned the entire house
.,. me what to do. to do. by Saturday.
.. 1having told having been told The entire house will have been spring-cleaned by
;Ji remember her having I remember having been ·sa'fiiraay.. ·····················.. ···:·································
told me about it. told about it. 4 Someone should have told me the truth.
] with imperatives we use must be or should be: I should have been told the truth. I
-._ J Press this button. ·rh"i/irum·snoiifcf nave·aeeiifo'fcffo·me:················
This button must I should be pressed. 5 Don't let the dog out on its own.
4 jln sentences with two objects, the person usually .T.IJ.l!. ~~g.~~.~!!?'.~ .(.~.ry.C?H!~IJ. '.~ ?..l!. !~!. ~'!.~ .<?.TJ. !!~. ~~!?:.
;;_lbecomes the subject:
6 They will never allow that custom to die out.
Someone lent her the money.
' 1 She was ient the money. .!.~.~t ~~~.t.'!!!!. ~i!!.~~~~~.~~.~.I!~'!!.~.~.!~.~!~.?.'!.~·........
I
d OR: The money was lent to her. [less common] 7 They were using old sacks as blankets .
.9!~. ~.<!~~~..'-¥.f!r~..I?.~fng .1:1.~~~. ~~. k!~tJ.~.~t~-............... .

n
 8 The committee were to have informed you of 4 People say th~ di~tator fled the country last night. .,,,,
the change earlier 1
The dictator ..t~~!~.{9..l'J.~Y.~.f!~9'..~l?~.9.9.'!n!rY..{c!~t~ighf:.n
Y'?.'!. ~~r~. !~ .l'J.~'f.'!.!?~~.IJ. !i:i.!~~IJJ;~~. ~( .~l'J.~. ~IJ.~!'!9~. -~~r[{'!!.-

9 We rehoused all the tenants.

5 We don't know where he is hiding.
It ...............!:>. .'!.'!.t. ~!'.~~~.~f?.~r.€:.h~ }~.h!~~TJ.9... .. __.......... _ti,;:, ,,.,_

All the tenants were rehoused.

·················••!••·········· . ···················· . .................... . 6 People expect her to tell the truth. 3
~

'.
-.~,i
·
10 They are constantly revising the rules. She ............... J~. ~':=P..€:~~~<!. .~'?. .~~!!. ~~~ /~'!.!~·................. • I
.'fh'?..~~~'!.~.?.~'?..<?.'?.IJ~!?.Q.~lY..~'?.~IJg_!.f!.V)~~~: ......... .... ... .
7 You shou_ld be tidying up.
You are ... .. ..... ....~.'!P.P.g~~t;l..(c;,..l?~.U~Yir!9.!-!P.•... . .. .........
dii
b Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.
8 The public believed the government were telling the:);
1 The police allege that the managing director of 0
truth about the leak at the nuclear power station. :
the bank has been embezzling money for years.
The government~:~~.~.:(~:.~~.~.!~ -~·~·!~!!['.1.f!. !_ !?. .f?!l.~~ .~~~n
It is .c!l!~fl'?.<!. .~IJ.~!.!h~. '!1.c!.'!~fl.~TJJJ..cf!!.~~!~~. ~t. !~'?. .l?.c!!!k
..........tJ.c!~. I?.'!.'!.'!. ~ml?.'!.~~~i.TJ9.m~r.f!.Y. t~r. Y.'!.<!!.~:......... .
!~~,!~~ .t~~ .~~~.t~.~.~~~! .~~~ .~:~~. ~! .~~~. '.1.~~~~.~~.f!.?.'11.~.r_ ~!~_
t!~'.1: j
2 They say she is considering suing the hospital
for medical malpractice.
She .!:>. .~~~<!. !~.~~ .'?.C?~:>.i_cf~~!r:i.9. .~~{IJfJ. m~.
~.'?.~P.{~~!. t~~..
......... ...... ........ m~~i.C?~[ m~P.~<!.C?!!9.£J.-....................... .
3 Everyone thinks she has become over-confident.
She .. .!~ .~l'J.'?.'!9ht. !~. ~~x~. I?.'!.<?.'?.~ ~.~r.~r.-.C?~[!M'!.TJ.f:. .

B THE PASSIVE VOICE [II]

-------='--------------~ n
1 a The verbs see, hear, make are followed by to in
the passive: l I"
The teacher made us write out the exercise again.
We were made to write out the exercise again.
~o::ith there, either a passive or an active
infinitive can be used:
There is still some washing-up to do I to be done. ~
f1
b The verbs see, hear, watch, notice, observe can 2 Parts of the verb to be can be omitted in signs
be followed by a present participle in both the and newspaper headlines:
active and passive voice . English (is) spoken here.
They saw the boy stealing the CDs. Food (is) served all day.
The boy was seen stealing the CDs. Passengers (were I have been) injured in coach
[OR: ... to steal the CDs.] crash.
3 In passive structures with a preposition, the
NOTE:
preposition is used after the verb:
The infinitive with to is not used after the passive
The little boy was made fun of.
forms of watch, observe and notice. The present
When was he operated on?
participle is used instead.
He was watched I noticed I observed leaving 4 The verb get can replace be to express sth that
the building. [NOT: .. . to leave ...] happens by accident: ' :,

The car got / was slightly scratched in the ' '

l:j

2 Note the following passive constructions with accident.

modal / auxiliary verbs : 5 The verbs agree, arrange, decide, demand, be n
This book may not be removed from the library. (anxious, etc.) which are followed by the infinitive U
The house might be painted next week. in the active, are expressed in the passive using
The picture should have been restored. that ... should:
Sam must have been invited too. She decided to service her car. -+
You could have been killed! She decided that her car should be serviced.
3 The verbs need, want, require, deserve + ing have 6 Some verbs that are both transitive and
a passive meaning: intransitive can have a passive meaning when
The grass needs cutting. (= needs to be cut) used intransitively, although they appear active
The car wants servicing. (= needs to be serviced) in form:
What's burning?
4 Passive questions with who(m) , what, which: His new album is selling like hot cakes.
What did they take?-+ What was taken? Where's the new film showing?
Which teacher were you helped by?
OR: By which teacher were you helped?
i:;w
~ ,-
u NOTE:
The use of with and by in passive structures:
with - the thing used to carry out the action
• Verbs such as cover, decorate, surround can take
with or by. The verb cover can also be followed

n by - the person or the cause of the action by in.

He was hit with a stick.by a mugger. His boots were covered with mud.
He was killed by a falling rock. ( = accident) His boots were covered by mud.
• with is also used after the participles such as His boots were covered in mud.
filled, packed, crowded, crammed, etc.
The train was packed with holidaymakers.

d PRACTICE ·---.
- a Put the sentences into the passive voice.
1 They might have hurt him. 5 He broke his glasses in the fight.
.....................1:1.~ mfgf?t.l:!?x~.l?.~.<m. !!mt ................. . ..........l:f!$. g/~$.~~~ 9.QU.vt.~.(~..~.(Q.~~r. .(,:,_ PHr f!ght-. .. .... ...
2 They made her empty out her bag 6 Everyone accuses him of lying all the time.
............~~~..~~-~- r!'!~~f!..t.C?..~r!'!e~r. .C?~t ~~r. ~~-'!-........ .. ...............t!.~. !~ !!.C?~~~-~~- !?f. {Y!!?g. ?H .t.~.~. t!m~. .............. .
3 They agreed to avoid the subject. 7 Someone used a blunt object to hit her over the
...!~.f!Y.. ~-g_~~~.cf. !!!~t !~~ -~~~i~'?.~.~~9.~{cf. .I:?.£!.~':'.<?!r!~~-.. head .
She was hit over the head with a blunt object. I A blunt
4 Which doctor examined you? ·······.. ··oojecr was 'iisecrtii n,r ne; ·ovedne neaa:··········
Which doctor were you examined by? I By which
·················.. aocto, ·wi:fre 'yii1i' examine·a?· ·.. ············ 8 There is still some work for them to do.
............ .T!?~r~.{~.~@. -~~m~..l:'{~f~ .~CJ.-~-~-~!?!!~-.... .. ..... .... .
~ b Fill in the correct passive form of the verb given.
d 1 This letter should .. ... !!~':'.f!.P.~f!.IJ.P.!?~~f!.cf...... (post) 7 Philip ......1:1{~~.. ...... accidentally .. .... .~h9.L ......... ..
yesterday. (shoot) by a fellow hunter during the trip
"'l 2 Joanne ha-s dyed her hair green because she
yesterday.
1
'"J
wants .. ..... )9. .~.f!.!!~W-?~~ ..... .. .. (notice). 8 .. ..l:t?.Y.~...... the flowers ... ...~.f!.~!?.P.fl.(cf. ...... (pay) for?
~l 3 The proposal ....f:1.~.~.!!~tP.f!.~TJ.!!9!.~.~~:. (not agree) 9 Everyone saw the thief .. ...l?.~'?~~UP..<?.~M.~i!?~ .....
J to yet. (pocket) the money.
4 I don't enj~y ..... !?~mfl.~l).~f!.~~9.9.~.~f!.cf. ... (interrogate) 10 The bridge might ... ~~X~.1!.~.~!?.f~P.~.i!.~~L .. (repair)
] like this by complete strangers. b ynow.
be repatred
~j
5 The detectives were observed 11 The zebras could ....... .. ... ~~-~.£!~~ ........ .. .. . (see)
j~- ........... /<?!!~~!i:!9. ............ (follow) him closely. on the horizon.
6 They demanded that the door should 12 It is a situation that needs .(9..~.~.!WJ.9-(~.c!.l.!H'lJJ.<!.fjng
~ I ...... .... P.~.9P..~r!~~- -.. .. .. ... (open) . (handle) carefully.

~ IMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY

-1study these examples.
~
-. i1 The teacher made everyone rewrite their 6 No one is to show them our new design.
compositions. They are not to be shown our new design.
·• i 'Everyone was made to rewrite their compositions. 7 I don't remember them renovating that old
;;_:12 I think they gave him a substantial pay rise. church last year.
I think he was given a substantial pay rise . I don't remember that old church being renovated
: • I think a substantial pay rise was given to him. last year.
~Jl They consider him an excellent singer. 8 Your jeans need washing today.
He is considered to be an excellent singer. Your jeans need to be washed today.
It is considered that he's an excellent singer. 9 Lock all the windows before you leave.
j I'd rather they'd given me the Porsche. The windows should / must be locked before you
I'd rather have been given the Porsche. leave.
People say he has remarried his ex-wife. 10 Wasn't it Picasso who painted 'Guernica'?
.J He is said to have remarried his ex-wife. Wasn't 'Guernica' painted by Picasso?

-- ~·- : ·--....... ... -:--- - i,,., ·•p • ' -••.::; -.,

:SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
study these examples.
I believe there's nothing more we can do to help 14 They don't let us have more than two weeks'
him. paid holiday a year. ~
I believe nothing more can be done to help him. We are not allowed to have more than two ~·t_- __}
There's nothing more that can be done / to be weeks' paid holiday a year here.
done to help him. More than two weeks' paid holiday isn't allowed
12 My watch was stolen yesterday. here. !!
I was robbed of my watch yesterday.
13 Don't let them cheat you.
Don't let yourself be cheated by them.
Don't allow yourself to be cheated by them.
h
~.

PRACTICE - · Cl
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change thelj
word given. You must use between three and eight words.
1 Did Orwell write 'Animal Farm'? 9 They had their credit cards stolen while on
by holiday.
Was .......... .. '.~.1!!!!??.~.f~r!!?'..~r!!!~!?.':>.¥............ Orwell? robbed ,;,l
2 Her explanation for the loss of her homework They .................. ......"!.~(~ r<?.f!.~.~.cf. ~t. ..................... j
didn't deceive the teacher. their credit cards while on holiday.
taken 10 Everyone believes the actor has had plastic
The teacher ............ ....~?.~.!?R!.t?.~~!?.!l}_.P.Y............... . surgery.
her explanation for the loss of her homework. believed
3 I don't let anyone use my computer. The actor ...... ..... ... !~..~~U~x~~.~9..IJ.~Y.~.IJ.c!~.. ......... n
allowed plastic surgery. J
Nobody .................. . )~. ~!~9.~~~ .~~ .'!.~~ ................... . 11 The security guard made her open her briefcase
my computer. before entering the embassy. -~_lj_
to ~
4 The defendant found an alibi so that the jury would
not convict him. she .... ..... .~?.~. m?.Q.~. t5uw~n .l:wr. .l?r.(~ff~$.~. /:? Y. ...... ...
avoid the security guard before entering the embass'.1
?€ ~

The defendant found an alibi to .... ..<!Y.9.~C!..~~!r:i.9. ..... 12 Don't let anyone deceive you. u
...... ~~1}_¥!~{~~.~Y....... the jury. ~ A
Don't ....... ....... ...(~t.Y.9.l.!.~~~!f.P.~ .~~.q~f¥.~~ ... ........... _;
5 They couldn't hear him above all the noise. d
heard by anyone.
He .. ........... .... ........~~~!~'.1.'.~.~.~.~~~.~~ ....................... . 13 I'd prefer it if they had given me a pay rise.
above all the noise. rather -_ ·
I'd .... .. ........... .. /?.~~.~t.~.<!1!.f!..~.~~!'!.Q~~~~ .............. .. ~
6 Nobody can expect me to complete all this work
by midday! a pay rise. Ll
expected 14 You will need to renew your passport soon. d
1 ................. ~~.f)J k~ .~~P.~~~~.'1. .t.9. ~~me{~!.~................ . to
all this work by midday! Your passport ....... ...11!P!.n~~cJ.l'?.P..f:!J.~r?~W.~~ .... .. ~1
7 I'd love someone to bring me breakfast in bed ................. soon. u
this Sunday. 15 They know he sustained third-degree burns in.. 1
. J
be the fire. ; i
J
I'd love ...... !~ .~~ .9!.~~i:i. !. .~!.'!.'-!fl!?!. kr~?.~.~c!~~ .~'J..~.~t .... .
\i_

have
this Sunday. He ................ i~ .lmRW.fJ..tg. h~Y.f#. ~l!.~.tf;!!t:'.~.<!. ....... ..... ··~
third-degree burns in the fire. ,_ ,
8 Nothing more can be said about the problem at
the moment. 16 We can't expect any of the staff to remember all
nothing the security codes.
There ....... ..!~ .1:'.'!.~~!!!R.~'?.(~.~~!!!..<??.~.~.~.f..t.C?.~~ ........ . expected t bf!ij
said about the problem at the moment. None of the staff ...C?!!!?.~~.~~P.~'?.~~.C!.. ~J.f:!!n~'.1:'........
.. ... ............ all the security codes.

19

- - - - - - - - - - - i·1-
lJxtra Transformat_i_~~~ ... .
mplete the second sentence so that it has a simUar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
, rd given. You must use between three and eight words.
~
Ii.
1 You've got to understand what an awful position 11 Do I really need to go?
n he was in. necessity
U account Is .. .. .... tt!~t:~.~r:i.Y..(f!f!!.r!~~~~.~!!Y./'?.~.'!J.f}..~'?.. ....... go?
You've got to ..... .......... .f~~.~.lnt9..~.9.~~HnL .............
1 .......... ... . . ..
the awful position he was in.
12 The ferry times do not stay the same all year
round.
2.E I'm struggling financially, so I'll have to sell the subject
7 car. The ferry times ..........~X~.~.l!.i?i~fU9..9.f:1.~.TJ9.f!......... .
d meet ... ................ depending on the season.
= I'm .. f!!1.?.{rJ9.!!. !?~(?. .[.~.t!.lf99f!fl_g. ~C?..'!J.<!~~ .~.IJ!!~.'!.1.~.~!... ,
13 I think I'll go and visit Paul on my way to the
'.'l so I'll have to sell the car.
shops.
;J We've been friends since the ~ay we met. drop
got . I think I'll ....... ..... ... ...... ...<!.~9.P..{TJ..9.IJ...... .. .............• .
7
·· 1 We .. ......... .......... ....f:1.<!X~ .9.'?.~ .'?.TJ..V!.~~I_ .. .................. .. .. . Paul on my way to the shops.
1
- since the day we met.
14 It's none of your business, so be quiet!
q After that long walk what I need is a cup of tea. nothing
j do It's ........ ..... .(9.9.f}.!'!~th!mU<?..?.9..W!th.Y.9.'!. .... ......... ,
· After that long walk I .............9.9.1.!.l!!.g~.Wi!t! ........ .... . so be quiet!
:8n ................... a cup of tea.
15 I suppose I ought to have stayed .
s1 I'll call you back later; I'm very busy at the moment. better
,,,- hands · I suppose ......... K':t(~~!?..f:1.?.'-!~.!?~~.'J..l?.f}.(('!!.~L ... ... .
J I'll call you back later; I've ......g_<?.t. .f!!Y..t:i.~n~~/'!.IL .. .. .
· ................... at the moment.
I had stayed .
16 He brought his new mobile phone in order to
€... l It's not worth trying to persuade her - she never impress her.
J comes out. impression
time In order to .. .'!!~~~.~.g_'?.'?.~/i!!!!.!1.1:'.P.~'!3.~~~'?.IJ..'?.'!.t!~r... ,
"l You .. .~.~f!..V!.<!.~!!!19. l~MY[?.r:i.'.t..~~~t~.Y.'?.ll! .(i.f!!~JMrJ9... he brought his new mobile phone.
~1 to persuade her - she never comes out.
17 You should be sensible enough not to.allow the
7q You can only come if you're eighteen or over. baby to get in such a mess!
d restricted sense
Access ... .......... .......... i~ .rn.$!r.i.qt~ft.(~ ...................... . You should .... ..... .... h?.l(~.mc;,_~~.~.€!!'!~~..t.lJf:!!! ............ .
- ~ those over eighteen. to let the baby get in such a mess!
sW The portrait looked nothing like me. 18 I've never seen a better play than that.
resemblance far
=' The portrait ..........~'?.~~ .TJ.'?Jf!.~~~J?.l.<!r!~~.~'?..'!1.~ ..... .. .. . That is ... ....... .. kY./<!!..(IJ.~.k~~(P./!!Y.t~~.~x~r............ .
~5 whatsoever. seen.
9,,.1 I'll buy you a coffee to compensate for my being
d late.
make
- I I'll buy you a coffee ............ .t~.TJJ!!K~.'.JP..f.Qf. ............ .
:1 .. ...... .. ..... .... my being late.
O. , Sometimes I find watching the news can be
; depressing.
~i gets
. , Watching the news .... ..........9.~(~.P.~.~9.~!! ........ .... .
! ........ .. ....... ........ sometimes.
u

',t 1
. J
 Advanced Language Points
a Match the columns. Fill in the correct word.
/
1 come up to B ' I roast, roasted

2 face up to C ............. f~~~.t.. ........... beef

3 look up to A ........... [!?~~~€!.<!........... coffee beans
4 stand up to D
·······:·····[~~~.~ ............ lamb
'-
(= admire) A one's parents .......... /.'!~~~f!.<!........... meat
(= reach) 8 one's expectations ............. [~~~.t.. ....... .... pork n
:
§:]
j

( = deal with; accept) C one's responsibilities .... ......... [~~~.t............. chestnuts

( = be able to withstand D wear and tear {NOTE: These are set combinations.]
damage due to use) , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __,,

FJ
c Right or wrong? Correct where necessary.
J
1 It's strange that they should meet outside the 7 The hijacker threatened to explode the aeroplane .
church. ...................:::. !;'!..~!~~..'!P. }~'!. .~.~!.C?P.!fl.1:'.f!:.................... ~
✓
8 This cafe is specialised in chocolate milkshakes. ;J
2 You'll have to make do with whatever we have.
........•. •...... :(. (:=::..'!!~:';?.fl.':..'?~i. fl~! .~r ~~L ............. .
· · · · · ····· · · · ···· ···· · · · . · · · · · · · · . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .J
This cafe specialises in chocolate .. .

3 On what ground did they take that decision?

....................... 9~.1!f.1!~t.gr~,.m~~.::: .......................
4 My hen has laid two eggs .
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-(.. <.=:=. P..~'?.cJ.L!.'?~~} ... .......................

5 If you think that she is tired, do not prolong your

stay .
..................................... !. ....................................
6 The population of Spain is greater than of
Greece .
..............:::.~~.flr~~!~~.~~~.'!.!~~!.~r~r.~~~~.................

t 1
d What's the difference?

I/
-:1
1a be up to something
.(:=: .19. t!~. P.!?!r:r.Q.ing. $Jh. ~~.c;r.~tlY,. ~~·"''.~(fJ. mi$.c;hf~l(Q«l?.
..P.~(~t~. k~fl.?.1(!!1.9. X~!Y. .~.'!~PlC?!~~~lY.i. ('.'!'..~W~. fl.~:~ ..,
b bi{up to somebody
.~ ..................(::. ~'!. .~.~.'~.~~~P.~!?~~~!!!~Y)................... .
... f(~..'!P.. !~.Y.'?.I.!..~'?..~!P..1.<!!l};. ~~~~~IY..1!f.~.<!!. ~~.P.P..~!!~~ ...
~J

up to something. rl
2a He is sure to pass the examination. b He is sure of passing the examination .
............ (~..~~ /~. ~':.'X.!!~':!Y. .~~.~!. ~~'.~~ P..~~~. :::)........... . .!.:=..l:f.~:. !!!'!'.~'!.~'!. !~..~f!.'Y.. ~'?.'!!!~~.'!!. !~~.~ !!f:. ~!~I. P.~~:>; :::l.. : '
. ............................................................. ' ............ .

3a at the time of b at one time

.C::. ~.( .t!?~ P.f!rti'?.'!!?!. P.~!Q.~ !!1. Pm~ .<.vt.f).~~ .~t~ .f)!!P.P.f!.'!~~Jl .......................r=:=:.~1:;~f!.!r..!h~.e~.~n ...................... j L

.~{ .~~~ .tf!1).~.'?.~ ~~~ /~t~.~(~. ~f!fl.{f),. Q.~. ~~~ t~Y.~!lf!1.Y. fl.l!~'?fl.~: . ....... At~Q.~..t!P.f!.,..~.~..V!.'?.~~~.c!.f~r.!?Hr. ~~~l?.~!!Y.·........ ; ,

n. 193

u
 h Tick the correct box.
'f \e
Q
Match the following British words with their American
equivalents.
SMOOTH HARD · ROUGH
/ 'I
accelerator .. §... ✓

J
"'· autumn .. f ... A detour
B gas pedal
"
✓ ✓ ✓
1 sea
2 surface
caretaker .. f ... ✓
"1 3 evidence
] cooker .. L. C janitor
✓ ✓ 4 time
crossroads .. ~... D checkers
9 ✓ 5 bargain
.. It. E sidewalk
_,
j diversion
draughts D F fall
-1 flyover .. L. G intersection Form derivatives of the words given to complete the
:J hoarding H H billboard phrases.

7 pavement ..{ .. I stove 1 regard • ..... J~g?,~c;I.~~-~~ ...... of the cost

J" \_ J overpass • as ........ !.'!9~[#~ ........ your enquiry
• .......<!!~r~fl?.~cJ. ....... a sign
-1
j
_] 2 secure • social ... ... .. ~~-~~!'!tY. ...... ..
• job .. ...... ~i!.~!-![!!Y. .... ....
• ....... !!'!~~.C?.I.!!.~........ children

3 revolt • stage a ... .. J~X~{IJ.(i_<?n .... ...

• .. J~~~!~!!~'!.~!Y...... ideas
• young ... r~~'?!!-!!!~.1!.~r!~~....
~l
_;1 Which phrase can take a before it?

·r l
1 great admiration 5 great fun
1

.' J 2
~ \ great anger 6 great happiness

great enjoyment 7 great sensitivity

ifl: ··a great excitement great failure

Only number 8.
8 But we say: His plans resulted in failure.

----------,---,,-- --~-- ........

0r· g 1ck th e ·t
I ems w h'1ch can follow the word in capitals.

[l -· ·-- MN t3=•
1
How do you pronounce these words?
on a subject ✓ [= mention briefly}
1 Crimea /krai'm1~/
perfection [ = border on ... ] 2 criterion /krai'tian;m/
3 cupboard / 'kAbad/
down ,,-✓-: [ = to land, e.g. planes I aircraft]
4 czar /zo:(r)/
5 Danish /'dem1J/
bottom :~; 1 [= reach the bottom; reach the lowest

u level] 6 devour /d1'vaua(r)/

· ·-··
wood ✓ · [= a statement or gesture made in the
digest (noun) /'da1d3est/ (verb: /da1'd3est/)
hope of prev,:mting bad luck]

J. , - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - -

!_. J'
t

n
·I l
 Language Development
A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS
a Complete the sentences using the prepositions. b Choose the correct preposition in the sentences
below.
by, to, for, in, into, of
1 As I'm new at/ to the area, can you give me
flu
1 Because of h.1s 1·k· for
I mg .. ............ . . t
Impress1orns
directions to the library, please?
art, I bought him a book on it. in
2 Has there been any news of / by Stan recentlyj
2 I've been longing ... ./~~..... a holiday all winter.
3 He is a writer noted for / about his realistic
3 A well-cared-for dog is always loyal ...... !~ ... .. dialogue. n
its owner.
4 All ticket holders have now been notified of / toP
4 How long have you been married ......!~ .... . the change of venuE). n
Philip?
s Does anyone object in / to opening a window'tj
5 You've got no right to be meddling ..... J!!..... . 6 He was so obsessed with / for the actress that
my affairs. Mind your own business in future! he had pictures of her all over the house. ~
6 Every winter, those birds migrate .. ... !!?...... a 7 The singer seemed oblivious about / to the facf'
warmer country. that the audience weren't enjoying the Fl
7 The sculptor moulded the clay .... ~'!.~~..... the performance at all. J
shape of a tree. 8 Louise's exceptional talent was obvious to / for
8 Can you multiply 1,654 ..... ~Y. ..... three? everyone. ~
:.- JI.

9 Although she's a native ... .. ~L ... New York, 9 Didn't it ever occur for/ to you that they mighP
she's spent the last fifteen years in Los Angeles.
10 Is there any need ... .l9L ... that kind of
10 ~~~y~:~i:nt will have to be operated in / on j
tonight.
behaviour? ·

B IDIOMS
a Match the idioms with their definitions.

1 break the ice K

2 skating on thin ice D

H B get lucky
3 the tip of the iceberg
L C exactly what is required
4 give him an inch and he'll take a mile
A D taking a risk
5 the ins and outs
I E sb able to do many types of work
6 strike while the iron is hot
though not skillfully
7 a Jack of all trades E
F attack verbally
8 hit the jackpot B
G very soon; quickly
G
9 in a jiffy
H only a small part of a big problem
just the job C
act at the appropriate time
jump down sb's throat F
J act prematurely
jump the gun J
K start a conversation to ease an
awkward situation
L if you give sb a little, they will try
to take a lot more
 • •r - - · · · · · · · · ·• · · · - - · -· ~ - · ··-•·J·--·····•- ·.. ·•-...,···-·---·-- -- ~~s......::.~- .~
Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.
1 It's yours for keeps, but remember I gave it to 9 I hope you're not just making light of the damage
you. to the house to prevent us from worrying.
J to have forever
············································································ ........~f'Y!~9..~.<?!!!~!!?~IJ.9.!~. !~.~~ .~~r!~!-!~JIJ.<!~. !U~....... .
2 They're building a conservatory just to keep up 10 I thought it would be heavy, but it's as light as a

J with the Joneses.

... m~.~<!. !??x~ .{~.~- ~~m~. m~{'!!.i~!P!?~~~~~(<?r1~ ~~. !?tMr. ..
people you know
feather.
very light
···············································································
3 I was beginning to think he'd kicked the bucket 11 He was sleeping like a log when I looked in his
J
~,
c.. J as I haven't seen him for so long. room so we're not likely to wake him if we turn
········ ············· ·· ············~(~.c!........................ .......... . the music up a bit.

4 I had kittens when I thought I'd lost the documents.

......................... ~~ .!~.?..c!~~P. .~.,~~P.... . . ................ .
d ·······························P.~'.1.~c;H~~-····················· ·· ······· 12 The prisoner said he was going to turn over a
,.,-l new leaf.
5 When we arrived at the resort and saw the hotel
j was next to a building site, it was the last straw
........................... r~t~rm .~~~.~?Y.~........................... .
and we demanded to be taken elsewhere.
:--1 ......~'1~. ff n(lf. P.r.qJ?f~m .~IJ-~t. m~.t~~ .tt irnP.Q$.~iP.ffA .t9.... .
J tolerate sth any longer
-· 6 Why don't you take a leaf out of your cousin's
"'"1,I book and get a part-time job?
d ................... !~H~'!Y. ~~:~. 9.~~~. f!.~~'!'P..'.~.................. .
7 Don't be scared! They were only pulling your leg
when they said there was someone in the attic .
......................P!~YJ!?g. ~ 1'?.~~. ~'.1. .Y.C?.t!..................... .
_~l 8 Susan used_to be the life and soul of the party,
i but now she's much quieter.
~ j ••• • •••••••••• J!?~ /(l(ffP.~~t P.~.(~.C?!?. ~<?.1!!.f!W.~.'!!.'!.. ' ........... .

JC PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES b Choose the correct answer.

('·1 Complete the sentences with one of the 1 Write your essay in rough / hand first, then copy
:, ~
"le J prepositional phrases. it up.
in pieces, in possession of, in praise of, 2 They met in secret / mystery to plan the surprise
·~
;__ -;
if! progress, in return, in ruins party.
d
1 The child was very upset to see his toy plane 3 As the defendant was acting in defence of self /
lying on the floor ....... )IJ.P!~9.~-~.......... . self defence, he was let off with a warning.
4 My parents kept me in the dark / black about
2 Work is ..... ....~'!.P.r.'?W.~~~ ........ on the motorway
a
- :'!
at the moment.
their financial problems. f
5 You get dinner started and in the meanwhile/ 1:
:.. i 3 Brenda wrote a poem ....... JTJ.P.r.c!!~~..C?t. ...... .. her meantime, I'll tidy up a bit.
favourite season of the year.
6 Theresa always travels in fashion / style.
s-s 4 If I give you my CD player, what will you give
me ....... ,... ~~ .~~~~~~ .......... ?

5 He was arrested for being .....i!?.P.~~~~~~!~~.~(....

--1 hard drugs.

- ' 6 Although the castle was .......... ..i.TJ.tl!!f!~ ........... ,

.,J the guide made everything come to life.

f - ·~

6'
~-
• u - • . ... . . _ ,:;• ··• -· :·- • · • - · •: .....:...; .,.· . - ·. •·::..:.•--;, . .;......:,;,;.:,.1;""~ · •' -- ·• -- · · •• · -· •·• ...·· -- ·.-•.. ·. ·· ·· v •·· . - ,.. . .. _._ ·· .·-•••- ._. "- ·•··• ·•·- ·- ----

q
11
D CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
Tick the correct sentence(s).
1 a They keep the wild animal with a chain.
b They keep the wild animal on a chain. ✓

2 a I went to the meeting on the off-chance of seeing her. ✓

b I went to the meeting with the chance of seeing her
3 a I don't like the colour red. ✓ (in general)
b I don 't like red. ✓
c I don't like the red colour. ri
4 a I have doubts about it. ✓ fd
b I doubt. f
C I doubt it. ✓

5 a He got drunk with two glasses. /0

6
b He got drunk on two glasses. ✓
a We should economise in future. ✓ FJI
-=--====~~---~..,...__~-·-===:::::::::=~~~~~~'I
b We should make economy in future.

E COLLOCATIONS
a Tick the appropriate boxes.
I J
rJ

money dust speed taxes one's strength

collect ✓ ✓ ✓ El
gather ✓ ✓ ✓ :.J

b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with. ]
difficulty, grin, problem, fish, amount, money, shot, city, head, name, mouth, importance, friend, heart
nj
~
big: gr!n. <.=::..~!~~ .~m!~'!!J.,. P..~C?.~!~m,..(~~h. (.=;:•.~tJH~~1:1.!!?! great: .<!ftf!~~{tY., .P.r~!?tfJ.'!J,. ~'.!'.'?.'=1.tJ.t,. ~!!Y. .(:: .f~'.!'.'?.Lf.~i..... 'i ,J
P.~r~c;,_ryJ.,. m~n~Y. .( ::. !?.rn~ .?m~~1:1.!~. m~~~ .'!!.<!~!'Y.), fmP.~r!~~tJ.,..'-1.fJ.c!~. (.::. 9.r .~.~. '!!.~.'?. f~ .9.'?.'?.<!. .~!. ~~~J.,.. n
~'-1.'?.~ .( ::. !mP.9.i:!?.tJ.~ P..f!r.~~fl. .!tJ..<!!!. ~rn?.~{~~!!'?.tJJ.,... .tJ~m~ .(=:=. P..C?P.!-!!?.~lt .!IJ:IP..C?!'!.<!!!~~... /~~'!!!~,. h~~.~.... j
5:!{Y..c:=:. !?.rn~J.,. _IJ.'!~~. <.=::..~!?. '!!.~P..tf?!!!~~. !~~. m~~.ry .(::. '!!.{~ry. g~~~. !~{fJ.tJ@[!~). ............. .......... ......... .
~f. h!IJ:l.~~mt .r:i.?.'!?~. <.=::. P.f!r~~n. m?.<!.'!. ~~~.C?.f!~~!I.!!.. ······· .. ····· ..................................................,..... 71

!hr~~gr.. '-1.(~. '!!.C?.~~>J. m~!-!!h .< ~..~~. !-!~?.~!~. ~~. K'!.f!P. ············ ... ·...................................................... u
~. ~'!.C?r.~n1. h~?.1 .<=:=..Y.~!!~r~!-!~J. ......................... . •··•••·•••·••···•···••· '""""""""""""'""'""'""""""""""""""""""""""'"""" ri
;i
k.J.
F PHRASAL VERBS
1 stop doing sth permanently ~]
1 get down 1 record in writing 7 give up
2 depress 2 surrender c.3
approach or start doing sth
2 get off 1 dispatch / post
2 receive little or no punishment
8 go about
9 go against not be in accordance with
-t
;
3 get on become I grow older
4 get through to 1 contact by phone
2 make sb understand sth
10 go around
11 go back on
circulate
withdraw (a promise) 1- -
12 go for 1 attack
3 reach a certain point in a
competition
2 apply to sb / sth
3 sell for
]
a

5 get up to do sth mischievous

, J'
6 give out 1 cease to work / function
(usu. suddenly)
2 distribute

n 19'
u
I I ...
 - ~ - - -- ·• · ..,,.s- -·•,-·- .. ,·..... . •·'•:••, -~,n1:.: ,..,_:.,, '

.
: 1¥omplete the sentences with the correct forni of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page.
1
'

How much did the house ..... .......9.C?.!.C?!'. ........... ? 13

'

He ........... 99.L<!.ff. ..'......... with a fine.

'

Q··2. · 1. mu.st .........9.~L ...... this fax .........CJ.ff......... 14 Who volunteered to ......... 9.i.'!~.9.HL ....... the exam
straightaway. papers?
~ .3 Did you ..... .. .. 9~L~'?.~~ ......... everything the 15 Nobody's allowed in this room, and that
J professor said this morning? .......... 9~~~.!.C?!.......... all of you.
~--, -4 I've been trying to ..... fl~!.!~~?.'-!.9.~..~~...... your 16 This weather is really .. .......9.~.f!!!!!l .......... me
a . office all morning. ...... ... .#gw.TJ........... .
:J ·
5 Do you think you'll ..... 9.~L~t:'t'?.'-!.9.~.!.C?...... the final 17 You can't ........g_9..~?.'?.~.~!'! ....... a promise once it's
fl round of the competition? made.
'.1 ~ Aunt Maud's now sixty; she's .........9.~.~~i!!9..9!!........ 18 Helping you cheat in the test ..... 9.~~~.~9.~/'!~~ .... .
n a bit. everything I believe in.
j 7 You're wasting your time talking to him; you'll 19 I wonder what the children are ...... 9~tf!n9J!P.J9.... ..
never .....9.~.~.~~!.~.1!9~}~ ...... him. in the garden.
~1 8 . Their dog has an annoying habit of 20 Frank was driving along the· M1 when the car's
~--' ....... .. 9.C?f~g.(9L ....... the postman! engine ..........g{l.'(~.9.~L ....... .

]9 Ho~ do you suggest I ......... 9.'?..~kR~L ...... telling

him to cancel the wedding?
~10 There's a nasty rumour .....QC;~(".19..c!rR~mL .. that
3 I'm resigning!
11 It's a shame you ........ JJ.~Y.'J..VP.......... playing the
'" 1l piano; you were so good, you know.
j

12 He couldn't live with his guilty conscience and

'\ .. ... .. 9fW.~..... himself ......... ~.P....... to the police.
~

·:"" )
,,

CL)WORDS EASILY CONFUSED

a., ,. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
~ j
d1 They were the first bank to install cash ....... in all 5 Most of the electrical goods supplied ....... the
their branches. college were faulty.
a distributors @ dispensers a with @ to
Make sure you have got all the required travel 6 In some countries, ....... objectors are imprisoned;
.... ... such as visas before you set off. in others, they are asked to do some kind of work .
0 documents b statements @ conscientious b conscious
-J
3 This gadget is usually very ....... ; it can be used 7 For a business to be successful, it must be able to
to open bottles, cut bread and core apples. .... ... to its customers' changing needs.
Ll ® versatile b variable ® respond b reply
_~ Most banks will charge you something for your 8 Children are being ....... to the fascinating world of
....... , however routine they may seem. the Internet at such a young age now.
a dealings transactions ® ®introduced b encouraged
· 11 sb's dealing with sb I an organisation is the 7 respond: react iri a favourable way
· relationship they have with them concerning the _ respond to chi/dren's·ne(!d~ ·
..__, business they do. respond to a question(= answer)
Our dealings with the Smiths ... reply: answer _ _ _
One's business dealings. Reply to the question, please. r+- ! [-~::-~-
".) transactions: pieces of business done . . . \.,/ l ::-<-·
bank I business transactions

11
·I I
 JfY
Fill in the correct word.
redundant / superfluous
·t·1onaI s k·11
1 Many t ra d 1 redundant
I s are now ....................... .
insist / persist
1 Why do you .......P.~.~~!~L ... in buying clothes you
~d'
I
2 When I moved into my new house, I got rid of don't need? n - "
many ....~~P.~IT{L!.'?.L!.~ ... items. 2 I ..... ..!!??.i~L. ..... on your coming to the wedding ~iJ
3 Many employees were made ... .!.£!~!-!~~~.'!.~ .... reception with me. i
c::1
because of cutbacks. 3 The scientist .... P.~f?.(~r~?. ..... with his search for an ,J
i.......,.i

4 There is nothing more that you can do; your antidote. !

· ...............
presence h ere 1s superfluous ..... .... . 4 The flight attendant ....J'!~!?.t.~~...... that the
redundant = no longer required; deprived of your job passengers should remain seated.
as you are considered no longer necessary
insist = be emphatic or urgent about sth; to demand, ,
superfluous = excessive; more than is necessary or not accepting any refusal · :"
1
sufficient 1
persist = keep on doing sth sometimes difficult and 0
often despite opposition from others
H DERIVATIVES
a Complete the table below.

Verb Adjective ( + opposite if exists) Abstract Noun Concrete Noun

1 idealise ideal, .......................
idealistic ideal, idealism, idealisation idealist
(un)imaginative, (un)imaginable,
2 imagine
.... !!!!~9.('!.cffY. ... .
imagination, imaginativeness -
3 impress (un)impressive, !P.P.1:!=:~~{'?.1!!!~!'!. impression impression, impressionist
4 imprison imprisoned imprisonment prison , ... .. P.f!?.'?.fJ.~!. .....
5 improve improving, improved, improvable imprnvability, ..i!!!P.r.C?Y.~1!!.f!.'!!.. -
6 include ... .. itJ.c;.11-!~{V~ ..... inclusior-i -
7 (mis)inform (un)informative, (un)(mis)informed (~!~)(t:il<?!l!J.<!!!<?.t:' informer, informant
(un)inhabitable, (un)inhabited,
8 inhabit habitat, habitation inhabitant
.......................
habitable
9 (dis)inherit inheritable inl1eritance inheritance, ... ..!~~~~!~<?.r. ....
10 tnjure ......!r!iW~{/. ...... , injurious injury -

b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.
w
1 Pete is such a(n) .. .... ... !~~?.l.i~L. ...... that he fails to see the problems. IDEAL r- ,,
I
2 As a child, did you have an .... .. }1!!.~ff!'Y!.':"Y.... ..... friend? IMAGINE

3 The ,c.hildren are at a very .. !!!!P.f~~~!!?!?~~!!=: .. age so they shouldn't be watching such violent films. IMPRESS

4 The ... .. .. Pr!~~':'.~t~........ rioted last night. IMPRISON cJ

I
5 improvement
Has th ere b een any ............................ at aII ·1n h.1s con d·t·
110n.? IMPROVE C .J.

6 I think the ...... )'!.<:!!-!~~<?.'!........ of a glossary would be a good selling point. INCLUDE ~ r
i
1
7 You've been ..... ~!~.i.'!t.C?r.'!!~~,.... - it wasn't Monet, but Manet wlio painted it. _ INFORM '." ·

8 An animal's ..........1!.~k!!~L....... is the environment it lives in. INHABIT

9 My uncle ...... ~~~!':.~~.~~~~.cf.... ;. me when he heard I was giving up the family business_- and he
never forgave me. INHERIT '"

.............. Jo h n susta1ne
injuries · d were not serious.
·
1O Fortunately, the ...............
- - - ---···-····-··· ............ ____ INJURE .

199
lf '
'. i
u
 Fill in the correct word each time.
1 illustrate, illustrative, illustration, illustrator
a The following excerpt is .... ..i!!!-4$.((?.(iY.L ... of his loyalty to the club.
b The results of the survey are a clear .... .iUH~!!J#fQ!L. .. of the seriousness of the problem.

2 ( instruct, instructive, instruction, instructor )

a Once they were given clear .)IJ.~!r!-!~{~CJ.IJ.(~).. .. , they were able to complete the task.
b I recommen d t hat you f.1n d yourse If a repu t abl e d nvmg · · ... .. ..instructor
.. ................. .

3 ( insure, (un)insured, insurance, insurer)

<l a You may wish to take out some extra medical .... )mW.@'J.9~ ...... while you're here.
b You should never drive around .... ..'=1.TJin~IJX~cJ. ..... .
J .

4 ( intend, (un)intentional, intended, intention)

a Th .1s equ1pmen
. t shou Id on Iy b e used for ·tI s ............
intended
... ..... ..... . purpose.
b It was never my ......!!1.{f!.IJ.(~C?!? .... ... to hurt you the way I did .

5 ( interest, (un)interesting, (dis)(un)interested, (dis)interest)

a There were very few artefacts on display in the museum and what they had were of no particular
interest
.. ......................... · ·ty of ch.ld
to th e maion I ren.

b Wh ere my puppy use d t o go bbl e up eve ryth .mg ·m s1g

· ht , ·t1 has su dd en Iy become
· disinterested ... .
......................
in food ,. ·

. ,. .J' 6 ( (mis)interpret, interpretative, interpretation, interpreter)

·"
· a s1·19 htl y d'ff
. . give
a 0 ur f 1gures I eren t ... interpretation
.... .................. of th
. e ·issue.
.. ./:

b By the.looks of horror on their faces, he realised that his message had been completely
.. !!!!~!!'!~~~P.~!:f~?. .. .

7 ( invent, inventive, invention, inventiveness )

inventiveness w h.1ch t admire
a It' s h'1s .......................... · more th an h.1s oth er qua1·t·
1,es.
b He ·inspire ................. .. w,·th th e ct·Is hes I prepare.
· d me t o be more ....... inventive

8 ( investigate, investigative, investigation, investigator )

:. ]
j a I'm afraid I can't discuss the case as it is still under .. JIJ.'(~~!!g~~~'?.'!.... .
"J
b She really loves her job as an .. )l!X~~-~ifl~~{I(!: ... . reporter.

u------------.. . .--,...,.... . . . . ,________. ., . , . , . , .,

!I
: _]
 p·art 3 Vocabulary Practice
u
a Choose the correct answer.
1 Physically fit people may be able to .. .. .. . 7 The ....... wind in this area is from the north-east.
psychological stress better. @prevailing B persisting r:']
A encounter @withstand C controlling D reigning d
C cope D meet
8 He has been ....... with the idea of going abroad
2 I'd sooner they ....... deliver the order this to live. 9
',, afternoon. A tinkering @toying d
A wouldn't B mustn 't C dipping D dabbling
C shouldn't @didn't 9 This point of view is one that is frequently .. .... .
3
1
3 Having been betrayed by his so-called friend, by reformers. ~-
Brian was determined to ...... . the score. A prompted B boasted n
A alter B balance C enthused @·advocated j
@settle D fix 10 He was forced to pay another £100 .. ..... what he
4 ....... of the recession, all they could do was already owed. 7
hold on and wait for things to improve. A additional 8 surplus to J
@At the height B At the bottom C in excess of @on top of
C On the top D In the end Being outnumbered in the argument meant tha1
11
5 Being able to stand the ....... no longer, she she had to grudgingly ....... defeat. ...J
picked up the phone and dialled his number. @concede B acquiesce
A foresight @suspense C assent D grant ~
l
C expectation D imagination 12 The company was doing quite well in the 1990~
6 He claims he hardly slept a ...... . last night, but but everything changed .... ... of the century. .
I'm sure I heard him snoring.
A jot B stroke
A at the top @at the turn
C on the verge D on the edge « ..
1
@wink D nod

"11;
b Fill in the correct word.
~J
AI inadequate, insufficient CI infected, infectious
1 A year without work left him feeling very 1 Tina has such an ... JIJ!~~ti9.V.~ ...... laugh that
.. ..!Q.~.cf~9~?.(~..... . everyone finds themselves joining in the fun.
2 She decided that there was .... !r!~LJ.f!!~!'?PL .. 2 An .. .. )IJ.((!!?!~~ ....... wound must be cleaned
evidence to justify criminal proceedings. thoroughly.
·j
,I'
3 The staff here are of .... !r!?.~~.9.'!.~f~ .... ability. 3 While you are still covered in spots, you are r l
;I 4 There was .. .. !1}.~!-!ff!~~~m..... interest in his lecture
.....i!?f~~J{9.l!~ ... ... . .. ;
~J
! so it was cancelled. 4 In heavily ... ... !'}.~~.'?~!:!~ .. ..... areas, large numbers
i
of the population actually go blind . ~;
u
B I included, inclusive, including 01 lovely, loving, lovable, loved I
1 The bill came to £60 fully ..... .!'!.~/'!~!¥~ ...... .
·· - ·· k t h. h loving :
1 He was 1uc y o ave sue a ..... ......... . ........ '.
and affectionate family. ~
2 A number of celebrities, ... ..!!?~~1:1.<!.i!!g ... ... Kate
Winslett, are expected to attend the function. .2 My little brother is a .... .. )~¥~!Y... ...... child - -'
especially when he is asleep. ~~
3 Are meals ......!IJ.'?/.L!~~~- ..... in the price?
3 She would never go to bed without her mucti-,
4 Why weren't you ...... !':.?.1.~~~~ ...... in the team
........!~'f.~.~......... teddy bear.
photograph?
4 In the new TV series, he plays a rather
....... !~':'.<!!?!~ ....... rogue.
,,...,..._..._._ _ _______ _ ______ ~ - - -- - - - - - - - - - ~ ~- - - -- - _J-
2
l.nr·,! · c Complete both gaps in each passage with the same d Choose the correct answer.
ll preposition. Choose in or against. 1 Try to see the situation through / with my eyes.
1 Television producers and the censorship board I can't possibly look after a baby and work!
are embroiled .... ..!~ ....... a battle over the new
2 There's no fooling Elizabeth, she looked / ~
police series Target, which producers paid
through his little scheme straightaway .
...... .ir!....... excess of £800,000 to produce but
could now be banned. 3 I don't know why she is complaining. She went
into the whole thing with her ears / eyes wide
2 The job of the censorship board is to safeguard
open.
the public .. J19.c!ir!.$L the more negative
influences of television . Only by clamping down 4 Haven't you realised that they are only taking
on the more offensive material can we insure advantage of you? Open your mind / eyes and
.!... ....... th e d es truet·10n of soc,e
ourse Ives .. ..anainst · ty's find yourself some decent friends.
moral standards.

Choose the correct word.

response, blow, meal, headlines, fascination, sympathy

The farewell (1) .........m~?l.......... was an emotional lukewarm (3) .... Jf!~f?.c;>.I).~~ ...... , the programme was
affair for the contestants and viewers alike. Having now making front-page (4) ..... h~?.cf_/jf!~$....... , a
been televised twenty four hours a day, seven days , knockout (5) ........ ..l?/9.'I/...... .... to its earlier critics,
a week for the last three months, they had gained who never dreamed that the public would show
the heartfelt (2) .... ..$Y.IJJP.~.thY. ... ... of their audience. sue h w1·ct espread (6) .......................... I e ·1ns1·ct e
fascination ..wt·th 1·t
Although initially the whole idea had received a the house.

]f Replace the verb smack in the sentences with the

verbs in the box.
h Match the idioms with eye with their meanings.
C
1 keep an eye on
slap, bang, suggest
a
0 1 She didn't believe in smacking the children.
....... .~!~PP.i!?9...... .
2 not see eye to eye

3 have eyes in the back of your head b

B 2 The angry waiter smacked the cutlery down

on the table. .. ..... .l?.~ng~~ ..... ..
a disagree with someone about something

b be very observant

0 3 We didn't wish to get involved in anything that

smacked of self-promotion. .. .....~~~~~.~!~~ .....
c watch somebody very carefully

g Form nouns from the adjectives. Now fill in the correct idiom.

1 unscrupulous ......1/.tJ.~~r!-!P.~~9.I.!~~~~~. ····· 1 Although we don't exactly ......~.E!~.~Y.E!.!.'?.~Y.~..... .

.............. .......... on politics, it doesn't mean we
2 degrading .. ........ .cf.~grn~?.(i.Q!1.... ...... .

g 3 corrupting ........... .<?!?r.@?.tf.cm ........... .

can't go out together.

2 They seated the younger children directly in

4 perverted ..... ...... P..~!Y~($.i.9!? ........... . front of them where they could .K~'JIUU1.~Y.~.Rn.
5
________________.
LI~,.._ decadent
6 debased
........... ~~f~#~n.f~........... .
..........!=!~1?.?.~~mtJ.tJ.( ......... .
.......... :..................... them .

3 You need to .l?~'!.~.~Y.~.~.!ri..!ti.~..~.c!~~.<?lY~!-!f.h~f;l.c!..

when you are looking after the twins.

o;

-------::;..::======-~~,.
! l
-.. --- -··
It
11
 ~.:..J . . ,
h
fL

Reading & Use of English

} a You are going to read a short article about Big Brother, two sentences of which have been removed. Read the k
· text and decide which two gaps (1-4) the sentences have been removed from.
The controversy surrounding the show Big Brother But surely this is the point; these people were not~ 1
was hardly accidental. The name itself was designed tricked into anything or ignorant of what they were Ll
· to provoke, calling to mind as it ·does George getting themselves into; they went in with their eyes~
Orwell's grim vision of a future totalitarian regime, wide open, voluntarily. (2) ...... ~....... They wanted to d
where the television watches as well as being be looked at day in, day out, no matter how odd it -- ,
I
watched, and the eye of Big Brother is always on you.
As the saying goes, there's no such thing as bad
publicity. Predictably, the show rocketed to the top of
might seem to us (and the number of websites where >
people do this for free is growing).
It might be said that such people need to be q
n
I

the ratings and became something of a broadcasting protected from themselves, but this attitude smacks I
phenomenon; TV companies all over the world of Orwell's authoritarian Big Brother far more than q
wanted a piece of the action, new formats sprang up what it is designed to prevent. (3) ............... It may not U
and the show's creators were laughing all the way to be my idea of fun, but I am not the arbiter of fun and ,
the bank. anyone who sets themselves up as such is headingq
The objection was that this was a move beyond the down a slippery slope of their .own. Cl,
pale by television. (1) ...... ~....... It was mind Once the viewing figures were published, it quickly ;
manipulation reminiscent of rats in a maze, it could became apparent that many of the nay-sayers were7
be psychologically damaging in the long term, and it tuning in just as avidly as everyone else.~
(4) ............... The hope that their antagonism might I
was the first step on a slippery slope that could end
drive them away from their sets proved a vain one. lfgi
with something like the film The Truman Show, where l
they had done so, and taken a walk through the=·
a man has spent his whole life inside a TV show -
streets of their town , they might have discovered
unbeknownst to him, of course. there was far more to worry about in the real world. ~

A Their goal was the prize money, certainly,

but also the fame and the possibility of
some kind of TV career to follow.
B Put people in a compound for weeks, allow
them no contact with the outside world and
watch them twitch.

b Now answer the following questions.

1 According to the passage, the producers of Big Brother
A welcomed the criticism they encountered
B accepted the criticism as inevitable
@ purposely provoked the criticism
D attacked the critics fiercely.
2 What was the main argument against Big Brother?
A It was far too scientific.
B It made profits from human misery.
C It bore an uncanny resemblance to The Truman Show.
@ It was a worrying new trend in television.

203

l
l
J part 1
EXAM PRACTICE 1-------
For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
n
J REFUGEES
= The war had finally forced them to pack up and leave, though few had been further than a (1) ..... throw from
. ]the outskirts of the village before in their lives.
:7
The river had flowed from the south before it dried up, so that was the way they went, following the course of
7 he river (2) ..... through grassland and woods, living on the wild fruits and berries that could be picked and the
"._:i-Tlilk of their goats. It was a(n) (3) ..... quiet land; even the cries of birds came rarely and suddenly, and were cut
(4) ..... as quickly, as if by an invisible hand.
~l
po the valley, when they reached it, was a(n) (5) ..... relief to most of them; full of people who put their farming
~tools down and left their immaculate fields to surround the dusty travellers with smiles and friendly words and
~~ands. But Moke felt suspicion from the word (6) ..... ; was he mistaken when he thought he saw a shadow
.._Ji>ehind the smiling eyes? And why did this fertile land (7) ..... him of the enchanted country they had just been
through, and why did the people call to mind the birds, their cries of warning (8) ..... ?
c 'l

d 1 A rock's B boulder's C pebble's @ stone's

2 @bed B bottom C floor D ground
q
3 A cautiously B awkwardly @eerily D warily
.,,
-,
4 @off B away C down D out
,- 1 5 A eager B piercing @welcome D glad
~
' j 6 A now @go C start D on
7 A recall @ remind C remember D reminisce
;.. i
8 A stranded B straggled C strapped @strangled
;.:_ j .,.,,,.,

7~ ·?

'._. ]

Part 2
•!:_ ~

F ? questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
S?3Ce.
CONFIDENCE TRICKS
Vm ether it is a job interview, a wedding speech or just asking someone out, there are times when we all want to
appear confident, despite (9) ....... !?~L. .... feeling that way inside. Some people are more self-assured than others,
it ;s true, but there are also a number of tricks that are worth remembering. The important thing,
(i·J) .. ....~~~r ..... all, is that you appear confident to others, and also that you do not allow a negative attitude to
d8{eat you before the game has even begun.
O,:__t bodies give us (11) ......~.~~.Y...... most; a case of nerves produces adrenalin, which (12) ... :.P.~c!Y.~ ... .. havoc with
)Ur systems, causing the shaky voice, the trembling hands and the sweaty forehead . So (13) .... !:!P.~~.!.. ... from the
n · htal preparation, there are a number of physical steps you can take. · aside

rtiiJfirst is to stand straight, head up and shoulders back (though not (14) ...... }~~ ....... much, or you'll look
15\ ..... Ji~~ ....... a sergeant major); a drooping posture immediately sends out a message of resignation. One way
o juickly achieve this is to look up at the ceiling or sky for five seconds or (16) ........~~ ....... ; this will have the
tdded benefit of lifting your facial expression upwards, banishing the frown and the downturned mouth.
 Part 3
u
for questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to . form a n.
word that fits in the space in the same line. iJ
ANGER THERAPY
It has, for years, been an accepted piece of psychological (17) ...........''!'(!~~?.'!!........... that it is an WISE
unhealthy thing to keep feelings within, and much of the aim of therapy is to allow these emotions
a(n) (18) .... .... .. ..~~~!~L .......... that does not exist, for one reason or another, in the patient's LET

everyd ay l.fI e. Th.1s ·1s (1 9) .......................

undeniablv ? • •••••• • • true w h en ·1t comes to highly
· frustrate d or d epresse d DENY

individuals, whose inability to express sadness, anger, fear or even happiness is causing
enormous pressures to build up within them .
1
(20) .... .... ~~W~~?.~.Y. ........ , though, this idea has made its way into the common psyche, so that it REGRET
n
is generally recognised as (21) .S:9.'-!.Q.(~!:P..(9.<!.LJ.<:!!Y.~... to hold anything inside at all. This has been PRODUCE J
the case in particular with reference to anger. A person should find some way of letting anger go,
the common perception says. Counsellors and pseudo-counsellors (22) ..... ....... .?J.i~~ ............. have
been advising our finding some way of expressing our anger; the most common being hitting a
pillow or cushion. In some companies, there is even a special room with blow-up versions of
LIKE

n
LJ

managers that (23) .......<!!~'?.'?.T!.t.~m~~ ....... workers can batter to feel better. CONTENT "l
'i
What has come to light in a recent study, however, is that this anger therapy is having a rather d
unhappy consequence. People who do not attempt to control themselves when
(24) ...... ....~!"!~~9.~~........... are becoming less and less able to do so; their anger threshold is lower RAGE 8
_j
and they are more willing to move to physical measures . The ability to control yourself is being EJ

seen now as much more important, and indeed an integral part of living in a society.
]
j
Part 4
For questions 25-30, complete the sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word
given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the word given. M
kl
25 We worked continuously to get the project done.
clock We ..... ...'-XC?.~~'!r:!.(fl:H~~r:i.~ .~ry~.~~'?.~~ .. ...... to get the project done.

26 You'll have to do it in any event, won't you?

regardless You 'll have to do it .......f~Y.~!.c:J!~~~.~t.~~~t~.~PP.~Q.~....... , won't you?

27 While she was pregnant, she was always longing to eat anchovies.
craving While she was pregnant, she .. ..... ... ... .. ~?.cJ..~.~[~~!!"!9J'?!. ........... ... anchovies.

28 Sean felt very uncomfortable because he didn't know anyone at the party.
ill Sean ......... ...!f:!(~.(Y.'!rY.).{~1.f!t.~~.~~ .. ..... .... .. because he didn't know anyone at the party.
'1
d
29 Well, eventually we arrived at a small town .
course Well, .......... .......(Q..C!.l!~.'?.9.1!!.~~ .... ............. we arrived at a small town .

30 There's a lot of money depending on the success of this venture.

stake I've .... ... .9.C?!.~}9.t<?!.m<:>.r:i.~Y.?IHt~J.~........ in this venture. -..•.) '

'\.",

I, n ·.
iJ .
2(
 Part 1
UNIT 10 Grammar -Transformations - Advanced Language Points

Cf REPORTED SPEECH [I]

...J1 In statements the verb tenses change as follows : 2 Various verbs such as advise, order, refuse, offer,
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH promise, warn, etc. + infinitive are used in reported
7 simple present --+ simple past speech to report advice, orders, requests, etc.
,___ J future with 'will'
simple past [see NOTE]
7 present perfect
l --+ would

--+ past perfect

'Take things easy,' the
doctor said to her.
'Drop your guns,' he
said.
--+ The doctor advised her
to take things easy.
• He ordered them to
drop their guns.
d past perfect 'Don't do that again,' she • She told him not to do
present continuous --+ past continuous
--+ past continuous said. that again.
[)
_:- past continuous
u [see NOTE] (sometimes past 'Would you like to go out --+ He invited me to go out
with us?' he asked. with them
perfect continuous)
EXAMPLES:
3 In reported questions, the subject comes before

J He said, 'I want to help --+ He said (that) he .

her. ' wanted to help her.
the verb.
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

•J·_ We will give it to you,'

they said.
... _ 'I spoke to them,' )
--+ They said (that) they
would give it to me I us.
_ He said (that)
Why is she crying?'
he said.
--+ He asked why she was
crying. [NOT: why was
she srying.]
'I have spoken to them, ' he said. --+ he had spoken Why did you leave?' --+ She asked why we I
9 'I had spoken to them,' to them. she said. I had left.
7
,_,' She said, I'm staying with my aunt.' --+
=.. BUT:
She said (that) she was staying with her aunt. In informal English we can sometimes invert the
' ] 'They will be sleeping then,' he said. --+ subject and be with who, what, which.
_1 He said (that) they would be sleeping then. She asked who was the best player.
4 Time expressions change as follows:
,-] NOTE: now --+ then / at that moment / immediately
\ 1 The simple past and past continuous do not yesterday --+ the previous day / the day before
1
-, normally change when used in a time clause. (that)
,_
1
He said, 'When I worked I was working there I today --+ that day
wasn't happy.' tomorrow --+ the following day / the next day /
"Ii He said when he worked I was working there the day after (that)
he wasn't happy. tonight --+ that night
U 2 The simple past remains unchanged when next year --+ the following year / the next year /
d used with unreal past. the year after
j' She said, '/ wish I was I were younger.' a week ago --+ a week before (that) / the
rI She said she wished she was I were younger. previous week / a week earlier /
J 3 The simple past can remain unchanged the week before (that)
provided that there's no confusion about the last year --+ the previous year / the year
r, I time of the action. before (that)
·· · They said, 'We travelled by train.'
'--1
1
They said they travelled I had travelled by train. NOTE ALSO:

t ~ 4 The tense can remain unchanged if what this / that --+ it / the, these --+ those / the,
; •• somebody said is still true. here--+ there
, J She said, 'Horses are my favourite animals.' 'This skirt is very nice,' she said.
1
She said that horses are I were her favourite She said the skirt was very nice.
;~ animals.
i
f- a
1.. .l

16_ . ··-..,. --
··· -...... ~ . ···•-• ,, . _, ....., . ··-···~ ..... ----~·-.~·-· ••. ·"" ·····•··~·.. .-•. · ... _. .. ,, ..•.~ ..., ,. .. '
PRACTICE
Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1 'The opening ceremony will just be beginning then,'
he said to us.
5 'No, you can't use the car tomorrow,' Mr Green
told his son.
U
He told ...'!!!. (!~~~Ul_l_f!..C?P..f!~!IJ.9. .~.f!r.~!!?~!1.Y. .~'?.l!.~<!.i~~~ .. . Mr Green refused ....~'?..~~.t.!!!~.~~!'!.':1.~.~.!!!~.~~.': .the .... ·ti
...........................~~..l?.~g[l).tJ/ryg. !h~i:i. ............................ . .................................. !'!~~.cf~Y:........................ .......... LJ
2 'If only it would stop raining,' she said. 6 'It's dangerous to go skiing off-piste, ' our ski q
She said that ...... ~.IJ.~.Y!.i.~h~~.i.t~~':1.!~.~.t.C?P..!.<!![1.{IJ.g: .... . instructor warned us. l
Our ski in.structor .. ~~:.1!.~~.~~..~~.~t.!~.~~~.<!.~!?~~!~~?.. ;:;:-J
3 'If you get off the bus on North Street, you'll see ......................... !~.fl~.~.~[!l}Jl..<?/~-pf~!~:............... .......... f1
the library on your left,' the bus driver said. d
The bus driver said ...(~IJ.<!.t)J!.Y!.'!..Y.C?!.r-!t!.~h~.1?.l!.~.~[1_ ...
North Street, we would see the library on our left.
··················································································
4 'What time do you think you'll arrive?' my mum
asked me.
My mum ... .<!~~~.cf.!!?~. ~!?!1.rn'!J.~ J m<?.L!9hU'.~l..~!~{1/~: ....

B REPORTED SPEECH [II]

1 Modals ir, reported speech change as follows: /

can could
NOTE: g
may
•
• might With these verbs we often don't report every word d
must • must I had to [for obligation] of a sentence, just the meaning of it.
must must [for deduction, possibility] 'It's all your fault. You caused the accident,' Mark
•
must not • must not
Need ... ? ---+ had to ... ?
said to Colin.
Mark blamed Colin for the accident. i
]
needn't • needn't / didn't need to / didn't '------------------__..// i
have to Verbs not followed by prepositions:
,J
~l
shall ---+ should [polite request] He answered my letter promptly. (verb) ,
'What time shall I pick you up?' he asked. • [BUT:/ haven't got an answer to my letter yet. (noun)] "'~
He asked what time he should pick me up. Nobody could approach him at work. (verb) il
'Need we go?' he asked. • [BUT: The approach to the building was difficult. (noun)]O
He asked if they had to go. I telephoned you last night. (verb)
'She must be very tired,' he said. •
[Bur: YoLlwere on the telephone to your friend for hours.
He said she must be very tired. (noun)]
You can't enter the museum without a ticket. (verb)
• When must refers to future time, it can change
[BUT: The entrance to the museum is on the right. (noun)(j
to would have to.
'I must leave soon,' he said. • When will we discuss it? (verb) d
He said he would have to leave soon. [BUT: There was a long discussion about it. (noun)]

NOTE:
The Russians invaded Afghanistan in 1979. (verb)
[BUT: The Russian invasion of Afghanistan was in 1979.
Let's is usually changed to suggest: (noun)]
'Let's go to the zoo,' said John. I doubt it. (verb)
John suggested (their I our) going to the zoo. [BUT: There is some doubt about it. (noun)]
OR: Tom suggested that they/ we (should) go to COMPARE: The police searched the young man.
the zoo. Thepolice searched for the young man.

2 Other reporting verbs: NOTE:

accuse sb of congratulate sb on sth explain and describe can be followed by to.
apologise (to sb) for deny+ ing I'll explain I describe it to you later.
admit (to) + ing insist on
blame sth on sb / sth thank sb for sth
for sth
compliment sb on sth wonder about/ why/ when I
if, etc.
ifAACtlCE
a Rewrite the sentences in reported speech using the verb given.
ri
_
._ -_
· 1 'Sorry I smashed your vase,' said Graham to his 4 'I hear you passed the exam. Well done!' said my
U cousin . unc1e.
apologised congratulated

J :~:~~::~: ~~:: :~:~~:: :i:::~::.:::~:: : : :~~:: :~~: :;:~: ::~:: ~::~: : : : : ~:~:~: : :~::~: : :: ~~::~: ::~: : ~: ~~:::
C! 2 'Why are the local council measuring that piece 5 'It was you who leaked the classified information to
~ of common land?' Mrs Cooper asked herself. the press,' the minister said to one of his employees.
= wondered accused
.Mr~. ~!?~P.~~. ~.'?!?~~~~?..~hr..~~.~. !~~~.1..'?~~1:1.~~ ..V!.~tf!.
1 .......T.t!~. ~~'!.i~!~~. ~.'?.<?~~~.r!. P.'?~. ~f. ~~~.~~P.{9Y.~~~. ~t......
1 ..........'!!.~~~l!.~~'!.9. !!!~!.P.~~.<?~.~f. ~~'!!.'!!~~ J~.'!.C!: ........ . ...... _J~fJ.~i.rJfJ. t~~. ~/<!~~.it!~~ /1!.~<?!.'!'J~~!~r:i. .~~.~/)."!.Pr."!~~: ......
1:J
3 'Thanks so much. We couldn't have managed if 6 'You must let me see the doctor immediately,'

J you hadn't babysat,' Mr Upton said to Jane.

thanked
......... Mr..'!P.~<?.'!.!nfl.1:1.~.f!.C!.~~.'!~.r~~.~~'?.Y.~~t.t.~'!fl: ........ .
shouted the patient.
insisted
!.~.~. P.~!!'!.'!.~/!!~{~!~~.~~ .~.f!~!~9. .~~.~. ~~~~~f. !'!'.'!!.'!f:!!~~~.,Y.:
'""I
1
~~ 1-----~----------= -~~ .·-~.----,-····-····---------· --···-•·.. . ·----·----~--
~ Choose the correct answer.
.J 1 The private detective searched / searched for a 9 The police officer asked the victim to describe his
lead. attacker to them / describe them his attacker.
~
-----i 2 We suggested taking / to take a taxi instead of 10 It wasn't my fault the computer crashed, so why
~ the bus. did you blame it on me / for me?
~ 3 The tour guide explained / explained to the
1
~J assembled group that the tower was thought to
be haunted. c Choose the correct answer.
rl
. J
4 How long did it take them to answer/ answer 1 I telephoned ....... and asked for help .
_J to your enquiry? @ him b to him
,-- i 5 Pamela was complimented on having / that she 2 When he approached ....... building something
,; had nice hair. . strange happened.
~- i 6 Can we discuss / discuss about your pay rise a - @the
;) later? 3 'Is she coming to the party?' 'I doubt ....... .'
.,,.J 7 Ican't help to question / questioning Dr Farley's a about it @ it
decision to discharge Mrs Brown today. 4 When did the Turkish invasion ....... Cyprus take
- ls Steve asked where should he/ he should meet place?
,._; me. @ of b in
,.,...._--~~ . . --~ ~ ... ~-- ·~ ------ --~: ·;
s~~nlLAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
'~-j
Study these examples.
~ 1 1
'Don't follow me,' I said to them. 6 'You must give me an answer,' said the man.
"'- .l I warned them not to follow me. The man demanded an answer.
2 'Let's go to the theatre,' I said. 7 'Go on, jump,' he said to me.
I suggested (that) we (should) go to the theatre. He urged / encouraged me to jump.
I suggested (our) going to the theatre. 8 'Hand over the money or I'll shoot,' the robber
::: ' I suggested (that) we went to the theatre. said to the bank manager .
.. ".! 'I'll do it for you, ' he said. The robber threatened to shoot the bank
He offered to do it for me. manager if he didn't hand over the money.
"4 Tm sorry I took your book,' she said. 9 'Don't forget to pick up the dry-cleaning,' she
She apologised for taking my book. told me.
'Hold your fire!' said the officer to the soldiers. She reminded me to pick up the dry-cleaning.
·,., The officer ordered the soldiers to hold their fire.
SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples.
10 'I think what Sue suggested is best,' she said. 13 'I didn't copy the answer,' said the boy.
She agreed that what Sue had suggested was The boy denied copying the answer.
best. The boy denied having copied the answer. h~
~
11 'It was you, Chris, who wrote on the desks,' she The boy denied he had copied the answer.
said. 14 'It was me who scratched the car,' he said.
She accused Chris of writing / having written on He admitted (to) scratching the car. I

~
the desks. He admitted (to) having scratched the car.
12 'Please finish quickly,' she said. He admitted he had scratched the car.
She begged them to finish quickly. He confessed to scratching the car.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~~,
PRACTICE
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the7
word given. You must use between three and eight words. [J
1 'Remember to pay the phone bill,' she said to me. 10 'Don't swim in the river,' said the farmer to the
reminded
She .... ............ ..... r~.'!!!r!~~cJ..'!!.f!.!!?.P.~Y................ ... .. .
cnhotildren. J
the phone bill. The farmer .. .'1Y.c!!.TJ.f!~.t.?.«'{{~~~,t.~l:,.~.~t!!(<!!.~.'!.. r!~~.~~..
2 'I really think you should enter the competition,'
swim ·
.................... in th ·
e nver. ~ J
Jill's art teacher told her. 11 'Okay, I'll come with you to France,' she said to
encouraged her friend . 5
Jill's art teacher ......... ~1:1.'?.C?.<!r.c!fl~~ .~'!.~.~'?. .~!!!~r......... agreed ;J
.... .. .. ... ...... .. . the competition. She .................. ~'J.(~'!.<!..t.'?. 9~.!~. f.~?.TJ.~~ .................. .
3 Her suggestion was to ask for directions. with her friend. ;"l
ask 12 'Do you think he's fully qualified?' Jane said J
She ............ ~'=1.9.9.f!~!~cJ..(~Q.?.t)..\;1(~.(~.1).C?!-!!~).~~.~... ........ . about the young accountant.

4
for directions.
'I'm sorry I hurt you, Simon,' she said.
j~~:ti.~.~.~~.<!,~~~~~'?.'?.~~. !~~ X.?.lf ~~. ~.~.?~~~!~.'!.~·~ ......
qualifications.
o
to
She ......... ~l?.'!.~C?.fJ!~'!.C!..~'?..~!~~':./'!.~.~'-!!!:~'!fJ.......... him. 13 'If you set off early, you won't be late,' Amand{l
said. i:J
5 'You must let me speak to the pilot,' one of the
pointed
passengers said.
demanded
Amanda ........ .. .P.~{':.~~.~. ~.lf~. !~~~ .~~ .~.~. ~~.~ .'?.f!. ...... .. ~l
One of the passengers .......c!.f!.'!?~'.1.c!.'!.<!..t.C?.~P.'?.?.~..... .
early, he wouldn't be late. w
.................... to the pilot. 14 'Could we reschedule the meeting for next "--i
Thursday?' the lawyer asked her client.
6 'You must try harder or I'll have to replace you,'
rescheduled
the coach told the player. . t ·t the meetinn could be
Th e Iawyer as ked her c I1en 1 .. : ... .......... Y. .... .. ... q
unless
The coach threatened .!~. [~P.~?.'?~ Jt!~ P.t.c!Y.'?.( .'=1.TJ/.f!~~.
.J~~~l:,.~~!-!(~<!J<?r. HJ~. t:'.'!.~U.~c;,.lf~r(J!'!g .. Thursday. J
.....~~.!r!~?. .... harder. 15 Tm cutting taxes,' the Prime Minister said.
7 'I wish I could fly,' exclaimed the small boy.
anno~nced Fl
Th Pe ·
nme M. ·
1n1s t er announced that he was
........................................... .. i
i::J
wished
......... ~~~!{~.g.......... taxes.
The small boy said ..........~.~.~~~~~~.~~..'?~~~~ ........ .. ...
, ~

.................... fly. 16 'Under no circumstances will I give that man,

--1
job,' said the factory owner. ,.,
8 'I'll fill in the form for you, Claire,' said her sister.
refused
offered
The factory owner .......~'!.~'!.~~~.~'?..'!!!.~'!..~~.':.!!!~':. ..' ;.
Claire's sister ........... ~~~~~~.~'?..~i!!/'!..~~.~.!.'?f.'!! .......... . . .b ~
............................. a JO .
for her.
9 Malcolm admitted having caused the damage.
confessed
Malcolm .... ~'?.'!.~~~~.~~.!~.~~.'-!.~!':.~.(.~.~.~{'!.<:!..'?~~~.~.~.!....
the damage. (that) he caused

2(
n
II_ j'
tlextra Transformations
complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
7 word given. You must use between three and eight words.
c..11 Your foolishness has meant the project may not 11 The greenhouse effect seriously threatens life on
succeed. this planet.
7 jeopardy poses
-) The project has been . u •• P.!-!!.!.e!~~-~~.!~l~.C?P.~r~Y. ... oe The greenhouse effect .. P.'?.~~~-'='-~~~{~'!.~.~hr~~~-~~-
........................ because of your foolishness. ................. ... .. life on this planet.
-=:i:
;;. They told the children not to come back to the 12 His business collapsed so he owes a lot of
swimming pool for the rest of the summer. money.
7 barred heavily
:1 The children .. ~~r~.~<!r(':.'!.!!.?.f!!.(~~i.'!~.!.fl.'?.~'!f!.~~U~':.. He ... .. .... !?..~.4:~'(.i!Y. /'!..cf.~~~.~~<?.~!-!~'!!. f .~!~~.'!!.f. -~~ ........ .
~.~{'!!.'!!!'!.9.P.<?.C?! for the rest of the summer. his business collapsed .
..-·,.
;3His latest book isn't at all as commercial as his first. 13 At the moment, she gets angry very easily.
- 1 far loses
,-
1
His latest book ....... J~.!.~r.!~~.~.~~'!!.'!!.~r.~!?.~:~~.~~ ...... .. At the moment, she .. ........ !f?~~~.!?~rJ~IJ:IP.~!. ... .......
................. his first. .... ...... ... ... ...... very easily.
4 We were all surprised by the news that he was 14 I'll try and help you soon, but I'll be busy the
,' emigrating. next few days.
=-1 surprise being
We were .................(?1.(l}J[!~<!.r:1..l?Y.~Y.r:P.r:~~f? ................ . I'll try and help you soon, but ./~U~~.~~'!!~.~~~l].!l..
c-~
by the news that he was emigrating. .............................. I'm busy.
-5 The doctor said I should stop eating wheat to see if 15 My table tennis is pretty good, but it could always
-1 that's causing my allergy. be better, I suppose.
~ cut room
-' The doctor told ............. ~':..~?..?!-!~.~~!.~~~?.~ .......... ... My table tennis is pretty good, but there's always
'- , ................. to see if that's causing my allergy. ............. !.C?.'?m.t~OIJ:IPX9.'!~m~1_1.t. ........ ... , I suppose.
--J Prince Charles wHI become king when Queen 16 The issue is not about whether your friends are
Elizabeth II dies. happy in their jobs.
heir beside
'" l Prince Charles ............. )~..(~~.~).!!~[rJ~Jh<!..: ............ . It ........................ .i.~. ~<!.~!~~ P~~. P..'?!!?!. ... :.................. .
c:c , .,............... British throne. whether your friends are happy in their jobs,
H will not tolerate this nonsense any longer!
I 17 The tennis coach told Monica she had a lovely
put backhand.
I refuse ........................ !~.P.~~.~f.~!!~ ....................... complimented
_,, this nonsense any longer! The tennis coach ....~~~l!P.l!!~!'!!':.~ .~~~{~~..?.'!.~~r...
...................... lovely backhand.
,8, What have you been thinking about these last few
days? 18 It takes six hours to fly from here to Toronto.
mind flight
, . What .. ............... .. h~.~.R~~'J..'?.IJ.Y.~W.'!1.~IJ.cf....... ........... . It's ..........................<!.~~~~h~W.f{~g~.t............. .. ... .... ... .
these last few days? from here to Toronto.
9 I can see you for half an hour this afternoon.
spare
:: ~ I can ....... ........... ~P.!=![~.~?.~~.~~.~~'!.~.!~.~.~~ ................ ..
you this afternoon.
1• • I'm having difficulty deciding which of these two
- , holidays is better.
_, choose
. It's difficult I hard to choose between
············································································
· ' these two holidays.
 ·•'-~;{,~)~;1!:f~~t~(J
Advanced Language Points
Colourful Language! Say what the following mean:
1 blackleg ... ~~.Y.".~9..'?.<?.1?!!!!!-{'!.~.!~.r!.<?.(~.r!.IJ.i!.~.. .
...~IJ.fHr. !.~!!9.i«.r!.<?.(~.~r~. ~lfJ. .~!r!~~".'9i...
· 5 black eye d k lb · ·
.... .~.( ..1?~~~..... t'!!~'.".'!1.~[~~nd.the er.'!. .. . n
.. ....................?.!5.<;.~.~..................... . : : : : : : : :::: :: : ::::::: : ::::: ::: : ::::J
2 blacksmith ..~~ . ~h~. i:i.~~'!'.?HY. .'!).<!~'!.~.!. !'.~P.?.!~~... 6 black hole .. .. ?.i:i. .?!.~.~. !!t ~L!.~~!. .~P.?.~~..~~~.~~- .~IJ.€!... ..
....~'!.~?/.!t!!i:i.g~,. ~~P:..1?~!.~~~-fy~~~ ... . ... J~r~~.~( JI!!!.".!~¥.!~ .~.<?. ~~r~i:i.e. .~'!.<!.t......
.'!.'-:~P.1:'.~'!fl. !~ .P..'!!!~?. .{'!,. !~~~L!.cf.i.'?9.!!~':'.~. 6
1
3 black widow 7 black spot .1.P.?.ct.9.( .?. r.9!!#. r1.1J.f!r.f!.~9.~~<!.~m~ .C?.fJ.£:n. O
.R9.9.I!.~ ..?. f!f!31l~~..~W1./JJ.9!.f!. P!'.C?.i?!~IJ.I.~.. ~ J
... ............... ... {~~.".'..'!!5.!-{~.l. ........ .. .......... .
4 black box a device on an aircraft that records
········ ············· ··· ················-············ 8 blue-collar industrial I manual workers n
......... .. .. . . . . ......... . ..... . ..... .. . ... ... . . . . . .. .. .. r · I

..............~~if:!~!. ~~('?.(~-~.t!~~ .............. 1

.(~P.P.:.~~!f~:~<?. !?.r.~r.~!~/{'?.~!. ~'?!.~~r~). u
................, ......................................... ]
b Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form. c Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form.

put, abide, stand, come, drop, go, pass, get draw, haul, pluck, tow, tug

1 If you want to stay in the club, you must 1 She looked in the mirror as she .... P.!.1.!~l_<_f!.c!.....
.. .....!!.~!~~ ........ by the rules. (= obey) a few hairs from her eyebrows. ~
d
2 He .. .. ......P.'!.L ...... by some money each month 2 Sue ..... ~~l!.~~µ...... her friend up onto the wall.
for his new car.(= saved) 3 Her small son kept .... .~'!.g_Yf!!9 ..... at her sleeve~~]
trying to get her attention. ....
3 .. ...... P!.<?P......... by and see me if you 're ever in
the area. ( = visit sb without having arranged it first) 4 ..... .. P.!.~~ ....... your chair closer to the fire and
get warm .
7
J
4 If our salaries aren't increased, we'll never
5 Don't park there or the police will ........~~~..... ...
..........9.~L ....... by. (= survive; manage)
5 I saw it in a shop window as I was ..... P.!!~$.i.(')9......
your car away! :J
by. ( = walking past)

6 We'll ........~.t?.!!~ ........ by you, don't worry.

( = support sb in times of difficulty)
7 Good jobs are hard to ........<?~~~.. ....... by these ,..l
i
days.(= find)
u
8 We haven't seen it ourselves so we'll have to
..........9R .......... by what Dennis said.
(= use the information one has)
!
-. . ~.

Fill in ear, mouth or eye to complete the sentences.

1 I'm not sure what I'll do; I'll play it by ... .... ~~r....... 5 Would you mind· keeping
··· an ..........eye
........... on t h e,.. 1!
for the moment.[= decide how to deal with a children for an hour? [ = look after]
situation as it develops]
2 You took the words right out of my.:... .!?'!~!-!!~ ...... . 6 You're wasting your time; everything you say t~ .
[ = say exactly what I was going to say] her goes in one ..........~~!. ....... and out of the othe_ j
-3 Try to catc!l the waiter's ........~X.~......... and we'll [= (of information) be forgotten quickly] u
pay the bill. f= attract sb's attention] 7 I really couldn't believe my .. ~{:l.rn./..~Y.~~... . , ,
[= find sth unbelievable] ,
4 I got the news straight from the horse's 8 They never saw ........ ~Y.e ........... , '•· J'n
.......... to ..........er.e
..... .~9.!-!!~ ...... . [= from the original source] afraid. [= agree on matters]

- - - - - - - - -n
u-
l} e Write what the foll owing mean. f Tick the items which can follow the word in capitals.
1 a close call .~.~~.m?W'.~~~.<!P.~ .................. :........... .
•••••••••••••••••••••• • i, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • - .. . .. . ............ . ........ . ........ .
:·-- -------
'
·-- - -··• ·----

the blame onto Sb ' ✓ i

-
•• .

................. ..................................... ................................. [ = transfer]

a wheel
[change .. :]
a stain ✓
[= remove]
gears · ✓
3 a boat train ..c!}r~!~.~~!~~..C?.C?!!~'?.~~.P.?.~~~l).g_'!!.~..... . [= change]
!!.C?.'!!. ~.~.t!.iP.. !~.~'?.'!.~i.'!.lf~. !~'!.~( i.C?.'!!.'!.':Y.. ~¥. !~'!.~ ........ . TV channels
1[ ] [change ... }
an object ✓

J 4
an early bird -~~..~~~J1.'!.~~.~l:'. .~~ry_.'!.~:.IY.J1.1..~~.':.......
.'!!~r!'!!~!t ..'.. :.............. -......................................... .
[move from one place to another]
jobs ✓
[change ... ]
one's ground ✓
J 5 a fast colour ..~~!~'!.~.'='.l)H~~ly.!~.~9.'!.1.~..C?.L!!.~r. ........
[= change one's opinion about a
subject during a discussion]
~!!~J:IJJ.~..llY.f:I.~.')..llY.~.~h~~ .......................................... .

J \,
g Tick the correct ending.
o 6 a fair copy .~P..i~~~.C?.tWf!tif'JJ./9tP.t~".'.((rm.......... .. ..
i

'\
t . . .t k leapt up.
::J .'?~!? .~~'J.l[!g_!?9..IJ.1.I~.~ ..~~-··························· ·············
1 Suddenly, a strong wind crept up .
........ ... ... ... .. .. .... ; ........ . ......................... ..................... . {
sprang up. ✓
1-J 7 a hot potato .~ .~W.i.~~!U.~.~~~~~~ /~~'!.f!}ry.~!.. ....... . southerly.
.P.~9P.l.~. ~~~'.{ .~~Q.~ .~9..<!.~~! .~tm ............................. . 2 The birds flew
{
southern.
-~ 1
.... ·; south. ✓
margins.
:- 8 a shooting star J~IJ.m(r:i9.!.9.9k.~f.1.(~r.(@Jh~.f!.{t.r:f.f:I.'.~. 3 Our chances of success are bordering.
1 {
_:_ J ~!~~~P.~~~~ l~~~ .~P.~~'!..<!!'!~. ~'!.~~. ~~~!!?9.. ~~~~~9.~.. . . marginal. ✓
!~~.~.~Y. ............................. ................................... . thread . ✓
'1 4 His life was hanging by a string.
d 9 · a sleeping partner ..~-~..V:'.~<?J!!!~'J. 1?.i.~!!Y..~~PP.'?.,:t.~.~ .. {
hair.
business, but has no active role in it
.............................................................................
-~
d
_~10 a rolling stone .~.~.~~.9..~?.rJ.c!.~r.~.ff~'.!1.P.~~.~~J'?. ......
P.t~.<:.~.~r~.rJ.~.V.f!.(.~.~m~~.cJ.<?.vt.r)................................ .

How do you pronounce these words?

a sleeping policeman .?..fJ~f!.C!.Vf. .(~~~~~ .P.?.'J.. .i.rJ. f;! ••. •
1 dioxide /da1'aksa1d/
.~~~.cf..V:'.~i.<?!!.t~r~~~..tr.~tt!~. ~9. .9.<?..~!~~.~r..................... -
2 dove /dAv/
3 dumb /dAm/
12 a grandfather clock ?.~ .<?.~C!:!<!~t:1/9n~~1.{?H.~!'?.~.~... . 4 education / ,ed3u'ke1Jn/
which stands on the floor 5 enamel /mreml/
············································•···············. ..·.............
6 enigma /1'nrgmJ/
7 ether /'18J(r)/
8 fasten /'fasn/
LJ
':,::

fl
 IJ
Language Development
_
:. A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS
a Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 The residents of the town are opposed ......!!?....... 8 The concert hall was packed ..... W!U? ..... eager 1~J
the plan to demolish the historic building. fans.
2 Do you know where the idea originated 9 Can you pay .......~Y...... cheque here? z-1
....!!.<?.'!!..... ? ~
10 They don't accept cheques. You'll have to pay
3 The outlook .... J~~-··· ·· today's weather is grim. .......!~ ...... cash.
4 We've got a flat on the outskirts .. .....?!....... town.
5 Th e d ere I.1ct b u1·1d·1ng was overrun ...bY.....
I with
.... ....

l! 6
7
cockroaches.
How much do I owe you .... )'?L .... the coffee?
Owing .. .....~'?....... bad weather conditions, the
ship cannot leave port.

b Choose the correct preposition.

1 Unfortunately, three people perished in/ at the 6 As I was posing in/ for the photograph, the
fire. heavens opened and I got drenched.
2 Why do you persist in / on trying to change her 7 Every .day, Mary prays in/ to God for the stren j ;•
mind? to carry on. ·
....
3 They're extremely pessimistic for / about their 8 It's essential to take precautions against/ about
chances of winning the Cup. the house being flooded again. ;]

Il 4

5
She pleaded for/ with the judge to be merciful,
but she got five years.
Do you think there's any possibility of/ from
9 My daughter's smile is more precious to / for
than all the money in the world.
10 Alistair's performing for/ in his school play.
nii;j

them wanting to join us?

t
f.

B IDIOMS
a Match the idioms with their definitions.

1 look daggers at sb ...l ..

2 lie low ..9 ..
A make fun of
3 make a mountain out of a molehill ... !...
B make a lot of money
4 make a packet ...?. ..
C the more people, the better
5 mark my words .)?. ..
D pay careful attention to what I'm saying
6 marry in haste, repent at leisure .. J...
E work late into the night
7 jog one's memory ...It.
F average ,_ _)
8 mend one's ways .. f ...
G remain hidden
9 the more the merrier ...<;. ..
H make sb remember sth
10 take the mickey (out of) .. /A ..
I make a small problem seem more serious
middle-of-the-road ...f. .. , ....
J look angrily at sb l

burn the midnight oil ...; ..

K improve one's behaviour
L marry too quickly and you may regret it

1
U b Complete the sentences with one of the following idioms,
stick out a mile, run-of-the-mill, on one's mind, speak one's mind, a near miss, miss the boat, made of money,

• 1
on the spur of the moment, down in the mouth, get a move on, much of a muchness, as stubborn as a mule

He's .... ~~..~!!-!~~~~~.~.~.~.~':1. .~.... and can never

1 10 Your confession has been ........ ~r!.!!'!Y..'!!!~~ ....... .

• 2
be persuaded to change his mind.

I'm not ..........'!!.~~~.~!.~~~~Y. ....... so stop asking

for things.
11
......................... all day.

You should have sent your application earlier -

now you've ........ !!!!~~~~u~~..~.C?~! ......... .
3 She's not afraid to ..........~P.~~.~.!?~!.!!'!~1.1.9......... , 12 ......... ~~.~~.~~~.~.~~ .......... or we'll be late.
even though it can get her into trouble.
4 With her red hair, Karen will ....~l(C?.tRHt.fl..mt~~....
......................... when she's in India.
5 The two restaurants are ...'!!!-!~~.'?.~.~.!!!~~f:1.1!.~~~ ..
............ ; it's difficult to choose between them.
6 You've been looking a bit ... ~~~1!J'!..~~.~..'!!~!-!!~ ....
......................... recently. What's wrong?

7 It's not a particularly exciting book - fairly

......... .r.1.m~RMh~:tJJ.i!!.......... , in fact.
8 That was .......... :A!!~~!.!!!!~~............. We almost
hit that tree!
9 We didn't make any plans - it was all done
....<?.IJJIJ.~. ~P.~(. <?.UQ.~..'!!R!!'!'?.1J.L .. .

] . C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

:1 a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional

phrases below.
b Fill in on, of, off or in to complete the prepositional
phrases.
·· .in the name of, in the news, in the process of, 1 If I were ......~IJ...... your shoes, I'd report the
in the right, in two minds, in use matter to the authorities.

1 I'm .......... .i.'!..f.":'.'?..1!1.i!!~~ ............ about what to do. 2 He's been ..... ~~..... school with a cold for a few
The second-hand car's cheaper, but a new one days.
would be a better investment.
3 You're not ..... ~n ..... a diet again, are you?
2 I know where you recognise her from - she's
4 ..... J~ ..... view of the train strike, we'll have to
been ........... !l!)f:1.f!..'!.~~~.............. a lot lately.
postpone our trip to London.
3 The committee is ........ !~.~~~R.('?.~f!.~~.'?.~ ........
5 Your proposal is interesting. Please send it to us
making some fundamental changes to the way
...... !n ..... writing for further consideration.
they operate.
6 I was ..... ~~..... duty when the fire broke out, but
4 That old mine hasn't been ........... .!~.~~.~........... .
I still offered to help .
.................. for years.
7 Your problems are all ......<?.L ... your own making
5 'Stop, ..........~'!..~1!.~.!!~!!!~.'?.~ .......... the law!'
so don't try and hold the rest of us responsible.
,_j shouted the police officer.
8 He was raised .. ...'?.'!...... a farm so he knows all
,. .. ,._ 6 I don't care who is ............ ..itJJIJ.~JifJlJ.t.. ............. .
about cows.
Why don't you just shake hands and bury the
hatchet?

214

u
 D CORRECT OR INCORRECT?

a Tick the correct sentence(s).

, . '>
"u' :·~-: .

[1
,.

1 a He was born of a German father and an Italian mother. ✓

b He was born from a German father and an Italian mother.
c He was born of/ to an aristocratic family. ✓
I d He was born into a Christian family. ✓
f
l
2 a The guests who just arrived ... ✓ [arrived can only
i b The arrived guests .. .
c The newly-arrived guests ... ✓
be used as an
adjective with an

I adverb before it]

3 a They were discussing in the kitchen.

b They were talking in the kitchen. ✓ 7
j

E COLLOCATIONS J
a Tick the appropriate boxes.
flowers children a point a beard taxes
bring up ✓ ✓

raise ✓ ✓ ✓
I
grow ✓ ✓
l
]
b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.
n
nature, coffee, punishment, personality, soap, illness, handshake, criticism, winter, flavour, argument u
l weak: .'.1.~.t.l.!r.~..(:=:. !'!~!.~t<?.1J9)1..<?~ff~~.(:':'..1?!?!. ~{f~'.1.9),.... mild: .<?!?ff~~.(:=::..fJ.C?!. ~!f~t_1_9.ly. !!?.'!'!?~r.~~?1 .P.~TJ.i.~hm~.fJ.t.,~l

I .P.~!.~!?!'!~!!w. .cC?P.P.; .~!r~mg>.,. .~fm~~h?.~.E!.(.7..fJ!?t. (!(IJ.1),

.~!.9.l!m~TJ.~ .<.:=: .!'!9.( .C?!?'.1.¥!!'!~.irmJ ........................... .
.(<?PP.:.~~'!'~[~},. ~9.~P.. f.:=: .9.~TJ.~(~. ~n. th~ .~~!r:r),..... ·cJ
!!!r.~~~.<.7...TJ.C?.t..~~r!~~~),..C?r!t!~~~m. <:':'..TJ.C?.~ .~tr.C?'.1.9>,
.Vf.!TJ.~~r. .( :=::. n~t ~~X~(~>.,..f~~x~~~. <:':'..fJ.C?!. ~!r~r.g) .. J
rq

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ········ ~·.1
··················································· ·················u
......................................................................
,. 1

F PHRASAL VERBS
!';. . ]

1 go over examine I discuss sth very carefully 7 hold on endure a difficult situation until
d
2 go through search in order to find sth . help arrives
..,
3 grow on sb gradually become more attractive / 8 hold up 1 delay ,-

appealing to 2 rob at gunpoint

CJ

4 grow out of 1 become too big for (clothes, shoes, 9 iron out solve a problem by means of
etc.) discussion
2 stop doing sth as one becomes 10 join up a member of the armed forces._J
older 11 keep on at continually remind sb to do st!:l .
5 hand down give to / leave for a younger 12 keep up 1 maintain sth at a high level:,~Jt
generation 2 continue doing sth
6 hand out distribute

r1-
-------;U
a a Complete the following sentences with the correct
form of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page.
b NOMINAL FORMS. Fill in the correct nominal forms.

I handout, hold-up (x2) I

1 John has ........ 9!.<?.~f_l_.9.1:'L<?L ...... that coat.
0 2 After the bomb scare, customs officials
........~~!'!~.{Q.~9.~~Q.... ... .. everybody's bags.
1 I picked up an interesting ...........Q.?.1?.C!R~L ...... ..
at the exhibition .

J 3 The teacher told him to ............ .K~.£U?.HP. .......... .

the good work.
2 Guess what! I was in the bank this morning and
there was a .......... .l:1.9.~cf.-.l!P............. . It was really
scary.

• 4 We need to ............9.'?.~'!.~~ ..... ....... the details

again before making a decision. 3 Wh y aren 't we movm
. g?. Wh at' s th e ...............
··············· .. ?
hold-up .. .

~
5 Kevin Burton was seventeen when he ..i9.~IJ.£P.cf...
........ HP. ........ and he's now an officer.
6 I'm sorry I'm late. 1got ............1:1.f!!~!.~P. .............
n
u at the office.
7 Let's sit down and ........... ..i!.<?.rJ•.C?!-!L ......... this

] problem once and for all.

8 The rescue team hoped the men in the boat
could ........ .. .. ~9.~c;I_ .<?.'!.... ......... till they arrived.
J 9 When you were young, I had to ....~~~P..9.IJ..<!L.
......... .. ..... you to eat. Now I can't stop you!
q
-i
10 Eating rubbish like that won't help you to
a ............ ~~.~P..~P. ............ your strength.
:1 11l
The bank was ............ ~'!.~c!..L!P.............. y~sterday.
~J
12 These old stories have b~en .... ~~1!.~~.c!.~~Y'(.1!.....
..... .. ......... from generation to generatior:i.
J 13 ........... !"!~!?~.<?.'!.~ ........... these leaflets to any
passers-by.
'1
u 14 He'll eventually ..........g!.CJ.Vf..9.~t<?.L ....... sucking
his thumb.
~
J 15 ::; i~~~:.~r.;.:~;_t:);:.~~;.~~ ~:~• but I must
, ']- -i
i
~ WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
! choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
O 1 In our modern world, it is more important than
ever to get the best value for money .... ... with
5 Before making a major purchase, it always ... .. .. to
do some research into what's on the market.
fl
.·. the best service possible. @ pays B profits
U A incorporated @ combined 6 Book now in order to save yourself a lot of
2 Scientists believe they've stumbled on ...... . disappointment ...... . .
fl another important discovery. A finally @ later
U @yet B but 7 We're on a tight ... .... this month as I haven't done
- , 3 You've probably got a ...... . in your mind of your much overtime.
....'•
dream home. A finance @ budget
-~

@ picture B scene 8 Why don't we work .. ... .. exactly what it's going to
C" 4 Whatever kind of holiday you're interested in, cost before we start worrying about what to take?
it's our ....... to help you find it. @ out B up
A profession @ job

n
 Fill in the correct word.
persistent I stubborn extend / expand
1 Let's agree to disagree! You're just too 1 Our company is .......fi!~P.!!.'!!!!!1.9. ..... , so if you are
·······~·t·Lfk!?~r!? ....... to listen! looking for a job, it's a good time to apply.
P.ersistent
2 J o hn ·1s so .......................... ; he keeps nngmg
· · 2 The deadline for the project was .... ..J~~~r.H~9. ..... .
me all the time. by two weeks.
3 This new detergent is great for getting rid of 3 Children ., ...... ~~!!!'!~...... .. their vocabulary by
.......~.t.f!p!?~r!? ....... stains. listening to adults.
4 That ...... P.~~~~~~~~~ ...... noise is really getting on 4 There are plans to ....... ..":~~~.'J.c!......... the
my nerves. underground train lines to the suburbs.
stubborn= (of sb) determined not to change their mind e~end = increase in length or .duration, e.g. one's house, [l
or attitude and so refusing to co-operate; difficult to visa ·-j"
remove expand = increase in size, volume or amount (the population, ~-
persistent = strong willed, showing determination in a business) ·

.
.i
.- ... l
i
'
spite of opposition I difficulty; continuing for a long time
1
d
H DERIVATIVES
,j l a Compee
I t th e t abl e beow.
I
i,;.: i Verb Adjective ( + opposite if exists) Abstract Noun Concrete Noun
/i: ,v}·
1 isolate isolated, isolating isolation
........................ -
2 laugh laughing_: .. )€1.':19.~~~!~..... laughter, laugh -
3 (mis)lead (mis)leading lead, .. Jf#~~~r~.IJ.iP..... leader
•:- 4 lengthen long, lengthy, .. !~!?9.~~~.IJ!!!f!... length, lengthiness -
,-.:.• 5 light, lighten (un)lit, lighted light, lighting light, ...... Pfl!!!~r ......

:,
6 (dis)like .. ..(~Q){~~~~~~.... liking, (dis)like -
! 7 (dis)locate local, (dis)located (dis)location, locale, ...... !~~?.@(...... local

:} 8 - (il)logical logic ..... /'?fl!~~<!.'!......

9 loosen loose ... }~.'?.~~!1.~.~~ .... -
10 lose lost loss loser
.......................
''
;
.,'
./

.t b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.
1 The cottage is in an ........ !~<?.~i!.t.":~....... '. area. ISOLATE

2 His demands are ... .. ..l.~!-!9f:l.~.~.(~....... really. Why would we

compensate him when the accident was obviously his fault? LAUGH

3 Will you take the ........ /f!~?.!IJ.9......... role in the school play? LEAD

4 Although he was enjoying his life in London, he was

........ !~IJ.9.~1.1fJ......... to go back home. LONG

5 This big window really lets the .... ..... .J/9hL ........ in. LIGHTEN

6 I have a(n) ... ..... ..!~~!!?9. .......... for cream cakes; I just can't resist them.
7 Mark .... .. ~!~.1.~~~~~.~....... his shoulder and had to be taken to hospital. LOCATE k:_i

If you want to go into computer programming, you need to have a(n) ...... ... !~9.~'?f:!!. .. ...... mind. LOGIC ( I\
8
9 If you've got a ... .. ... .. !~~~.<#.......... tooth, pull it out.
10 Everyone says he's a .......... !~~~t .......... , but I think he can achieve something if he really tries.
 c FIii in the correct word each time.
1 ( (mis)judge, judgemental, (mis)judgement )
a Apparently, the accident was due to pilot ... ~~~j~~fl.~.'!!~~! ... .
b t don't mean to sound critical or .. .J':'.~~f!.'!!.~.'!!f:!!.... but I really think you ought to dress more modestly.

2 ( (un)kind, kindly, (un)kindness )

a I think it was ........ W1Jin~ ......... of you to say that he eats like a horse.
b W e are a I ·
ways t rea t ed w1·th sue h ... .... kindness
... ..... .. .. .. ...... .

3 ( know, knowledgeable, (un)known, knowledge)

a Remember his secret is only ... .... ..~~~W!! .... ..... to a few of us.
b Ask Tom , he is extremely ..~'!.C?.V!.~~.C!fJ~fl.'?.~f:... on the subject.

4 ( legalise, (il)legal, (il)legality, legislation )

a I've heard that the ........ !~9.i!-'!!Y. ........ of the contract is now in question.
b It ' s .... ... ..... .. .. ........ .. to d nn
illegal · k w h.lI e un d er age.

5 (lonely, lone, loneliness, loner )

a Not having many friends of his own , he is what is known as a bit of a ..... .. .. .1.C?!"!~~....... ... .
b I have a real fear of ....J<?.TJ~Ut:i.l!.~~ .. .... and I hate to be on my own.

6 ( (dis)loyal, (dis)loyalty, loyalist, loyally )

a He__ was given a knighthood as a reward for his ...... ..!9.Y.~!tY. ......... .
b They have ...... .. !9.Y.~!!Y. ......... supported their leader for over a decade now.

7 ( (mis)~~nage, (un)manageable, (mis)management, manager(ess) )

a The restaurant is under new ....IJJ.~r?fl.9.'i'.IJJ.~!H ... . .
b There is a(n) .. .l!!!!!!fl.Q.~fJ.~fl.'?.~~... amount of work to be done; we need to hire more staff,

8 ( manufacture, manufactured, manufacturer )

a This company is the country's largest furniture .. ..'!~fl.Q.':'.~~~t!-!r~~.... .
b We import foreign .. .m~n!-!f?.~.(I.Jt~.<!.... goods.

8
 Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
a Choose the correct answer.
1 The new government is making a concerted effort to ....... the gap between the rich and poor.
A stop narrow ® C fill D hollow
2 The introduction of robots into factories has made hundreds of .. .. ... workers redundant.
A manufacturing B hand C fabrication @ manual
3 The proposed new tram lines will ....... direct from the city centre to the suburbs.
@ run B lie C stretch D · travel
4 In the face of opposition, it takes a brave person to stand ... .... for his beliefs.
A by @ up C forward D out
5 Due to Mr Jenkin's sudden illness, I was asked to ....... the meeting.
A govern B officiate @ chair . D regulate

I
6 The cost of building ....... has risen drastically over the past five years.
@ materials B fittings C structures D substances
7 We shall ...... . a copy of your CV for our fi°les.
A refer B remain C revoke @ retain
8 As there was no longer any ...... . for it, the product was withdrawn from sale. ~ ;-':...... ,
A order @ call C interest D claim ~ -
9 It was a .... ... of luck that you were available when the position came up. ·

10
@
:
It h:s~~=n them all th~ t::~ct: ______ _on a n~m~~:~their bab~ roke
decide B conclude C assent D consent
~ "
st

<,,,-
I 11 Only as a last ....... did the lawyer put the defendant's daughter on the stand. ' ·
_,._: ,:_

A crisis B extreme @ resort D emergency

12 She had always ....... ambitions of becomin9:-?- famous dancer.
A carried B lodged (__SJ harboured D owned

b Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

AI pretence, pretension CI production, productivity
1 He got into the club under false .... .P.r.~f~!?f~~ ..... 1 The management is happy to announce an
- he said that he was an ex-serviceman . ·improvement ·1n ...................
productivitv ·
,,...... since th e
1
2 I have a very high regard for Wendy; she is the introduction of the new machinery. J
only board member who speaks w!thout 2 The rig's oil .....P.rn~H~({Q_l.1..... has decreased due to
..... P.r.f!t~n~.i.Qn.. ... . inclement weather conditions. J::- )
3 By the end of the evening, she had abandoned 3 If we d on 't ·improve our ............ ..... ..... ... meth o · · •
P,roduction
all ...... P.r.~f~r.~~....... of interest. this year, we will have to suffer the consequen ]s
11
4 My brother has .... P.!.f!!~/'!$.(9.'?~ .... of becoming a next year. U
famous footballer and we don't want to disillusion 4 Our employees know that wage increases go
him. according to levels of .... P.r!=!#~~(~1{!!Y......
[]
sj~---------"---~
proceed, precede D IL...._ _p_ro_p_o_s_a_l,_p_ro_p_o_s_it_io_n_~
1 Without further ado, they .....P.rnx~~.cf.~.cf..... 1 He h~s been made a very attractive ... P.(~P.~~((i.<fl...
towards the departure gate. by a nval company. U
2 The final decision was .... .P.t~~<t.cf.~.cf. ..... by weeks 2 T.iming is everything. If I were in your shoes, I w?~ld
of discussion. wait until tempers have cooled before submittilf
3 He ......P.r~x~cJ.f!.cf...... me in this particular post my .... .. P.t<?P..'?.~~L..... . .
and has since moved on to do greater things. 3 Could we meet for lunch tomorrow? I have a n
4 Having said that they had already eaten, they business .... P.ff:,P.R~mc;,.tJ..... I would like to put to :, .(>u.
.....P.r~x~~.cf.f!.cf..... to pick at our food. 4 She is so beautiful that she receives at least one
marriage ...... P.f~P.~~<!!.. .. ... every week . . l
rr~•"'·~~~:s~•; ·~--~~r~~~~--~~~~ t~-c~~;;~~~-~~-~ - i~i~~~~--
·- _..,-_,
. \,
1 I thought it would be good to spend the 5 When he walked in to find his two business partners

0 weekend camping in the forest, but Giles

dropped / poured cold water on the idea.
[show that you do not think sth is a good idea]
arguing, he tried to pour milk/ oil on troubled waters,
but to no avail. [try to calm down a situation]

u 2 You'll be in hot/ boiling water when Mum and

Dad find out you were sent out of class today.
{be in trouble]
6 She took to windsurfing like a fish / duck to water.
[be naturally good at sth]
7 I may have got into trouble with the police on one

Q 3 Your theory that we are all descended from

aliens simply does not hold / keep water.
or two occasions when I was a teenager, but as far
as I'm concerned, that's all water under/ below the
{does not seem reasonable) bridge. [sth that has happened and belongs in the

8 4 I felt like a fish / duck out of water at such a

formal dinner party, especially as I was dressed
past, so shouldn't be worried about now]

in jeans. [feel uncomfortable]

ad Fill in the correct expression.

0 for donkey's years, not in a month of Sundays, in due course, at the crack of dawn, at the eleventh hour

1 If you say that you like to get up 4 If you say that something will happen
.........~rnrn.9X{J.9/t~tc:t.{J.~IJ. ........ , you mean very ...... ....... .~1'_1..9.'-!.~.~~'!.~~~.......... ... , you mean it will
early in the morning. happen eventually.
2 If someone always does things 5 If you say that you have known somebody
........ !!!.!!?~.~~~X~1.1.~~..1J.<?!-!r......... , it means they .......... !<?r..C!!?r!~~X:~Y~~~~ ......... , you mean for a very
wait until the last minute. long time.
~l 3 If someone asks you to do something and you
U answer .. ..TJP.t.!r!.~ .'!!Pm.~.!?t.~~,:,_<;l,<!Y.~ .... , you
mean never.

~
U e Complete the sentences by adding the correct suffix g Fill in the correct word.
to the word given.
n A air, bed, front, breeze
lJ
n
1 You look exhausted. May I offer you some
t h
....~~. !.~.~ ..'!!.~.'!.t..... ? (refresh)
2 Watching my little sister doing clumsy,
1 A I'1g ht sea .......
very refreshing.
breeze ·. . bl owing,
........ .... was . w h.1ch was
;{I
,.-

2 The doctor advised I go to the coast for a while

:J ..... 9.('!.~~.~~-~~ ..... pirouettes at a ballet performance {~
as the sea ....... .<!!r........ would do me good .
can be quite embarrassing. (grace)
3 The hotel was situated on the sea .... ..tr~r!~...... ;
I
3 Sadly, .... J~~~~~!Y. ... .. .. of the money took
the perfect place to watch the sun set over the
priority over the hostages' safety. (recover)
water every evening.
4 They bought a couple of novels between them
4 There are a number of unusual creatures living
to relieve the .... ..l?.9!.~.cfRm .... ... of the long
journey. (bore) on the sea ... ....~-~.<!........

5 The fact that she had been crying was hardly B faring, going, green
..... n9.ttC.t::fl~l~....... (notice)
1 His eyes were an unusual sea- ..... fir.~~~ .... . .
flU Match the Latin words commonly used in English with
their meanings.
2 In those days, the islanders were, in the main,
a sea ... ..!<!r!~9. ..... people.
1 versus b
3 As a sea- ..... 9~Um ..... vessel, it was not suitable
k_ ) 2 vice versa C a free for navigating the narrow canal.
3 gratis a b against
:' ~

4 per annum d C in reverse order

d every year

2t j
 Part 4 Reading & Use of English
For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
4'1-~
~: It's All Relative J:;
. 1 You wake up to the alarm clock and press the 'snooze' for five more minutes' (1) ..... sleep. The alarm (2) ..... ~ fr·

off again. You are waiting for a bus on a hot Sunday afternoon in the middle of nowhere, there's not a (3) .....
df
F t
of shade. Compare five of the minutes in the latter case to those in the_ (4) ..... . That, you might say, is relativity.
Time is no longer the universal clock ticking behind the universe; now it is the fourth dimension, as ·;;,_
commonplace as height, width and length. d. .:~<
Still, you might argue the example of the alarm clock (5) .. ... the late bus is one of (6) ..... subjective time, and Le. ,-,

any observer would see the same five minutes pass. This, however, is making the old assumption of the ~ _!-,.
objective observer, the scientist, coolly (7) ..... figures in their notebook in a tiny, near-indecipherable hand.~
Lately this has been called more and more into (8) ...... Scientists have bad days too, and ones they wish would ~
end so they could go home and put their feet up. The five minutes might be all the more tortuous for them. 7~
LJ .

1 A restful @ beauty C health D refreshment

2 A ticks @ goes C rings D sounds
3 A morsel B pinch @scrap D speck
4 A previous B penultimate C last @former
5 ® versus B vice versa C gratis D per annum
6 @ purely B formerly C invariably D momentarily
7 A scribbling out@jotting down C noting up D writing on
8 A doubt @ question C uncertainty D possibility

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
space.
J
•· ~ ~ THE BERMUDA TRIANGLE
~!

-~ The Bermuda Triangle is an area of water located (1) ... ~~!~~~~ .....
.. ~ the islands of Bermuda and Puerto Rico and the coast of Florida at
.·1! Melbourne. It (2) .......99.~.L .... by other names too; the Devil's
~ Triangle and the Limbo of the Lost.
j
, , The legend, dating bac_k to the mid-nineteenth century, says that
wffl
. a '
this area of sea is notorious (3) ........ t~r......... ships going. missing,
.' •~ and since the invention of manned flights, planes too. In that
time, over fifty ships and twenty planes have disappeared, and
the strangest part is that not a trace of them, not even the
smallest trace, has (4) ....... .~Y.~t ....... been found.

Perhaps the most famous example of this was on December 5th, 1945, (5) .......":'.1:1.~.TJ....... five torpedo bombers O
,, •• •••

left a Fort Lauderdale air base on a routine training mission in good weather conditions. (6) ..... ~Q.~.~f! ...... as ~j -~
Flight 19, they headed Out (7) ....... !nt~ ........ the blue and vvere never heard from again. No distress signal or .
emergency call was madEl, ahd the seaplane sent out to search for. them ... also vanished (8) ..... ~!U?~~L. .. trace. - ' "T-
...
People attempting to ex~iain•:·away the high rate of loss polnt out that it is a huge stretch of ocean and makes
for every difficult sailing, but others darl<ly talk of giant squi'd, freak whirlpools and sea monsters 1,000 feet long! - : ,,.,
]-------
EXAM PRACTICE
7
J Part 5
ri You are going to read an extract from a novel. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think
-r fits best according to the text.
_ j

It is strange to think that the stuff we use to make mid-seventies, there was a glut in the diamond market
7 pencil lead, graphite, is the same as that of a sparkling and prices plunged, allowing Rhodes to buy up more
.;;J white diamond. Nonetheless, it is true. Both are pure claims cheaply. By 1891, his company, the De Beers
~ or near-pure carbon, graphite generally being found Consolidated Mines, owned both mines and
=i in sedimentary rock, where layers have built up over controlled world diamond production.
d the ages. Diamonds, however, require something that Having seen the danger of overproduction, Rhodes
cc'! lit~le bit extra. . . . . also set up the Diamond Syndicate, which aimed to
· ! Diamonds begm their hves deep under the ground, m control the selling of gems onto the world market and
d
- the area beneath the crust called the mantle, where keep prices artificially high. This type of cooperation
7 temperatures are so high even rock can melt and between companies which are meant to be in
j pressures are so great they can force rock this hot competition is known as a cartel, and one hundred
back into solid form. It is conditions as extreme as years later, the De Beers cartel still controlled eighty
7 these that are needed to create the hardest substance
Q
per cent of the world diamond trade, making it the
d we have yet discovered, used for the tips of drills to most successful cartel in modern times. Since the
pierce steal, and the edges of saws to cut other gems. 1990s, however, this has shown signs of slipping.
'::'.J3orn in a subterranean world, they only come to the Large-scale smuggling out of the Angolan diamond
~ urface through volcanic activity, and any material mines has affected prices, and proved impossible to
born of the surface has no chance against them. control. When prices fall, the resolve of members of a
.= lfhey are most priz~d, of course, not for their strength cartel tends to weaken; in 1996, the Western Australia
\_but for their beauty. Diamonds are the most precious Argyle diamond producers pulled out of the cartel
•. of precious stones due to their unparalleled ability to and began to trade on their own. 1997 brought a civil
/ 7hrow back the light they receive. When cut properly, war to the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has
L.A- diamond will sparkle as if lit from within; this is raged ever since. The fiercest fighting has been over
known as its 'fire'.
~ ~
the control of its productive diamond mines; whoever
:. f hey are also mudf sought-after because they are so controls these can trade gems for arms, and the
~Jcarce. The word 'diamond' comes from the ancient market has again and again been swamped with
_Qreek word 'adamas', meaning 'invincible', and the diamonds, so depressing prices.
_:frst definite reference to them is in a Roman text of 1 The De Beers cartel has overcome such problems
- AD. Until the 18th century, however, India was the before, and is still a very powerful force in the world
,qnly known source of diamonds, and then not in great of precious stones. On the horizon, however, is a far
_ ,uantities. The Spanish discovered them in Brazil in more dangerous threat, one that could spell its doom.
11?21, but again, the quantity of good gemstones was Synthetic diamonds were first produced commercially
J'i'>w, and today it is an exporter of industrial diamonds by the General Electric Company in 1955, but these
'[} the whole. were always tiny industrial diamonds for drills and th e
1~ 1866, a girl walking along the bank of the Orange like. Gemstone diam'onds were expensive to make and
J:.\.iver, on the De Beer farm in present-day South often flawed, and so easy to recognise as such. In
j frica, found a 'shiny stone'. It turned out to be a 1996, however, a large synthetic diamond was very
twenty-one-carat diamond; she had inadvertently nearly given a grade as a 'true' diamond; until the very
r' ;scovered the richest source of diamonds in the last stage, no one had recognised it as manufactured.
~ prld and begun a rush of prospectors to the farm, all If synthetic diamonds become indistinguishable from
dreaming of instant riches. Soon, ninety per cent of the real thing, the cartel is, of course, finished.
i ,' 'e diamonds being mined from the ground were Synthetic diamonds are made by subjecting the
<~iming from the two mines there, Kimberley and De poorer - and cheaper - cousin, graphite, to great heat
Beers. · and pressure; the common basis for these two widely
r-'ve years later, an Englishman called Cecil Rhodes different materials may have come back to haunt the
l .ught a stake in the De Beers mine. He came from a De Beers diamond cartel.
well-off family and his venture was successful. By the

-1 l
31 What is the implication about graphite in paragraph 1?
A It is identical to diamonds.
@ It is a common everyday material. 7
d
C It is made up of the same element as diamonds.
D It is not so pure as diamonds.

32 The main reason for the high value of diamonds is their

® brilliance..
B hardness.
C rarity.
D antiquity.

33 What was the significance of the 1866 find?

A It was the first time diamonds had been found in the British Empire.
B It was the largest diamond ever.
@ Diamonds were set to become muct, more numerous.
D South Africa was not yet born. []

34 What do we learn about cartels?

A They are dominated by one powerful company.
0
8 They are set up to protect the consumer.
C They are generally s_
hort-lived.
@They are created to ma~ipulate marl<et forces. El
u
35 What problem has the De Beers cartel faced over the years?
A improving synthetic diamonds
@ uncontrolled selling of gems
C wars over diamond mines
D loss of partners

36 What is the purpose of the last two paragraphs?

A to describe the progress in synthetic diamond production
@ to show that diamonds could soon ,plunge in value
C to demonstrate· that synthetic diamonds are not as valuable as 'true' ones
D to warn.that people.are -selling synthetic diamonds as 'true' ones

n
'- J

22
11-.
j Part 6
You are going to read an article about the possibility of interstellar travel. Seven paragraphs have been removed
fl from the text. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (37-43). There is one extra paragraph
~j which you do not need to use.

q
, ' fi

~i In many ways, we already live in the future. Robots Interest grew, and the more astronomers looked, the
exist, though they are not much like the more planets they seemed to find. It became clear
1 anthropomorphic androids presented in sci-fi. that the existence of planetary systems around stars
;;! People are living in space as we speak. Many o.f the was the rule rather than the exception, and surely -

a ideas of sci-fi writers in the past have become reality,

from personal stereos (Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit
451 , 1953) to cyberspace (William Gibson in
astronomers said - somewhere among them there
must be a habitable one, just a little reminiscent of
dear old Earth (so our colonists feel a little at home).
Neuromancer, 1984). The interstellar space travel
[1 depicted in Star Trek, Star Wars and the like is still, I 41 I F
however, light years away.
The conference scientists put forward the analogy of
G the Pacific islanders. The small Pacific islands can
only sustain a limited number of people, and when
1 These kinds of distances are a little beyond the one filled up, it was necessary for groups of young
d stretch of our imagination; let's just say you're not people to load canoes with livestock, seed and tools
going to be back in time for tea. But at the annual and head off into the blue to find a new one. Many
9
~'I
conference of the American Association for the doubtless perished in the attempt, but in the space of
d Advancement of Science this year, they discussed 400 years they had colonised every island from New
just that; hpw feasible it would be to get to the next Zealand to Hawaii and Easter Island, covering an
21
,,_l system :and beyond. area of ocean comparable in size to Africa .
._J

19
j3al a H

J On
. '
arrival
they might be a little disappointed, It would take an awfully long time to fill all of these
, 1 however;·Atpha Centauri is not actually one star but up. More of a push would be necessary - something
J three; a binary in the centre with a third orbiting them of the magnitude of the death of the sun. This won't
at a distance of 0.1 light years. Not the kind of thing happen for an estimated 5 billion years, so no rush
0
l to encourage planets, or at least the stable kind of there; what about an interplanetary collision ,
J planet necessary to sustain a colony. however? Or a virulent space virus? Something that
would mean the end of the solar system as a viable
"ll 39
il
I A
option for us.

But if - just if- this were achieved , where would they G

-11
:go? Where would they find the planets? This is the
J question that astronomers have been keen to And imagine, if you will, these children born and
-~ answer. One method is to look for a periodic raised in interstellar space, arriving at their
_;'wobble' in the orbit of stars, which would indicate destination and finding there a blue planet orbiting a
;;,Jthat a planet, invisible to telescopes, was revolving warm yellow star; like the dove that came back to the
_,around the star and affecting by its mass the star's Ark, an olive twig in its beak. And stepping onto solid
:.movement. The goal was to find planets that are ground again, tasting fresh water and feeling th~
1
- (relatively) nearby, of a temperature where water breeze touch their wondering young faces ...
. ,could be liquid and of a reasonable mass and orbital
;frequency .

. t 40 D

j
 ·n1 ,!

For that is the dream, and was also under serious E A better analogy, then, would be the great flood 'l
discussion at the conference. It would be (they in the Bible and Noah's Ark, humanity's only ::":1
reasoned) a far more complex undertaking, as it salvation and hope. Imagine tens or hundreds of
would involve enough people for a healthy gene huge space arks; sent out in all directions across n
pool (a minimum of eighty, according the the sea of space, heading towards a distant star j
scientists), material for building on arrival and a which they hope will be one day their children's
self-sufficiency in food . A much larger ship would children's Mount Ararat.
be needed, therefore, requiring a new energy
source (Nuclear fusion? Matter-antimatter
reactors? These are the kind of suggestions that F They would need to, because such an expedition .,
-,:'f- pop up with alarming regularity). would be one-way only for the voyagers. Also, it7
would be their great-great (and perhaps more)-'-
grandchildren who actually set foot on a new
B It was all very speculative. Just assuming we planet - if it turned out to be at all habitable. It is 7
could reach a respectable speed - say, thirty per not the most attractive of prospects and, liked
cent of the speed of light - it would be possible most great changes, would only take place in
to send out twenty-year-olds who would reach response to great need or necessity. ~
Alpha Centauri in their sixties or seventies. The
trip would be a little dull for them, but interesting
Big Brother- type viewing for us on Earth. G And not just metaphorically. The nearest star tf1
us is Alpha Centauri, a mere 4.3 light years off. /~j
light year is the layperson's way of measuring
C The problem for many is that such a move would distance in space - it is the distance you woulfl
involve a change in environment on such a scale travel if you moved at the speed of light (abOLJ
that adaption of the organism would be 300,000 km/sec) for a year.
necessary. After all, it will not be possible to find ~l
somewhere exactly like the Earth. The question J
is, what would happen on their return? Could we H So, what if the Earth became similarly
continue to call these people humans, to treat overpopulated? Ask the scientists .. Still, here it t
them as our own? The implications have troubled the solar system there are more realistJ
a number of scientists. objectives. The moon and Mars both contain
water (essential for creating oxygen, fuel and fi
course for drinking), as do some of the moons J·
D In 1996, a planet around three times the size of Jupiter and Saturn (three of which are bigger
Jupiter was discovered, orbiting 47 Ursae than Mercury and have atmospheres) . --~
Majoris (in the Great Bear constellation). On the
u
surface it was an estimated -90°C, but the
atmosphere was warm enough for liquid water.
Then came an 84 °C planet orbiting 70 Virginis,
and another revolving around Lelande 21185 -
the fourth closest star to our solar system.

LJ/

F 1
i
l:. j

I.:.. _;J

'J
2

-- - - - - - - - - - - - ~\11i-
 Part 7
You are going to read a text about eternal youth. For questions 44-53, choose from the sections A-F.

J Forever Young
A The dream of youth is as old as time, and people D But neither option is enough for some people. As
5 have gone to great lengths to preserve
themselves. It is said that Cleopatra bathed daily
Woody Allen said, 'I don't want to achieve
immortality through my work. I want to achieve
1
~
in milk to preserve the beauty two great Romans immortality by not dying.' Many people
fell in love with. Countess Erszebet Bathory of throughout history have felt the same way, and
Hungary was said to have drunk the blood of have striven to find a way to reach this most
~ hundreds of young women in the mistaken belief happy of goals. The Chinese thought the precious
:1 that it would keep her like them; it is from here, metal gold was the key, to be drunk down as dust
among other sources, that the legend of the in a liquid suspension. The alchemists, ancestors
J vampire came from. Indeed, literature abounds
with such stories; The Picture of Dorian Gray by
of present-day chemists, felt that since they
believed that base metals such as lead could
Oscar Wilde is one - it recounts the story of a become gold, so gold could be refined into the
beautiful young man who makes a deal so that his most precious material of all: the Philosopher's
portrait grows old instead of him. Stone, source of eternal youth.

JB It was not until the twentieth century that the E Today the search continues. People who are close
health care industry branched out into the to death even have the choice of cryonics; to
~
:::-:i
preservation of the body, producing the have their bodies or just their heads frozen solid,
efficacious, and most profitable arm of medicine to be thawed out once science has solved the
today. Treatments generally rely on plastic problems of disease and old age. And it is hard at
surgery of one sort or another; facelifts, tummy- work; the science of genetics is looking into the
tucks, liposuction and the like. Your local chemist possibility of there being some kind of trigger in
·9 will also testify that anti-wrinkle creams sell well, our chromosomes which tells our bodies to start
J and , pills containing vitamin boosts, hormones to slow down and wrinkle up. If it is found, the
and herbal concoctions can keep you looking theory goes, couldn't it be switched off?
good all the way to the end. Computer technology, too, is on the act. Once
the necessary level of complexity has been
'7c But there lies the problem. The average lifespan is reached, couldn't our personalities be simply
about 70 years, the maximum 120-odd. We don't
:J downloaded onto a hard drive, to live there in the
even rank at the top of the animal kingdom - machine for all time?
giant tortoises get up to 150 often enough, and
the giant clam 200 (though both have low-stress F There is a warning, however, in every tale and
lifestyles). So the quest of the ages has always myth of eternal life; that those who lose that fear
been for immortality as well as youth, and the or knowledge of death cease to be fully human.
traditional paths to this are two. The first is Dorian Gray lived for his pleasure and his needs
religion and either everlasting life after death or alone, no matter what suffering they caused. The
reincarnation. The other method is by way of vampire, of course, has eternal life (being
people's minds; the immortality of fame. As long undead), but preys on the living and is hunted by
,- , as people talk about you, you live; Shakespeare is them. The one thing we know for sure is that one
not called the Immortal Bard for nothing. To be day we will die. Is it not this knowledge that fills
"' gone from the minds of the collective us with the urge to create beyond ourselves,
unconscious is to truly die. leave something behind, whether in the form of
stories, inventions, children or whatever? And is
it not in these that our greatest achievements lie?
C 1

6
 In which section are the following mentioned? J
a belief that converting metallic substances could provide the key to everlasting
44 D
youth

those who attain eternal youth in literature pay for it with their humanity 45 F

medical procedures are effective in creating a youthful appearance 46 B

I the realisation of immortality through making your mark on history

individuals being preserved in the hope of medical breakthroughs resulting in

47

48
C

E
extending their lives

the prevalence of the preoccupation with immortality in written works 49 A

our mortal state inspiring us to great heights 50 F

how products which promise to retain youth are extremely lucrative 51 B q

i
d
not being content at the achievement of immortality through enduring fame 52 D q
'
:' I
u
the conviction that immortality is obtainable in the afterlife 53 C

.ti. Jl

,LJ

"'--_j

.•/···

l
,,.
rl
I1
227
(1 Part 1
u UNIT 11 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points
a Grammar

u A 1 QUESTION TAGS
1 QUESTION TAGS
2 SO/ NEITHER DO I

These are short phrases used at the end of a

3 WHO? WHAT? WHICH?

6 **Nowhere was really expensive, was it?

sentence when asking for agreement or confirmation. Nothing happened yesterday, did it?
Affirmative sentences take a negative-interrogative tag: He rarely does his homework, does he?
You're going to the concert tonight, aren't you? 7 There's a problem here, isn't there?
Negative sentences take an ordinary interrogative tag: a I'd better leave now, hadn't I?
You 're not going to the concert tonight, are you? 9 You'd rather go, wouldn't you?

COMPARE: 10 He used to eat a lot, didn't he?

John works hard, doesn'tlhe ?• [*everybody/ everyone, somebody/ someone,
[The tone of voice falls at the end of a question tag anybody / anyone, nobody / no one, require they in
when the speaker doesn'I real~ expect an answer.] the question tag]
John works hard, doesn 't he? [**with negative words, including rarely and seldom,
[The tone of voice rises at the end of a question tag we use an ordinary interrogative tag]
7 _w_h_e_n_a_n_a_n_s_w_e_r_to_th_e_q_u_e_s_ti_o_n_is_ex_p_e_c_te_d_.]_ __ NOTE: We often use the tag won't you? when making
:j polite suggestions or offers:
Note the following cases: Have a cup of tea, won't you?
1 Switch on the light, will/ won't you? Comment tags are different from question tags. They
Don't switch on the light, will you? express surprise, interest, sarcasm, etc. We use them
2 Let's I Let's not go fishing today, shall we? when we m 9 ke a guess, then ask if it's correct using
Let him use the truck on Tuesday, will you / an ordinary •interrogative tag.
won't you? This is your house, is it?
You're joining us, are you?
3 I am in trouble, aren't I?
4 You usually have a wonderful time there, don't NOTE: an affirmative sentence {often starting with

J you?
He .has a bath before going out, doesn't he?
Oh / So / Ah) also requires an ordinary interrogative
comment tag:
['have' as main verb] So, she lives abroad, does she?
5 *Everybody likes Tim, don't they? Oh, he will do it, will he?
Nobody I No one likes to be lonely, do they? Ah, we know them, do we?

-~ j,, 2 SO / NEITHER DO I
1 Affirmative additions to affirmative statements : What ... ? is usually used when there is an unlimited
so + auxiliary verb ·+ subject choice: What books have you read?
OR: subject + auxiliary + too Which ... ? is usually used when there is a limited
'I like golf.' 'So does my wife.' choice: Which of you knows the answer?
oR: 'My wife does too.' [NOT: VVho of ... ]
2 Negative additions to negative statements: With questions about people, however, which is
neither / nor + auxiliary verb + subject sometimes used , even when there are several
- 1
oR: subject + auxiliary + not + either possibilities:
'I don't like golf. ' 'Neither I Nor does my wife.' What I Which famous person do you most want to be?
OR: 'My wife doesn't either.'
ALSO: in contexts such as the following, either what or
[NOT: My wife doesn't too.]
which is possible:
What I Which airport does the plane leave
...
:3 WHO? WHAT? WHICH?
We use who, whose, whom in questions about
from?
What / Which part of the city do you live in?

~. .
people. COMPARE: What does she look like? (= Is she tall,
·1
.\f~. Who did this? attractive, etc.?)
Whose pullover is that? What is she like? ( = What sort of person /
' . '
Who(m) are you referring to? character is she?)
BUT: To whom are you referring?
t;j
:.1 .. .J [NOT: To WAG are you .. .]

·?'. ', ~.

2
 Choose the correct answer.
1 ....... of you can give me a hand with the 5 There isn't anybody waiting, ....... ?
decorating? .®
is there b is anybody
@ Which b Who
6 They have dinner early, ... .. .. ?
2 They seldom eat meat, ..... .. ? a haven't they @ don't they
@ do they b don 't they
7 I enjoy Italian food and ....... .
3 ....... leave, wouldn't you? @ so does my wife b does my wife too
@ You'd rather b You'd better
4 To .. ..... were you speaking earlier?
@ whom b who
8 'I don't like football. ' ' .... ... .'
a We don't too @ Nor do we d
:;:;1
·~ --T-H-E- 'C
_A_U
_S_A_T_IV_E_'U
_ S_E_ O
_F
- HA
_V_E_A
_N_D
_ G_
ET- - . . ····- ·- ·······-····-·-·•-··---•-·-·· •···•··· -······-·····-··-- · · · ··- - - -···-·· ··-·--··--··· · --j

The structure subject + have / (get) + object + past Other idiomatic uses of have and get:
participle is used to indicate that the subject employs
somebody (usually a professional) to do something
tor him / her.
i) The structure subject+ have + object + past
participle can be used to indicate accidents or
J
Present Simple
-
He has the van serviced.
Does he have the van serviced?
misfortune and replaces a passive structure.
He had I got his wrist broken in the fight. (= His wris;l
was broken ... ) d

-
He doesn't have the van serviced. They had their house broken into again. [Get cannot
Past Simple He had the van serviced. replace have here.] ~1ii
Did he have the van serviced? ii) In structures implying that the subject is partly a
He didn't have the van serviced. responsible for the action, even if the action is
Future Simple
- He will have the van serviced.
Will he have the van serviced?
accidental, only get is used.
I got my shoe caught in the hole. [Nor: J::½ae]
I got the curtains caught in the vacuum cleaner. [Nor:
!!"l
.j

-
He won 't have the van serviced.
Present Perfect He has had the van serviced.
Rae]
... , iii) have someone do something OR: get someone to d!J
,·
~

Has he had the van serviced?

something (= cause or ask somebody to do sth) ...

-
He hasn't had the van serviced.
Past Perfect I had the mechanic service my car.
He had had the van serviced.
Had he had the van serviced?
I got the mechanic to service my car. ~!
He hadn't had the van serviced. iv) have + object + present participle (= cause sb / st~.J
Present Cont.
-- He is having the van serviced.
to do sth)
Irene had us all dancing.

-
Imperative Have the van serviced. They will soon have your car going.
Modal verbs He must have the van serviced.

PRACTICE
Fill in the 'causative' have of the correct verb in the appropriate form. You will have to use 'get' in one sentence. n
heel, let, enlarge, catch, install, change, fill, not plaster, fence, cut

1 They must ...... ..~.~X~.~~cJ. ....... the locks ........~.Q

.~.TJ9~#........ after I left as my key doesn't fit the lock anymor• i ·
2 'When ........ .... cJ.~C!.. ... .... .. . you .. ....... .fJ.c!'!.~........... your air-conditioning .... .... {Q.~Y=!.!!~.C!........ ?' 'Last summer;J
3 They ... ...Q.~'!.~.IJJ. h~~ ...... the wall ....... P.!?.~.t.f!!.f!.c!....... , yet.
4 I .......~~.!'!?X!Q.9. ....... the photos ..:.... .~!?!~~9.~cJ. ........ . I'll phone you when they're ready. L.J

5 Just before he died, he ........... .~<!.'! ........... the whole estate .........!.£!!?~~~......... off so no one could get in. , ,
6 If you need .........~9..~.~Y.f!........'" your shoes ••H ••···h~~~f!~.. ~-- ····· , take them to the shop on the corner. ~ j
~
7 Don 't ... .........Y.~.t... .. ........ your skirt .... .... . P~~9.~~···· ····· in the door!
8 ... ........ .~!!~ ............ you .... ..J!~~'!.~~~ ...... .. the pond .. ....... .H!!~~ ........... in by the time we get back?
9 We must .... .... ...~.<!'!.'!......... ... a spare key .... ..... ... ~~L ...... .... as soon as possible. "'
10 This dress is too tight. I ...... ..!MUUJ.c!'!.L ...... it .. ...... ... .!~L .......... out tomorrow.
D ~~MILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples:
n 1 Someone is servicing my car tomorrow. 4 He asked me to tidy my room.
~J I am having my car serviced tomorrow. He had me tidy my room.
I am getting my car serviced tomorrow. He got me to tidy my room .
q My car is being serviced tomorrow. 5 My face was badly burnt in the sun .
:J 2 Your teeth still need checking, Tom. I got my face badly burnt in the sun.
You (still) haven't had your teeth checked, Tom. I had my face badly burnt in the sun.
1 You (still) haven't got your teeth checked, Tom. 6 I object to your paying someone to mow the lawn
• Your teeth haven't been checked yet, Tom. so often.
3 My sleeve was accidentally caught in the machine. I object to your paying to have the lawn mown so
j
..
L
I accidentally got my sleeve caught in the machine. often.

- PRACTICE
J Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
word given. You must use between three and eight words.
Wasn't your house repainted last year? 10 Don't take the photos to be developed today.
have have
Didn't you .............ry.~~~.Y.~'!.f.~9.'!.~.~.f!=:P.~~'!.t.~~--........... . Don't ......... h~Y.~Jh~.P.f:1.'?.~'?.U!~Y~!9.P.~c;l, ......... today.
~1 ........... ....... last year?
J 11 The tailor had made me a new suit for the
2 Someone is fixing my television today. wedding.
~ fixed make
~ I ...... !~!!?. t?~l(!~g_ L9.~.fJ!!?g. mYJ.~!~¥!~~<;>.'!.!!~~.cJ...... today. ~~~.!~~.~~H~r.!.h~~.IJ.~~.!h~.~~.i!~~.P.~~~.P.~ ..... ..
1 ........
a new suit for the wedding.
3 Don't have this fax sent yet.
n ask 12 I want these letters to be typed by five o'clock.
'',. Ji
Do .. .. ........ Q.9.~ .<!.~~ .<!.r?Y.~Q.'!..f.C?..~~Q.cJ. .~!)!~ /?.Y:............ yet. have
I'd .............. J~.~.f9..h?X~Jt1~~~.!~~~r~.!Y.P.(}.c;l, ............. .
I asked somebody to polish my shoes yesterday.
have by five o'clock.
I asked ..... .tR.h~V~.mY.~!1.9.~~.P.~U~!?~~L .... yesterday. 13 My boss demanded that I apologise to the
A friend permed· my hair for me. customer.
got had
My boss ................. ~~~.'!'.'.~.~P.'?.~'?,{/_i~~.~'?. ............... ..
1 ••••••••••••••••••••••• .!!.<?!. !!?Y. .~.~!r. P.~r!!?~~ .~.r. ..................... .
': 1 .............. the customer.
J a friend.
6 I'd love it if someone polished my nails for me. 14 Her arm was broken in the accident.
TI' l have broken
\

d I'd love .............. ..~C?..ry.~~'!..'!!Y..1!!!f!:>..P.<;>.1!:>.~f!.cJ............... .. She .... .. .......... ..9.<?.(llJ.c!~.t!~[.?Xr:r:i..~rCJ.~~[! ................ .

for me. in the accident.
r ·~
15 I'm going to have my garden landscaped .
. [ We'll have to arrange for someone to pick up the
.. J children from school for us.
is
_ have My garden ..... ............... !~.9.<?l'!9.!!?.k~ .....................
1 ......... ........ landscaped.
J We'll have to arrange .~9.!?~¥.~.m~.9.J:IH#r.~!?.P.!9.~~~.µ_p_ .
... . .. ... ...... .. .. from school.
You should have your hair cut soon.
d to
You ...... .'J.~~~.l.9.'!9.IJ.t..t.C?.!?~Y.~.Y.9.IJ.0:1,c#r..cM........ soon .
I hate him asking someone else to do his work for
.J him.
having
w
I hate him ... : ......... f:1.~X!IJ.9)f:1.~.!.!?!~..'«9.f~.«<?.rJ.~ ............ .
by someone else.

I,, •I
l~
 ·I.,·..·1•...··. .
L
Extra Transformations
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the,J
word given. You must use between three and eight words.
10 I'm certainly not going to clean up after you. ~
intention '- J!i
I ................. !?f!Y.f!. !!R. !,:i_{f!P.Pf:?!!. Rf. £~~.<!!![,:i_g_................. . 1

up after you. r11

. Di
11 I'm sick of listening to this radio station. !
fed n1
I'm ............ ....... .. J'?.c;I..L!P..W.((fJ.!!~('f!.rJ!n9 .. .. ...... .. ......... .fl:
to this radio station.

"·. 12 Talking to her is useless - she doesn't respond.

head ·.
9'
------~~......,.:.-=~.:..-...;;.JI!.""' ··· ·~ ~~..
We didn't succeed in winning the race. Talking to her is like .... ... ..R?.t:1.9.i!J9.Y.9.l!.~.Q.~.c!F!....... ..""'
failed
against
....... · k wa II .
..... .. .... a b nc ..Ji
'.'}:

We ............ ..... ..... ..... /?!!~~J9..W!n ............................ 13 Though it seems like a good idea, it'll all go wrong :
the race. and you know it. '7;
2 I'm hoping I won't have to pay for it.
failure d
get Though it seems like a good idea, it ..wm.C~!!J.f:U!9... '.
I'm hoping I ...'«!~~fl.~(~!1.r'?.f.P..c!Y.!':.9./.9.~!.~~~Y..".-:!!~ ..
............. !f!J<fl.i!!-!rn............. and you know it. ~1'
~ .;
.fJ.9.(P.1!Y.{fJ9. for it. 14 Did anyone respond to your advertisement?
......,
response ,
3 It is impossible for me to catch the early train.
possibility
Has .......... ...... mf!.~~
.~.~.~!?. ~QY.. r.~~.P..'?P.~~. !~ ................. J; 1:
your advertisement? '- i
There ........ .i.~.m~P.9~$.ikmtY.!-?f.QJY.[.m~..~~!9.IJ.ing ........ .
the early train . 15 Dancing has never been one of Jack's interests. 71\
4 Whatever I have to do, I'll get even with him.
interest ul
Jack .... ........ .'-1.<!~.1_1;~'-f~r. t!?.q_ !!.'!Y.l~.rJ. f!?t~f~$L.... ... .. . i
way
I'll get even with him ...............C?F!~.~<!Y..'?.( ....... .. .....
in dancing. [l:
........................... another. 16 I've decided that he's a con man.
.
qI
5 You have disappointed me yet again! cone Ius1on ""l!
let I've ······· ····· .. ·····~C?,'!).~.!f:?.!h~.£'?.T).~!~~.i.C?n................... J
that he's a con man.
You .... ....... .... ........~~X~.(~~.'!J.~.~~~'J........................
1
17 At the end of the day, my aunt bought me an ice 1
yet again!
cream. d
6 It was pointless to try to fix it so I threw it away.
treated
use
At the end of the day, my aunt .....~~~c!'.t.ft#.n?~.~9. .... .,-j
There ... ......... ... .. ..... ~~~.fJ.C?..'-!~f!..~,Yf!!9 ............. ... ..... .
......................... ...... ... .. an ice cream. -._ Ji
to fix it so I threw it away.
18 It's hard not to smile when she does her silly walkr 1!
7 I don't feel like doing this exercise.
mood *~ghl j
.in
I'm ............ ... nR.t. f!~U'-1..(fy.ft.m~~~ .t«?. .c/.9............... .
It's hard ............... .tRJf!.~P..~.~~~~_ig!J!.(~S~................. i
when she does her silly walk.
the exercise ..
8 Don't tell me the answer- it's coming to me!
tongue
The answer .. ....... ..{~. !?!'!. m~.
~iP...C?!. !!!Y..(<?PS.I!~ ....... .. ..
.................... - don't tell me!
9 I don't care what you do with the money.
matter
It ;............ ... ... .... ~R~$.'JJ!!!?.~f!.(.~'?..'!J.~ ........ .. ............ .
what you do with the money.
l~:; ~ --- ·- ···-•--··- ................. .. -..
•. , .......... - - - -- - -- --·-----···---·-~-
i11t
I .
.
k Advanced Language Points
~a Right or wrong? Correct where necessary.
,. i 1 A lot of demonstrations have been ma.mrthis 5 Crossing~t o , s a over er.
year. ................ ~.t~J:1.'t..\Y.?.~.~!~~~!!?9..!l.1.<U9.c!.C!.::: ............ ..
... have been held this ...
6 There is a lot of false money in circulation .
2 Once inside the door, the thieves took off their .......................::·..'?.C?.l.!f?r~!f~{tr!J.9.rJ~Y. :::.................... .
masks. 7 With four people off sick, we'll have to close the
✓
shop today .
3 She did nothing but to laugh . ........./.. ( ::=..?.~.'?f:!H~~. !.C?!-!r. P.~~P.{~..c!!.f!. ~ff.~('?.~. d ...... .
.......................::: .~~!~~')Jl..~.1-f!. !~1!.fl.~...................... . 8 On opening the window, I heard a funny noise in
4 The whole sum is required to be paid by the the garden .
end of the month . .......................................( .................................... .
.....X.~~. ~~~ /~9.'-!.~~f:.C!. !~.P.~Y .t.f?~. ~1!.C?!~. ~.'-!.'!!. ~Y. :::..... .
:1 ~
;,l

L7\ b What's the difference?

1a in case of .~.!t.~'?.'!'.~!N!?fl..1:i.?P.P.~!?~:.. !!!.f~~.~.~t. .... . b in the case of .. ::=..'?.C?.'!f~!!?{lJ.gjJ.'!9!'![#!!?9.-..Mf:!!WJ<!!! ..... .
ti!.~1. ~r.~~I_<, .~~.~. g!~~~. ~.f!.C!_ ~~!{~~!~ .~fJ.~. ~ !?.('!':........... . .!IJ.~..f!~?.T!l. #!-!~ .!9. }<!.'?~ .9.t<!.~!U!Y1. !?HUfJJJ:1.~. f~~.~. ~f. ....... .
.l?.~¥!#1. ~~Jc!!!~<!. .~IJ.~9.'!ElJ. !~?in~~~= .................. .-............ .
- .'
2a I propose going to the theatre this evening . ....... .. b I propose to go to the theatre this evening . ............. ...
~~~v.~.~~. ~~.fl~.~~.!~~ .~~.~.~~r.~. !~!~..~Y.~.r:i!!!fl: .......
. :=:=. .'.. .~. l. 1m~t_1_cJ. .~C?. 9.C?. !~. m~.!M~.tr.~. !!!!~ .~x~r:ilrJ9: ................ .
.................................................................................. Ii
·-~-----~--~--~------·----~-~--~-~~- --·-·•----'
,c Fill in the correct word(s).
buzz, mew / purr, bray, bark/ yelp, cackle, bleat, roar, neigh, croak, crow, growl, sing / twitter

1 bears ........... f!!.'?.V!.{ .......... . 5 cocks crow

............................... 9 hens cackle
·······························
2 bees buzz 6 dogs ..~~.(~. !. Y.~~I?. !. f!!.'?.V!.{ .. 10 horses ............r:i.~!~~ ...........
3 birds .......~ti!.~!..~~{~~.~ ..... . 7 donkeys ............ ~r~r. ............ 11 lambs bleat
...............................
4 cats ........'!!.~~ !. P..L!r!. ...... . 8 frogs croak
............................... 12 lions roar
...............................

~J
d Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form. . .
The pronunciation of -ough(t) is variable. ,
listen, do, set, key, break Give the correct pronunciation of the following words.
1 If you hadn't left your window open, they 1 thought 7 fought 13 drought
wouldn't have been able to ........~X~.<!!L ..... in. 2 sought 8 bought 14 borough
(= enter somewhere in order to steal sth)
3 rough 9 plough 15 cough
2 He says he's going to .,...... A9. .......... himself in. 4 wrought 10 enough 16 tough
( = kill himself) 5 ought 11 through 17 thorough
6 though 12 bough 18 nought
3 When all the data has been .......~~Y.'t.c!......... in,
give me a printout. [put / feed into a computer]

4 Mary loves to ...., ....@f~Q. ........ in to the breakfast

show on the local radio.
u (= listen to a particular show on the radio)
Isl ancient, conscious, ocean, official,
social, special, tissue
5 Before the cold weather ......... ~~J~......... in, /-Ju/ hole, pole, roll, role, toll
we'll have to repair the roof.
(= begin and ~eem likely to.continue or develop)
e Tick the correct answers.
1 Which of the following can be described as
rough?
a sea ✓ b day ✓
J
c mountains d ground ✓

2 Which of the following can be described as

smooth?
3
a manner ✓
c hair ✓
b flavour
d dress
✓

f Fill in sign or indication.

J
3 Which of the following can be described as
delicate? 1 That's a sure ......... ~~fl.'!. ......... that you're getting TI
a lace ✓ b ✓ old .
2 There was still no .....:....~!9.1} ...... ... of them. ~---
· me an approx1ma
3 Can you give indication . J
· te ........................
of the cost?
4 There was no .... .!1:1.'!.i.C?~!{~.1!. ..... that such a thing
might occur.
J
5 ~hat's what you call a(n) .. .... ... ~i.fJ.'!........ .. of the
times. ---
J
6 All the ... .!!!~!~?.~i~!'?~ ... . are that the deal will go q
ahead as planned. d

g Fill in the correct words.

, _do_w_n_o_n_,t_o_i_t,_b_a_c_k_o_n_,_ou_t_w_i_th_~-------------'1
r-------------1___w_ith_it_
1 When it comes down .... ..... )'!./t .......... , you 5 I' m sorry, I JUS to it .. ... ... . ~
· t never got roun d .................
have to study hard. [= in reality; in fact] [ = manage to find time to do sth] ,,, -
6 I was shocked when he came ...... .~l;'.t~{{Q... .. ... .
2 You'll never get away ..... ....."!.~~~./!.......... ! that statement.
[ = escape punishment for sth] [ = announce suddenly, unexpectedly, etc.]
3 We'll have to cut .~'!.~~.?.'!.!.:!~'('(.'!.~':. expenses 7 It's not at all hard; in fact there's nothing
this month. [ = reduce] ..........~~.!~ ............ .[= it's very easy]
, 1
4 Police intend to crack .. .. ....~~~~.'!.Q. ....... drug 8 It's not very nice to go .........~.?.'?~.!?!? .. ..... a promisE 'I
trafficking. [= enforce the law severely] [= fail to keep] ~1

.1

LJ
h Tick the items which can follow the word in capitals. How do you pronounce these words?
---IB•1~iid•1i - 1 financial /fa1'nrenJI/, /f1 'nrenJl/
a business : ✓ '. 2 flew /flu:/

temptation : ' [resist temptation] 3 foetus, fetus /'fi:t'Js/

4 forehead /'fond/ , /'hhed/
oneself ✓ ;
._____ _) :[=not allow oneself to
lose one's temper] 5 front /frAnt/
sb's mind
,-./'! [=have power over] 6 gauge / ge1d3/
.--
prices : ✓ : [=keep at a fixed level] 7 genealogy /d3i:m 'rel'Jd31/
8 Geneva /d31 'ni:v'J/
J Part 2 Language Development
A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

.. , a Complete the sentences with the correct preposition . b Choose the correct preposition in the sentences.
at, against, for, from, with, to, in, on, of 1 They're protesting about / for the government's
plans to cut down all the trees to make way for
1 It's wrong to be prejudiced ...~9~ltJ.~!.... people
the new motorway.
just because of the colour of their skin.
2 The new hotel provides a shoe-repair service
2 What did the doctor prescribe ..... JC?!. ...... your to I for its guests.
sore throat?
3 Stop prying into / on my personal life!
3 How many people were present ...... !!.t. ....... the
4 I consider myself fully qualified about / for the
reception?
job.
4 A ten-year-old was presented ......'I!.~~~ ..... an 5 What's more important? Your quality of / for life,
award for rescuing a drowning friend. or how much money you earn?
5 Fog prevented the plane ... J~'?.'!!...... taking off. 6 Victoria quarrelled with her brother over / for
6 Tracy takes great pride ....... !r! ....... her appearance their inheritance.
and goes to the hairdresser's every week. 7 It's normal for teenagers to rebel against/
towards everything their parents stand for.
7 I pride myself ... ....<HJ....... being a good judge of
character. 8 How did Alan react about / to the news that he
is going to be a father?
H 8 They're prohibited ... .Jrnm ..... hunting at this time
9 I hope you've got a very good reason to / for
of year.
selling all my jewellery!
9 He's prone ...... JR....... depression and sees a 10 People were queuing .!:!.Q / on outside Harrods
psychotherapist on a regular basis. waiting for it to open on the first day of its sale.
, 10 They asked for proof ....... ~!....... purchase when
··- ) I tried to return the sweater, but I'd thrown the
receipt away.

· •a Match the idioms with their definitions.

',
o,;i;.·
.
~
G
1 odds and ends
2 on the off chance E
1, A the easiest alternative
3 one and all H
_j 4 know your onions K
B tell sb all the facts
C without being offended
I A
5 a soft option D repeat sth without really understanding it
,;,,;i,,"j
w~,.,( 6 mind your P's and Q's F
E because of the slight possibility of sth
~ 7 packed like sardines J
ic; F be careful what you say / do
8 a pain in the neck

'
G small things; bits and pieces
;a 9 do sth parrot-fashion D
5! H everybody
110 Fl

~{ 11 peace of mind
in good part C
L
an annoying person
~
J crowded tightly together in a small place
12 put sb in the picture B
K be an expert on a subject
L freedom from anxiety or troubling thoughts
 b Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.
1 Sally fought tooth and nail to get custody of the
children.
9 My neighbour is such a Nosy Parker! He has to
know everything that's going on. someone who J
.. .............. ..... ..... f9.':'JJ.~.~ K~(Y. lJ!:!r#......................... . ....... w_;mt~.f9. .~n~m'..~~~.( .C?.t.lJ.'~r. P.~~P.{~..cmu!Rfr.9.... .. ..
2 She really stuck her neck out for the ex-convict when 10 Just hop on the horse and hold onto the reins. 1_J
she got him a job with the company she works at. There's nothing to it.
......J'?.'?~. ~ .~{~~.!~ .~'!.1P..!>.~/ .~~cf.~. ~!Y..(<!X~~(. (<?t ....... ...................·············.f.t.':-..'!.~~Y. .........................········ '1
j
3 John acts like he's got no money, but in fact he's 11 You want to know about my holiday? Well, in a
got quite a nest egg in the bank.
..................... !~~fl:'!..<!!!!~~~~.'?.~.~~~!!!~~ ....................
11
~~~~~~. . .'.i~..~~~.~.f.~~~~;;:~w~!.9~.... ............... .... .... g
4 Don't worry that he hasn't called . No news is good 12 The two horses were neck and neck as they
news, after all. not having any news means it's
.'!!.?.~~..1!~~~f. ~~!~~'?H..~~~.~?.~.~~PP.~.'!~~ ................... ~~~~~~~.~~~.~~~~~~'.;.~.~~;~9.~.~!..... . . . ..... ........... J
5 I slammed on the brakes in the nick of time.
....... }I!~!.!~. !~'!!.f:i.?.~!~~~. ~.t.~.?.~?.. ~<!.~. ~~PP..f!.'!~~ ...... . ]
6 Pete was convinced someone had stolen his
watch, but it had been under his nose all along .
..............t~f!.1!!.!!'!. t~~r!!. ~(. ~~'!!i. ~~~Y..!~.!~'!.cf.............. .
7 Don't turn your nose up at him because he works
in a factory. It's an honest job, after all.
....... ~~~ .~i.~~ .~.'?. !. ~~~ .~~!! :~. ~?.?.~ .~.'!~~~~ /'!.~.Y.?.I!......... .
;i 8 She's managed to keep her nose clean since 'l
__ J
1,it being released from prison. ., .
I; _···:··i············:······~t~Y:~'?.l!t.RfJr~mP.t'A .......................... «1_.,.-
~ ---·----- _________~-~,..,...~------~-.., -.-··
...-.,
,._

ft~,
t
•!·
C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional phrases below.
n
•: .
on a journey, on an island, on average, on behalf of, on business, on demand n
J
.,!

1 Robert's been living ..... ~~.~.r:iJ~!~.r!.C!...... since he 4 The nomads will be setting off ... .. .... .. ~~ .<!.........
left the Scottish mainland a year ago. long ........ .i.'?.L!r.'!.f:Y. ........ across the desert
tomorrow.
~ . 2 I'm making this request ..... .'?.'!..'?~~~H.<?.~ ..... my
..:·
brother. 5 She'll be in London ...... ~m.R~~ir.~~~ ..... all week . r 1
,,
I

Ila_ j
3 You'll be supplied with everything you need 6 I'd say twenty people, ......'?!!.fl.':'.~[f:!g~ ···· , attend
on demand the meetjng every week., .•
······· ······················ .
]
Match the prepositional phrases with their meanings .
=" i]
1 on display .JL I .

2 on fire .. P.. .. A working (of soldiers, fire fighters, etc.) I

B being shown
-1
3 on foot ...L u'
4 on leave .. .c;. .. C having time off from work
'"5 on loan ...f. .. D burning
6 on duty .. ~... E walking
F borrowed
. j
235
"" 1
II 'l
n D CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
Tick the correct sentence(s).

]1 a What colour is her eyes?

b What colour are her eyes? ✓
5 a We should make economy by employing
fewer people.
b We should make economies by employing
"'J 2 a I have committed myself to going. ✓
fewer people. ✓
} b I have committed myself to go.
c I am committed to going. ✓ 6 a I envy you your new car. ✓
-1 3 a She lost her consciousness.
b I envy you having a new car. ✓
c I envy you of your new car.
:; 1 b She lost consciousness. ✓
d I am envious of your new car. ✓
~ 4 a The performance was very appreciated.
J b The performance was very much appreciated. ✓

-~r-· •,- ~-- -- - · -·-· ---- ,. ----· ----~~·

:c A
E COLLOCATIONS
Tick the appropriate boxes.

power pride disappointment anger surprise spender

big ✓ ✓ ✓

great ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

7
~
" -i> Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.

stoma~h, day, set, figure, details, board, wreck, nonsense, moon, timetable, suitcase, life

full: .~.t.C?m~~.lJ..(<!PP..=.~mP.!Yh .<!!!Y. .( ::..~.l!~Y),. -~~! .. complete: .~~Y..(::. r!.IJ.<?!~)1.~'!.t..(::. rr_i_t!!. !J~mtQ.9. .r!J!~~!!m)z ...
~l .<:7..~m~ .tJ.C?.t.lJ!rm .111.~~~~TJg),..f!gw~. <.:=. P/'!mP.J, .~~!?J!~. (:7..~!!)1. '!!!f!.'*.(::. X~!Y. .t~~'!.r!,. !-!!!h~?.(t!!Y. ..
tJ
.?.'!.(<!!!~..( :=:. !!UJ.,..~.9.<!!'.cf.f::. !!'.~/'!1!!?9. .?/!....... . .~r. !-!P.~f!.t. );. !JR!!~'?.Q.~~. (:7..':'.f!..~!).,..l!t~. (::..?!!).. ......
nu
.- .'JJ.~~!~ :..~!. !! .h~*')1..'!!R~!?. (.7, .~h~!'?. m.C?R!!.
.~.fJ.C?r!/rJg),.!!m'?.t~.~!~.(.=:=..~~~Yl,..~.L!!tf?.~~ .....
n
,i j•
.<~P.P.~ .'!!!!P.M,. Ht~.(.7". }'!.(f!!.f!.~t!~g_ .~!!#. ~!-!~Y.i
....
.~.<!!!~tx!!'.g) ....................................... ....... .

] Fill in make or do .
1 ... ..'!!.<!k'!.. .... an arrangement 11 ... .. ..?.<?........ some damage

' .} 2 .. .. .'!!!!k'?.... .. demands on sb 12 .. ..... ........... a goo d 1mpress1on

make · ·

3 .... .. .<!.<?.... .... business with sb 13 .....tJ:1.<!~~ --- .. a living

~-~
4 .......<!.9........ a course of study 14 .....tJ:1.<!~~ ..... a change
5 ... ..'!!!!k'?. ..... a remark 15 ..... A~ ....... a job
6 .... .'!!!!k'!...... a claim 16 .....tJ:1.<!~~ ..... an estimate
7 .......<!.9........ some research 17 ....... ~~ ....... right

- J
8 .... .'!!!!k'!...... an offer 18 ... .. A<?........ sb justice
9 .......<!.9........ the bedroom ( = clean; tidy) 19 ..c!~.!.m?.~~.. a deal
10 .. .. .r!J!!k'!.. .. .. concessions (= allow sth to 20 .......~<?........ a dance
',
make a situation less difficult)
·.;-~, ·t ·
./ · {1
 PHRASAL VERBS

1 knock down 1 reduce in price

2 demolish
7 let off 1 not punish or punish lightly
2 excuse sb of doing sth
J
2 knock off finish work for the day 8 look up to respect n
3 knock out 1 knock unconscious 9 make away with run off with
-1
·..c.J
2 eliminate (from a competition) 10 make out 1 write (of a cheque, bill, etc.)
4 knock together make quickly 2 manage to see
3 understand
n
:..:..J
5 lean on rely on for support ~Ji
6 let down 1 disappoint 11 make up 1 invent (a story, lie, etc.)
2 deflate 2 put on cosmetics / make-up ff)
'-- I
3 lengthen (a garment) 12 make up for compensate fl
a Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs. j
1 If you ........ ~'!.<?.'?~.fi.'?.'«r! ........ the price of the car 17 We all need a friend to .. .. .... .... !~<!.'J..'?!! .... ...... .. in
by £100, I'll take it. times of need. rr
2 We .......... ~'J.<?.C?t'?.f!. ... ....... at five o'clock so I'll 18 I can 't .....................................
make out · ;j
w h at you ' re t ry1ng
meet you at ten past. to say. ri
3 It's such a disgrace they're ... ~~'?.~~!!"!9..~'?.~!'! ..... 19 Sue stood in front of the mirror ........~.~~~~.~....... d
the old church to make way for a car park. herself .......... .. .l!P............. •
.9
4 Nobody expected the boxing champion to be 20 The team got through to the semi-final - then =J
........~r!~9./f.<;#.~!-!L .... .. in the first round. they were .... ....~!!~~if.'!.cf.f?H~. ..... .. . t,

5 The teacher was furious when she saw they'd

........ )~(~8~!!............ her car tyres. _
6 David's_an honest, conscientious person -- the
type everyone ........ /QQK~J!P..fQ ......:.. .
7 '?.'! ............
I'll .... .... .. ...'!:~............. you ............ this
time, but don't ever let this happen again.
8 I'm afraid the bridesmaids' dresses are too
short so we'll have to have them
.......... !~f. 9.~W!L..... .. .. .
9 I never thought you'd ....... ... .!.~~ ............. me
....... .. .~'?.~r! .......... like this, James.
10 I think the home help .... .IJ:1.c!#~.?.Wfl.Y..~WJ...... the
silver!
11 I'll work over the weekend to
b NOMINAL FORMS. Fill in the correct nominal fori'tt.;
.......'!!.c!~~..~P..!.<?r. ......... having Monday off.
knockout, layout, let-down, make-up
12 Who should the cheque be .. ... !!!~fl.~..<?.l!.t..... to?
~)
13 I'll ..... .......~'!.~............ you .. ..... .... ..<?.f!............ the 1 It was a big ...... )f!.~-.~.<?.V!.1:1......... to learn I hadn't
washing-up if you promise to do the ironing. got the job. [= disappointment]
14 I could hardly ... .......'!J.c*~.'?.'-!.t.. ........ who it was Jar.out -. ..J ..
2 I,ve b een wor k.mg aII d ay on th e .... .. ............
in the darkness. of the front cover.[= design]

15 Don't .......... ~.~~t~.P............. any excuses! Just 3 My mother never encouraged me to wear mt~jh
admit you were too lazy to do it. ........ ~~.~~:!-!P. ........ . [= cosmetics]
' • • h ss knockotl -
,
16 My mother ........~n~~~~.C!}~g~!~~.~ ....... a meal in 4 Th e sc hooI s organising a c e .. .. .... .. .. .... ... •..
1
a matter of minutes. -, tournament next week.[= competition where '-
· players are eliminated if they lose a round.]

2,
0
ifl""i t•t H( 'T ~·-._·•z1;; ·-r;c·Kt -. Si
G WORDS EASILY CONi=USED
·' · .,. t " ·r~~· ·· · · ' ··

a Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.

0 1 She's only telling you what to eat because she

is concerned ....... your health.
5 When booking a cheap last-minute holiday, bear
.... ,.. mind that you're not likely to be staying in
~ about b of the most luxurious hotel in the resort.
[] 2 Smaller, more modern houses, are generally
a on ® in
easier to maintain, but older ones often have 6 The police managed to ...... . the stolen jewellery.
more ....... . a regain @ recover
@ space b accommodation
7 I dropped ....... on an old friend at the weekend,
3 Did you make a(n) .. ..... of his address? but she was very annoyed that I hadn't

B 4
a observation @ note
When he said he'd been employed at the
telephoned first.
@in b off

·1 university, he ....... to mention that he meant as 8 The town of Windsor is best ...... . for its great

) a caretaker not a lecturer.

@ neglected b ignored
castle, which is visible from miles away.
a famed @ known
J
g 1 be concerned about: be
worried about
5 there 's no such phrase as 'bear
on mind'
NOTE: the only time 'of' is used BUT: It's on my mind. (= I can't
with concern is: stop thinking about it)
It's no concern of yours: ( = It's bear in mind: remember
none of your business.) 6 regain: get sth back again
concern oneself with I about I regain one's health I
in(= interest oneself in) confidence
4 neglected to mention: forgot to recover: get sth back again
mention (probably on purpose) recover one's losses ( = get
neglect a child ( = fail to look back money one's lost)
after properly) NOTE: the police can recover sth
ignored: took no notice of stolen, but cannot regain it
He was ignorant of the fact 8 famed: famous for; we/I-known
that(= he didn't know) Venice is famed for its canals.
He ignored the fact that(= he known: renowned
knew sth but chose not to
take any notice of it)
n
"- .l

--- .,. · ····~ -- · •. , . ,:,•, · . .-,,. ,--., •........ ' • ••• ·- -- --- '<• '-• "· -- •

... ,
b Fill in the correct word .
•- "1

u rumour / reputation
1 The scandal totally ruined the minister's
agitated I shaken
agitated
1 H er .......................... ·
manner 1mme d',ate Iy d rew
..... !.~P.~!~~~<?.'!...... . the attention of the police.
0 2 He's got a .... . ....
talk to him.
.. .. .. .. ... ...... for .f a,rness,
reputation . . go an d shaken ft
2 Th e passengers were very .................. ... .. .. . a er
they narrowly-avoided mid-air collision.

u 3 I heard a ........~'!.1!!.?.'!t ....... that you were getting

married.
4 Someone's been spreading the ..... J!-!!!!~~r. .......
3 His confidence was badly ........~~~~!7r! ........ by the
thrashing he received from the champion.
agitated J . h
4 Th e news c Iear Iy .......................... poor ones, e
rl
u that you 're going to be fired.
rumour = a story or piece of gossip circulating about sb,
couldn't keep still and smoked furiously .
agitated = not at ease; showing signs of nervous tension
'.,_ l. which may or may not be fact in one's behaviour
iJ reputation = how sb is thought of by people; the fact of shaken = shocked by an event and not so acting or
being known thinking rationally
DERIVATIVES

1 marry (un)married , .m~rr!~9.'?.?!?!~. marriage

meaning, meaningfulness,
2 mean meaningless, .. .1!!.~~i:i.[r:i.<;J.~'!!.. . meaninglessness
measure (im) measurable measure
4 memorise (un) memorable memory memorial
······················
5 need needless, needful, .......r:i.E:.~.cfY. .. ... . need
6 (dis)obey (dis)obedient
observable , (un)observed ,
7 observe observation observer, observatory
....9.t?~~i:':'.<!m....
8 originate (un)original origin , .... 9.@(fJ_c!litY... . originator
9 own ownership owner
······················
perfect (im)perfect, perfectible, perfectibility, perfectionism , perfectionist
perfectness .<!m).P.~ctE:.C?.t!~r.
.., ,, .....,._, .:,,:.. , , • . ·-, . .~: ., .,. ••. ".; - J, ·:.'·. ,,-~ t,.•'i:~.~.,, .., . ~•..-_:,.,.h.;......... . ,.•. • ,.,:,. . ~.--> .-• ~· - -. . • .. 1:\:-,..'~ .. .,, J,' < ~- , c;.,.: ,. ;-~·., • .:•#~·•, •·.; _.>'·.•. · " - . ,, • • • •:-; • >r .. ~-- ... -~ .-;,,,. ,. - ., :1', -~~~'.'/-., . .,.,. __ r.,:,-_, _

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.

1 S.,nee she has reac hed .. marriaaeable

.. ........ >! ... .. ... . .. age, her parents can have 1·1ttIe say m
· her ch01ce
· ot spouse. MARRY

2 We had a very ... .m~<!.IJ!r.g(!-1.t ... conversation about our relationship and understand each other MEAN
better now.

3 .d ....immeasurable
Th e scan daI d 1 .... .. .. ... ..... .. ... damage t o th e po 11
·t·1c1an
· ' s repu t at·10n. MEASURE

4 A(n) ......'!?~!!!.~(!<!_/...... service was held exactly a year after the tragedy. MEMORISE

5 I try to do what I can for those who are ...... ..').'?.'?.cfY. .... .... . NEED

6 · h ed f or h.1s ..................
H e was purns disobedience .... ... . OBEY

7 We've got an invitation to visit an .... 9.~~.~rx~.(9.'Y.... one night to have a better look at the stars. OBSERVE

8 ·
Can you beheve he has a (n) .. ........ . ....... ... ... Rem b ran dt hang1ng
original . .in h.1s I'1v1ng
. room.? ORIGIN

9 Who's the proud ...... .. ~~!'!~~.... .... of the brand-new motorbike parked in the drive? OWN

10 If there's even the slightest .. .!'!'.P..~!!.~.~!!'?.r:i. ... in the material , send it back to the suppliers . PERFECT
7
I ,,
c Fill in the correct word each time.
,_J
1 medicate, medical, medication, medicine
a The locaI hospt·taI was overrun wt·th ea rth quake vtc
. t·Ims see k.ing urgent ..........................
medical attent·10n.
b It's not advisable to take .....'!'.~~!~~.~i.9.'!..... on an empty stomach.

2 ( mercy, (un)merciful, merciless )

a All the captives could do was get down on their knees and beg for ...... .. .'!!.~r~Y. ........ .
i i b The family asked the kidnappers to be .... ... ~~(~i.~l!!....... to their daughter.
'..:. , .
3 ( motivate, (un)motivated, motivational, motivation )
a What every employer needs is a staff of highly .. .. ..'!!.?!!~~.t.':~... ... employees.
b Money, as we all know, is the most important .. ..~':'.~~':~~{<?.1!.c!! .... factor. -

~--l
4 ( move , (im)movable, moving, movement )
a The young man ran to try and catch up with the ...... ..'!!R'f.i.TJ9........ vehicle.
b Although she agreed to most of the issues we brought up, on the last one, however, she was
... )'!'.'!!r:?Y.c!.l?!~ ..... .

5 ( nervous, nervousness, nerve )

g a I lost my .... .. ...~~.IX~ ......... at the last moment and refused to get on the roller coaster. -
b I smiled at her warmly to try and hide my .. ..1!.':!Y~':'.~!?~~~.... .

6 ( perform, performing, performance, performer )

a Admittedly, his last ... P.'!.rf.9.~'!J.c!r!~~.... was not up to scratch.
b The government should subsidise the .... .P.~i:f~~rr'/1:19..... arts.

7 ( persuade, persuasive, persuasion, persuasiveness )

a It's his ..f:>.~!.~!-!~~.iY.~'Y.~~~.. that I admire; he never gives up.

7 b You should use your powers of .....P.~(~l!.c!~~9.'!..... to get him to sign the contract.
._ j

8 ( (dis)please, (dis)pleased, (dis)pleasure )

a The teacher showed her ....~!~P..1.~~~.l!!.~..... by ripping up his exam paper in front of the class.
b Try as he might, he could never ........P.(~~~~.. .... ... his mother.
Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
' J
'

a Choose the correct answer.

1 To stop Mark getting bored, Mother sent him on a(n) ....... .
A task B mission @ errand D service
2 You should ....... someone in authority if you are going to be away.
®
notify B certify C acquaint D report
3 I hope you realise that you will be ... ... . responsible for your actions should you get caught. n
t:_j
A brought B taken C carried @ held
4 Although he has been teaching ·tor over twenty years, he is still ....... to new ideas.
A eager B keen © open D enthusiastic
5 It was ....... plain to the new employees that they should -be polite to the customers
© ~
.

A put B stated made D explained b

6 As the card was too big to fit inside the envelope, Wendy decided to ....... it down a little.
A chop @ trim C hack D slice J
7 I wrote down the names of all the places that I had ever been to in order to ....... his memory, but to no avail.
A raise B force C arouse @ jog
8 Few readers understand his writing, .. ..... approve of it.
@ let alone B none the less C and yet D nevertheless ,
9 I want to buy a car to ....... increased mobility.
A receive B accept C require @acquire
The old house was ....... of all the furniture before the builders went in.
A extracted @ stripped C deprived D excluded
Mr Miles had absolutely no ....... in his new secretary.
A esteem B regard © confidence D respect
So enthusiastically did audiences react to her performances that she felt
....... on to even greater achievements.
A provoked B induced spurred © D incited

Fill in the correct word.

Al~__b_l_ou_s_e_,_s_w_e_at_e_r,_c_a_rd_i_g_a_n_~ C I even if, even though, even when

~-J
1 Emma bought a lovely silk ....... !?!!?H$.1?......... to 1 .. .. JY~~.!~~~9.IJ...... he is known to be a bit of a
wear with her new suit. perfectionist, I can't help but like him. :-]
2 It was quite warm, so she didn't bother to button 2 ...... ~'f.~n.w.lJ.~n....... they are in the company of iJ
up her ......<?.~r.cf_;g~!'!.. ..... . strangers, they still tend to argue a lot.
3 They were advised to bring at least one thick 3 ........ .~Y.~!!.!!.......... she apologises to me in persoU
sweater
.......................... w1·th th em on th e t np
· ·in case I shall ignore her completely. ·
the weather turned cold.
~
Bl'---------------'
desk, office, study D IL____ _g_ro_w_u_p_,g_r_o_w_,_ra_i_se_ ____,
1 It' s t·mng
. sr·tt·mg at a ..........................
desk aII d ay. 1 Why don't you let your hair ..........9.t~W......... so yf!.i
2 My father loves to retire to his ......... ~~'!.~Y......... .

3
to read his newspaper.
Is your .........CJ.ff.(<;~ ......... close to the railway
can tie it up during the summer?
2 How did you manage to ......... X<!/~~ ......... four
beautiful children on your own? .
•·
-U

station, by any chance? 3 Isn't it a shame the way young people are force
to ....... gr!?W..l!P........ so quickly these days? . LJ
; l
----------1 ~-
 -1_"
I' --
!c Match the idioms with eye with their definitions. d Now fill in the correct idiom.

d 1 I had never ............<;f!lPP.~.cf..<!Y.fj!_~.Rr! .........•.. hirn

1 all eyes are on somebody
until you introduced us the other day.
2 do something with your eyes shut b
2 Look, you only have yourself to blame; you
3 keep your eyes glued to something a
...........1:'.~Q.\_l.f!.t.f!........... it ...":'.!\~. Y.CJ!1~.~¥.~~. (le.'!.'!.. .
4 go into something with your eyes open e
3 ...... ~"~.P..YCl!!f."Y.e1;.f1.(u.i:i.d.tCJ...... the suitcases in
f" 5 clap eyes on somebody ...~... case somebody tries to take them.

a watch something very carefully 4 ........... Al! .f!Y."~. .V!'.'!.('!..o.f!............ Jennifer

yesterday as she starred in her school play.
b do something easiiy, due to
having had a lot of practice 5 She has cooked that dish so often she can
.......d_o..it. w_(t_l!..h.er.~r.e.s.~h.u.~ ...... now.
c see somebody, possibly for
the first time
d somebody is receiving a lot of
attention

e do something kno'vving there

might be problems

e Fill in the correct phrase.

\
in the course of, as a matter of course, on course for, run its course, stay the course

1 If you have t o wn·1e cinema

· ·
reviews, as a matter of course
................................................ , you must s1·1 th roug h a Iot of 1·1I ms.

·t 2 The auction house was ................ CJ~.~.'?.u.~~~_fCJ~............ a major profit until the buyer pulled out.

r1
<.."j,
3 W e st a rt ed a ".ery
" in the course of
·int erest·1ng conversa1·10n, ................................................

4 I doubt whether Peter would ............ ~!'.1X.!~':.~'?.u.~~': .............

w h.1ch I Jearnt of h.1s art co JI ect·10n.

; he always backs down from a challenge.

5 It seems as though the demand for Chinese vases has ..............~'!.f!.!!~.c.c_i.ur.~': .............. .

Fill in the correct form of the word given. g Fill in the correct word.
1 Jemma came up against a lot of untimely, timeless, timing, time-worn
pursuit
[ ·
b arners ·1n her ............................
unusual works of art.
o1 PURSUE
1 Despite his efforts to improve it, the dining room
table still looked old and .. ,....tif!1":~.C!f.1I....... .
2 The visitors tried ta follow the
2 If he gets his ........ Ji!!'!fl.9. ......... right, he may
presentation of the exhibits in the
be lucky enough to get her autograph.
catalogue, but the ...... ~!1'.'.'.'?.~!.i.'!f!..... . NUMBER
untime/y·
3 Due t o h.1s .. .. ........ · I, we were
...... ........ arnva
was all wrong.
unable to finish painting the scenery.
3 As an art historian, he wrote an
4 I particularly like the ........!irn.~!':s.~........ appeal
excellent .......~':~~~~.'!.':.~....... book on REFER
of his work.
the works of fifteenth-century artists.

!: 4 She tries to be very ······~il'l(),n.~!i~...... DIPLOMAT

L when dealing with difficult customers .
..j
f ---------------------------------------·
.2,,,,
 Reading & Use of English
You are going to read an extract about an auction, two sentences of which have been removed. Read the text and
decide which two gaps (1-4) the sentences have been removed from.

Auction House Brochure

We are very proud to present you with our list for the first auction of the year, one which
attempts (as will later ones) to pursue a theme that will allow you, the discerning collector, to
gather together a number of related objects d'art, or simply to enjoy taking a short walk with
us through the high culture of a particuiar era.
(1) ..... /! ....... It was the age that produced perhaps the greatest Chinese poet, Li Po (said to
have died by drowning when trying to kiss the reflection of the moon). (2) ................ It was also
a time when sculpture and pottery flourished and a new kind of ceramic, porcelain, emerged.
(3) ............... Thus it is that we can offer for your critical eye fifty-two pieces of Tang pottery,
collected over the course of twenty years by the late Sir Malcolm Hawthorne while he served
as British dlp!omat to China unti! 1929. {4) .......f:l...... .

A Our first auction focuses on China, and specifically the Tang

dynasty, which took· over from the Sui dynasty in 618 AD
and is often referred to as China's 'golden age'.
B Each piece is in wonderful condition and represents the
best the age had to offer; scenes from everyday life
dominate the collection - charming and created with a
marvellous eye for detail.

b Now answer the following questions.

1 Which of these words is used in order to flatter the reader?
@ discerning
B high culture
C greatest
D marvellous
2 The sculpture of the Tang dynasty was special because
A it was the Chinese golden age.
B common people were depicted.
C many new techniques were developed.
@ there was enormous output of high quality work

243
 Part 1
EXAM PRACTICE 11------
For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Investing in Shares?
You work hard for your money, so why shouldn't it work hard for you? To achieve this, you
may want to consider shares as your investment plan. Shares are the smart investor's
choice. These days, though, it's not just the (1) ... spenders who have access to the stock
market - everyone can join (2) .... If you haven't (3) ... it before, now is the time to give it
serious thought because it's one of the best ways in the (4) ... run to make your money grow
and to (5) ... inflation. If you invest in shares, you own a stake in the company. That means
your money is (6) ... in two ways. First of all, if the company makes a profit, you get a share
of it in the form of what's (7) ... known as dividend. Secondly, if the company is well-
managed and (8) ... weii, its shares will become more valuable, so you could sell yours for
more than you paid for them. The result? More capital. So, think carefully about your money
I and the world's your oyster!

1 @big B large C huge D enormous

2 A up B out @in D over

3 A contemplated B considered C made @given

4. A general B extensive C wide @long
5 A defeat @ beat C hit D win

6 A developing B establishing C labouring @working

7· A considerably @ commonly C greatly D familiarly
8;' ·• A stride @run C pace D step

\I • Part 2 •
! "For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
space.

Caligula
The Emperor Gaius is better known as Caligula - a name (9) .......... 9/Yf!!l.. ......... to him in childhood
r·
(10) ........ k!lr:.~.I!.~~ ........ of the little soldiers' boots he (11) .......... W.<?.l!/~ .......... often wear.

The son of Germanicus and the great-grandson of both Augustus and Mark Anthony, he was almost
twenty-five (12) .......... "!.IJ.~.'!........... he became emperor of Rome in AD 37 and he lost little time in doing
away with anyone he felt may pose a threat to his reign. His victims included the young Tiberius
Gemellus (13) ........... "!./-Jg............ had actually been named coheir in the will of the previous emperor.

(14) ........ .P.~.~P.!!!'. ........ these precautions, however, his reign was short-Jived. !n fact, within lour years
Caligula, his fourth wife and young daughter all lay dead in the palace. His brief reign had been
characterised by mental and emotional instability, cruelty and fantasies of divinity. The murder was
not actually part of a plan to seize power for a successor, but in January AD 41, his uncle, Claudius,
became the new ruler. Before he (15) ........... "!.~~ ............ rather reluctantly forced to assume power,
Claudius had lived a quiet life, occupying (16) .........1-Ji!!!~~_I!. ......... with the study of Roman history.

,·
I~
 Part 3
For questi~ns 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
word that fits in the space in the same line. '
J

Media Studies
At St James College, the (17) ........... !".ai'!!.i.lY. ............ of courses centre around media, MAJOR
commurnca comnrehensive
· 1·10n an d me d.1a pro d uct·ions. All courses prov1·d ea· (18) ············"····················· COMPREHEND
study of communication and media businesses. There are also strong practical
and academic dimensions. Students acquire various hands-on skills and also develop
a (19) ............ !<f/!(9.~/............. approach to their subjects. Access to high quality, modern CRITIC
equipment allows students to reach very high standards in all subjects. ·

Those wishing to attend the college should have a good educational record and a
proven involvement in media-related activities such as school publications, drama
groups, camera clubs, band (20) ........ !!!~f}).f?.'!!.~!?!P. ........ or relevant work experience. MEMBER

Since demand for places is high, a portfolio of work is essential. The portfolio should
contain, whenever possible, photos, artwork and creative writing. Audio or video work,
though not compulsory, will also be accepted. Entry is also based on an interview.

(21) ........ P.[.'!9[.f!~~!Ri! ......... to degree courses is quite straightforward. After completing PROGRESS

the third year of a media production course, students are entitled to transfer to the
final year of a degree-awarding course in a number of European universities.
Many students have availed of this opportunity in past years and have been the
(22) ..........~'.'.'?!P.!e.n.!~........... of top honours degrees. Cases of unsuccessful students RECEIVE

have been few and far between and those with learning (23) ..........<!!!!~f?.ilit!e_~.......... have ABLE

been given the utmost (24) ......'!.'!!iR!!f~.9!~.'!)e_i!! ..... :to succeed. ENCOURAGE

Part 4
For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word giv' ,.
•.•,, Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the word given. ·

25 The number of people attending this college has been going down slowly.
gradual There ..IJ.~.~.!?e_e.f!.~.9.f~c_f_!!a.t..c_f.'!!i!i[!e_./_c_f_e_~f'.'.~.~e_./.iJr_oP..!n ..t.fJe_.. number of people attending this college.

26 How likely is he to get a place on the team?

chances What are .l!.i~.C.:.IJ.~i!x'!.~.9.!.9.'!.1!!!!9./.!l!.'!.!i!?a.lJ.'?e_~.'!f.!?!~.!..IJ!!"..9.'!_t_l!i!9.. a place in the team?

27 You silly boy! I've been worried sick all morning.

beside You silly boy! I ..............l!.~Y.'!..f?.'!e_[!_/?.'!.~ic_f_e_.f}))l~'!!!.f.W.!!l!..W.9.[[Y.i .............. all morning.

28 ! owe my success to my mother.

thanks It ....................... .!.~.t!?~.IJ.k~.!'!..1_11Y..!".0.1Q.'!!. ........................ that I have succeeded.

29 He seems cold but, in fact, he is a deeply caring man.

far In fact, .................. Jar..tr.'!.1_11./?e_i[!g_.(~J..c_:.oliJ.!'!!~'!J.. .................. , he is deeply caring.

30 The Minister didn't think anyone would suspect him, of course.

·:'J above The Minister ......... .t.lJ_q.t!9h{J.1?.fJ_ljgy_f?_cf_tm.~~~--~-l?_qY.fJ..~~~P.i.C?!R!1. .......... , of course.

·•:t,
 sp ' ""',-.-' ,j" ,-~ ~

".
Part 1
UNIT 12 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points
'Grammar
(A RELATIVE CLAUSES NOTE ALSO:
l There are two types of relative clauses introduced by I've got two sisters, both of whom are dentists.
the following relative pronouns: We invited all our friends, most of whom accepted.
.vho / that, who(m), whose (for people) I saw three films, only one of which was worth seeing.
which / that, whose / of which (for things) I never saw Karen again, which was a shame.
1 Defining relative clauses
These make it clear which person / thing is being PRACTICE
talked about. They are never separated by commas. Join the following pairs of sentences using defining or
The relative pronouns can be left out when they non-defining relative clauses.
are the object of the verb in the relative clause.
The man (that I who(m)) you spoke to yesterday 1 We looked through the pile of books. Most of
was my cousin. them were novels.
The bike (that I which) I bought is outside. We .1.o.o~e_cl_ .t.!J.ro.'!.9.h. t/Je_ .P.ile. ~t. !!~o,k.s,. "'°.s.t..of. y,_f)j_ch
This is the woman whose house vvas broken into. ..............................':Y~(~ _.ry_c;,_~~!-~: ............................. .
Prepositions in relative clauses:
2 Let me introduce you to Cheryl. Her sister is a
The house in which they live is by the river. [formal]
The house which I that they live in is ... famous singer.
[more common] Let .. file_. i'}.(~<!_cl_f.!.C!l .Y.f?.u..t.o..C.IJ.'!.'Y.!, .1'111(!~e..s!'!.lf!!. !_s. a.. .
The house they live in is ... [very common] ........................... .t~m.@~.,ing~.r, ........................... .
This is the man to whom I spoke.
3 The town is in the Austrian Tyrol. It is a busy ski
This is the man (who I that) I spoke to.
resort.
ALSO:The town (which / that) I grew up in is near The town, .W.h!_c/J .i.s.?..~.'-!'!Y.. s.ki .~e_~o,rt, _is. in..t/Je_/111.s!~!a.n
Cardiff.
oR::whe fawn where I grew up· is near Cardiff. T.v.rn/.. !?R, ,. W.l!iRIJ. _i~ .(ry. !h~ A'-!~!(!~n. TY.!"!?!,. _i~ .·::.............. .

i . NOie-;~,};'
\ I VI
"''ti .'~,· •.••· "'A9F9
...•.'"!NOT'· \§F9'''
l.t l,IJ'l iA ... ] 4 I was brought up in a small town. It's on the
south coast.
The small .(0.W.~..w_~e!.~. U~..V!.~i~~ .( .W.~~ .~~~.'-!fl.~! _f!P..!?..
l
{.·r•·We:~t,i use that after: all, everything, something,
anything, nothing, the only thing or after a on the south coast. OR: town (which/that I was brought
tip"iii":::•··•································································
i · superlative form. 5 I bumped into an old friend yesterday. I hadn't
; All (that) I know is this.
· 1 This is the only thing (that) I know.
seen her for years.
This is the biggest hotel (that) I've ever stayed in. I .... ~f!.rnP..'!.<!. !!!!<!..?.1!..<!!~. !'.!e.'!.cl_ r.e_'!i~!.cl_~y_ .1'1/Jc,(Ill/.1... .
.......................!1.?.<!TJ'.!. ;;_e.f!/J. fo,r. y_e_a!.~: ...................... .
2 Non-defining relative clauses 6 I got to know John in Bristol. He had just spent
These simply give additional information, and are three years in Venezuela.
placed between commas or between a comma and John, .... Wl!!?(!!? ). !. gg!_ !!? .lf.TJ!?.IY. .iTJ..~.ri~!g!, .IJ.a.<!.i!!;;_t .. .
a full stop. That is never used between commas. ................,P.!l!lf. (/!n,.>(.' Y!l~r,. in. )((.'(1.~if!!(.'(~, ............... .
Jane, who has the flu, is away today.
The Mona Lisa, which was painted by Da Vinci, is 7 She's got four children. All of them are
in the. Louvre. troublemakers.
My aunt, whose house burnt down, will move she, s ......... ~<?_f .t~.'-!.r .c.h!!~'.~~•..~11. C!!.1V.hc,11J. a.r~........ .
into her new home today. troublemakers.
I phoned my sister, who lives in Canada, to tell her
the news. 8 They sent me flowers. It was a surprise.
They ......~~n,t .rn.e. _f!f!~'!!.~,. ~hic,11 .1'111'!..a..su.~P.r!'!.'!: .... .
I'T 'NOTE:
The commas change the meaning oi the sentence:
I 9 I work for an airline. It started operating just last
year.
· My brother, who lives in Scotland, is coming
The .~!rf[n,~ .(\t:i.atf.lY.!1.~<?11). !. ~o.rlf_ !.'?r..~t!Jr!e_cl_ .oP..e!.a/in,g_
down for the weekend. [non-defining: I have
only one brother.] .iU.~.t. /!!,~.( Y!!?.(,. <?i!,. ,,•.?_ir,lj!)(.'. (9.{. Wl!i~IJ. .! .W.9.r!f .,.tm1.l!~ee·.
My brother who lives in Scotland is coming One of my friends lives in London. She works in
down for the weekend. [defining: I have more
a hotel.
than one brother and the one who lives in
My ... .tr.iefl~. ~h.o. liV.e~ .in..~o,n,cl_o,n..W.°.r~s..in. 11. /Jo.tel, ....
Scotland is the one I am talking about.
B 1 CLAUSES OF REASON 2 CLAUSES OF MANNER 3 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
1 Clauses of reason
These are introduced by: because, because of, for, NOTE:
as, since, the reason for (oR: the reason why +
The reason for her dismissal was the fact that she was
clause), on the grounds that, owing to, due to, in unreliable.
view of the fact that, etc.
OR: The fact that she was unreliable was the reason
As I Since it was Sunday, she got up late.
for her dismissal.
I was delayed because there was a bus strike.
OR: The reason why she was dismissed was the fact
I was delayed because of I due to a bus strike. that she was unreliable.
oR: I was delayed because of the fact that/ due
to the fact that there was a bus strike.
She can't come today as I since / because she is
busy.
NOTE ALSO:
She left on the grounds of ill health.
Participles can also be us.ed in clauses of reason.
OR: ... on the grounds that she was ill.
Being tired I made mistakes. ( = Because I was
Their flight was delayed owing to / because of the
tired .. .)
fog.
Having finished the course, I have to took for a job.
The plan was abandoned in view of the fact that
it was too expensive.
(= As I have finished ...)

2 Clauses of manner
These are introduced by: as, like, as if/ as though If we are talking about a situation that is likely or
She behaves as her mother does. possible, we use the tenses we would normally use:
He was sleeping like a baby. It looks as if I as though it's going to be sunny.
After as if or as though, a past tense can be used It doesn't sound as if I as though you really enjoyed
for an unlikely situation, or one that we know is not yourself.
true (a present tense is also possible): You look as if I as though you've been crying.
She acts as if she owns / owned the company. It doesn't appear as if I as though she will pass the
They treat me as if I am / were a stranger. exam.

3 Clauses of purpose
These are introduced by: She didn't say anything for fear they would I might
a the infinitive laugh at her.
b in order (notj io, in order that (+ may / might), [oR: ... for fear of them laughing at her.]
so as (not) to, so that (+ will / would, can / could, The scheme was set up with the aim of helping
may/ might), for fear that(+ may/ might/ would), the unemployed.
for fear of, with a view to +-ing, with the aim of + Take your cheque book with you in case you
. -ing, in case run out of money. [ OR: ... in case you should /
I'm here (in order) to supervise the work. might run out of money.]
I took a taxi so as not to be late for work.
[NOT: ... a t@Ei not to ... ] NOTE:

I hurried so that I wouldn't be fate. This knite is for cutting meat.

[OR: This knife is to cut meat with.]

PRACTICE
Fill in the word that best fits each space to complete the passages.
a Julie got to the ski lift bright and early (1) ......... ~(!/!.......... a view to spending the whole day on the slope§.
Unfortunately, however, it had been closed (2) ...... !!~<:8:U.~.'!...... of a technical problem. So she headed for tlr
lake, which was used as an ice rink in the winter, so that her day would not be wasted. This, too, had beJ
closed on the (3) ...... W.0 .'!f1.'!S....... that the ice had started to meii. This was (4) ..........<!.U.~.......... to unusually high
temperatures for that time of the year. It didn't look as if Julie was going to have a very successful skiing holid3i

b A group of local people are collecting signatures with the aim (1) ........... ~L ........ preventing the land from bei~g
developed. They are worried in (2) ......... £~:>.'!......... the new industrial estate pollutes their town. ( ,
(3) .........o.r~"~········ to halt work, they are planning to occupy the area and refuse to move, but they are not sLt..'.;
how successful they'll be (4)~~Mm,~/!l~g.~.<!.~!"the police will probably be called in.

24
. SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples.
1 The conference will take place in this town. 6 I can't understand their refusal.
This is the town where / in which the conference As far as I can see there's no reason for their
will take place. refusal / for them to refuse.
This is the town (which / that) the conference will I can't see any reason for their refusal / for them
take place in. to refuse / why they'd refuse.
2 I got a jumper for my birthday which was too big. 7 I don't know anything else about it.
The jumper (that/ which) I got for my birthday was This is all {that) I know about it.
too big. 8 The roads were covered in black ice so I couldn't
3 We met a very interesting author. go anywhere.
The author we met was very interesting. I couldn't go anywhere because/ as / since the
We met an author who was very interesting. roads were covered in black ice.
4 Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. I couldn't go anywhere due to / owing to the fact
It was in Stratford-upon-Avon that Shakespeare that the roads were covered in black ice.
was born. 9 I'm making some enquiries because I'm thinking
5 He used this key to open the safe. of having the roof fixed.
This is the key (which / that) he used to open the !'m making some enquiries ~.::,Ith a ,de\",; to having
safe. the roof fixed.

' PRACTICE
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
.word given. You must use between three and eight words.
?
t
1 He shot the deer with his gun. 8 There's no reason for them to act that way.
with why
This is the gun ..............~!tfJ..~~!<?t!.!!f:.l!.IJ.<?.~ ............ . I can't ..~f:~ .~.'!Y..r~!!'?.9!1. i'!i!Y.. !h.!!X..~':'.u/!1. /. ~h.':'.':'l.<!. !!'?!.
.................... the deer. that way.
2 He recommended me for the position, which 9 We haven't got any other information for you.
was kind of him. all
to Th is ...... .i.~. ~!!ii?.'!. !P.(?.'!!l~.t!.9!1.!.!P.(C!!.'!!.a!!9.!1 .i'?. .~!! ..... .
It .............W!!~ .~if!~.9.( N'!'. !'!. rf:~9.(1:1.'!'.'!t.!~. !!l!l............ . we have got for you.
for the position. 10 The snow delayed us.
3 This is Selley Oak; I lived here in the 1980s. because
where We ..................Wf:r~. ~~!<!Y.!l.<!. .l?.'~'?il_!!S.f!. ?.(..................
This is Selley Oak, ............... Wi!.l!f.'!.!.!!~.~~ .............. . the snow .
.......................... in the 1980s.
11 I'm going to see a cottage I'm thinking of buying.
It was very unfair of her not to tell him. view
t which I'm going to see a cottage ..wi!!l.~.Xi~.W.!P..P.!1Yin9 ..
She ................ ..<!!!i!1'.!.!~!!.!!il1_1_,..Wh,ic.!Jc .~~·~···· ............. . ··································· it.
very unfair of her. 12 None of the five museums we visited had any
LS The accommodation we were given was very interesting exhibits.
spacious. which
that We visited five museums, ... J!.Q!l!l.P.f.Wh/<;./J..I)!!!!.....
We were ... ..!JJ.ve.'!..(s9.11_1_f!)••a'?c.'!!!!11_1_?.<!.a![?.n..t.f?!!!. W!!'?..... . .......................... any interesting exhibits.
very spacious.
13 I. went into the shop but immediately forgot why.
LJ. 1 You shouldn't be afraid. what
reason I couldn't rerr1embei .......... ?~t..~!.!.!!~?,_g_c;,_ry_~---········
. There ............. J~.P.?.!.~~.~?.P..((?.f.Y.C!.uJ.iC!..f?.'! .............. . ...................... into the shop for.
f afraid.
14 I met my husband in Bath.
(7 The books they gave us were very valuable. that
that It .................... .. W!!~ .i.n..£!.<!!h.. th,a_!/."!.et..................... .
The books ............. !!!~!.W!l.W.'!r!l.gir!lP..W!lr.~ ............ . my husband.
very valuable.

f
Extra Transformations
Compl~te the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
word given. You must use between three and eight words.

1 When I got glasses at the age of twelve, my dream 11 If you need my secretary's help, just ask.
of being a pilot was over. disposal ff
put My secretary ............. Js.?.tyoyr..di~P_<?.saL .............(
Getting glasses at the age of twelve .JJ.u.t..~:'.!':n.d_ .. ........... ,..... if you need any help .
..............!9..'!.'Y..!1(!':!1.111_ .............. of being a pilot. 12 We haven't paid our bills for two months.
2 Everyone had a wonderful time except for Jenny, behind , I
who felt sick. We have ................. .f.~lle_n..b.e~in_d_.lVil/1 .................. L 1
exception our bills. I
Everyone had a wonderful time ........ !'!'!!!Uhe. ...... .
13 This essay is better than the last one .
......... !!!'!?!!P.l!O.!.l!?.Ue_!.l~Y...... , who felt sick.
improvement
3 Who arrived first yesterday? This essay .............. _i~. ?.n_i1npr.o.ve_"!"!.l!.'?.IJ .............. .
arr:ve ............. the last one.
Who .................. .. !'!'.~~ifJ.tt!r.~!.!o. !!!(i~!! .. ................. .
14 At football practice, there are twice as many
yesterday?
boys as girls.
4 You've got to learn to fight your own battles, or outnumber
you'll never be happy. At football practice, the .0?~.0.u.t.lJ.l!fll_b.f!f.!h!'.9!r'.~.~Y.
stand ............................ two to one.
You've got to learn ..... .t.o.~(a.n.<!..uP.JO.r.r.o.'!.~s.elt._ .....
15 Well, now that I think about it, you're right.
......................... , or you'll never be happy.
thoughts
5 I'm not very impressed with their new chef. Well, .....................'!A !!!'!iO.!l<!. .t.f?()~9.fJ.I.~ ................... ,
think you' re right.
I ....................cf.9n:t.!hinf:r.{.~e_lJ')..'!.1.l!Rh.o.f. .................. .
16 You will not escape punishment this time!
their new chef.
get
6 This door must never be left unlocked. You will .................... !!9.!9!#.~W~Y.Wi!/1 ................... .
circumstances it this time.
Under ... .1J.O. .'i![!c!!'!.1.~!?.r_l.'i.~ .rr!.l.!S.! / .~hO.!!!'!. .t/Jis_ .d_O()f.....
17 I find it hard to tell the twins apart.
be left unlocked. distinguishing
7 It is pointless to give my brother advice. I have ........ ~ifff!,!!(IJ.(in). .dfs_!!'!fi!!is~!IJ.9..~ll(IVlle_n........ .
point the twins.
Th ere .................. i~. !19. .P.O.i'!.l. fi.'! ). 9!Y.!'!9.................. . 18 I only know a few things about the Romans.
my brother advice. gaps
8 She didn't mention our previous conversation at There are many ........ 9?P!!.i'!.mY.A!l9.l'{(!'.cfge__cl ....... .
all. ..................... the Romans.
l
reference
She .......... .rrJ.a!ill. (?_~SO.!!!!e.tx}..n(). '!':'"'"n.'?.e. 1.C!.......... .
our previous conversation.
9 Tim turned down the 1V so as not to annoy his
parents.
fear
Tim turned down the TV .... .!9.(.!!'.'~!Pf..~!l!l9.Yf!l9.....
... .............. ....... ..... .. his parents.
10 My father always said an easy life was a myth.
thing
My father always said ....th.f!T.f!.~~.tn.O..~.u!ch.!h.iry_g····
.............................. as an easy life.
~; ,,
UAdvanced Language Points
a Tick the correct sentences.
✓ 3 He admitted to have stolen the jewels.
1 He admitted to stealing the jewels.
✓ 4 He admitted to having stolen the jewels. ../. ..
2 He admitted stealing the jewels.
admit (in this sense) is followed by '-ing' or 'to + -ing'.

., c'J Right or wrong? Correct where necessary.

;
t 1 I'm seeing Miss Jones later on today. 6 It was getting on for midnight when they left the
__ . __ ..... __ ( _( :':/. ~a.v~. '.':1!. .aP.P.CJi1!_\rn.':.'?.t. -,,_ith. :::/. ___ .... ___ .. bar .
. . . . . . .✓-.(':'..it_ _IV'.':~. "P.fl.rCJa.c_hi11f!. 1. 1!_e_ar.tr.. 111_id_1?if!~!! ... ___ .. __
2 The weather smiled at them at last
... smiled on them ... 7 Most stars are invisible by the naked eye.
:::."re__ in.vis!b.le..to..t~e_, :·:..or:..ca.i:i.n.CJt. b.e_ _s.':e_1!. .~Y.. t~e_ :::... _
3 My teeth were shivering with the cold .
.................. :::.C.h.a_tt_':ri11[!_1Vit~.t~e__c_ol.d: ............... ,.. . 8 There's a pool of water in the hall from the
umbrellas.
4 Give it to either Helen or Pam oi Margaret. ✓
_.. ____ .... __ ~iv_e_ .i_t.•t.o. !'!.':1~11,. -~'!.ITl..or_ .M.'.':!f!'.':':e_t..... __ .... __ ..
5 With the best will in the world, there's no way
I'll be one of the first three in the exam.
i
.✓-. f.':'. .!t'.~. irnP.?.~~!~!.':. IJ(). rn_a.tt.<:r. ~CJ". _ITl~c_h. .IVa.f!.t !.IJ..

What's the difference?

1a I have a lot of sympathy for Ken. b I'm in sympathy with Ken.
.!()..tJ.~.v~..~ Y.11!P..~!~ Y. .~C?.( .s!J•.":'. _!o..LJ_f!_d~r.sta_n.d_ .h_(!>y. .~!J, .. _t_C!. !Je_. i!J .~Y.111P.?.t/!Y..~!!~. ~.~..'::. /!e__i/'}..ag[e_e_111.e.'!!. ~ilt!. !!1!.cl ..
.te.~!~ .?.n.d. te_e_! .s.C!!.'Y.. !()r_ !~e_!!)_ ...... __ ..... _.... _............. . .~!!PP.O.rt. .~.b_'~ /~.~l/!19.S. I. .t.fJCJ!!fl~!~......... ' ..... ' .... ' ..... ' ........ .

2a interfere in b interfere with

.':'. .!'?X()!~e_. °-1!.~.se_(~ .i!1 _~ttJ.."XfJ.i.~~. ci<Je.~11 J.~.o!1':e.~'!..C?.n.':. .:: .~?Xe. .~.'!~~ .?.'?. e_ff!!P.t. !!!? .~.(Q. !!?!':! .(t. P.!!~Y.~.'!!~ _it. !!.<!.'!! .... _.. .
f.!e_a.se_. ci<J'!.'.t. !11te_1e_(~. i!1. !~!'!.!!~. th.?_t_ .dCJ _1!.°-! .~.<!!1,;!!('!.. i!!':PP.!!.'!!!?fl .a.~_P.(a_1me_c1 ................................................. .
you. The bad weather interfered with our plans for a boat trip.
3a improvement on b improvement in
.~~!1!.!!. .oi .~. ~e_tte_,:. s.t.a11cfa.~cl. ()r '!'!.'!Iii)'. ...... _.. _______ ... _.. _a.':~.'!.'?f!e..!?.i:.t~.e..be_tte_r ................................................ .
T~!~..'?.e". _o.fff,;e_ is. "1!. ifTIP.:,o_ve_111.e11t_ CJ/1. !h.e_ ·'-~~!.?_1!.e:. T~e_~I! _hf':~ -~.':e.'!. _a_ !!l_ar.ke_d_ .i"!P.':°-V.':!!1.e.'?t_ i,:i..fJi~ P..':f!Cl[!!l_a.n,;~
lately.

\ SIMILAR MEANINGS - DIFFERENT PREPOSITIONS

Fill in the correct prepositions.

· 1 a She was only happy when she had something to complain ....'!.b.0 .'!t.... .
b It's no secret that a !ot of people \.Viii object .......t.?....... the book.

2 a She has found a summer job looking .....a.f!.~r..... a small baby.

b You can tell by the look in his eye that he cares .... JCJ[ ...... you.

3 a After three months of treatment I was no longer addicted .......t.0 ....... alcohol.
I. b It only took one bite to have us all hooked ......?.n....... the dessert.
 r
e Explain how the following portmanteau words are
! g Fill in the correct noun(s).
formed, as in the example.
irony, salt, cheese, sarcasm, poison, blood,
infomercial information + commercial bread, water, paper, bacon, sugar
[= a TV programme that gives a lot of information]
a lump of ........... ~!!!J.~f,.!e!!'i'.'i'.~~. ····· .....
1 bedsit ........b.e.d'.'!.'!.'!) .."!-••~ittin_9: .ro.o.~........ .
a pinch of salt
[ = one-room accommodation] ···········································
!
j•
I 2 (the) Chunnel .............C.~.~.'!.'!<:1.;t..t.uriri~( ............ .
a pool of .···········Vf.a/.~r,. !!19.9.fi. ........... .
I [= the underwater tunnel between England and France] a scrap of ................. P.a.P.~L ............... .

l 3 brunch
[= mid-morning meal]
breakfast + lunch
····················································

education + entertainment
a slice of ..... !!"!".9.Q,..J?r.e"!~,Ph.~.~~e..... .

a touch of ...........~"!f".!'.s~,.(r9.ny···········
4 edutainment
a trace of ........... !!!9.9.fi.,.J?.<?i~9.n. .......... .
[= education through entertainmen!j
5 smog ................ ~~.of<~.:'". I.of!................ .
[= polluted air]
6 Oxbridge ...........0.xfO.!'!..+.. G_a_~.b'.i.cffl': .......... .
[= Oxford and Cambridge and things related to them]

---------·------------------ ----

f Tick the items which can follow the word in capitals. h Fill in the correct phrase.
pull it off, take it or leave it, cut it out,
sweat it out, come off it, watch it
one's duty ✓
[= do] 1 .............~~.!c::.h.!/............. ! Next time you do thJ -
a miracle ✓ you'll be sacked.[= be careful] '
2 It's not a nice task, but I'll ......... §.\1!~~!./U!!-!L ...\
an operation · ✓
[= endure sth despite difficulties]
a task' ✓ 3 That's my final decision; ......~~!<!i!)!.9.r.!~!'X~.!!.. ,
[ = carry out •.. ] -----
[ = either accept or refuse sthJ
instructions
[= carry out •.• ] _ 4 You're always complaining. Why don't you
~~~-=-- a play ✓ ............ f:.\J.Ul..<i!!I............ ? [ = stop it at once]
5 He's been trying hard, but will he finally
r~'- •-
1/~l/'
an order
[ = carry oul ••. ]
-----"~·,c,:::-
.-_-·.-J"!
- ' -.··-1-··--·-·
------~-
- .,___ +~·-·
-- -
--, . - - _;__.:;- ._
............P.U.11.!/. .<?!f. .......•... ? [= succeed]

a dance ✓ 6 .......... .C.9.1!!.~..<?!U!... ....... - you know I never si j

-~~~-- ------=--· ··.-a-+.•·:l,
that.[= don1 be ridiculous; be serious]
a piece of music ✓

How do you pronounce these words?

1 geyser /gi:za(r)/
Say which letters in the words are silent. 2 Gibraitar /d3!'bro:itai
i~land, Chris_!_mas, hangsome, bones!, climQ, 3 Gloucester /'glosta/

bomQ, behalf, cu2board, apos\le, comQ, deQt, 4 _ gnaw /nJ:/

ca!f, pneumonia, ches_!_nut, fas_!_en, has!_en, _Qsalm, 5 Goliath /g~'la108/
pa!m, dumQ, lamQ, sa!mon, yoLk, pseudonym, 6 Greenwich /'gnmd3, 'gnmtJ, 'gremtJ/

moisten, sof!en, limQ, numb, psychiatrist, whistle, 7 guerrilla /ga'nla/

,;,restle, psychology, plumt,er, thum!:J, tom!:J 8 hanger /'hIBD>(r)/

2!
rPart 2 Language Development
A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions. b Choose the correct preposition.

for, in, into, of, to, with 1 His accusations resulted in / to my being
questioned by the police.
with
He responde d to my query ................. a sm1.1e.
1
2 Julie's decided to retire off/ from professional
2 The teacher reprimanded the children ... .t()r..... tennis.
being noisy. 3 This soil is rich of/ in minerals.
3 · ·
Sc1ent1sts ct omg
· researc h ........into
.... ... .. Iongev1ty
· 4 What can I do to get rid of / from this rash?
have found that an optimistic outlook is very 5 We were robbed of/ from our passports and
important. traveller's cheques.
4 This herbal tea is a traditional remedy .... 1()'. .... 6 The plans for this new building still leave room
iooihache in my village. to I for improvement.

5 There has recently been a reduction ...... i~....... 7 I'm not completely satisfied with / from your
the number of students leaving school at explanation.
sixteen. 8 Don't mention his scar. He's very sensitive
about / to it.
6 She has a J«lputation ...... .!e>:...... being a difficult
person to work with. 9 She was sentenced for / to six months in prison.
10 'Can anyone think of a word that rhymes to/
7 The editor '2f~cided to go ahead and indude the
with purple?' 'Yes, turtle.'
article, regardless ........ e>!. ..... any reservations
the rest of the staff had.

8 I'm writing in reference ....... te> ....... a holiday I

booked with your company.

9 Doing things in such a haphazard fashion is a

• .................
recipe for ct·1saster.

10 Who is responsible ......"?.'.. .... the mess in here?

a Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.

1 The twins are like two peas in a pod, which isn't 6 These sums are child's play. Can't you give me
surprising really. something more challenging?
............................. ~~.~c_tlr_ t.ry~. ?.~.1!!~ ..................... . ..... ·········· ....... ····· .......l:e.~ .e.~~Y. .............. ········ ....... .
2 The players were given a pep talk before the 7 You're playing with fire, trying to pass off his work
game commenced. as your own .
.............................~~C.?.'!!.~.!!!~f!.!~!~..................... . ............................... t":k.!n.fl..~.(i~~......... ................... .
3 You look like the picture of health. I can't believe 8 They may be brother and sister but they're poles
you've been ill. apart in their attitude to politics .
................................. V!'f}'..~:.a!f~f ........................ . ...............................1:.e~.c/.!f!.~!.~.'!!........................... .
4 He's a nasty piece of work. I don't think you 9 There's only one thing for it - you'll have to
should associate with him anymore. swallow your pride and apologise .
.............a.~~~/ .~!.~~?.'!.:.st./. (:e>ll~!:.se>~~ P.er,sc,~. _... ....... .d.f!. ~th. .th.~.t..m.8:k.e.s .r.o.u. /()~e. r.()11r. ~eft_-r.~.~F?.e.c.t ... .
5 It was so quiet in the exam room that you could 10 Mum holds the purse strings in our family, so
have heard a pin drop. you'll have to ask her for the money.
there was complete silence .................... i~ _in..c~!l;r9.e_ .of. .th.e. fi~a.'!.c.~~ ................ .
············································································
!
2Z.
 b complete the sentences with one of the idioms.

rack one's brains, all the rage, as right as rain, smell a rat, in the red,
see red, take for a ride, hit the road, a bed of roses, in a rut

1 I was ill last week, but rm feeling ..........?.~.~!£1(1_/.?.SJ~i!! ......... now.

2 He's been ....... !.~f/(_(f!g.hi?..l?!.~i!rn ....... all day trying to remember where he knows her from.

3 I f ee I l.k
I e I' m .........................................
in a rut · t o ma ke some maJor
so I' m going · c hanges ·In my 1·1
I e.

I
,.
1
I
4

6
She .............. ~~.~.rn,! ............... when she was accused of being riarrow-minded.

Holidays in Cuba are ............ a.!(.t.1!.~.'i!g~···· ... •···· at the moment, but no doubt the trend won't last.
My bank account is always ............ .i!!.!1'.e.r.~.d............... I must learn to be more thrifty.
I
1 7 She claimed the diamond necklace was a family heirloom, but the detective ..............s.ni~lt.a.r.a.t.. .......... .
ij when he saw a price tag on the box.
8 W e 'II h ave t o .........................................
hit the road fiirst t h.mg tomorrow morning
· ·f
I we wan t t o get t h ere m
· tIrne.
·
1'
, ' 9 n ............
LJO.'l'v
l-.. ...... __ a... ... ~....
"" .... ,.,..,, :..
d.11 e/\j,J'vl
uuu~:::ii a
......... .....
1S1ve 1...,amera,
• • ... --
0Ul
"
was rea11y taken for a ride
········································· as you can get th e same
I• model for half the price elsewhere .
l
10 U1e Isn
· 't .........................................
a bed of roses , I' m af raI·d ; you Just
· h ave to tak e t h e b a d wI·th t h e goo d .

·---------------1
C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional b Fill in the correct word to complete the prepositional
phrases below. phrases.
on no account, on one's conscience, air, contrary, lookout, sale, sight, strike
on one's own, on order, on paper, on purpose
1 The soldiers were ordered to shoot on
1 Nick said ii was an accident, but I know he did ....... ,;.(g.h.t.. ...... .
it ...... 9.f}.Pf.!tP.9.~~ ...... .
2 His programme was cancelled after being on
2 R . uth ' s b een 1·IvIng on her own
· ............................. ·
since sh e the ......... ":!~ ......... for only two months.
· turned eighteen. 3 John isn't a bore. On the ..... C:?.'!.1'~.'X..... , he's
3 These plans may seem good .......'?.n.P.":P.'c.~ ...... , quite interesting to talk to.
but they won't work in practice. 4 I've been on the ..... !9.9.~.C!H!...... for a chair like
4 ....C?.n..n.'?..~.'?C:?.LJ.n.! ... must anyone see these that for ages.
documents. 5 Foreign newspapers are on ........ ,;.~!.~ ........ here.

5 We've got the book you requested 6 There's no point calling a taxi - they're on
........ ~!'!.?.~~~~........ , but it hasn't come in yet. ........ ,;.!(!~.!!........ .
6 I toyed with the idea of sabotaging his work,
but knew I would have it .'?.'!..'!1Y..~.0.'!.sC.(~.nc:~. for
the rest of my life.

D COLLOCATIONS
Tick the appropriate boxes.
a train a film a chance
catch ✓ ✓ ✓

grab ✓

.253
 E PHRASAL VERBS

1 nose into interfere in other people's 8 pick out recognise sb I sth among other
business people/ things
2 open up develop (of opportunities I 9 pick up 1 acquire knowledge of sth
possibilities) without having studied it
tidy everything away so as to leave 2 get sth (usually cheaply)
3 pack up
3 collect sb
4 pass down give to the next generation
10 play down make sth seem less important
5 pass sb over fail to give sb a promotion, which
instead is given to a younger or 11 play up cause sb pain or trouble
less experienced person 12 polish up study or practise to improve
6 pass up not make use of sth one's knowledge of sth
(a chance, opportunity, invitation, etc.) 13 pop up happen / appear unexpectedly
7 perk up become more lively / cheerful
(after being depresseo' or ill)

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.

·1 Can you ........ Pi'?.~......... Jason ..........'!P. .......... from school?

2 Emigrating to America could ...........o.r.e.1!..UP. ........... all kinds of exciting new possibilities for her.

3 I'm not sure that I'll be able to .........r.ic.k......... her ..........0!-!.t ......... in a crowd.

4 'If you don't mind, I'll .......... .ea.c~.'!P. ........... and go home now,' the secretary said.

5 How could you ........... P.~~.~.!!!l ........... such a wonderful opportunity?

6 What a busybody! Always ........ _r;r,,;,.~i!!g,!ry.(,;,......... other people's affairs.

' I always know when it's about to rain; my leg starts to .......... P.!?.'l.!!P. ............. .

.8 N o, I never st ud.1ed music;

· 1 ·t• s JUs
· t someth·mg I ..................................
(have) picked up over th e years.
Polish un
......................,;; .......... your Frenc,h ,10i 'h
l e ·inLerv1ew
• · ne xt mon1·n.

1'1 You seem to ............!lO.P..t!P............. everywhere I go!

'i
{, .. D on 't t ry t o .......... play down
........................ th e seriousness
. of your 1n1ury.
..

He was ....... P.8 5:5.e.t!..0 '(.'c.~ ........ for the position of manager.

tJ That trip to the seaside seemed to ........ P..er.k......... her ..........'!P. .......... after her illness.
These books have been ...... P.~?.~~~.~,;,.'."'ll ...... through the generations; they were originally my great-
grandfather's.

1· There's a great shop down here, where you can ............P.!'?.k.'!fJ. ........... some really good bargains.

~lltiqttl.. ~
 F WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

Il
fold/ wrap pressure / stress
1 We .... W!.~P.P.!i!rt .... the present in brightly-coloured .
1 In t 1mes of .....................
stress , she f.md s sanctuary in
paper. her aunt's home.
2 Her companion ....~r.~P.P.~c_l .... his arms around her 2 You must apply .... P.r.~~~.'!!.e.... to the wound to stop
and they began to dance. the bleeding.
3 She ..... l<?icf.~rt...... the clothes neatly and put them 3 Her headaches were caused by ...... ~(f~~.'i...... and
in her suitcase. a poor diet.
4 After only a year, the business .... ..19.'.r!.eci...... . 4 Ann was under .... P.[!i/~.~!ff!i/ .... to finish the project
fold = make flat for storage or easy carrying; stop on time.
functioning pressure = forceful influence; strong persuasion
wrap = put cloth or paper around sth to cover it; place stress = strain I tension caused by pressure / difficulties
arms around sb in one's life

~DE;;~:~I~;~ •.
'
I a Complete the table below.

Abstract Noun
Verb Adjective (+ opposite if exists) Concrete Noun
(+ opposite if exists)
1 pollute .. .(u.n )P..oll[!t~c_l ... pollution pollutant, polluter !
'i

2 possess possessive, possessed possessiveness, ... P.<?S.s.es_si<?rl.... possessor

r
I
3 prefer preferential, .... P.r":/~r~.~.1.e ..... preference - '
1
4 prevent preventive, preventable ....P.f~~f:rlti9.Q..... - ,I
production, produce,
5 produce .(!-!r.lP.rR(!~,:.(iX~.. productivity
- ! r
(mis) pronounced, product, producer)
6 pronounce (~.i.'i)P.r<!r.~n_ci~(!<,>n
(un)pronounceable produce 1
I

7 propose .... P.!.9P..9!i~c_l ..... proposal, proposition proposer ,I

C' J

8 protect (over)protective, (un)protected protection, (()1/.~r}P.[<!!~.ti~e.ness protector [

I
l
publication,
9 publish (un)published publishing, publication
.. ...P.if.bli~h_e.( .. ... t -
'
10 punish punishable, punishing, unpunished ... P.W'!~~rr.~.n.t. .. - C
b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.
pollutants
1 Too many ............................. are bemg
· re 1ease d ·1nt o th e at mosp h ere. POLLUTE
'.
2 That child's too ...... P.()5.~":S.~!~~....... where his toys are concerned. He needs to learn to share. POSSESj
L
3 Being the daughter of the guest of honour, I was given ...... P.r!:!":r!:,:i_ti.a1...... treatment. PREFER

4 , .............................
Prevention ·1s b etter t han cure, , th ey say. So mak e sure you eat hea ith·II y.
PREVEi~

:,- ~,he comp~n··

u. Y 's
I do'-g
111 e·v--~h·1n~ ''-ant~
VI yu I 1 ~ av I v •a
, 1,se productivity le,vels
............................... s,.,. • PRODUCE

6 Unfortunately, he was offended because I ... ~(~P.[()rJ()!-!'.'.'?.~ci... his name. PRONOUNr:

7 Lou1se
· ,s ............................
proposal came ·1n for heavy en·1·1c1sm.
· PROPobi

: ...................... , t hey may en d up d.nvmg

overprotective
8 If parents are ...... · · th e1r
· c h.ld
.1 ren away. PROT~

9 Wh en w1·11 t he .............................
publication b e coming
· out?. I can 't wai·1 t o read 1
·1. PUBu~-A

· d that t he murd er wou Id n't go .............................

10 He promise unpunished . PUN I

21
 c Fill in the correct word each time.
1 (profession, (un)professional, professionalism )
a Shouting at the staff in front of the customers is extremely ....\J.TJP.!.C/f.f!~~!!?!!!lL .. .
b Everyone was impressed by the ... P.r!?t~~~!~!'.?H~l_l_l.... of the young trainee chefs.

2 ( prohibit, prohibited, prohibition )

~-
, a Smo k.mg ·in res t auran t s ·1s st nc P.rohibited
· ti y ............................. ·in European coun t nes.·
prohibition
b Th ere ·1s a .............................. · fee d.1ng st ray amma
against · Is at t h.1s hot eI comp Iex.

3 ( (dis)qualify, (dis)(un)qualified, qualification )

a If the pain persists, you should seek the advice of a(n) ........ _g_u.a!!f!e_d. ........ medical expert.
b The team was ...... !!i5.CJ.l!.af!(i"·d······· for cheating.

4 ( quieten, quiet, quietness )

a It's lovely to have some peace and ........... '1!1ie.1............ at the end of a busy day.
b The only way he could ......... '1!1!e.!'c.'!.......... the children was by using a whistle.

5 ( receive, received, reception, recipient )

a Who is ttie ....... J~.~!P.if!_1J.t.. ....... of this letter?
b We got a decidedly cool ...... J~\:.~P.!irm ........ when we dropped in last night.

6 ( recognise, (un)recognisable, recognition )

a Carol had changed beyond all ...... !."!i~fi!'.!fion....... .
'
l
t ,
b Ussain Bolt is the world's most ..... r.f!!e!?91Jil!i!~(~...... athlete.

f 7 recommend, recommended, recommendation

a This French wine is highly .... f~~~.l_l_l_l??~!!d.~.d. .... by our chef.
b The young man was hired on the .. !.e.c;~ml_l_l.~.TJ!!i!!!':'-'J... of Mr Green in accounts.

8 ( reduce, reduced, reduction ) .,.4

;(~
a Put the lid on and simmer the mixture until it .........'e_d_u.r;~~ ......... .
b There has been a ........re.<!.l!.C:!!~!'. ........ in the number of traffic jams since the new tram system was built. ~
 Vocabulary Practice'"'--'-~---..,,
a Choose the correct answer. ~.~
1 There was a large ....... of fish swimming in front of him. '
A swarm B team ©shoal D flock
2 At this hospital, the ....... of nurses to patients is very high.
@ proportion B number C relationship D percentage
3 It took us some time to ....... ourselves with the new software.
A identify @familiarise C initiate D accustom
4 My new job ....... visiting schools all over the country.
@entails B obtains C ensures D assigns
5 I have taken on an evening job to ....... my income.
A complement B compound @supplement D perfect
6 Frank is good at ....... up on other people's moods; he always knows if someone's upset.
A turning B holding @picking D looking
7 Anna was found guilty of speeding and ....... from driving for two years.
@ banned B excluded C expelled D disallowed
8 He has a cheerful manner, totally ....... with his ruthlessness at work.
A on edge @at odds C off hand D in depth
9 As well as being a good cook, my grandmother was ....... with a fine voice.
A competent B capable @gifted D talented
10 John could not ....... himself to tell her the truth.
A turn B raise C make @bring
11 By working at home in the evenings, Alice ....... a useful additional source of income.
@generated B counted C employed D instituted
12 Actually, that plant is ....... to this part of Brazil.
@unique B sole Clone D singular
•
I\'
1\ b Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

Al consider, regard
cl chop, carve
1 She is highly .... J~9i!(cf.!l.cf. ...... throughout the 1 He picked up a sharp knife and set about
business world. ....... fil_,:Yi!)g········ the joint of beef.
2 I ..... i:!!!!~!cf.!!(....... her to be one of my best friends. 2 The vegetables have to be ...... i:!?!!PP.~.<!....... into
3 .......9.'?.i:i.~!cf.!"L .... all your options before making small pieces. ,
a decision. 3 He spent the morning ......C.h.'?P.P.!'!9 ...... wood for I·
4 He ....... r'!!la.r~~........ cheats and liars with great the fireplace.
dislike. 4 The girls were told off for ....... C.?.'Y!'!!I ........ their
names on their desks.

sl cheat, deceive
' ol condition, situation
1 John was sent to the head teacher for 1 That house is in a really bad ······"·9.'!.<!!!!'?.i:i....... ; it
.......C.Q.'¥.~!!!!9 ...... in a test. will be very expensive to do it up.
2 Ir think""''
\.11111 yvu a .I.e .,u •• dor-c,jyinn '.'.::J......
,.-::'.":'.':"••• you-s-1" ,..,s J_o
I t: I ct l 2 The police were called in to deal with the
the seriousness of your problem. ...... Ji!!!i!(!<?.t!....... .
3 The man tried to ......... ~f:l.!l.~!......... the elderly · ·in a b eaut·fI uI ..........................
3 Th e hote I 1s situation next to
couple out of their savings. the sea. [
4 Th e cat , 1
·f my eyes d.d
I not ..........................
deceive me, 4 He .1s suffenng
. f ram a serious
• hea rt ..........................
condition I-..,,
had opened the birdcage and was trying to catch
the canary.
f~ C Fill in the correct form of the word in capitals. g Match the words with their definitions.
•J. 1 Music has always been a means of escape for 1 lullaby C
,."'1 ·······
those in .......'?.~P.!!Y!1Y........ . CAPTURE a
2 chant
2 Advances in technology saw the .... e_~e_(j!e_~?.~.... 3 hymn e
of a new style of music. EMERGE
4 carol b
3 No one could have foreseen the .. JmP.!i~i!_\(o.'!.5... d
5 folk song
of the slave trade, all those years ago. 1MPUCATE
a a religious song or prayer, sung using
4 It was music that bridged the gap between
only a few notes
.......~.Cff!!lr.~!....... differences. CULTURE
b a religious song sung at Christmas

c a quiet song intended to help young

d Match the idioms with their meanings.
children go to sleep
1 face the music C
d a traditional song typical of a particular
2 be music to one's ears d
community
3 (do sth) vvithcut missing a beat b
e a religious song sung by Christians in
4 march to a different tune a church at any time of year

a have different opinions from others

b react calmly to a sudden change
c accept punishment for your actions h Match the word good with its various meanings.
[ d make one feel pleased 1 Mark thought himself lucky. Not only
was he paid well but the working
r environment was good also.
Le Now fill in the correct idiom from above.
2 He used to work a good ten hours a
1 The announcement of her wedding .'!!'.aS..1!!.Cf.5 !?.. day before he took early retirement. a

········!o__1;ryy.i1?.~~......... . 3 She had a fairly good idea about what

2 This may sound strange, but it seems that Simon colour carpet she wanted to buy. .Ji...
actually enjoys ......'!!!![~~!!"!g_.\o..~.?.(ff.~[f!l}_U'-!!"!~ ..... ; 4 Our former boss was such a good man. f
it makes people notice him more. 5 Your son has been so good, Mrs Wilson.
It was a pleasure looking after him. b
Only when her brother was accused of eating
. d.d
th e pie, 1 s··h·•·····
e d ec1·d e t o con f ess an d .............
face the . 6 You are so good to me. .J ..
.•............1}_1.'-!.~!9............... . 7 After the accident he was left with one
C
good leg.
4 The politician handled the difficult questions
........ ':"i(~~u_t. ,:niss_if!f!. '!. b.e_~.t......... . 8 Has John gone to America for good
then? h

Fill in mouth or voice.

1 As Marie is deaf, we have to ...... -'!l.0.1!.1~....... the

2
words of the songs to her.
The whole community spoke with one
I,: Did you manage to get a good price on
that stereo?
I'm only telling you this for your own
good.
d

I
....... '!.o.(c~........ on the issue of slavery. a solid f morally correct
'
\.,
3 The news of her special talents reached them b well behaved g accurate
by word of .......l}_l.o.u.t_f7······· . C healthy h ever
4 He told us that we were allowed to ...... .V.CJi.'?f!...... .
t d reasonable i pleasant
our opinions only if they agreed with his own!
e benefit j kind or thoughtful
5 As the lead singer has lost his ........vo_i~"'········ , '-
the concert has been cancelled.
Part 4 Reading & Use of English
for questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Songs from the Heart

The African-American spiritual, in which the (1) ..... of both blues and gospel music can be seen, arose from the
worksongs the slaves would sing to one another on the plantations in America's Deep South. A method of (2) .....
the long toil-filled days and raising (3) ..... sunk low by the terrible position of these stolen people, the songs
generally followed a pattern that can still be found in many parts of Africa. The leader would sing out the first
line and then everyone else would sing out the chorus line, whereupon the leader would move on to line two;
this produced the slow mournful sound (4) ... of this music.

Christianity soon began to have a(n) (5) ..... on the lyrics of the songs, but the slaves had a distinct interpretation
J
of the Bibiicai stories they heard. A favourite theme was the enslavement of the israeiiies by the Egyptians, and
their eventual escape to the Promised Land. This (6) ..... struck a deep (7) ..... with the slaves, and was used in
many of their songs. in this way, the siaves gave (8) ..... to the longing they stiii Teit for a return to their homeiand.

,s<•>'-'""-~""•-'

1 A stems B branches © roots D trunks

2 A elongating @ regulating C calculating D measuring
3 A hearts B souls C minds @ spirits
4 @ characteristic B authentic C recognisable D frequent
5 A action @ influence C expression D hold
6 A considerably B dramatically C eventually @ obviously •.
.,,.,_
7 A note @chord C tone D scale

8 A mouth B tongue © voice D

.,,...,,.,..~~=._... _ _ .,.. ···----·-"'-··""~--'-

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word
in each space.

The Sperrins
The Sperrins region of Northern Ireland is a well-known area of outstanding natural beauty, stretching
(1) ....... .!!.'!.1!!........ the western shores of Lough Neagh to the Tyrone-Donegal border and includes an
abundance of natural attractions and resources, (2) .........5 !!9.~......... as lakes, rivers, woods, parks and
glens. This is a region truly steeped in culture, heritage and tradition. No (3) .......rn.a.t.t.er........ where you
go, you will find a story to be told of a rich and glorious past, traced through the attractions, landmarks,
festivals and events. Music ls the core of the Sperrin Culture and the sweet tones of music and laughter
can be heard fading into the summer nights as locals and passing travellers enjoy some good old Irish
'craic' at any (4) ..........0 .n~ ......... of the many traditional music centres dotted (5) ... .f~'J,i1%"al:tf...
the
rugged landscape. This is (6) .........~X!c1~........ more evident through the people of the Spernns, who, for
many generations have celebrated their culture, heritage and tradition (7) ...... 1h.''!!!9.h....... local festivities
and events, and who never fail to extend a warm welcome to any visitors who come to enjoy the heart
and (8) ......... ~'!.'!!......... of rural Ireland.
 EXAM PRACTICE I =
Part 5
You are going to read a magazine article about observation. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, c or D)
which you think fits best according to the text.

One of the most fulfilling pleasures in life is looking. Jason wrote such short poems, and stories almost every day
Simply looking. Looking at streets, faces, vehicles, for a year or so, and for him it was a fascinating experience.
windows, shops, parks, churches, books, magazines, He flopped into a chair, closed his eyes, looked back to his
newspapers, creations of nature - you name it, it's worth childhood and purposely caught glimpses of adults in his
looking at. local village: fishermen and washerwomen, soldiers,

'\Vhat about time?' you might say. Who has enough time drinkers, vagrants, travellers, storytellers, priests, nuns and

nowadays? In this country of haste, hurry, stress and family members - even those dead and buried.
{"
' pressure and, moreover, getting caught up in the rat race, As the months passed, Jason's eyes, mind, emotions and
time is very precious indeed. imagination became accustomed to glimpsing. He found

. Many years ago, Wordsworth wrote, 'We have no time to himself glimpsing almost everything around him - people

· stand and stare'. So even in Wordsworth's time, standing in the street, photos in magazines and newspapers - even

f and staring was a problem. For us, we who live in cities moments on TV. The zenith of his glimpsing experience

today, it's an even bigger problem. We rarely have enough arrived when glimpsing started to occur in dreams during

time to stand and stare at anything (bar the technological the night.

boxes we centre so much of our lives around - our Slowly but surely, the realisation came that glimpses fill
computers!). our lives, but we are too rushed off our feet, too suffocated

Passers-by would probably consider you crazy, at best, if by routine, too absorbed in haste and hassle to pause and
they saw you standing still staring at a tree or at the sky or take into account these meaningful images which are, in
at a pigeon searching for crumbs in a deserted alley. fact, a kind of vivid but repressed pictorial history of our

Instead of looking iong and steadily, we tend to get brief, days and nights.

. quick looks at things before we hasten on our way. In short, Pictures and poems are rich glimpsing matter. Whenever I
we tend to live in a world of glimpses. look at my favourite picture or poem I realise that there
This, unfortunately, is a simple fact of modern life. And are times when a glimpse may have a depth and power of
when it struck my friend, Jason, forcefully and irrefutably, revelations. One brief flash of light may illuminate a huge
he determined to write poems and short stories based on . darkness. Good poems and pictures, for me, are flashes of
glimpses. A glimpse is a momentary, flashing, passing view. light in the darkness of the heart and mind.
It is necessarily incomplete. His aim, therefore, was to
write in such a way as to present this glimpsed world in its
flashing incompleteness. This involved looking quickly into
the self, outside the self, backwards in time and now and
again forwards in time, speculating about the future.
 31 What does the writer say about 'looking' in the first two paragraphs?
A People don't appreciate its value.
@ There is nothing that doesn't deserve contemplation.
C People haven't learnt to look properly.
D Valuable time is spent 'looking'.

32 What is the writer's main point about contemporary living in paragraph 3?

® We don't take enough time to appreciate life.
B People don't spend enough time just staring.
C Wordsworth considered standing and staring a futile process.
D Simply standing and staring can cause you problems.

33 The writer seems to think that those who spend time staring
A are slightly insane.
B miss out on life's glimpses.
© are the ones who get more out of life.
D can't really see what they're looking at.

34 Jason chose to write poems based on

® short moments.
B an examination of the future.
C speculation about his family.
D a complete analysis of the world in which we lived.

35 Over a period of time, Jason became more

A in tune with the future.
B frustrated with glimpsing at things.
© used to looking at things quickly.
D comfortable living in the past.

36 When did Jason know that he had reached the height of success as a 'glimpser'?
A When he found himself glimpsing everything around him.
@ Wh~n he began to glimpse things in his dreams.
C When he remembered things he had seen on TV as a child.
D When he realised that glimpsing filled his life.

26
l
f'
~ 3rt 6
'(ou are going to read an extract from a story about a man's experiences while doing voluntary work. Seven
l1J •agraphs have been removed from the text Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (37-43).
1, ,are is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

q' ,e of the strangest incidents I have ever because I was doing all the arguing and he was failing
ehcountered, and one that gave me an insight into the to rise to the bait - and I looked back and he had just
qppths of the human psyche, occurred in the 1990s in returned to the task he had been doing before, the
~ st Africa. I was working as a volunteer in one of the same mild look on his long thin face.
riledical centres that had been set up to deal with the
r:f".lblem of river blindness, a terrible afiliction that is 41 A
r! npant in some parts of the continent.
' The region was never a very stable one, but it was
Li~ I
l
1 B fairly peaceful where we were; perhaps no one wanted
to disturb the only place with hospital facilities within
We had set up camp in an idyllic location; at the bend 100 miles. One night, however, we heard the sound of
i~-1 river next to a village of about 250 pecpie. The gunfire not too far away, and then some more
)
fil .ds around us were neatly cultivated, mainly with sporadic shooting a half-hour later. The next day we
maize, and on the opposite bank there was a dark were assured by the villagers that it was just some
arj mysterious forest. There was plenty of rain while young men 'showing off' and not the start of some
vJ.~· were there and so the crops did well and the war, and we felt safer. But when we looked for Uncle
viJl{'lgers were smiling and friendly. The head of the Sam, we found he had completely disappeared.
rrlf ;sion had been there years, though, and she told
uh of harder times, when drought brought families to 42 F
tt}e centre from miles around to ask for help.
' I was convinced it was him, since I too had been
D compared to one of the spirit world by them in the
r.
past, because of my pale skin. So Beth and I thought
'
Bl · I was not alone, as I had arrived with two others. up a plan to get him out of hiding. Every day at dawn,
We came by helicopter, my first flight ever. Leaving we paddled over the river with a couple of the
t~ city in the cool of the morning and following the villagers and, in a clearing we'd cut at the edge of the
rii ·r as it twisted and turned through the patchwork forest, we wouid fry sausages, burgers and
of fields and forest, we watched the sun rise above beefsteaks, letting the breeze carry the aroma into
th1 splendour of the African landscape. the dense thickets, one of which we hoped Uncle
t Sam would be sitting in, drooling over what we knew
'.
H was his favourite food.
i
,b was an American, from Tennessee, and when he 43 E
n[roduced himself said, 'Like Uncle Sam, y'know?'
,rj i we laughed and the name stuck. I think it was Once we got him back and he had washed and slept,
n'a1nly because he was much older than us and had he managed to tell us what happened. When the
lE)'"n doing voluntary work for about twenty years; so gunfire woke him, he had thought he was back in the
1~ Jecame like an uncle to us. jungles of Vietnam and under attack. So, without
further ado, he had leapt in the river and swum
~n, C across, then run deep into the trees. There he had
!' stayed, half-knowing that he was wrong, but the fear
where \-Vas something about him that struck me as a that he was not had not allowed him to return, until
t( bit odd, and Beth agreed. It was a lack of our familiar voices and chatter had given him
,~. Jtional connection with people, an unwillingness to courage and allowed him to step back out of his
,ave more than an acquaintanceship, or a very gentle nightmare and into reality.
·ij 1dship. Once, I left him after a mild argument - mild

t
l
 A I found out why one night when we were sitting E A week passed, a week of patience and gorging
around the fire talking about our past. Mine and ourselves at the end of each vigil (the villagers
Beth's contributions ran out quickly enough, so I made jokes, shouting, 'Don't come out just yet,
asked Uncle Sam what he had been doing before Uncle Sam! Give us a couple more days, Uncle
he started voluntary work. He hesitated for a Sam!') Finally, on the eighth day, the figure of
moment, then admitted he had been fighting in Uncle Sam appeared at the edge of the clearing.
the Vietnam War. There was an awkward silence; It was more obvious now why the villagers had
it was something we had experienced through called him a ghost; he had lost weight very
film rather than in person. He went on to explain, quickly and was pale and ill-looking. He fell on the
in a voice that sounded like a rehearsed speech food ravenously and ate as we told him not to
or a recording, how the awful things he'd seen worry, assured him there was no trouble and all
done to the country and its people - as well as his was peaceful back at camp.
own friends - had made him regret ever putting
on the uniform and resolve to spend his life trying
to give something back. After that he spoke about F We were frantic. All his gear was still there; just
it no further, and we were too shy to ask. his boots and clothing were gone. The rest of the
team had gone off on a fortnight's tour only a day
before, leaving Uncle Sam in charge of us two,
B It's not that it's a particularly hard condition to and now the two of us were in charge of Uncle
treat, it's just that the medicine used for it isn't Sam. But after a few days rumours started
very easily available there and has to be taken in coming in from the villages along the river of a
a series of doses. If just one is missed, the whole ghost that came into their fields at dawn and dusk
thing is wasted. So the mission was established and took their corn. They didn't mind - it was only
to try to organise a routine for the people in the · an ear or two - but when they tried to approach it,
farming villages of the area, and to teach them the ghost would flee back to the forest.
!.
how to carry out the treatment.

G When the head of the mission heard about it, she

C He was a tall thin man with sandy-coloured, very organised us into sweeps to find him. We would
curly hair and pale blue eyes. He was reserved, walk in long lines through the forest, just in sight
his voice soft, but if you asked him anything, he of one another calling his name. I didn't feel it was r
was happy enough to talk and share the endless such a good tactic, since his knowledge of the i
supply of knowledge he had, about everything jungle would allow him to evade our efforts '
from knots to edible nuts and from cloud without too much trouble, if that was what he
formation to catching fish. I liked him because, wanted.
although he knew a lot, he was always ready to
listen to your ideas and if he disagreed, you knew
it wasn't out of egotism. H My two companions were equally spellbound,
and after introductions were made, we sat
speechless as the African scenery passed r ·
i
D We were strategically located at the crossroads of beneath our whirling blades. One was a young L
three countries, and had roving teams going woman from Scotland called Beth; it was her first
round in Land Rovers distributing medicine and time doing voluntary work too, and she was l ·
advice. I was not one of them. Being new and not nervous and excited. The other was Sam. L
having learnt enough of the local lingua franca, I
was left at the centre to do the inconsiderable
work there was to do there. I was the odd-job
man, doing what the nurses needed me to do.

_263
:>art 7
You are going to read an article about sharks. For questions 44-53, choose from sections A-G. The sections may be
··,hosen more than once.

Prey for the Shark?

The shark is probably the most terrifying of all ocean are killing them in great numbers. Sharks of all species
creatures, mainly due to its size, speed and power, but are dropping in number and many of them, including
also because of the stories of ferocious attacks on the great white, are now perilously near being added
innocent bathers. It is, in many ways, a predator which to the endangered species list. One major cause of this
is highly adapted to its environment, and the proof is is the sport of deep-sea fishing, where boats loaded
its age; its ancestors swam the seas 100 million years with enthusiasts and equipment head into the open
ago in the Cretaceous period - the same time as the sea to lure the big fish onto their hooks. Sharks are
dinosaurs. Since then, sharks, especially the larger prized, but have been fished so heavily that boat
varieties, have developed into deadly hunters with captains can no longer give their former guarantee that
finely-tuned senses that enable them to locate their their customers will see sharks in great numbers on
prey deep in the ocean. They can sme!! blood in the every trip.
water at a distance of several miles. Their eyes are not
too good, but they have an inbuilt 'radar' system E Commercial fishing is also on the increase. A taste for
enabling them to pick up vibrations in the water shark meat has deveioped as other more popular fish
'
(including sound) from up to a quarter of a mile away. have become rare and expensive. In China, shark fin
soup is a delicacy that fetches high prices. Sharks also
j
l
fall victim to the same trap as dolphins; the drift net.

I
Though all sharks are, to some extent, carnivorous,
very few of the iriany species are a danger to people. These huge nets are spread by fishermen who take in
Sizes range from the gigantic whale shark, which, large hauls of fish in one fell swoop, but inedible I
despite its sixty foot length, only feeds on plankton species often get caught up too, only to .be thrown

l
0

and other small organisms, all the way down to the back into the sea dead. The question we need to ask
cigar shark, which, as its name suggests, is small is, do we really want to save the shark? A ferocious
enough to be held in one hand. In between lie about predator, it feeds on everything up to and including
340 other species, of which three are mostly humans and has been doing so for millions of years. It
responsible for attacks on humans. First, there is the
great hammerhead, an odd-looking shark whose
hammer-shaped head allows it to make very fast turns
in the water. The second is the tiger shark, with highly
aggressive instincts, whose dark stripes along its sides F
is not known to be friendship-loving; a loner, it forms
no close attachments. So why not just let it go the way
of the dinosaurs?

Conservationists have put forward several reasons for

I
give it its tiger-like appearance. Number one on the list
. is the gfeat .White shark - the sight of its distinctive
silvery skin is often the last thing its prey sees. It grows
protecting it. First of all, sharks actually clean the
ocean. A !arge part of the shaik's diet consists of sick
and old fish or carrion. In this way, sharks play a vital
.] ,1

up to twenty feet in length and is the largest predatory role in the life of the sea. Generally, it is a bad idea to
fish in the world: ltis the ultimate hunter and the lion remove animals from the food chain since it is
of the oceans. impossible to know what the knock-on effects might
be. For example, sharks keep down octopus
However, sharks are not the indiscriminate killers they populations on America's west coast, which might
are often portrayed as. They will usually avoid otherwise wipe out the crab population there. They
humans, just as a lion will in the bush, since humans feed on stingrays, which cause pain to swimmers
are quite large and often travel in groups. Research much more often than sharks in Florida.
into attacks shows a large incidence of attacks on
surfers; lying on their boards, silhouetted against the G Sharks are also rather unique in the sense that they are
sky; it is thought that this shape resembles seals, a one of the least likely of all animals to develop cancer.
favourite meal of the shark. In addition, colour seems It is not known why this is the case, but research is
to play a part and, for some reason, bright yellow has being carried out to investigate the phenomenon. If
the same effect on sharks as a red rag to a bull. This is sharks hold the key to beating cancer, then perhaps
perhaps because of sharks' generally poor eyesight, they deserve to have a bit of respect shown to them in
and swimmers wearing darker-coloured swimwear return. Taking all these arguments into consideration,
appear to be less interesting to the shark as prey. we should be cautious before condemning yet another
animal to extinction. Their beauty is sometimes hard
The fact of the matter is that the odds of being killed to see, for it is in their ability to kill, but what would
by a shark lie at about 300 million to one. If we look at the oceans be without this silent hunter roaming the
it from another angle, it soon becomes apparent that it submerged plains of its aquamarine savannah?
is the sharks that should be avoiding humans, for we
<

j .
.
In which section are the following mentioned?

highlighting a misconception 44 C

the role of sharks in maintaining the ecological balance 45 F

the refinement of abilities allowing an impressive detection range 46 A

asserting that there should be a reversal in perceived roles 47 D

the naming of various shark breeds due to their physical features 48 B

sharks being in increasing demand as a delicacy 49 E

sharks may provide the key to an unprecedented medical breakthrough 50 G

the shark's endurance over the millennia 51 A

the difficulty in admiring the shark due to its inherent deadliness 52 G

the comparison of a shark's instinctive reaction to that of a land mammal 53 C

2G
 .
Part 1
UNIT 13 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points
t
Grammar
, 1 CLAUSES OF RESULT 2 CLAUSES OF CONTRAST 3 CLAUSES OF TIME
1 Clauses of Result
These are introduced by: Possible alternatives:
a such ( + a / an) + adjective + noun (that) It was such a hot day that we went to the beach.
It was such a noisy place that I couldn't work. OR: It was so hot a day that we went to the beach.
They were such friendly people that we all felt It was so far that they didn't go.
at home. OR: It was such a long way that they didn't go.
such + a lot of + noun (that) ALSO: There were not enough tickets sold for the show
There was such a lot of noise that I couldn't to go ahead.
work.
There were so few tickets sold that the show didn't
b so + adjective / adverb (that) go ahead.
It was so noisy that I couldn't work.
I"
I so + few / little / much i many + noun (that) NOTE ALSO:
(
so + adjective + a / an + noun (that) He had not carried out his duties and as a result had
There were so many presents I didn't know lost his job.
which to open first. In India, they have a rapidly increasing population and
It was so frightening a film that we couldn't therefore need more and more food.
watch all of it.

Clauses of Contrast
1 These are introduced by: 4 Instead of a clause of contrast starting with
although, even though, though, even if, however, though, we can use the following structures:
whatever, in spite of, despite, nevertheless, adjective / adverb + as / though + subject + verb
nonetheless(= in spite of that), no matter what, As + adjective/ adverb + as + subject + verb
while, whereas(= but/ while), yet/ still (= but Rich as I though she is, she is not happy.
even so / in spite of that) (= Although she's rich ...)
Although we got up early, we missed the train. Tired as J though I was, I continued walking.
Sarah agreed, though she didn't want to. As difficult as it seems, it's actually very easy.
However hard you try, you'll never change my 5 Clauses of contrast can also be introduced by ever
mind.
compounds. May is sometimes used for emphasis.
In spite of I Despite having won the lottery, However much I (may) practise, I never seem
they're not happy.
to get any better. ( = Although I often practise,
It was raining. Nevertheless / Nonetheless, they I never ...)
went for a walk. Whoever you (may) ask, they'll say the same as me.
It's snowing. Still, we must go out.
Whatever colour you (may) paint it, it'll look awful.
He's a moody boy, yet you can't help liking him.
2 In spite of and despite can be followed by the
fact that or by a noun or -ing form: 3 Clauses of Time
In spite of I Despite the fact that we left early, These are introduced by:
we missed the plane. after, as long as, as soon as, before, by, by the time,
In spite of I Despite leaving early, we missed hardly/ scarcely ... when, the sooner, no sooner ...
the plane. than, the moment / minute (that), since, till, until, when,
In spite of I Despite our early departure, we as, whenever, while, once, every time (that), just as
missed the plane. Call me the moment he arrives,
3 The structure although / even though / though / Take care when crossing the road.
however / no matter how + adjective / adverb + Please wait until told to proceed.
subject, can be followed by may to emphasise Future tenses are not used after time clauses.
the hypothetical nature:
Although he (may) look(s) older, he's only fifteen.
However hard you (may) try, you won't convince
her.
However many times I (may) tell her, she still
comes late.
No matter how long it (may) take(s), /'II finish
the job.

i6
PRACTICE
Rewrite the sentences using the word given.

1 She tries really hard. Unfortunately, she won't pass 5 I got home from work. The crisis was over. P"
the exam. HOWEVER .?Y !hi). (('!1.~.!_g_o_( .l?.'?.'!11) /~'!.IJ)_ ."!'!.'!<,.//JI).~!.(~!'!. _-:,:a.~. o_v!!j _
.~~ '.o_,:!llQ_a_t_e !Y,..IJ.'?.Vf.~XI!.'. h.ar.<!. ! .'!1_uc:h. _s_ry_e _trill~,..~h.l!. __ ... _ ·················································································
.W.C!~ '.\ p_~s_s_ ih.~_ I!.!.~~:_ .. __ .. ___ .. ___ .____ ._____ .. ________ .___________ _
6 The mountain was formidable. They couldn't
2 There was a bomb scare. Nonetheless, we got our scale it._
Christmas shopping done. DESPITE .!I?.~. l!!!'!'.'-1.!~!!! _~.a,;__'}C/. fqrf!!id_a_I?l.~. (!fliJ.(i _th.~.Y. ~D_llld_f!.'1.. _
fJ_e_~P.!(e_ .(h_~. /_~~(. (h.?.t _th_er_e -"'-~S. _?..i?.'?.'!1!?. s_c_~r.e. /.!/JI! ... __ . scale it.
··············································································
.!?.of!!!?.!l.~i! rll, .~-~. go_ t. D_ll(. ~/J ris_('!1!! s_ .'}_f? _oP.P.in_g_ _d_on-~, .... .
3 i was disappointed. However, I didn't give up. AS
_[)is_appo_in.(~.<!. !!S. / _w.a_s_ /. ~s_. d_i~!!f?P..D_(n_t_ed__ ?.s. !. "!a_s, _/. ___ .
_d!,<!.'!'.!. g_!~!! _11p._ .......................................................... .
4 He had too much information. He got
confused. sucH
/-!.~. h?.,;i. -~ !!~11. -~- !o_(.'!.(_infqrm ?.(ion. (!h!l.V. .11.~- g_qt_ ~ !'IJ.~us_'!.,;I.-
·················································································

B INVERSION
When the following words/ phrases come at the 4 not (even) once, not often
beginning of a sentence, the structure has the same Notonce did I hear him admit he was in the wrong.
word order as a question and is used for emphasis: 5 on no account, in no way, under no circumstancesr-
1 never, rarely, seldom by no means, at no time 1
Never had I heard such beautiful music. On no account should visitors feed the animals.
2 hardly ... when, scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than
Hardly had I started eating when the phone rang.
3 only by, only in this way, not only ... but also, only
6 little, nowhere, in vain
In vain did we try to help him.
7 so + adj / adv ... that, such (a) + adj + noun ... that
t
then So expensive was the jewellery that he couldn't I
Only then will he believe me. afford it. i

NOTE:
only after, only when, only if, not until/ till, have the inversion in the main clause:
Only when I got to school did I realise it was Sunday!

NOTE ALSO:
a Inversion is often used in speech with here and c Inversion is very common with the words neither,
there followed by be / come / go, etc. and with nor, so:
adverbs or expressions of place: 'I don't enjoy that kind of thing.' I
Here comes the teacher! [BUT: Here he comes!] 'Nor I Neither do I.'
There goes our train!
On the wall was hanging a beautiful painting.
Away went the children. [BUT: Away they went.]
d If t: q::t:dt~e:/::i~c:~ea;:;::~ :~~:t~i;;~,
say can be inverted with the subject:
1
J

b Inversion with had (past perfect), should, were in 'Give me that camera!' said Peter.
conditional sentences: .(= Peter said I he said) [RARELY: said he]
Had I known that, i would have been more careful.
(= If I had known that, I would have been more
careful.)
Should she arrive early, show her around.
(= If she should arrive early, show her around.)
Were I you, I would confess.
(= If I were you, I would confess.)
 PRACTICE
a Write full sentences using the prompts given.
1 get home/ last night/ lights / go out
Scarcely .!!?.d. _I_ .fl.'!!. /!CJlf!~. i.~5.! .Qifl.f?.t.."f.h.e.'!. !!!e. .!!fl.h!_s. 'Y.e.nt. CJ!!!: ............................................................................. .

2 you / see / such acts of kindness / nowadays

Seldom .~CJ .Y.'!.'-!. 5.~.~..~!-!~Q. .~.c;!s_ .~.t N'!~n.~.ss_ .!1.~.1!'.?.d.~Y~:........................................................................................ .

3 air-conditioning /start/ work/ yesterday/ it/ stop again

No s oo ner .!J.~«. tne_ .?/!.:C.'!!1 ~!/iCJni_l) g. s_ta.f'!~.d. _"(_CJrk.i_n 9. /. /(). ~O!.~. }'.~_ste_ !'~~Y. .t.f?.~ I) _i( .~!.'!P.P.e. ~ _a9.~ !n.-............................. .

4 he / ever offer / help

At no time .f?!':5..l?.~..e.V.~.r.CJff_~.~e.d.f.«!~.!!e..exe_r. CJff_~.~.to..h.elP.: .................................................................................. .

5 you I promise/ drive carefully/ you / can / borrow/ car tomorrow

Only if .Y.~.'-!. P.'.~_11!i5.~..t'!..cfrf.~~..~.ar.~MIJ. !i?.Q. Y.'!!-!. !!CJ!'!'()~ .t~.~. !. '!1Y. .c~r. !(J'!]CJrr(J>y,..................•..............•.......•............

6 dark / it/ be that night/ I / not venture/ outside

C. So . ~i':rk. .'!'?:~. it_ I/!!':( _n_i_9_h!. !/!!':!. !_d_i_d_n :t_ y_e_'!!!!re_. CJ!!ts_i«e_: ................ ,............................................................ _.......... .

7 the vase / sell /they/ find out its true value

Not until .!~e. -~!';S_e_ .I?!':~. ~e.e_n s_o.td_ .cf!_d_ t!!e.Y. !i!1~. Cl!!( .(ls_ tr.'-!.e.. v.a!!!e.•.............................................................. _.......... .
8 we I can / find / parking space
Nowhere .fji!i.cf. !. _C!':1). '!'e.. t!l'}_d_ .a. P.?:rk.(l'}g, 5./J.~_c;_e_: .................................................................................................. .

b Choose the correct answer.

1 By the fire was a walking stick/ a walking stick 6 We were informed that under no circumstances
was. we could / could we borrow reference books from
2 Only when I arrived there I realised / did I realise the library.
I had left the present at home. 7 Off they went/ went they, as happy as anything.
3 Only when Joyce intervened was the matter/ the 8 He should / Should he be here soon, so put the
matter was settled. kettle on.
4 If I were/ were I you, I'd start looking for a new 9 Hardly had the plane taken off than / when I
job. realised I'd forgotten to pack my swimming
5 I don't smoke and neither does/ does neither my costume.
husband. 10 Here comes the bus/ the bus comes! l
'I

't
SIMILAR MEANIN'G IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples.
I
{

.\ 1 I didn't start working until she had left. 6 Actually, it was so cold that the milk had
Not until she (had) left did I start working. frozen.
Only after she (had) left did I start working. Actually, so cold was it that the milk had
2 She had become so conceited that everyone frozen.
hated her. Actually, such a cold day was it that the milk
So conceited had she become that everyone had frozen.
hated her. 7 Children, you must not go in there for any
3 It is the best series I have ever seen. reason.
Never have I seen a better series. Children, on no account/ under no
4 I won't be able to wash up until you've finished. circumstances must you go in there.
Only when youive finished will I be able to wash 8 She was both angry and disappointed.
up. Not only was she angry, but also disappointed.
5 His innocence was never in doubt. 9 The minute I got home, the phone rang.
At no time was his innocence in doubt. No sooner had I got home than the phone rang.
Never did anyone doubt his innocence. Hardly/ Scarcely had I got home when the
phone rang.
 SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY
Study these examples.
10 Unfortunately, we had no idea she was
eavesdropping.
12 I continued working although I was tired.
Tired as / though I was, I continued working.
J
Unfortunately, little did we know she was
13 Well, the antique vase was expensive, but we
eavesdropping.
bought it nevertheless.

1 11 It doesn't matter how many times you ask him,

he'll still refuse.
Well, although/ even though the antique vase
was expensive, we bought it.
No matter how many times you ask him, he'll still Well, in spite of/ despite the antique vase being
1 refuse. expensive, we bought it.

l
l
!
PRACTICE
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change thf
word given. You must use between three and eight words.
I 1 Nobody dared to say anything until he finished 9 No one is allowed to look at those papers.

I
I
speaking.
until
circumstances
U n de r .'!.9. fi!f<;.'!F!!~!'!.'!!i~~..~" (l !. .'i!!"~(<!. !. !TI
•
~~.t. "fl.Y.'!-"~ .
I Not ........... ~n.!!I .h.e. f.h!!cl). f!t1(s/Je_cl .~P..e~k.i!!fl. c/ic/ ......... . those papers. look at
! anyone dare to say anything.
10 We didn't give up, even though the situation
I 2 He was woken by a noise soon after he had seemed hopeless.

I dropped off.
when
as ,
Hopeless .......... ... a.~.!/Je_ .~!.1.'!~!!'?.'!..~r;e_'!!.~.d........... .! ,

I Hardly ................ /J~cl.h_f!..d!.OP.P.r;ci. CJ((.!':'/Jr;t1 ............... .

he was woken by a noise.
we didn't give up.

11 Ask anyone you want and they'll give you the i

3 She became so bad-tempered that no one could same answer.
put up with her. no ,
become no matter who ,i
You 'II get t h e same answer ...............................
So ...............~~.~:ief11p_~~~<!. .<!.i.~. ~h.~..
~.~.~~rn_e.............. . .. .................................. you ask.
that no one could put up with her. f
12 Even though he is well paid, he still finds plent1
4 It's the most difficult exam I've ever done. to complain about. ·
have is .
Never .. (l?r;f°.fe./. /J«r~.,. cl°.n.e..a. !!?°.re_ .ciiff_i_l:;~I! .i .s.'!~/J.'.'... Wei I .................. !!!°.~!1~. i .'!.s. /Je_ !.~.P.'.'.id.................. j
exam. difficult
he still finds plenty to complain about.

5 He won't be able 1:J sign the deal until he agrees. 13 Such things rarely happen
when like
Only ................... .-:1.".'!. /Je_.'.'.9!.e.~:!.!':'!!!.!!f!................... . Seldom ............... .<!.~..t~i~g_7. 1 !~~..1~!~.!.!h.~_I............ y·
be able to sign ths deal. happen.

She felt both insutsd and humiliated. 14 You only needed to approach me and I would
did have volunteered.
Not ..................o.':.'i ~i<!_.s/J'!..~'!.ef.!ri_?.uf.1.f:cl.................. , had L,
but also humiliatec. had you approached
I would have volunteered .................................... . I
.. .!t.r.o.u..~.ac/. ~l?P..~°.'!.<:!!e.cl ... me. [
It was only after ths interview that I realised the job
wasn't for me. 15 Our taxes are very high and we don't know if v!,e
did can pay them.
Only .......... .'!f!r;f.!!"!=)n.!f!.':'{ie_!':'. cf!cl.! le.?_lf~e_ .t/!.<f!.......... . that
the job wasn't for ne. Our taxes ....................~r.~Y.'..IJ.i9t!./h"!. ................ ..
we don't know if we can pay them.
8 The police never a:tually said she was a suspect.
time
At ............. flCJ. t!'!!.e. cir!. t/J~, P..'?!!~e_ .a.'?l~~!IY.. :!aY............. .
she was a suspect.
 Extra Transformations
'
complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
r,vord given. You must use between three and eight words.
·. 1 Jack seems like a very friendly man to me. 11 The dog bit her, and she deserved it since she
strikes had been teasing it.
Jack .................. .. 5.!:!k.es..1!!.'!..as_.(b.e.!'!fl}...............•..... served
a very friendly man. The dog bit her, and _it_ 5.'!.1Y~d..h_.~!.'if!h_.t_t.or..t.f!~s_in_r!_
r2 It's impossible for Paul to return to work. ............. ··········· .......... it.
(
question 12 We came close to dying in the crash.
There ......... is_ .n.'?. _q.u.~s_((o.n..'!t. f'~LJl('.s)..'.e.tur.nillfJ. ........ . cost
to work. The crash ..................n.e.arJy.c:o.st.LJS..'?.L!.' ................ .
lives.
~
There's nothing I hate more than forgetting to set
my alarm clock. 13 You shouldn't make snap judgements about
forget people like that.
What ...... l. h_a.te. _rT!CJs_( .! .:e_aJJr..h..<!.t.e. is_ .W.h.e.'!. ! !.<?!.fl.'!!..... . jump
, · to set my alarm clock. you .............. s_h_.o.L!f.<!ll './ Ju.fllP.. tc,. c_o_n_cf.'-!s_io.'!.s ............ .
' about people like that.
\ .i Jim doesn't care what you say; he always does
what he wants. 14 It's all the same to her.
matter difference
No ............. ......1!!.<!.tt.er. .W.h_a.t.YCJLJ.S.<!Y.,..Ji'!'. .................. . It .........d.?.e.s/J ~ .1!!.<!~e_ .a.'!y 1.1!!.<!~e_s..'!.o. cf!((e_re_n.C?.!! ....... .
always does what he wants. to her.
I said I was sorry that I had to leave so early. 15 Nobody has heard from Julia since she left home.
apologies news
1•••.•...•••••.•.. n:r.a.<f.e. r11y_ .aP.CJ!°.fl.!~.~ _fo_:. h_~~!llfl. ................ . There ................. !?~~. _/?_f!l:ll. ll0_ .ll~.W.~. f!.'?.fll................ .
to leave so early. Julia since she left home.
6 I should have guessed you'd be in here. 16 We will send you further information once you
known send us a cheque for £50.
I .......................... f_l:_irJ.h..t. !?~¥.'!..kllo_lVll ......•................... receipt
you'd be in here. y OU will .. )!I:. S.'!.'!.t.!.'-!!"!!?1:r. !ll(o_:n:r.a.tiCJIJ. ()/} .re_c:e.iP.!. c,f...
Please inforrn me the moment you decide. ....................... a cheque for £50.
let 17 I'll tell Mum if you continue to mess about.
Please .......................... le_t.1!!.e..kllo_V(......................... . carry
the moment you decide. If ...................... Y.0.LJ .c.<!!'X..'?/J .1!!.~.5 5.!'!fl..................... .
{' The laziness shown by some pupils cannot be about, I'll tell Mum.
i solved through discipline. 18 The smell of the sea always made me hungry as !
L solution
a child.
·. Discipline ................. !S..Q.o..s.o!LJ(io.n..t.o.f.f.'!r................ . gave
[ , .................... the laziness shown by some pupils. The smell of the sea always .9!!Y.~.."!f!.?.Q..<!P.P.f!!!!!l..
9 Their daughter really should learn to read now. ............................................. as a child.

[ ~i~h···········!~Jy/9.J?.tim!l..(iJ.~!r..c!!!!i.9/).!~!.le!!u/t. ............ .
to read.

The manager liked the sound of the chef's menu.

· approval
The chef's menu met with the approval of
····················································
.................... the manager.

f ,,-,-,- ..-.,'
L
 Advanced language Points
a Right or wrong? Correct where necessary.
1 The girl to the left is my niece. 9 I was charged interest with a low rate .
........................(. ~~.o:..'!ll .111Y. /.e~. is.::: ........................ . ... interest at a low rate . .
...........................................................
······················
Can you smell that strange aroma she is 10 She did it with a great zeal.
wearing? ........................... :::.~it.~..!l!.f!":t.z.eill: ........................... .
..................... :::..t.h~t. ?.t'.a.:!f!~ pert.'-!."!.':.::: ..................... .
11 Due to fog, the road sign was invisible by the
3 Take the lot; I don't need them anymore. driver.
.............................✓-J :':..f!V.e.fY!.h!n.9./ ............................ . ... invisible to
··················································································
4 i wish you would be quiet. 12 There were twenty items listed in the invoice .
✓ ... on the invoice.
················································--································
5 Unemployment is a major problem in these days. 13 They spent a lot of time to prepare dinner.
........................ ::·. p,:o_bf.':lr!. t~e_~.e. ~''X.s: ....................... . ...................... ::: .!!'!!.e. P.~.eP.<1~i1!.!J..d.i.n:!e.~: ...................... .
6 Much of what you say is wrong. 14 If I pass at university, I'll throw a party .
~'~°.'..
. . . . . . . . . . . . ✓-.. ~ _l_o.t. ~!. ~~.at. Y.°..'-!..~"¥. i~ .~r.o_1J if: ............ . ............ ::: .!le.t _!n.t.°.. /.fl.et. ii JJ.l'!.~e.. ii! .'-!.ni~',!.S!tY. ::: ............ .
7 Play that record again if you would. 15 I'm friends with her sister.
.....................(. f.~ .!! X!?U.. ~.'?.'-!!~:!'.i .'!!!.:!~!..................... . .............✓-P'."!. fri.'::!~s.."!.ith..~~'._is..~. ~ei P..~~a~':l ........... .
8 He didn't know what to do to kill the time. 16 We had a row and he hung up on me .
... to kill time. . .✓-. (':'. P..u.t..~.o.~:!..t.~~. r~~e_!~e_~. iv!t~~U.(. ?.~Y.i:!.f!..!!.~.o~~Y.': !...
b Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.
j--ra_tt_le-,-r-u_s_tl_e,-c-r_a_c-k,-s-l_a_m_,-c-re_a_k_,_ti_c-k,-t-h_u_d_

1 We heard a ....... !e.('!.~~ ....... and the glass 5 He stepped on a loose floorboard which
shattered. ..... ~~~?.k~~ ...... .
2 I could hear raised voices, and then a door 6 For some minutes, nothing was heard except the
.. ...~Iii'!!."!!:~ ..... shut. ......U~.~!!?!l ....... of the ciock.
3 Please stop ...... f":((!i.'!fl....... your keys! 7 The leaves ..... J.'-!~!!~.C!....... in the wind.

4 The bag of flour hit the floor with a ...... ./.fy_l!I}........ . I

:i: .......
C NEWSPAPER LANGUAGE
Match the words with their meanings.
)
1 axe C

2 back E
A sudden increase; period of prosperity
3 ban J B exclude
4 bid H C cut; reduce
5 blast L D divide; division
6 boom A
G
E support L
7 quit F exceed
8 raid K G leave; resign
9 rule out B
H make an offer; attempt
10 split D I encourage
11 top F
J prohibit; prohibition
12 urge I
K attack
.,..~ L explosion
 d The words in bold are frequently found in newspaper e Tick the correct sentences.
headlines. Match them with their meanings.
1 The old man gets up every morning with the
C
....... sun. ✓
1 KEY WITNESS BLACKMAILED
e
.......
2 TERRORIST STRIKE IN CITY CENTRE 2 One of the lions has got loose. Please warn
d
....... everyone of the danger. ✓
3 SHOP THEFT RIDDLE
SCHOOL DESTROYED IN BLAZE b
.......
4 3 England lost to Germany on the penalties .
5 RIFT IN PARLIAMENT a
....... [ ... on penalties.]
f 4 You can't cheat me. I know this story isn't true.
6 PRICE SOAR CAUSES CHAOS ....... [You can't tool me ...]
' 5 Her reaction took me by surprise. ✓
a disagreement
6 He's very open about his private life. ✓
b serious fire
C crucial 7 The boy screamed in fear as the tiger came
d mystery towards him. ✓

e attack
f rise
'

f Words associated with walking. Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form.
wade, plod, march, limp, hop, shuffle, tiptoe, ramble

1 At the weekend, the children happily .... J?l!!.Qff:!rt. ..... through the woods.
2 He ...... ."."f!.r/.f!.c!....... through the water to get the ball.

3 The soldiers .... .'JJ.i!!.<ih!!rt...... in single file in front of the general.

4 He's been ......1\f!JP.!!19. ...... ever since the accident.

,............ aroun d t h e room ·m h.1s s1·1ppers.

shuffled
5 T he o Id man ..........
6 Mrs Brown ...... !iP.(9.~t;I. ...... into the baby's room, hoping not to wake her up.
7 We ..... !!!5/f!rl.!i!t!. ••••. heavily through ihe snow.
8 The young children ......~'?PP..f!.d...... over the puddles in the school playground.

r) Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form.

L stroll, toddle, stagger, trudge, stumble, skip, stride, hobble
1 Her one-year-old daughter ...... !O.t!.t!.lf!.c!...... towards her.
2 They ......~i(<J.ll.f!c!....•. around the park for about an hour. How do you pronounce these words?
3 He .... ;;;!<J.99.f!!.f!.c!.... around the room, holding his chest 1 hasten /'hersn/
and crying in pain. 2 heir /ear/
3 heretic /'herotrk/
4 They ..... .!f!!H!lf!.c!...... home, tired after a long day at work.
4 hospitable /ho'sprtobl/, /'hosprtabl/
5 The young child .....~tuml?if!.c!..... and almost fell. 5 hyena /har'i:na/
6 The old man had hurt his foot and was ..... ll_o_lJ_9_/j_11g····· 6 hymn /hrm/
along the street. 7 hyperbole /har'pa:baiI/
8 hypnosis /hrp'nausrs/
7 The young girl happily ......~/t:ipP.f!.c!...... along at her
mother's side.
strode
He ....................... · t o th e room ·1n a d etermme
1n · d way.
 language Development
A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

a Choose the correct preposition. b Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.

1 You have won a lovely set of/ from cutlery. 1 Her hair always smells ..... 9.1..... apples. It must
be the shampoo she uses.
2 They ran into the barn to shelter from / out of the
rain. 2 He wondered who she was smiling ..... i: 1......
3 The two children stood shivering by/ with cold. 3 I' m hoping . r1se .............
. to spec1a in car d'10 Iogy.
4 I'm going to the doctor's because I keep getting 4 Th ey 've got some ·int eresring specimens
· of
.............
short of/ from breath. that kind of moth in the Natural History Museum.
5 The playground was full of ten-year-olds running
5 He hinted that he spends most of his earnings
around shrieking with / from excitement.
.... .'it!..... computer software.
6 Julie shuddered from/ at the sight of the slug
making its way up the wall. 6 Sprinkle some icing sugar .... R!l.l... the cake.
over
7 Why do you always side by/ with them in an 7 My neighbours are so nosey I often feel like I'm
argument? being spied .... Rn ..... .
8 James sighed with / at relief when the doctor
gave him the all clear.
8 You should steer clear ..... 9.! ..... the stew; it's
terrible.
[
9 Your outlook on life is similar to/ with mine. with th e1r
9 They ' re very strict.............
. . c h'ld
10 Harry's very skilled at/ on inventing useful
I ren.

10 He wrote a book on the su b'1ect .............

of saiTing.
[
contraptions.

Match the idioms with ttieir definitions.

1 throw a spanner in the works

2 speak one's mind J
B
A a lot of bother over nothing much
3 spick and span
f B neat and tidy
4 splash out on sth
C make yourself do sth
5 in a tight squeeze E
D belief based on old-fashioned ideas
6 stick out like a sore thumb L
E in a difficult position
7 stir yourself C
A F through good and bad times
8 a storm in a teacup
K G cause a problem
9 have a sweet tooth
D
H unable to cope with any more problems
an old wives' tale
H I spend a lot of money on sth
at the end of one's tether
F J say what one is thinking
through thick and thin
K enjoy eating sweet things
L
 b Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.
1 His work isn't really up to scratch. Do you think 6 We've taught you all we can and from now on
we should fire him? you're on your own. It's sink or swim.
•.....•............I.!P,. !0.. I~~ .~~quf!.',.C!_ ~!?.f!.cff'! ff!................... . .... ~!!~e.~ _(a!!LJ~e.. °-'·S.1:1.~!~?!. !~ro.11a ~ X.'?!-!r..o!"!.1!..f!.t!O.!'!!l ..
2 I honestly think you've got a screw loose if you 7 You'd better get your skates on if you want to be
expect me to get up at five o'clock in the morning. on time for the performance .
..............................X~!!. ?.~<!..'!!.?!!............................. . ····································h·(!!.,Y........................... ·········
3 On second thoughts, I will come with you. I'm fed 8 I learnt yesterday that their eldest son has been
up with staying in, after all. in prison. I wonder if that's the only skeleton in
...................?.tt~r. 1~;~~!na. !lb.o.!d. .~..?!1!'!1!................... . the cupboard .
......... ....',!!!b.a!.r!'s,;in.CJ..~~c.re.\ .a.~.011!. s_b. '.~. P.a.s.t............ .
4 My brother has always been the black sheep of
the family; ever since he got into trouble with the 9 You'll have to pull your socks up if you want to
police at the age of fourteen. succeed in this business.
....'!!.',!!!b.<c!.. 0.t .?. lf!P.!IX. !O.O.~'c.cf.o.tn. b.Y..t.~.'c. a.me.rs_ .w.it~ ... .................W.0.'k. .~.?'.cf~r;. i!!!!l.~°-~-"· Y.0.1.f!. .w.o.r~ .............. .
con,emp
5 I can't understand why she's been giving me the 10 If you keep walking at a snail's pace, we'll never
cold-shoulder lately. I haven't done anything to get there .
offend her. ................................ ~~!Y..S.IO.'!'_IY............................... .
.......f!.f!! !b. <c.~?.~',!Y..?.c!!na i1!..?n. 11~t~!e.f!.dfy_.'!1.?n n~~....... .

,S PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
!l
'-d Fill in on or out of to complete the prepositional phrases.

1 That car is completely ..... O.!!!.O.L ... control. Look out!

2 ....... 9.1!........ the whole, I think that your theory is sound.

f.·.·..: 3 It's her ambition to go ....... o.n........ the stage.

4 Maggie was ..... 0..1.!!.0.L ... breath when she reached the fourth iioor.
5 They're buying a property ........<?rJ....... , the outskirts of the city.
6 The j:iasseng\,rs were ....... !!!'! ........ the point of abandoning the ship
when they found out they weren't actually in any danger.

Fill in the correct word to complete the prepositional phrases.

danger, date, doors, luck, order, place

1 You're out of ..... .J.u<:k. ...... I'm afraid. We haven't got any more in stock.
2 As soon as Kate was out of .... f!!l~f!e.r.... , she was moved from intensive
care into a normal ward.
3 As the only boy in the class, he feels quite out of ..... P.!a.C?.~...... .
4 Those shoes are really out of .......cf.~!~ ...... . Wherever did you get them?
. 5 Your comment was out of ..... !!rf!~r...... . I hope you're going to
apologise .
. 6 We're holding the party out of ..... f!!!!![S. ..... .
D PHRASAL VERBS

1 roll up turn up (usu. late) 8 scrape through just manage to pass an exam ,
2 round off conclude sth (a speech, lecture, 9 set aside save money or time for a J
etc.) special purpose i •
3 rule out exclude as a possibility 10 set sb off cause sb to cry, laugh, etc. •1•

4 run away with take control of sb (of emotions or 11 set sb up 1 give sb the money to do sth ......
imagination) 2 cause sb to seem guilty;
5 run down criticise continuously and unfairly incriminate (usu. in the i
6 run off print (copies) passive) J.
7 run up against encounter an unexpected
problem / obstacle ---
1 Complete the sentences with one of the phrasal verbs.

1 I'd just like to .........r0. 1!.1!.d..'?..ff. ......... by thanking 9 He ....... JO.!!!!.d..!'P.......... late for work as usual. ,
you ail for your help.
10 , ................................
I cant rule out t h e poss1·b·1·
11ty t h at ,)
2 Sometimes my sister lets her imagination they were involved .
..... r.L!l!.~~~Y..':-'.!!~....... her. · i
11 Don ,t ....................
set h.1m ....................
off ·
crymg agairi
3 The project was delayed when we ..... fil!!.!'P..... He's only just stopped.
....against · I pro bl ems.
... ...... f.1nanc1a
12 If we ......... ~.'!'.l..~~!d.'!'.......... one day a week, we
4 How many copies I e us t o ............
. wou Id you 1·k run off. could do some work for Greenpeace.
..................... ?

5 If Pamela's family hadn't ...... ..!ii!!........ her

........!'P. ........ in business, she wouldn't be so rich.
6 You shouldn't keep ...... D!'H!i!l9. people
........ ~0.¥'!.1!... . You're hardly perfect yourself,,
7 You just managed to .....~!<fi'.P.'!'..l.~!.'?..'!9.~..... with
a C, Ben.
8 The criminal claimed he had been .......~.'!!.!-!P. .... .
...... .......... by the police.

2 Three-word phrasal verbs.

a Match the verbs with their meanings. b Now complete the sentences with the correct forrnf
of the phrasal verbs from exercise a. '
C '
1 come up against .......
2 do away with e
.......
1 I'll try to ...... 9.~UO.!-!'!~.to. ....... doing that work tcr
you this evening.
3 get round to b
.......
a 2 Karen ....'?.~!1'~.UP..~.r/~!1:'.s.t.... many difficulties
4 let in on .......
when she tried to change jobs .
5 live up to d
....... '"'
' 3 Unfortunately, Stuart didn't manage to
a share (secrets, plans, etc) live UP,..............
.. ...... ......... to h.1s t eac her 's expect a1·1ori'
b find time to do 4 The older children refused to ....... ..!'!'.!.. ....... .
C be faced with (problems, etc) Jenny ...... !!1.0.~ ...... their secret.
d be as good as expected 5 Many people believe the government shouldL
e get rid of; abolish ......d.'?..~~~Y..~!!~ ....... fox hunting.
,

271
' E WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
· Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.

1 The town is ....... Georgian and Victorian. 5 The watch was ....... with the name of its first
@ largely B firstly owner and the date it was given to him.

2 I'm responsible for ....... an exhibition at the local

A etched inscribed @
gallery. 6 That piece of scaffolding looks ....... .
® mounting B displaying A risky @ dangerous
r
' •
3 The ....... building has been extended over the
centuries into what you see today.
7 I ....... you to be one of my very best friends.
@ consider B regard
A archetypal @ original 8 Her latest novel is ....... to her husband, who, she
4 There is a ....... of small tea rooms, antique says, has given her a lot oi support.
shops and art galleries to tempt the visitor. A devoted @ dedicated
@ wealth B richness

2 mounting: putting on (an exhibition) 5 etch: reproduce a picture or pattern by engraving on

He mounted his horse. ( = he got on) metal, glass or stone
displaying: showing inscribe: write or carve words on a surface inscription
We display exhibits. 8 devoted: loyal; loving
p.
1 3 archetY,pal: a typical example of sth a devoted husband
l ,. Bath is an archetypal city. to devote yourself to sth (= to be committed to sth;
original: the one which was first made e.g. an original spend a lot of time and energy on sth)
painting dedicated: committed; spend a lot of time .on a particular
4 a wealth of: an abundance of activity I cause
a wealth of examples I knowledge dedication (= words with which a book is"dedicated)
richness: depth or strength (of colour, sound, taste, etc.)
the richness of the colours, the richness of the soil

~ .;

4.F COLLOCATIONS
Tick the appropriate boxes.

stones furniture property information memories possessions

valuable .. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

precious ✓ ✓ ✓

ti ·Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.

clothes, fish, walls, room, eyes, weather, hair

damp: f !q(/_1.~.s J7. _IJ.9.! .C?C!!!lP.!~i~IY.. c/~y),..w_a.!f_s. (.':'..w_itti ..... . wet: .C?!C!.ttie_s..( ":. f!J!!. q( .W.i't~_r), .((~!1. (':'. -~.9lcl_ trfi!s_/_1..<!.'!cl.. .
!!l'?.M!!r.e. !!l~f.c!'!. !tie_~),..r'?.'?.~. _( ":. s_~_ef!it_J_g_ ........... . _u_n.C(!(!k_e_cl);__w_?_lls_. C.':'. _u_~!!, .!re.~f!/Y. p_af.'! !e.?),..~Y~?.. .
!!!lP.!e.i!s_~_t_J_t,..W.!\h..1!!C!!s_tu.r.~..9.'!..tf!e_. W..~!!~),. _IY_e_a_tf!e_t .(c:..1!!.i!!l!!l!l_l.9...IY.i(/_1..t~!!fS.\. W.'!i!\h.~!. .(:':'. r.a!.'!Y),. _/_1.~!r_.
{c;. w_Jtti. !! .!o.( .9! .l!?C!!S.('!!.~. i.'!. !!1e. .af!),..IJ.a!r. (.": ........ . .(h_a.~ .i!!~t. /?e_e_t_J_ .IY.iJSf!f!~}..................................... .
S.!i,g_/_1.t!r. _w_e_!} ....•..•.•..••..•.......•...•.............•....•....•..
·········································································
·········································································
 G CORRECT OR INCORRECT?

Tick the correct sentence(s).

1 a I have always found the nature interesting.
b I have always found nature interesting. ✓

2 a I'd like to change rooms, please. ✓

b I'd like to change room, please.

3 a She can write with any hands.

b She can write with either hand ✓

4 a I'll be here for another three weeks. ✓

b i'li be here for oiher ihree weeks.

5 a the statement below ✓ [sur: ✓ the above statement

b ihe beiow siaiemeni ✓ the statement above
c the following statement ✓ ✓ the preceding statement]

H DERIVATIVES
a Complete the table below.

Adjective Abstract Noun

'concrete Noun
(+ opposite if exists) (+ opposite if exists)
1 rely reliant, ... ('!!1H!!!!a.b!'! ... (un)reliability, reliance
2 replace (ir)replaceable replacement
3 require required, requisite .. !.'!H'!!''!'!'.'!.IJ.t... , pre-requisite
4 research research
5 reserve ..... reserved ..... reservation, reserve reserve

6 reside residential residence resident, residence

·······················
(dis)respectful, (ir)respective,
7 (dis)respect respect, respectability
.J'!.~P.'!~!~_I?!'! ...
8 respond (un)responsive response, responsiveness

9 retire retiring, ...... !.'!!ir'!i!...... . retirement

10 revise revised ......~'!.Y!?.~'?F!... .. .

b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given. 'f
i
'
1 Paul's too ....... ..'.'!!!a.n.t.......... on his parents. He needs to start doing things for himself. RELY

2 That bracelet they took is .... !rr.'!P.!~.~.'!.~~!~~ .... . I hope the police manage to track down the thief. REPLAd ';
!
3 C aro I d .d
I n
rerruired
't have th e ···········"··············· qua 1·1·
11ca1·ions. REOUl~E

4 The ..... (.':5.':'.~!.'?.~.ers_ ..... were delighted with the results of their work. RESEAR~
i
5 Most of the students find accommodation in one of our halls of .......~~.~i~e.~.'?.e....... . RESIDo

6 Did you remember to make a .......~e.~'!:!'.~.t!!!!1 ..... for tonight? RESER!

7 A nyone may t a k e pa rt ·in th e compet1t1on,

·· irresnective
........... .-............... of age or a b·1·1
11 y. RESPElr'

8 I' m t ry1ng
. t o get t h roug h t o h.1m, b ut hes
' not b emg resf)onsive
· very .... ,...................... . RESPon

9 Ruth's one of those shy, ....... J'!.!!(!1!9......... types who never say a word. RETfn,E

10 Hav e you f 1rns revisions

. · he d ma k.mg th e ............................ t o your speec h?. REVf~
t C

ti 27i
il::
 sc FIii in the correct word each time.
1 ( ripen, (un)ripe, ripeness)
a Check to see how ......... J!P.ll ........... the fruit is before you buy it.
b These bananas need to .......... r.iP.f/!l .......... a bit more before you pick them.

2 ( sadden, sad, sadness )

a It was a mixture of ........5.ad.'!11~.~ ........ and joy that he waved goodbye to his hometown.
L b It ........$.~1111 '!5........ me to tell you that the position has already been filled.

3 ( salty, salted, saltiness)

a The ....... ?.?i1if!!'_~~ ........ of the fish is balanced by the sweetness of these cherry tomatoes.
b Ugh! This soup is far too ...........5 ~ 1!¥........... to eat.

4 ( (dis)satisfy, (dis)satisfied, (un)satisfactory, (dis)satisfaction )

a Your recent work has been ....l!.n~?.t(~f~c_\0.'Y.... ; we know you can do better.
b ..... .D.i~.~!".!!5 f!11d. ..... customers can exchange their goods.

5 ( save, (un)safe, safety, saver )

a The ......... §.~(11 !Y. ......... of the passengers must come first.
b It is ......... !-!'!.5!".f11 ......... for young children to play out on their own.

6 ( secure, (in)secure, (in)security )

a Her strange behaviour was a cover-up for her ...... ir!.~f/<;_\l[.(ty....... .
b It was her ability to speak Russian that managed to .........5 1lC.!lre.......... her the job.

7 (sharpen, sharp,sharpness,sharpener)
a Could you ........$.~.~rP.11'! ........ my pencil for me, please?
b It's h.1s ...........................
sharP.ness of mm
· d t hat I a d mire
· most.

8 ( shorten, short, shortness, shortage )

a Due to a .......$.~.9.rJ.1!.£!~$..•.... of breath, he had to stop running.
b Since there is a ........~~~~!1.9.~........ of water, we aren't allowed to water our gardens.
Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
a Choose the correct answer.
1 Everybody was surprised when Chris turned ..... 7 ..... they've moved house, they've got a lot
the job offer. more space.
A away B off @Now that B Just as
@down D against C Since when D Just now
2 Ben is ..... to do well in the exam; he hasn't 8 The government changed the policy because
studied enough. the continued ..... to it from teachers around the
A undoubtedly B improbable country.
C impossible @unlikely A rejection B pressure
3 To do well in this company, you need to be @opposition D repression
able to take the ...... 9 Would you mind ..... an eye over this report
A decision B instinct before I hand it in?
C motivation @initiative A throwing B tossing
4 In my opinion, educational standards have ..... C flinging @casting
over the past fifty years. 10 The shop had an impressive ..... of CD players,
A aggravated B diminished so it was difficult to choose which one to buy.
@deteriorated D eroded A sample B scale
5 If you are feeling under the weather, you should C quantity @range
increase your ..... of vitamins. 11 Unfortunately, I was ..... in by his lies.
A upturn B input A grabbed @taken
C upkeep @intake C pulled D caught
6 Jason's winning the competition was nothing 12 Few people ..... the economic policy as a
..... of a miracle. success.
@short B more A measure B consider
C less D far @look on D believe

b Fi!! in the correct word in the appropriate form.

Aj price, charge CI show, point

1 I bought some great boots half ...... P.!!~!l. ...... in 1 Don't ...... P.'!!!!!...... like that! It's rude.
the Christmas sale. showed us th e pIace w here
. she had se,' ,
2 Sh e ....................
2 Th ere .1s an extra .... ..charge
.. .. .. ... ..... for th e d e 1·1very. the two men.
3 A loss of privacy is often the ..... P.!!'?.~...... of fame. 3 Could you ....... ~~°-~---.. me how to do this, pleaqP?
4 We were allowed to use the swimming pool pointed out t hat t he outing
4 Alex .................... · wou Id be Vfi..4 I
free of .....'?!!".!!l~ ...... expensive.
f
BI hire, let DI principal, principle L
1 Now ~hat the children have left home, we've 1 The accident happened at one of the ... P.!!!1.'?.iP.!lj.....
decided to ....... Jflt........ out their rooms to stations in the country. L
make some extra money.
2 She could definitely be called a woman of
2 Many people choose to ....... ~!!fl....... a car when ... Pt\ngiP.!~ ....
on holiday so they can get around more easily. princiP.le ,
3 Althoug h I agree wit· h t he ·d
I ea ·1n ..................
hired
3 How many new staff w1·11 b e .................... th·1s I'm not sure it will really work in practice.
summer? P.rincina/
4 Wh o ·1s th e .......... :,;-....... of your d aug ht er 's
4 I,m cons1'd enng
. letting
.................... my fl at t o a school?
foreign businesswoman.
 c Complete the sentences with words derived from the e Fill in the correct noun.
word history.
reign, empire, turn, uprising, dictatorship
1 There's a new .... J!!;;.to.~(c,.a! ..... film coming out
next month - we must go and see it. 1 The peasants' ..... .'!P..ris!11f/... ... , in which land
was seized from the aristocracy, marked the
2 He's a ......11!:1.!C?.~i?.'!...... and specialises in the
beginning of the revolution.
French Revolution.
2 The Roman ..... ..1=.'!JP.!!.~...... was established by
3 The meeting between the two kings was a
Augustus in 27 BC .
...... t!l~.t_c,rJ.Ci ....... occasion.
3 While ruled by a ..d_(C?.(?.t.c,r.~11iP. ... , the people were
4 Don 't you th·In k th e ........................
historical fact s are
deprived of the right to choose their leader.
actually open to interpretation?
4 Victoria was crowned Queen in 1837 and her
5 While we were travelling, we visited some sites
reign
..................... con1·Inued un1·1I h er d eath .In 190 1.
which are of great importance ....h.i.st'!:!c:?_IIY. .... .
5 The army started its journey across the continent
around the ........ /1Jr11......... of the century.

d Fill in day, era, age or period. f Fill in the correct suffix to form nouns.
1 The post-war .~'!!./.ee.((0.d.. was a difficult time -ment, -hood, -ness, -ation, -ship
for Europe. [a length of time in history which is
special for some reason} 1 sick ..11!!~5. ..... 7 good .n.'!!s.S. ......
2 In Shakespeare's ........~.~¥. ....... , London was alteration
2 hard ..~fl!P. ...... 8 ..............
very different from what it is today. [a period in
the past often connected with sb] 3 partner.s.t!iP........ 9 false hood
··············
3 During the last Ice .......Jl!l~ ....... , much of the 4 excite. P.!!11( ..... 10 replace .i:n.~.'!.t.. ....

~r
,;
••
earth's surface was covered in ice. [a major
historical I geological period]
4 He is interested in a number of different
5
6
expect. ation .....
enlarge .P.!'!11! .....
11

12
forgetful .'!.e~~.. .....
mother./_l.c,.c,.ct......

IL .... P..'~!.i.c,1:1. .... in history. [particular length of time

in history]

:' ,: , if / .l .,,,,
i,; _,,~--·---L---
~ , -
j f~ Replace the adjective raw in the sentences with one of the adjectives below.
l .
I ~-» inexperienced, uncooked, unprocessed, bitter
i 1 Therewas a raw north wind and I wished I had worn my scarf. bitter
I
2 He owns his own company, which imports raw materials such as sugar. ..... ll_n.f?.(?_C.~~~~.~.....
uncooked

h Choose the correct preposition / particle.

1 Experts believe the vase dates back to/ at the fifth century BC.
2 It is a tradition which actually dates back over/ for some 2,000 years.
3 This particular model of car dates in/ from the 1950s.
4 The relics found have been dated at/ to the reign of Julius Caesar.
\ Part 4 Reading & Use of English ·
You are going to read a short article, two sentences of which have been removed. Read the text and decide whlci
gaps (1-4) the sentences have been removed from.

The City States

By the fourteenth century, many Italian cities such as Milan, Florence and Venice had become city
states. (1) ..... A....... The primary purpose of these states was trade (this was, in fact, how they became
so powerful, their riches allowing them to finance private armies), and trade they did, the length and
breadth of the Mediterranean and north into the rest of Europe. (2) ............... They were famed, too, for
their craftsmen, who would turn the raw materials which poured into the cities into objects of great
beauty, for domestic consumption or export. (3) .......?. ...... A guild provided security for its members in
return for their loyalty, supporting them in times of hardship or sickness.
Trading families became fabulously wealthy, and because of their devotion to their cities, they spent
lavishly in order to beauiify their streets and squares, commissioning the great buildings, statues and
other works that can be seen there to this day. (4) ............... It was the dawn of the period in history
known as The Renaissance, an explosion of art and knowledge that had not been seen in Europe since
the Dark Ages had descended.

A This meant their independence from one another

and the populations' allegiance being towards their
city as opposed to any empire or line of kings.
B This success led to greater and greater wealth, not
just for the merchants, but for the craftsmen too, who
formed associations called guilds, each of which
jealously guarded the monopoly they held over their
particular craft.

b Now answer the following questions.

t
1

1 What is the main reason given for the growing power of city states?
A their independence from other powers ~
B the superiority of their private armies ~
@ their enormous financial resources <'
D their advantageous geographical position
2 It is suggested that if a craftsman did not belong to a guild,
@ he would not be allowed to work in the city.
B he would be deprived of the best materials to work with.
C he would have no support if things became difficult.
D he would not be commissioned by the trading families.
f-"-\

Fart 1
EXAM PRACTICE 11-------~=
For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
'.{""'

Cheer up!
8 •ientists have discovered that those who have a pessimistic (1) ..... of life are not miserable by (2) ..... - it's just
ti ,t their brains work in a completely different way from those of optimists -you know, the ones always looking
on the bright (3) ..... of life.
f''.·•
~ ;tudy (4) ..... by researcher at Stanford University in America utilised scanners to (5) ..... into the brains of
about fourteen women who had been analysed and categorised as either optimistic or pessimistic.

bjects were either shown pictures al what are considered to be negative images, such as tears or anger in
people, spiders, guns and cemeteries. (6) ..... , they were exposed to positive themes (7) ..... happy couples,
sr·1sets and ice cream.
f
R'esearchers found that the parts of the brain which control emotion were activated when positive images were
l
sf">wn to the optimist. However, the women considered to be pessimists showed no reaction to these images.
1l..;ead, they reacted more to negative images but even then in fewer parts of the brain that (8) ..... emotions.

1 A picture B image C look @view

2 A option @choice C selection D preference
3 A aspect B part @side D angle
4 @ conducted B carried C performed D made
5 @peer B stare C gaze D glance
6 A Ultimately B Consequently @ Alternatively D Obviously
7 @ including B included C inclusive D include
8 A oversee B rule C master @govern

Pf rt 2
1 '
=o\ questions9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
;p~ce.
l '

Mark lester - Child Star

,hf uld you be over a certain age, my friend Mark Lester will need (9) ....... .r!.<?........ introduction, being probably
h4 ;]nest and most talented child actor the UK has ever produced. His list of co-stars is proof of his standing
ind ability- Kirk Douglas, Shelley Winters, Charlton Heston, Gordon Jackson, Oliver Reed and Britt Ekland are
J~ a (10) ..... J~.V!........ of the major stars with (11) .... Y!.~.<?.m. ..... Mark acted. Although most people remember
1cifR for his stunning performance in Sir Carol Reed's winning-Oscar musical of Lionel Bart's Oliver he
I:?,' ..... ..C!!~....... , of course, star in many other world-class movies such as Run Wild, Run Free, Eyewitness, Who
rel,,Aunty Rao to name (13) .......~.'-!.t.. ...... a few. One of his most stunning performances was with Dirk Bogarde
1 Our Mother's House made when Mark was only six years old. In (14) ........ !!......... , he had to play an autistic
1
hi\ . He won a top acting award for this effort, which brought him to the notice of Sir Carol Reed, who cast him
eMctly as Oliver. I consider myself privileged to count him as a close friend. He was a lovely unaffected boy
5/ ... ~~~P.!!~ .... being the world's top child actor for nearly ten years and he is just as wonderful an adult. He
,(:mg since left the screen and now (16) .... JWl~....... his own highly successful osteopathy and acupuncture
·actice.

f
L!
 Part 3
For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a
word that fits in the space in the same line.

Aid for dyslexia

An innovative scheme to assist students with dyslexia and other learning difficulties has just been
announced.

Selected schools are to take part in the pilot programme. Each student with dyslexia will be given
a laptop computer for school and home use. A grant of two and a half thousand pounds will be
paid for the purchase of laptops and software for those students (17) .........id.e11 tif(e.~......... as IDENTITY

eligible for the project. Each school will also receive three thousand pounds to purchase back-up
·
equipment f or proJect
· intensive
teachers, (18) ............................... · ·
teacher training ·
also being ·
provided. INTENSE

In recent and repeated surveys it was estimated that ten per cent of people have some form of
d ys IexIa
· or Iearnmg
· · ( 19) ................................
disorder ·
In recent studies of secondary schoo I stu
· d ents, ·11 ORDER

was discovered that twenty per cent had some of these problems regarding educational
. ·
f unct Ionmg. Th e (20) ........... .. .......... .. ..... . of tee h noIogy can assist
provision · stu d ents ·m wor k.mg more PROVIDE

r............ ...... wI·th·m mains

indenendentlY.
(21) ........... · t ream c Iasses or ·m sma II groups, an d aII ows for DEPEND

(22) ........ J!~!_i.bi!ity········· in the time and place of learning. FLEXIBLE

Students with learning difficulties may fall behind their peers and develop feelings of
(23) ...... J~':!~i~'!.ti~ 11 ........ , low self-esteem and poor (24) ....... :'!!~t!y_ati~11 ........ . They may also be FRUSTRATE
MOTIVATE
reluctant to read or write due to a sense of embarrassment.

New technologies offer effective ways of tackling the problems associated with dyslexia and other
learning difficulties. We all look forward to the outcome of this important initiative.

Part 4
l' For questions 25-30, complete the sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word
f. given. Do not change the word given . You must use between three and eight words including the word given.

25 If you say no to playing for the national team, you may never get a second offer.
lifetime You'll be turning down ...........th.~.~~?.1:i.c.~.~1.'.'..!if.et!111~........... if you say no to playing for the
national team.

26 The mountain climbers made a good start under ideal weather conditions.
off The mountain climbers ............ f/~t.?.'.!.t?..~..!!.0 .0 ~.~t'!.rt. ........... under ideal weather conditions.

27 Let's have a DNA test done and finally settle the question of whose child he is.
once Let's have a DNA test done and settle ................. ?.~~.~..a11~. 1?.~.~.1!................ the question of
whose child he is.

28 The shop is closing down, so you can get some real bargains.
rock The goods are being sold ............ '.'.t_r9.~.~.P.~!f~111_1:,_~!'?.e~ ............ because the shop is closing
down.

29 The chairman explained that normally the shareholders were given a bonus each year.
events The chairman explained that ..... !11.t~e..n.'?!.IJ!.~l.~o.u!.~~.~f.~v.e11!~...... , the shareholders were given
a bonus each year.

30 I think he fabricated the whole story to avoid being punished.

made I think he ..1!!!':<!.~i/J.'?.."!.IJ.'?.l.f!.~!?.'.Y..'-!P..!.~i':<!.'?..'-!P. .. to avoid being punished.
the whole story
;!83
 Part 1
UNIT 14 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points

Grammar
A PARTICIPLES [1]
There are three types of participle: the present The past participle is used to replace a relative clause
f participle, the past participle and the perfect participle. [passive structure].
I The present participle ends in -ing and is used:
The cakes made for the party were delicious.
(= ... which were I had been made ...)
1 to replace a relative clause [active structure].
COMPARE:
Would all passengers flying to London go to Gate
Writing in pencil, he ... [active meaning]
tour. (= Would all passengers who are flying ...)
Written in pencil, the contract ... [passive meaning]
2 after the verbs, see, hear, feel, watch, listen to,
p observe, notice to denote an action in progress,
COMMON ERRORS:

! whereas the infinitive without io usuaiiy describes

CORRECT:
Walking along the river, we saw a helicopter fly past.
a completed action.
[... we ... is the subject of both the participle (i.e.
I saw him fixing the car.
walking) and the verb of the clause (i.e. saw)]
(= I saw him as he was fixing it.)
INCORRECT:
I saw him fix the car.
Walking along the river, a helicopter flew past.
(= I saw him. He fixed the car.)
[This would mean that a helicopter was walking
after the verbs catch, find, leave / keep + object. along the river.]
I caught him telling lies.
CORRECT:

r' I found the puppy sleeping under the armchair.

They left I kept me waiting tor hours.
4 after be busy or spend / waste + expression of time /
Written in Ancient Greek, the manuscript
was hard to understand.
INCORRECT.
money. Written in Ancient Greek, he couldn't
She was busy sending an e-mail. understand the manuscript.
He wasted his money trying to repair that old
The perfect participle:
camera.
having + past participle [active structure]
5 after the verb feel, but only in the active voice. Having seen the film before, she decided to go out.
We could feel the earth trembling under our feet. having been + past participle [passive structure]
Having been invited to the party, he felt he ought to go.

1 "
NOTE:

1 Participles can also be used in place of clauses of · 3 Study these examples:

(
time / reason I condition, etc. After she had left the building, she ...
Not knowing how to react, he left the room. After having left the building, she ...
(= Because he didn't know how ...) After leaving the building, she ...
Having done her homework, she turned on Having left the building, she ...
the TV. Leaving the building, she ...
(= After she had done her homework ...)
ALSO: Her work completed, she ...
(= When her work was completed, she ...)
The iacket being expensive, he ...
(= Because the iacket was expensive, he ...)
2 Participles can also be used after if, when, while,
though, once, until, although, as if instead of a
progressive or passive structure.
Don't talk while eating.
(= ... while you are eating.)
Oranges are delicious when eaten fresh.
(= ... when they are eaten fresh.)
 PRACTICE
complete the sentences with either the present participle or the past participle of one of the verbs below.

understand, complain, wait, look, pull, destroy, cook, lock, warn, drive

1 I heard him ... !:~~P..1.~!~!'.1.11..... about the cost of a ...... ..CJ!f.v!IJJJ........ along in her car, she started to
living to Mrs Jones, but didn't join in the think about the party that night.
conversation.
9 Although ........"!.?!.IJ.~.<!........ not to climb the tree,
2 The papers .....<}!!§.f!.9Y.~<!...... in the fire were of little the children couldn't resist.
importance.
..... . ....... at t h e,r··
looking
1O Do you know that woman ..... ......
3 I can smell something nice .......c.0 .?.ki"/L ..... I wonder paintings over there? '
what's for dinner.
4 Not ..1!.n.d.~!.5 (~'!.d.(n.i!... exactly what it was all about,
he decided to keep out of the argument.

5 They wasted half the day ........ ~~!.1!"il........ for the

washing machine to be delivered.
11
6 The man ....... P1!. ~~········· from the wreckage of the
train wasn't seriously injured.
7 This door, once ...... ..1~'?.k~~ ........ , must not be
opened again.

PARTICIPLES [2] 2 THERE IS / ARE + TO BE 3 LINKING WORDS

1 Participles [2] 3 Linking words '

Participles used as adjectives: '
clarification: in other words, I mean, that is to
1 Many -ing participles describe what somebody or say
something is: contrast: although, whereas, despite, even I
astonishing, boring, confusing, convincing, decreasing, though, on the other hand, in
depressing, disappointing, embarrassing, exciting,
frightening, interesting, shocking, surprising,
terrifying, tiring, worrying, etc.
Her attitude is shocking.
contrast, however, (and) yet,
while
emphasis: what is more, in fact, as a matter
L
The documentary was quite depressing. of fact, actually, not only ... but I:
also, not only that, specifically
2 Many -ed participles describe how someone feels: exemplification: such as, for instance, especially,
astonished, bored, delighted, depressed, disappointed,
excited, frightened, interested, satisfied, shocked,
in particular, particularly t
surprised, tired, worried, etc. addition: moreover, in addition (to),
furthermore, not to mention (the
!
f,
We were tired and worried.
/ suggested she tried rock climbing, but she was
fact that), besides, what is more [
too frightened. exception: except, except for, apart from f:
reference: regarding, concerning, I'
2 There is / are + to be
.
considering, with regard /
respect to, etc. Ir
.
Study the following structures with there: similarity: likewise, in the same way,
There is to be a meeting tomorrow.
There are io be further meetings next week.
simiiariy, just as
beginning: initially, first, firstly, to begin /
,, t
start with, first of all, etc. t
NOTE:
continuing: secondly, after this/ that, then,
We can also use verbs such as: seem, expect,
afterwards, etc.
prove, appear, happen, etc.
There appears to be a problem. summarising: on the whole, in short/ brief, to
We are not expecting there to be many people. sum up, in conclusion, to
The next day there occurred a strange accident. conclude, finally, etc.
L)
~PRACTICE
1 Choose the correct answers in these passages .
. l"' 3 Why [1] is/ are there so many people out shopping
today? The sales haven't started yet and
everything's overpriced, [2] despite/ not to mention
the fact that the weather's miserable. The people
[3] staying / stayed at home by the fire must be
much happier!

4 I think everybody, apart [1] for/ from Tom, felt the

staff meeting was [21 productive/ producing. [3] As
1 While the artist had expected [1] it will be/ there to
a matter of fact / Specifically, we would like such
be some criticism [2] regarding / regarded the
meetings to be held on a more regular basis. It is
subject matter of some of hei work, she was
[4] interesting / interested for all of us to find out
[3] astonished / astonishing to find crowds of
how other members of staff feel about certain
protesters outside the gallery on the day the
issues.
exhibition opened. [4] it seems/ There seems there
are to be similar protests all week.

2 The film, [1] in short/ on the whole, is about a boy

who runs away from home and meets up with a
tramp. [2] Initially / Although I didn't think it was
going to be very good [3] firstly / at first, I soon
changed my mind. I [4) particularly / similarly like
the way the relationship between the two of them
develops during the course of the film.

SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY

} '.Study these examp!es.
J1 Jane always does the gardening, which keeps her 8 Vegetables are healthier if. you eat them raw.
busy in her spare time. Vegetables are healthier when (they are) eaten

t
l .
Jane's always busy gardening/ doing the gardening
in her spare time.
[\ 2 People who enrol on the course must be
raw.
9 After the plane had taken off, it started to turn.
After having taken off, the plane started to turn.
conscientious. After taking off, the plane started to turn.
People enrolling on the course must be Having taken off, the plane started to turn.
conscientious. 10 The window which was broken in the fight will
1
' 3 I painted the bedroom over the weekend. have to be replaced.
I spent the weekend painting the bedroom. The window broken in the fight will have to be
i I found a puppy which was trembling with fear. replaced.
I found a puppy trembling with fear. 11 In contrast to her husband, she's very talkative.
'5 As I couldn't go to the wedding, I wrote to explain Whereas/ While her husband is quiet, she's
why. very talkative.
Not (being) able to go to the wedding, l wrote to 12 Everyone, except for Mandy, agreed on the
explain why. plan.
L! He didn't notice the lamp-post and bumped into it.
Not having noticed the lamp-post, he bumped into it.
With the exception of Mandy, everyone agreed
on the plan.
1J ::a;_atched as the police were taking the man

We watched the police taking the man away.

 9 Once the demonstrators had occupied the
building, they agreed to speak to the press.
having

~tt=~~~,;-·~;·;~:·:~:!~¥f-i1;Z1bit1tJ/~~,..t~~ ......... f
10 It's not worth seeing that film.
waste
It's .................... ~ Y{~:'.\'!..C/!.!!P.~ .s.~i!!'!9. ... ............... .
that film.
11 I had to wait for two hours before they came to
pick me up.
1 I travelled through France for a week. kept
spent They ................... !rnP.!.IJ!.'!.Y'.~!!!ng .((9.,/... .............. J
I __ .................... .~P.~n.!.a..w.e.f!.k.tr11v.el!in_g····· ................. . two hours before they picked me up.
through France.
12 When I heard someone screaming in the park,
2 The paintings stolen last week have now been I ran to investigate.
found. having •
were
scream mg
.!
I ....... me'..(C/. in.~'!.!!/ig?.('!. l!!!V.i.1!9. hi!iJ.,q .(:'.'?.l!?i19.!1.'!1....
·
The paintings ........... t!mU.whi<?./.1..w~rn.!i/i/li!!l. .......... . in the park.
last week have now been found.
13 Your argument wasn't at all convincing.
3 As she couldn't understand the exercise, she all
asked the teacher to explain it. No one ................W!!:'..i!!.!!!L<?.C/.l!.~!1J.<,i1!!.P.Y. ........... 7 .
able your argument.
Not ...............(b.eif!g). i3~!'!. _t.C!__11f!cl~,:?.\a.ryci.!~~ .............. .
14 Graham was the only person who objected to
exercise, she asked the teacher to explain it.
having a check-up. r(
4 The children watched while the actors were exception !
rehearsing the play. Everyone agreed to l!.i/Y.!'.J.li.ilY.(@.il.></.I.IH;k:UP..With.
rehearse .!hi!.~~f~P.!!C?l!..C/f.. Graham.
The children ........ .W!!!~!i.'!.<!. !!!i!.!!'?.!C/!.!i. '.'!!!i!iJ.f:'.'!........ .
15 The police don't anticipate any trouble.
the play.
there
5 Ann came into the room when the boys were The police ........cf.<?n'.t.~~P.!i!C?cU/.l.eli~!'./.<?.k e.I. r!9.n'.t.. .. '.I
anticipate t ere w,11be i.
writing on the desk. My~u~. -
caught
16 While Holland is a very flat country, Austria is j ·
Ann ................. ~~.119h!.m~.~.C/J"!.W!'i!i11 g.o.n................ .
mountainous.
the desk.
contrast
6 As Rob hadn't set the alarm, he woke up late. Austria • .1s mountainous • in contrast to Holland;,
.....................................
having ........ ...w~!<?.!i.... ........ is flat. l
Not ...................... h!!Ying.:'.'!.t.!!!i!.?i~r.'!!..................... '
Rob woke up late.
7 Lucy always spends a lot of time at the office.
busy
Lucy ................. .i5 . 111 ~11 Y.~. P.!!:>Y..(Y'.'?!.~!'"!9/ ................. .
at the office.
6 Anybody who wants to take part should sign here.
wishing
Anybody .................. Y'.i"!~i'!.9J'?.!.~l('!.P..art.................. .
should sign here.

28'
,·,;mplete the second sentence so that ii has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
i 1rd given. You must use between three and eight words.
10 As the truck slid in front of me, I braked as hard
as I could.
put
As the truck slid in front of me, I P.~!.0.1?.!~.~..f?:.a~~.s
..................................... as hard as I could.
11 Switzerland stayed neutral in World War II.
sides
Switzerland refused ..............!'?..!a.fyr, .si.dr,?. ............ .
1 _You'll definitely lose this match. ..................... in World War II.
rchance
! 12 Your work is definitely getting better.
' You ........ r!Rn'.t~t~nr!././.1.ii.~~..i!..c;h~.n,;.~.Rf.wi!lning ....... . signs
. this match. oR: have no chance of winning
Your work ..!s..sh_c_i_~i'.1.fi. d_e_fini/e../.c!_ ti_nit"!Y. ,;h_c_i_'!'(i'.1.9. ..
(i;
r
,i . Can you start returning to the coach, please? improvement. signs 0 1
way
13 It's hard to accept the loss of a loved one.
Can you start ............111'!k.i.l)fl.Y.'?.'!.~.l.'-:'!Y..Cb.ac;!<J. .......... .
come
.to the coach, please?
It's hard ............... Jo..~.'!ITle__!o..!"!.I!!.~. ~!!h ............... .
3 .Don't let him fool you with his gentle manner. the loss of a loved one.
taken
14 I hope my arriving late didn't cause problems for
Don't ......................... ~"..!?.~".!1..ilJ..~Y.......................... .
you last Sunday. ·
! his gentle manner. put
1
4\ The popularity of mobile phones doesn't seem to I hope my arriving late didn't ..... P.!-!!.Y.9.1!..l.9..~l?Y. ....
be lessening. .......... !m!!P.!~.......... last Sunday.
. I
l sign 15 As far as I know, he's a crook .
LThe popularity of mobile phones .~.IJ.'!.IY.~.!1.'!.~ig.l)..'!!.
knowledge
................................ lessening. To .....11_1.¥. ~n_c_>.l_\'.!e_d.~.'!.f. th_e_. ~~.~!_ <>I. ITI)'. .k_n<>~!e_d_g_e_.... ,
'i
5/ The new law will be passed on March 15th. he's a crook.
force
17 You are not allowed to smoke in here.
~::c~e~ :~~ ... ~!!1.~~.!.n.tgrc; Jgg.1-j;/-"itl.f?.01T1e_.in.to....
5
16 ban
There is ................... !!.~?.n..0.1!..~ITlc_>.~!'?f!... ............... .
6_ Her blood tests all came up clear. in here.
I
Nrong
1 rler blood tests showed .. Jth.a.tUfJ.~r.e."'.a!!.!1.<?.fh_il)fl ... 16 I know it's cold, but let's try to enjoy ourselves
anyway .
.W!.9l!Y.W.W"!.. her.
make
t
7 / fhe car is full; no one else can get in. I know it's cold, but let's try ..1'?..l!!.?~e..!IJ."..m..'!?.f.9_/_
room ....................... it.
There .................. is.n_'t.,.<?.<?.'!! .!n_.!h.e..C?'!~.f<>r................. .
1nyone else.
3, You can tell me your secret - I won't tell.
i :onfidence
l.i'ou can ......... !?/<.".!!?"itJ.~9.Y..'!!!U,9.l!Hcfe_l?~~........... -

1
t
won't tell.
ilJohn's train will probably be delayed because of
the fog.
rJkely
Lohn's train .............. !f!.li~"!YJ<?.!?'!.r!".!?Y.".r! ............. .
because of the fog.
 Advanced language Points
a Right or wrong? Correct where necessary.

1 There was a group of people discussing in the 5 The little girl was blind at one eye .
kitchen. ... blind in one ...
.. ::: .cl!?_cLis_?!1!9. ?.try. !1!. ::·..'?.~:. ::·..tf!l.~!1_1.fl. _( .c~!!!!!t_1.(I. i.'!. ::: ..
···············································································
6 He got into the house under the pretext of
2 The lift descended slowly, stopping at every asking for help .
floor. ................... --✓-.~15.o_:.o.'!Jry.f!.P.r.'!!"l!!..C!t.::: ................... I •
✓
···············································································
7 Do you do your prayers before you go to bed?
3 There's a gasworks in the district. .•.•..•............ {).CJ. )'.0.ll .?!!Y.J.0.'!'.P.r!!Y.f!f.S. ::·.................... .
................... ✓-..(::. f!!<?_l'?.fJ. fl!.O.dl/t,il_1.Y..Y.as./ ................. .
8 Who's going to preside over the meeting?
4 They were divided into groups of five. ...............✓- .~.L~.o;. ::: P!.".sicl~ .ai .tfyfl. 11l~~.ti_ng1 ............. .

ff ······································!····••································

b What's the difference?

I 1 a in the air
........................ .ilf!!!/!19, .P..~~.• ~!lt ........................ .
b on the air
..............I?.'! /fig. ~rO.?.d.~.~ S.( .<:>.(.b.,0.?.d.~i!?.tf_ng............. .
II ....Tl!.~rn. /$. ii. ,~~!i'!Y..Qf. #ie.'iilti'if~9.ti<:>lJ. in. ti!~ .~lr.-... .
2 a in hand
.Ji.h.?.t..1fl1lfl .'!!.~. Y.0.'!. 0.'!. ih.f!. !!!r?.'. .try·"·[)/ !'!".~S. .?i!k.~d:..
b on hand

l 3
... ........................'!.n.C!_f!r..co.11\ro_l .......................... .
P_o_l_\~.'!. r.'!P.0.f!"ci. th_f!.t .t.hflY. JJ.aci. t~fl. ?f.t.'!!!t!o_n..if!. ~!!l1cl.
a The actress was very good to speak to her fans .
...........................av.'!!!'.'.'?.1.<c. t!?. ~f:!I?......................... .
.T~fl~fl.~!!! .'?.'!. !! .n.'!.'!!!:. o_n..h.f!1!cl_.s.h!? lI!cl X!?'!. 1_1."·{!cl_. !?l1e_.
b The actress was very good at speaking to her fans.
..!!. !'!"!!S. .~f1!cl .!.n.i~.'!. o.t. !/J.fl .?.q!r.es.s_ .t.CJ. 5.p_~a.~. !O.. h_~~ .. n~, .
I'.
i.
... ..... ................. .. ...... t!!n.S.•... .............................. .
.T.fy·"· i!9.trn~.'i. ~?.d. .'!.9. #!ff!9.'!!!Y.. !'!..!?!k!'!9..t.'!. ~ ~ r. fil

'

Look at these words. The stress is on

the first syllable when they are nouns
c Fill in the correct form of the following verbs. and on the second syllable when they
are used as verbs. Say what they mean.
twinkle, glisten, flicker, glare, sparkle, dazzle
NOUNS VERBS
1 The diamond on her finger .......5 P.!'.'k.1.'!.<!....... under
the light. desert desert
permit permit
2 The candle .... J!!c.k£Jrflci ...... and then went out
record record
completely.
import import
3 The stars ...... t!'(_i_n!fle.<!....... in the sky like little lights .
present present
going on and off.
protest protest
4 The sun ...... ..f:1.1•8 r.ect ........ down on the buildings all subject subject
day.
increase increase
5 We were .......d.~z,zl.f!ci ....... by the bright light and decrease decrease
couldn't see for a few seconds. progress progress
6 The raindrops on the window pane .: .... gJi.s/fl11e.<!..... . reprint reprint
in the sun. insult insult
suspect suspect
transport transport
 Similar meaning - different prepositions. Fill in the correct prepositions.

1 be on t he po1n of
. t ............ in
4 ............ · ·
my opinion in ques 10n
7 ............ r
be about ..... !.0 ...• to
............ · d
mym1n ............ ·issue
at
. "f • at
2 aim en 1c1sm ............ 5 .... m'. .... mistake 8 abide .... !?Y. ....
-p"·.
with
fin dfau It ............ .... !fl ..... error adhere ... ..!<?.....
I
C ... .i.r!..... check 9 put ones
, mm to
. d ............
3 conform ... ..t.'?..... 6
comply ..."!.!1.~.... ..'-!F!~~i:.. control concentrate ... .<'"····

e Fill in the correct phrase. g Fill in catch up or catch on.

f'Tr
' ~---------------~ 1 If you miss a !ot of lessons, it's very difficult to
I. in exchange for, in favour of, with regard to,
by virtue of, in addition to, in common with, ..... c_a.tC~_l!f' ..... .
with the exception of, at odds with 2 They were playing a joke on her, but she
1 .........IQ..a.c:f~!!!'?.11 .\0.......... turning up late, he didn't .....<::.~tfh..'?.IJ...... .
didn't bother to apologise . 3 Mini-skirts ....c.allgh.t.'?.n..... in the sixties.
....... !fl.e.~Cih.€l.QSl.eJ'?.r........ her land, the 4 Drive faster; they're ... c.a.t.c~i119..u.P.. .. with us.
contractor is giving her four flats in the
building.
h Answer the questions to make proverbs.
I'm not ......... .irJ.!.~¥.'?.'-!!..<?L ......... the death
1 What is better than one head?
penalty.
.£!~'?. h.e.<!.c:f.~.:. !.~'?. h.e.<!.c:f.~. a.re. .~.~.f!.e!. t~~n_. '?_n.e:J........ .
I have nothing ...... .!fl.'?.'?.'!!111'?fl.~!tt ...... Ted.
2 What isn't there without fire?
• S .... '!Y"!!~.me..e.xc;e.P..(i.'?fl.'?f_ .. one student, all the _(S_lll(!~f!. .-. .T~~'.~ '.s. F!'?. ~'!!.'?.k~. ~!th.'?~/ /i[f!) .............. .
! class passed the exam.
3 What kind of birds flock together?
6 The government is reviewing its policy _(bf!.cf.~. (!f_ ;_i__fe.a!~~i:. :. El!,:~~. '?_f .a. !.e~!h.e.r /!'?.c~ ........... .
f • ......... ~!!~.[.~g;_i_i:rf..t'?. ........ immigration. together.]
4 Wnat should you not count before they hatch?
t7 Harry was always .......... €l.!.'?.rf.d.~.~i!~ .......... his .lY.Olli:..ch. !c.~~ fl~..-..0.'?.Q.J..'?'?llfl! .Y.f!.U.r..'?~ ic_~en~ .~.'!!.Of.~.
parents. Jhey hatch.]
5 Who catches the worm?
She received residency .£!~.'!..~~ r!r. .~!!.cf..-..1:h.e. .e.;_irfY.. f?.i[d_. '?.i_l !.'?h. e.s..t.'!.~. '!'!.'?.['!!: ...
...........1?.¥.¥.!r.t.'!.'!..'?!. .......... her marriage. = sb is successful because they were the first to
[ = because of] do sth]

r,ck the items which can follow the word in capitals.

cards ✓

a cassette I CD ✓

a role ✓ [= play a certain part in sth}

How do you pronounce these words?
in a film. [have a part in I act in a film]
1 inadequate /rn'red1kwot/
one's part ✓ [= do one's share of sth] 2indict /rn'dan/
3 invoice /'mvo1s/
an instrument ✓ 4 iron /'a1on/
5 Isaac /'a1zok/
truant ✓ [ = stay away from school without
permission] 6 Israel /'izreI!/, /'1mol/
the fool ✓ [= act in a silly way in order to amuse 7 jackal /'d3reko:I/
others] 8 Jacob /'d3rekob/
--~----------~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Part 2 Language Development
A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

a Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions below.

by, for, in, of, to

1 This product is another substitute .... !.C!!. .... sugar, marketed for people on diets.
2 The prison compound is surrounded ... ..!>Y..... an electric fence. ·
3 These invitations are too ordinary. They're not suitable .....(9.r ... a wedding.
4 The soldiers had no choice but to surrender .... .tC!...... the enemy.
5 Will the food be sufficient ... JCJ'. .... two hundred guests?
6 The police didn't really suspect you ..... ~t..... shooting him, did they?
7 You try and persuade him - you've got a talent .... t!?r..... that kind of thing.
8 He hasn't got very good taste ..... !!! ..... art There are some awful reproductions
on the walls of his office.
9 Did I ever thank you ... J~r..... all your help?
10 Thirsty .... !.C!!. .... knowledge, he read nearly every book in the library.

b Choose the correct preposition.

1 He was threatened with / to dismissal if his work didn't improve.
2 We should be tolerant of/ at people of all races and religions.
3 I'm toying about/ with the idea of setting up on my own.
4 She's undergoing treatment on/ for tuberculosis.
5 Have you been in trouble with / by the law before?
6 Put your trust with / in Speedy Cleaners and let us keep your business premises spick and span.
7 They were unanimous with/ in theii decision.
8 I was unaware of/ for the fact that changes had been made to the bus timetable, so I was late for work. !
9 You're definitely unfit at/ for this kind of work. You're just not strong enough.
10 In my opinion, it's unreasonable of/ from you to expect someone else to pay your debts for you.

B IDIOMS
a Match the idioms with their definitions.

1 within a stone's throw F

A a supportive person '
2 be in a tight corner B
B be in a difficult position
3 time flies
C boast about oneself
4 on the tip of one's tongue H
D exchange views; work together
5 put our heads together D \
•
6 off the top of one's head
,, E reconsider what you're planning to do
F very close
7 a tower of strength A
G go out and have a good time
8 paint the town red G
H know sth but be unable to remember it at that moment
C
9 blow one's own trumpet (a word, name, etc.)
10 think twice about doing sth E
time passes quickly
J without giving sth much thought
l t,,

291
} · Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.
1 The children are up to something. They've been 7 That loud music is driving me up the wall.

r
(
whispering together all morning.
planning sth (usu. bad or secret)
················································································
................. a.n.'!.oY.!'}/l. .1!1.e; .1!!~.~!!!U. .1!!.':..C?!.~~X................ .
8 Jack's in hot water because· of his mistake.
2 We can never have a rational discussion; you're in trouble
···············•«••················ .. ··········································
I! always trying to get the upper hand.
be in control 9 It's not surprising they're in debt - they spend
money like water .
r
t
3 Let's try Thai food tonight. Variety is the spice of
life, after all.
... ...~P..e11c1. 1!!'?.'!.e.Y.. !'s. if. if'.~..'!.f!V.':!. .9.of11g. t<?_ /!1!!. '?_'!_t ••..•..
10 I expect you to pull your weight if you come
.................. x~r!~~. 0. ~ k.~~. !if.~. !.nt~~~5.ti_f!f!.................. .
r, 4 Martha lacks confidence and allows others to
walk ail over her.
camping with us.
............. clp. !'S. _f!)!}f,h_ _l_\;pr~. a_s, _l!V.e!Y.b.C>d_Y. .f!l5:~............. .
11 We had a whale of a time at the fair.

r ~~~·~-~·~· i·~~~·~;·~; ~;·~~~~;·;~·;~~·~~~·~~~~·~·~·.· ·

5
I was walking on air.
treat her like she's inferior
............................a..v~,y fl.C!.C!c/. t!rn.~........................... .
12 I'm sure she'll make the right decision. She
knows what's what, after all .
......... ..... .. ..... .... ...':~(~1!1.1:!Y. .h.~P.P. Y. ........................... . ...................... ~'!.0 .W.~..W.h.~i .i5:.!'!!P..C!.rl.~11!..................... .
6 People from all walks of life took part in the
demonstration .
......P..f!PP.!.f! !.('?f!J..tfitf.f!f!l!!! 1'?.~.~,. b.i!A~Y[P!-!!?~?, ..f!!f,, ..... .

-------·,,,__..,..,,.,.-~--.-.-----------------------·~---
r
l
C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
J- Fill in out of, to or under to complete the prepositional phrases.
I
1 ...... ..!.0 ........ this day, I can remember the look on his face when he
found out.
Catering for a dinner party at such short notice is simply ..... 9.1-!(C/f.....
the question.
3 They wouldn't serve him alcohol because he's ..... .'!!?cl.f![..... age.

4 ....... !'?. ........ my surprise, I passed all my exams.

5 H.1s fam,·1 y st oo d waving
. out of s1g
un1·1I th e s h'1p was ................... · ht.
6 Put that crystal .vase somewhere ..... C>l!/.C>f ..... reach so the baby can't
get it.

b} Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional phrases below.

under arrest, under control, under one's breath, under orders, under pressure, under the impression

The fire is ............1/_ncl!J[.f,C>!!([C>l ............ at last.

1"i -' When the detective informed me I was ............. !1 11 cl~.(.~'.~e.~!............. , I couldn't believe my ears!
l
'3 Union leaders are ...........'!.1!.d.~'.P.'.e~~_l:'.e........... to call a general strike.
Tom muttered something .......... !J!?cle!..~i.~.b.f~a.th.......... as he left the room, and I don't think it was very
complimentary.

~ The soldier was .............u11cJ~r.CJrcl_f!rs_ ............ to shoot anyone who tried to force their way into the camp.

We were all ...... !111 c1~.r_!h_e_if!!P.~~s.~iCJll ...... that the yacht was theirs, but it seems we were mistaken.
D CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
Tick the correct sentence(s).
1 a His leg is in plaster. ✓ 4 a He has to walk with crutches.
b His leg is inside plaster. b He has to walk on crutches. ✓
2 a Count again the money, please. 5 a Is smoking allowed in here? ✓
b Count the money again, please. ✓ b Is it allowed to smoke in here?
c Are we allowed to smoke in here? ✓
3 a There may be a strike next week. ✓ [ALSO: There
might be ... ] d Is it permitted to smoke in here? ✓
b There can be a strike next week.

----- -~" ---

E COLLOCATIONS
a Tick the appropriate boxes.

a degree
keep ✓ ✓ ✓

hold ✓ ✓ ✓

b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.

words, room, promise, threats, -headed, smile, look, stomach, bottle, existence, position

em ply: '!!.'?!.cf.5. f.:: .!!1.'?.~ .'!!!!9.!'?.~ ~),..'9.9.!!1..(::..'!!!~ 9.~Y. !.'!. !!!. , vacant: .r.C?.C?!?l. .L":..'-!.'!.C?.<?~!IP.!'?.ci),. !';!?1,(1.f!.f.::. cf.9.0 .'?..~i!~.'?!-!L f·
P.f.'?!?1./1?.'!. f.::. /1_1.1?/.'!!<~~'?),..VJ.~'?.~!!':. (?...~.~'!.(1Jg..'!R.... . .!~!!!~!f!g) I. /9,9,~..( C: ~!~.f!.~/1. P.~~i_i!!!!'!. f.":.1'?.i?......... .
r.'!~! .((l.'!.~!!(!!9),..'.~.'!.~cf.~cj_ .( ?...~i!IY),. !i:!9.!!1.~!:~. (?.... . .~Y.~!!~.~l.'!!... .................................................... I
'!!.(l_/?R!!!. f!!!!cf.J., .~9.ttl.f!. f.'?P.P.;. f!J!I),..'?.~i1?.t.'!.'!~~ .(?.... . l
m~~.'!!ng!~?.~i................................................. .

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• f
.
L
F PHRASAL VERBS
1 settle for accept sth less than what one 8 side with support sb in an argument/
really wants decision
2 settle up pay a debt or a bill 9 sit in for do sb's job, etc. while they are ,I
3 shake off get rid of sth / sb that is unwanted away
4 shake up make radical changes in a group, 10 sit out 1 remain until the end
firm, etc. to make it more effective 2 not participate
5 shoot up grow quickly 11 slip up make a careless mistake
6 shop around compare prices in different shops 12 snap up buy sth quickly/ eagerly
before purchasing sth
7 shut off 1 stop the operation of sth
(eg. a gas / electricity supply)
2 isolate oneself
l Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page.
,{
1 I'm tired so I think 1·11 ....... ~it ....... the game 12 Can you .......... ~/:l.\/.t9.ff. .......... the electricity when
...... out...... . you vacate the house, please?
;_ The new manager has really ....... ~~~~e.!!.!IP........ 13 You'd be well advised to .......~~~P.!:1.~'?.'!.n.<!.......
the sales department; it's completely different before deciding which pushchair to buy.
1 .
;
now.
14 A dog followed us from the station and we
3 The twins have really .......... ~~<?_t_uP........... since couldn't .....~~~k.~..... it ....... CJff....... .
t'" we last saw them.
14 I'll call by the garage later and .........se.!!!e..!!P........... .

f, We forced ourselves to ...........~i_l.~!!t............ the

i film, even though it was boring.

r I refuse to .........?.~.t.t!~/~~.......... second best.

1·, Ever since grandad died, mum has ......~~u_t. .....
herself ...... 5!'t....... from all her friends.
Why do you always ......... ~!d.~..w_{~~.......... your
father? He's not always right, you know.

1·. Go to the sales early tomorrow morning or all the

bargains will have·been .......W~P.P.e.(!.\IP. ....... .
b NOMINAL FORMS: Fill in the correct nominal form.

shake-up, slip-up
·r! _1Wh o,s ................................
sitting in for you when you ,re 1 We can expect a real ..........s~~.~.~:U.I!. ......... when
·· away? the new manager gets here.
I really ....... ~!iP.P..~~.U.I!. ......... when I asked if he 2 That was quite a ...........?!iP.:.lfP. ........... . Try not
was bringing Jane. I'd forgotten they'd split up. to make a mistake like that again.
t-,-
\
t.ORDS EASILY CONFUSED
<noose the correct word in each sentence.
--~--------,~-
·{ · It took me quite a few months to ....... to life in Saudi
~~
~~~:'.""------
i·~---'-'-'"-"---"""-'"'
' 1 adjust: adapt; get used to ..
Arabia. Emma will need time to adjust to her new
@ adjust B accustom school.
I adjusted the watch strap.
2 He was tall and slim with ....... cheeks. accustom: (yourself or sb else) to get used to
It took a while for her to accustom herself to
@ hollow B thin the hot climate.
I
3' Your version of what happened isn't ....... with his.
NOTE: we cannot say 'accustomed to life'
2 hollow: sunken; concave
1 Someone must be lying. ho/low laugh (= insincere)
A similar @ consistent hollow victory ( = meaningless)
thin: not fat
4 The whole holiday was a disaster from start to ....... . thin lips, thin hair
NOTE: we cannot say 'thin cheeks' _.
' @ finish B conclusion
6 brainwave: a sudden good idea
L I
I had a brainwave last night.
5 The number of people looking for work has ....... over
a flash of inspiration: a sudden good idea
'he last six months. I was inspired. (= stimulated to create sth)
®
decreased B reduced I 7 be composed of: made up of
composer(= sb who writes music)
I had a sudden flash of ....... and realised we could hold composition of a picture(= the way is parts are
he party on the beach. arranged)
consist of: made up of; NOTE: consist cannot be
A brainwave @ inspiration used in the passive voice (is sonsis!ed of)
' :he committee is ....... of five men and seven women.
@ composed B consisted

.,·,~
--",~J;)

'
 b Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.
noted / notable journal i magazine I
1 This area is .....'!.°.!'c.d..... for its beautiful man-
made lake.
1 The. physicist's name appears in many scientific J
.... .l~!!r'!?.!~.. .....
2 He set up a home for disabled athletes, which 2 That model's face seems to be on the cover of all
notable ac h.1evement.
·1s a .................. the ....'!!~!?'.'.':!Ile.?.... this week.
3 The gold medalist is .... .r:i.<?.t~.<!..... for his polite 3 H e mad e a hab ·tI of wn·1·1ng ·1n h.1s ....................
1·ournal ..
and friendly manner. every night.
4 His eyes are his most .... r:i.<?.(?!!/fl ... feature. journal = newspaper or magazine dealing with
particular subjects; written account of daily activities
noted = famous; distinguished; renowned magazine = large, thin book with pictures and articles
notable = worthy of notice / attention; noteworthy

H DERIVATIVES
a Complete the table below.

Adjective
Verb Abstract Noun Concrete Noun
(+ opposite if exists)
1 soften soft .... softness..... softener
2 solve s611able, .. .C!IJ):~~!Hb.!~... solution ~
l-------_j_------=====---l--------------~1------------lJ~
1-------_j_
3 specialise ___special,
_c____ _ specialised
_______ special, speciality, specialisation l-_._.._!i_P._e._c.,_·~-!!_~...t__
_j_.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _..,,·~
4 starve starved, .....~t~G'ir/9 ..... starvation
5 store stored .....s.t~r.~gfl ..... store(s)
6 straighten straight .11trnifl.lJ.!1J.f!!i?..
l\,:
7 strengthen strong .... !i((~.IJ!J.(/.1.....
8 stress stressed, .... !i((!!.?!i!H1 .... stress
9 succeed (un)successful, successive success, succession
10 suggest suggested, .. !iHfme.stiY.~... suggestion

b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.

1 Melanie's really ...........s.'?.tt........... -hearted. She'd never say a cruel word to anyone. SOFTEN

2 As far as I can see, there's only one ........?.<!l!-!t!<?.IJ. ....... to the problem. SOLV~
{
3 Apple pie's my .......?Pll~!?!!!Y... .... . Why don't you try some? SPECIALISE

4 It was tragic to see such young children dying from .......1!.tf!"!~.t!~fl...... . STARVEl

5 We put our furniture in ....... !it<?.r?.!I.~........ while we were working abroad. STORJ

6 I could hardly keep a .. ,.....!i(r?fg!!t.. ...... face when he stepped in that puddle. STRAIGHTEtiJ,

7 After being ill for so long, she hardly had the ........~!~fl'!.!J:t~........ to walk. STRONG' '
8 While the situation is certainly ....... .'!/fll!i$!.l!!....... , I think she can cope. STRESS:
[
successive · wins,
9 Th e t earn ha d t h ree ........................... : w h.1c h 1mpresse
· d ·everyone.
· SUCCEED'

10 Wh ose ............, ............... was ·1t t o st ay ·1n th·1s h ote I?.

sunnestion SUGGEST,

"l95
 ill in the correct word each lime.
1 ( stabilise, (un)stable, (in)stability, stabiliser )
r··
, · about the ........................
a The banks are worried instabilit)'. of the current market.
b Be careful, that shelf isn't very ........~!.'!~!!!. ........ .

( survive, surviving, survival, survivor)

a Her only ...... ~'=1.'Xi.~(1!9...... relatives live in Australia so she feels like she has no family at all.
b If certain diseases are detected early on, there is a high .......~.f.!!Yi~!!1....... rate.

r: suspect, suspicious, suspicion )

l a Police have arrested a .......~~sP..e.'?t....... in a series of petty crimes in the local neighbourhood.
n .. b Although not under ..... ~'=1.~P.iR/9.l_l...... , he was still questioned by the police.
I
L •;,----------------
4 ( taste, (dis)tasteful, tasty, tasteless(ness))
r·l a Th e d ecor 1n
. th at new res t aurant ·1s .........................
tasteful an d mv1
. ·1·1ng.
'· b Though the food was very ........ _t~s.lJ.'......... , it was extremely expensive.
r
J_,tempt, tempting, tempted, temptation)
· t .........................
.•.a If you ca n r es1s temptation , you won 't h ave a pro bl ems1·1ck.1ng
· t o th·1s pa rt·1cuIar d·et
1 .
1
ib I'm very ...... !~~P.(~.c( ...... to give him a piece of my mind, you know.

6{ thank, thankful, thankless, thankfulness)

a Cleaning up other people's mess is a ......(l}.an!ile.~~ ..... task.
r'!J I was just so .......!Q.<!.l_l!f(L!( ••..•• for their support.
L.
1 (thicken, thick, thickness )
1• What is the ..... .tQf.<i!<J}.~.~~ ..... of that wall?
· · un1·1I th e sauce .........................
b Keep st1rnng thickens .

I Lhink, thoughtful, thoughtless, unthinkable)

Asking the boss for a rise is .... !!n!!li.1J!ri1J,,.(~.... in this economic crisis.
It was so ..... !h!?!!9.Q.lf.1/!..... of you to send me flowers on my birthday.

l
 Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
a Choose the correct answer.

i 1 A bar of chocolate now and then won't ....... you 1 Within the restrictions ....... by the management,
any harm. there was little room for creativity. I
A take
@do
B make
D give
A restricted
C forced
@ imposed
D placed ,J
i •
2 He threw some petrol on to the dying fire and 8 The contest was more a trial of ....... than ability. ! )
the sudden ....... lit up the whole garden.
A twinkle
A power B force .J
@flare C weight @ strength '
C spark D glow !
9 Roads were ....... as police searched for the !
3 If a relationship is based on a ....... of lies, it is escaped prisoner. J
doomed to fail. A washed up B cut off .!
A network B group © sealed off D kept out
© string D suite
4 So ....... in her work was she that she didn't hear
10 The team are on ....... for the Cup Final.
@ course B way
ii'
us come in.
A fascinated B occupied
C road D path 't
11 The only thing they felt he was capable of was
C concentrated @absorbed L
....... film reviews.
5 As they are part of our national ....... , these old A writing in @ turning out
buildings should be preserved. C signing off
A legacy
D summing up 1
B possession
12 Although the plans for the new housing estate
© heritage D inheritance
received some support, it did not meet with the
6 The two youths were ....... guilty of vandalism. approval of the committee ........
@found B convicted ®
asa whole B in total
C accused D condemned C in the majority D by and large

b Fm in the correct \·:ord.

Ai favourite, favourable cl forceful, strong, powerful I
1 So far the show has attracted .. J~".'?.ur.a~!':'. .... 1 I wish that my car was as ..... l?.'?.~~1~! .... as yours.
attention.
2 Bl ac k Beauty ·Is t he hot .. ..........
2 He has such a .... J 0 .(~!!f_u1..... manner about him r
... .. ....... t o win
favourite · that people always take notice.
this race.
3 He ·Is so .......... .... ..... ... he can 1·tt
strong I th at mot or b.k
I e•
1
3 H.Is ·d · h a ........................
I eas met wit favourable response. single-handedly.
· my a 11 -rIme .........................
4 Th·Is song Is favourite 4 Never position these flowers in ...... .!WC!.ng......
sunlight.

Bl footstep, pace, step DI official, officious

1 He set off at a gentle ........l?.a.~.e...... and gradually 1 He seemed quite pleasant until he became
lengthened his strides. ....0 f!i<:i'?.':!~..... and bossy.

2 If you are cold, move a ....... ~i~P........ closer to 2 · street ·Is th e .....................
10, Downing official resI·d encei1
the fire. of the Prime Minister.

3 Th ey cou Id hear her .....................

footsteps coming · d ow n 3 According to the .... ~ff!!!!!!!..... figures, unemployme) t
the garden path, so they quickly ran to greet her. is on the decrease at the moment.

4 Going home is the first ....... ~(~P........ on the road 4 She's so .... ~!fi~.i'?.l!.~.... that she annoys everyone\~
to recovery. the company.

29?
r c Match the words with their definitions.
/
e
f Choose the correct definition for each idiomatic
expression.
1 novelist ....... 1 If you like to do things by the book, you
a
2 playwright ······· a enjoy reading.
3 lyricist
b @ are careful to follow all the rules.
·······
d
....... 2 If you are told that you shouldn't judge a book
4 columnist
C by its cover, it means
5 screenwriter ······· a that the book may not be as interesting
r a someone who writes plays
as it appears to be.
@ someone may be different from what
b someone who writes words for they seem to be.
songs and musicals
3 If someone is described as being an open book,
C someone who produces a written it means
version of a film @ they do not hide their feelings.
d someone who regularly writes b they can't keep a secret.
articles for a newspaper 4 If you are able to read somebody like a book,
e someone who produces long it means
written stories @ you can understand exactly what they
are thinking.
b they are very unpredictable.

d Choose the correct adverbs to complete the

collocations. g Match the following proverbs with their meanings.
C
specifically, relatively, tactically, tactfully, 1 actions speak louder than words
2 out of sight, out of mind
b
utterly, strategically
a
3 a word is enough to the wise
1 H oping
. sh e wou Id n't ·insist, tactfully .
· we ....................
declined her invitation to the dance. a long explanations are unnecessary
to an intelligent person
2 The new shopping centre was ...W~.C?.(f!f?.(IJ...
b absent friends are soon forgotten
designed with disabled people in mind.

l 3 The camera was ..~!r.~!!Jgi~.a//Y. .. placed to

include everyone in the picture.
c what one does is more important
than what one says.

4 Even though we may outnumber them, they

are definitely .... 1~~t!~~!1Y..... superior. h Fill in the correct prefix: mis- or dis-.
5 After sitting at home all morning feeling ........l_l!_(~.print mis read
...... !!l!~~!Y. ...... miserable, she decided to ring a dis claim dis close
friend.

6 Considering what they had just been through,

they were still .. J!!l?.!!~~ly..... calm.
Now fill in the correct word from above.

Le Fill in the correct noun to complete the expressions 1 Did you really have to ...cfi~~_/_q~~ .. all the details
in your article?
to do with intelligence.
2 Due to an unfortunate ...1!!!~P!.!'!.t... in the book,
\ uptake, capacity, mind \ readers are getting a negative impression of
the author's work.
1 quickness of .......l_l!_i.'!.cf•..••..
3 They have issued an announcement in order
2 be quick on the ......IfP.!~~e..... .
disclaim.-... any respons1·b·11·t1y.
t c .............
3 mental .... <:?P..a.ci!Y. ... .
4 There can't possibly have been so many killed -
you must have .. fT!!sr.e.~~ ... the number.
Part 4 Reading & Use of English
For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, c or DJ best fits each gap.

Edgar Allan Poe

The difficult circumstances of Edgar Allan Poe's life, combined with his neurotic (1) ..... and addiction to alcoh(
go a long way in explaining the grotesque and (2) ..... nature of works such as Tales of Mystery and /maginatii 1
and The Raven. Born in Ireland to parents who were both itinerant actors, he was orphaned at the age of three
r···,
and taken to America by his godfather. Unfortunately, Poe seemed to have a self-destructive (3) ..... , whi4 1
resulted in him being forced to leave the University of Virginia because of the gambling debts he had (4) ..... u'p.
After this, he (5) ..... in the army only to face a dishonourable discharge the foll_owing year for intentional'·
(6) ..... his duties. For the rest of his days, the tragic and compelling writer relied on his expertise with a pen i
make a living and, despite (7) ..... some success, died at the age of forty from the effects of his (8) ..... drinking.
'.,
'

1 @ temperament B mood C mind D constitution

2 A deserting B despising © despairing D deserving
3 A dash B stripe C touch @streak
4 @ run B added C accumulated D put
5 A conscripted @enlisted C joined D enrolled'
6 A forbidding @ neglecting C disobeying D negotiating
7 A meeting B facing © enjoying D making
8 A forceful B strong @ heavy D weighty
'

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
space. '
t.• ;I '
Anger Control
Part of (1) ......~.~.i!!9...... a good parent is teaching your children how to feel anger (2) ..... ~it~~!!! .... resorting t~
violence, but this may be more of a challenge than you think. After all, anger is an emotion we all feel at
(3) ...... !i'!J.~.s ...... - in fact, it is an effective means of venting our frustrations. It is not something we can jus~
switch off. ''
The best way to change our children's behaviour is to (4) ......~.e!...... a good example. As they say, actions speakl
louder than words. Perhaps you think this is easy- after all, you don't go around hitting people (5) ...':\'~9..!.(M.t...!
annoy you. However, you may want to reconsider. Have you ever been so furious that you've thrown,
something? An honest answer here is the first step. The next thing you have to do is learn to stop and!
(6) ....... ta_k.~ ....... a deep breath whenever you feel (7) .... Y.'!~~~~!! ... on the verge of spinning out of control. If you
can't calm yourself down in any other way, try a brisk walk or an hour's workout at the gym. Both are good ways[
of letting (8) ......... 9-ff. ....... steam. Don't dea! with situations unless you are feeling relatively calm and able to use(
your powers of reasoning once more.
- ~------E-XA_M_P_R_A_C-TI-C---1E~ , - . - - - - - -
1arts
>~ 1re going to read an article about the Oxford dictionary. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
,/ 1 you think fits best according to the text.
(

The OED
1~ first edition of what was to become the Oxford evolution of the language they had undertaken to
lflish Dictionary consisted of twelve tombstone- catalogue and actually one day bring out their
:~ volumes. When it was completed in 1933, its work? However, they were not dissuaded and strove
me changed. The years that followed saw another valiantly to produce a work which was uncommonly
efupplements being published as additions were large and bulky and, as is still the case today,
' and then fifty years after it was first
ibe extremely expensive. Yet it is nevertheless accepted
b);shed, a second edition was brought out, with that it has a value which far outweighs its price or its
i' ,rnzing twenty-two volumes. size - no self-respecting library would be without it,
e Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short, after all.
1l~mplex book which defines over half a million The OED wears its status with a certain self-
r&s with thoroughness and accuracy. The guiding assurance and supplies its definitions with an air of
n(ple when it was first conceived was that it certainty. While some may call the language of the
u! _ depend on gathering quotations from the dictionary outdated and even arrogant, it continues
Jlished or otherwise recorded use of English and to sell well and to be quoted in schools, courtrooms
pf-,y these to illustrate the sense of every single and parliaments around the English-speaking world
rd' fa the language. The publishers still adhere whenever the exact meaning of a word may be
irusly to this method, and it is this which sets called into question. No one can deny, though, that
tsD apart from many other dictionaries. The a number of eccentricities exist in the book, not
onale behind this labour-intensive way of only in the choice of meanings but also in the
1j ·ling the tomes was that by including editors' choice of spellings. In fact, a small
,tifrions, the dictionary would demonstrate the academic industry has developed in which modern
rr-i.ge of characteristics of each and every word scholars complain about the perceived sexism and
l
1 :ecision. Quotations also serve to show how
--
racism in the book as well as its outdated imperial
ds develop and change over time, undergoing stance on many things. Whether critic or not,
14 ,hifts in meaning and use. however, anyone who actually uses the book cannot
finding and publishing of quotations of usage fail to be impressed by it as a work of literature as
j ; a flawed approach to making definitive well as to marvel at the wealth of lexical
1cl_ncements as to the origins and meanings of information it contains. It seems to have the power
is, of course, but to its nineteenth-century to inspire lasting and real affection and no one can
a\ :aphers, it was the best way that had been deny it its place as the most significant reference
,Jo. In fact, it is a method which has still not book ever written. Given the importance of the
,_ \"ttered. When the project was begun back in complex and varied- language it records on a global
8j)s, the aims and intentions of those involved scale, the OED will probably be the most important
bold and laudable, but the commercial book of its kind ever written, a vast historical and
b\ ;ks to such an approach were immense. cultural record of language.
l.'-'ould the compilers keep up with the

J
31 What was known as the New English Dictionary
A was soon replaced by the Oxford English Dictionary.
B had twelve slim volumes.
C was brought out in 1933.
@ had large volumes.

32 What is the main reason why compilers of the OED collect quotations?
A to include every single word in the language
B to demonstrate how words change
C to make the dictionary unique
@ to provide full information about the usage of words

33 The lexicographers' approach to collecting information about words

® was not periect.
B allowed precise definitions to be made.
C was later improved on.
D facilitated their work.

34 What is the writer's opinion of the original project?

® It was an ambitious yet worthwhile undertaking.
B It could not take into account the changing nature of the language.
C The dictionary produced was too big.
D The expense involved exceeded the profits.

35 The writer implies that

A the OED is the only dictionary that can be trusted.
@ people have confidence in the OED.
C the OED is an old-fashioned publication.
D criticism of the dictionary is unjustified.

36 Which of the following best sums up the writer's view of the OED?
A It is a respected work.
B It provokes disagreements.
© Its importance outweighs any of its imperiections.
D Its definitions are accurate.

. 30
>Lrt s
i"'
'cl ·are going to read an article about trees. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the text. Choose from the
,J..igraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (37-43). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Tree of life
Vr'le swathes of forest are reduced to stumps every the trunk the husband and wife and the branches the
I~ and the rainforests of the world shrink, we are children, grandchildren and so on.
,ften told of the vital role trees play in the balance of
,c environment, the need to preserve them and the 40 E
~ sequences for us if we do not. All of which is true,
,ut what I would like to look at here is rather the
The tree of knowledge is also a widespread image,

i'
rf'itual and cultural heritage of this giant of the plant
Jdom, the depths to which it is rooted in our
,syche and our social consciousness, and to try and
representing the way our ideas grow and spread. The
Buddha is said to have reached enlightenment under
the shade of a Sodhi tree (a type of fig) and it is often
cf'jure up some of the magic its presence has
' present in pictures of him.
1t,Jired and continues to inspire.

1-{ _,_________________
__
G __;
41 H

Whether of the good or bad sort, it is not surprising

V('l before falling it was a source of bounty; every
t that trees are associated with knowledge, because
et '. its branches would hang heavy with fruit, nuts or
the great ages they can attain span many human
erries; its leaves had healing or flavouring
generations and so represent the accumulation of
rr1erties. In times when meat was hard to come by
knowledge over hundreds of years. There is a yew
4 d this would happen often enough, if the lives of
resent-day hunter-gatherers are anything to go by - tree in a graveyard in Wales (evergreens were often
fas the produce of the trees, as well as other planted in graveyards worldwide to symbolise
t immortality) that is said to be 5000 years old.
at1tarian fare, that kept our ancestors alive.

A D

q it became thought of as a protector and, as is the Nowadays, the symbolism attached to such things is
,i of humans, turned into a god. It was theorised by not so strong as it once was, but our attachment to
1e social anthropologist Sir James Frazer, in his trees remains. Lying in their shade on hot summer
ict~num opus The Golden Bough, that the tree was days, climbing them as children, sitting indoors in
1{ irst god, and this is not unlikely for, apart from its winter, watching the magical play of flames as the
recious gifts, it has a superficial resemblance to us; wood catches and burns. These are enjoyed so
, 1 Jots like feet planted in the earth, it stretches commonly that they can be regarded as part of the
~L1rds, its branches myriad arms reaching for the large body of customs involving trees practised
<y. It is no coincidence that the main part of both the worldwide.
ej and our bodies is called the trunk.
43 C
~·...c1______ 8_ _ _ _ __

I.
~ec1es of tree have their own symbolic value; the
In the West, people often plant trees in memory of a
loved one, but would it not be far more beautiful to
hinese value the willow, for it is strong but bends in do something similar to the Aborigines, and plant
ej ,ind. The oak, on the contrary, represents fragile one on the birth of your child? It would grow as your
rength as it does not do so and can be blown down child did, be their place of stability in this world of
i/ storm. Taken generically, the tree represents the change - and perhaps reverse the global decline in
rrj y: the roots of the family tree are the ancestors, trees by just a little.
'- ,·

j
A And when the hunt was successful, wood was still E It is this symmetry of shape that gives the tree its
needed to fulfil its most vital function; to burn, to symbolic power, and the way it is part of both the
cook the raw meat and release nutritious earth and the sky, joining these two elements
elements otherwise lost. Fire also kept humans together. Many cultures have featured a 'tree of
warm in winter, and kept dangerous animals at life'; a tree that is the centre of the world, its roots
bay, outside its circle of light. in the underworld and its branches in the
heavens.
B There are many other usages of this kind in
language. Problems have roots, as do teeth and F Natives of North America also worshipped the
hair; when we settle somewhere for good, we put evergreens, particularly the giant redwoods.,
down roots; ideas and beliefs take root in society These magnificent trees can grow to over 300 feet!
and grow. (about 90 metres) in height, so it is hardly 1
surprising they inspired such awe. The natives of c
C One rather beautiful one involves the Aborigines Australia had nothing to compare, due to the arid I
of Australia. Aboriginal women traditionally give climate, but their attitude was much the same and I
birth under a tree, and this is then considered to their customs no less beautiful.
be the child's tree. It is their connection to the
earth, and is there as the child grows to G Humans have always venerated that which was
adulthood. Sometimes when they die, they are useful to them - metal, the sun, the cow - and the
buried under it. tree was (and is) of supreme importance in terms r
of utility. It was certainly used to make the first j
D This means it would have seen men dragging tools and weapons, and even when flint and· ·
huge stones towards Stonehenge to build a circle copper came along it remained the best material
for the mystical rites. It saw the Celts arrive, then for the shafts of arrows, spears and axes. It was
the coming of the Romans, the Angle and Saxon good for building shelters and houses, being light
hordes, and finally the Normans. It would have 9 nd easy 10 work with once cut and dried. r-
l
seen the Black Death sweep across, and kill far
more than the conquerors ever had. It watched H The negative side to knowledge is portrayed in I
the young men leave for the two World Wars, and the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.
watched them brought back to be buried in its It is from the tree of knowledge that they plucked!
graveyard. fruit, thus losing their innocence and their place in!
paradise.
f
t

~03
 >art 7
You are going to read an article about pop art. For questions 44-53, choose from sections A-D. The sections may be
f=hosen more than once.

POP ART
This art movement emerged in Britain in the late was viewed as the artist's arena and the act of
1950s, moving to the USA in the early sixties. The filling it was an irrational, instinctive process, By
term 'pop art' was coined by British art critic the early 1960s, however, the movement seemed
Laurence Alloway and, by the mid 60s, the to be running out of steam and pop art stepped in
movement had been recognised. Pop art is to fill the space. In fact, in 1962, when a large-
characterised by themes drawn from mass scale pop art exhibition called the New Realists
culture; pop artists used the common imagery of was mounted at the Sidney Janis Gallery in New
consumer items, comic strips and other mass York City, the movement attracted much interest.
media sources as a means of expression. Artists
such as Johns, Lichtenstein and Warhol aimed to C Despite common origins, both British and
use popular images rather than elitist ones in American pop art movements do differ
their work, thus making art more accessible to a somewhat. In Britain, the artists were intrigued
wider audience. The art establishment reacted in by the obsolescence of consumer goods, in
a hostile way, deriding this new genre, mirroring particular the American automobile. Their works
later condemnations of modern art. However, it focused on goods that would soon require
r quickly gained in popularity, again proving that replacement. In the USA, however, there was
innovation triumphs over conservatism. more emphasis on comic strips and advertising.
American artists reproduced, duplicated and
One of the pioneers of the emerging movement arranged together various visual images from
was French artist Marcel Duchamp. His work and American culture such as soft drinks, fast food,
its underlying ideas are thought to have altered film stars, and comics. Unlike the British pop
the definition of art and our way of engaging with artists, the Americans did not romanticise the
it. He was famous for taking existing objects from images they portrayed. Their works were more
the contexts in which they usually appeared and realistic. They also had a tendency to be ironic,
exhibiting them as art. This approach to art can_, playful and entertaining.
be seen as a reaction to the Abstract
Expressionism that was already dominating the D The most well known of all the American pop
art scene at that time, This was a post-World War artists has to be Andy Warhol. Born in 1928 in
Two American movement - the first American Pittsburgh to immigrant parents, he studied
movement to have a global influence and to allow design and art history at the Carnegie Institute of
New York City to usurp Paris as the centre of the Technology in his home town, In 1949, he
art world. The Abstract Expressionists were relocated to New York City and worked mainly in
interested in the use of colour and shape advertising. In 1952, he mounted an exhibition at
producing such works as. canvases covered the Hugo Gallery, the first of many. It was in
entirely in paint of one colour. Their works 1962, in the early years of the American pop art
revealed a very specific attitude to life and art and movement, that he produced some of his most
can be regarded as an anarchic, somewhat famous works: silkscreen prints of Campbell's
nihilistic, movement. One of the most influential Soup cans, dollar bills and Marilyn Monroe.
and well known of the Abstract Expressionists Warhol's body of work included portraits, films
was Jackson Pollock. The kind of works he and sculpture. He also wrote a novel and a work
produced fell into a category of this movement of non-fiction (The Philosophy of Andy Warhol),
known as Action Painting, in which the canvas
In which section are the following mentioned?

a shift in the traditional heart of the art world 44 B

the inclination towards idealised imagery among certain pop artists 45 C

pioneering artists ridiculed by contemporaries in the art world 46 A

an artist who paved the way for the development of pop art 47 B

successfully engaging the common man with art 48 D

the philosophy of a once prominent art form 49 B

the initial diffusion of pop art across the Atlantic 50 A

stylistic variations within pop art 51 C

an artist producing works across a wide range of media 52 D

the fading of the significance of an artistic movement 53 B C

31
 , ~,p,µ , ~,~

Part 1
UNIT 15 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points
l Grammar
t'\
!
SUBJECT + SINGULAR / PLURAL VERB
Study the following cases:
,·, 1 Each, either, neither + of + pronoun/ noun can 11 The names of institutions, companies and teams
' take a singular or plural verb. can take a singular or plural verb.
Neither of them is I are old enough. Se/fridges sells I sell many things.
Each, either, neither + noun can take only a Germany is / are expected to win the match.
singular verb. 12 The United States usually takes a singular verb.
Either dress is suitable. The United States has taken a lot of measures
Neither child likes swimming. against terrorism.
f"~
2 none of ... is / are [used for three or more people /
things]
None of the girls was I were at the party.
PRACTICE
BUT: Not one of the pens works.
Fill in one word to complete the sentences.
3 Either ... or and neither ... nor, with two singular
subjects, can take a singular or plural verb. 1 If anybody is interested in joining the expedition,
Neither Ann nor Charles is I are responsible for this. ' ask ..........th.e.1!?.......... to sign up here.
When there is one singular and one plural
subject, only a plural verb is used. 2 A small minority of voters .......... ~~v.e ......... .
r· Neither vegetables nor fruit are expensive here. announced that they will not be voting in
14 The number of ... takes a singular verb. tomorrow's election.
The number of enrolments has decreased.
3 'Where shall we eat: The Golden Deer or George's?'
A (large, small) number of ... takes a plural verb.
'Either one ........... .i,;; ............ all right with me.'
A large number of students have enrolled elsewhere.
5· One and a half + plural noun + plural verb 4 A number of students ........... 11 '~··········· now
l_
· One and a half years were needed to complete
the project.
5
unhappy with their exam results.

Nobody lied about ...........(~!!t ......... whereabouts

6 Plural nouns (or words joined by and) used to
mean a single thing as a whole, are followed by on the night of the robbery, did they?
a singular verb.
Five kilos is far too much. 6 Neither of us ....k11 :Jl'!.f.~ 11'?.l'!:l. ... how to do this.
Twenty kilometres is a long way to swim. 7 · In most European countries, the number of
Fish and chips is very popular in Britain.
school-leavers going on to higher education
7 With as well as, the verb agrees with the subject is
........................... stea d.lI y growing.
.
at the beginning:
Rachel, as well as the boys, wants to go out. 8 'Did you remember to invite Greg and Jenny?'
The boys, as well as Rachel, want to go out. 'Yes, but .........IJ.f!!t~(!L ...... of them is coming.'
8 more than one + singular noun + singular verb
More than one person was involved in the accident. 9 Nowadays, fifteen years ........... Js ........... .
.3 With percentages, fractions or portions the verb certainly a long time to be married .
agrees with the noun:
One third of the money was lost. 10 Everybody in this room should consider
Thirty per cent of the students find the course ......t~~rn_~.f!l~e,;; ..... lucky to be here.
difficult.
11 Both the candidate and her supporters
The majority of people like watching TV.
........... 11'': ........... expected to be arriving in town
somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody have
plural question tags tonight.
Nobody enjoyed it, did they?
12 Neither flats nor houses ........... ~'': ........... cheap
We use them, their, themselves to refer to these ta rent nowadays.
words.
If anybody needs help, tell them to come and 13 c· her h.1s fnen
~it · d or h.1s cousin is I are
· .......................... .
see me. coming. I can't remember which.
Fortunately nobody hurt themselves. ,
Everybody was supposed to b~i:g their ~wn fo~J 14 Has somebody dropped .......... 1~':i' .......... hat?
B 1 EMPHATIC STRUCTURES 2 EXCLAMATORY STRUCTURES

1 Emphatic Structures 3 How + subject + verb

1 The structure it + be ... that/ who can be used to How the town's changed!
emphasise a particular piece of information in a How she sings!
sentence. 4 such (+ a/ an + adjective) + noun
Ruth gave Ben a watch for his birthday last week. Mary's such a good student!
It was Ruth that / who gave Ben a watch tor his It is such an interesting place!
birthday last week. It was s_uch fun!
It was a watch that Ruth gave Ben for his birthday There was such heavy rain!
last week.
It was Ben that Ruth gave a watch to tor his birthday
so + adjective + adverb l
They're so generous! [NOT: .•• so generous people.]
last week.
He drove so fast!
It was for his birthday that Ruth gave Ben a watch
last week.
NOTE: such a / an + adjective + noun
It was last week that Ruth gave Ben a watch for his
birthday.
OR: so + adjective + a / an + noun
It was such a funny film!
2 that + be + who / how / what / why / when / where + It was so tunny a film.
subject
That's how she knew him.
Is that how she knew him?
How is it that she knew him? PRACTICE
That's what he wants to do. Fill in one word to complete the sentences.
Is that what he wants to do?
3 do, does, did + infinitive (without to) is used for 1 .IY!/~~1,x'!r!Y!_l:i.er.~. could he have put his keys?
emphatic statements in the simple present, past ·t·10n ·1s .. ..... .. .what
2Dt
e ermma .... ............ keeps me
tense or imperative.
I do like your cooking. going.
She does believe us.
3 What was ............ !!............. that you said to MarJ
He did tell the truth.
on Saturday?
Do have another cup of tea.
4 Question words (who, what, where, etc.) + ever 4 .-.............. I' m Ioo k.1ng f or are some
............What
express surprise. inexpensive chairs.
Wherever did you find that?
Whoever would have thought of such a thing? 5 I. ' area II y so If.1s h person ............................
Coms All \
1
5 Other emphatic structures: that he thinks about is himself.

i) All (that) ( = the only thing) 6 .......... /-!.<?.'Y. .......... pleased we were to hear we
All (that) she does is watch TV. had won.
ii) What ... do
What Kate does is (to) find the students 7 Was it only last week .......... !/?~!........... he got
accommodation. the good news?
iii) What 8 The audience was ..........~!-!!'.~ ......... a lively crowp
What interests her is painting.
OR: Painting is what interests her. 9 What this machine does is .......... JO. ............ m/
Painting interests her. the ingredients together.
2 Exclamatory Structures
10 did
Actua II y, I ........................... see as har k w hen 1l1
1 What + (a/ an) + adjective + noun was swimming in Australia.
What a tall girl she is! [NOT: ... i&--sRe!]
What a lovely dress! 11 You're ............~.<?............ kind!
What wonderful weather!
What terrible lies! 12 They're ..........~.1!.~h.......... friendly people, you
t.
What fools they are! know:
2 How + adjective / adverb 13 'So you didn't enjoy the party?' 'You're wrong!
How silly!
How quickly she runs!
I ........... ci!ci........... enjoy it.'

14 He's behaving ............~'? ............ strangely:Jhec' .

NOTE: What a clever idea! ' days. .
I OR: How clever an idea!
15 .......... ~H.~!.......... fantastic food this is! , ·:

3~
 SIMILAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY 5 We were so terrified during the earthquake!
such
Study these exam pies. The ............~?:i:!h ill!?.~!!.!'!'.~ s_.?!.C,h.. :1. i~!.(ifJ./!?Q .......•...
1 More and more people are buying property in experience for us!
this area.
A growing number of people are buying property 6 I can't imagine where he got that coat from.
in this area. he
The number of people buying property in this area Wherever ........ .':CJ!,!ld_. ~~..~.a~e..f!.?1.!. ?.!cf_.~~..ff.<:!. ....... .
is growing. that coat from?
, .. 2 Not one of my relatives is invited to the wedding.
I None of my relatives is / are invited to the 7 She cares for nothing but politics.
wedding. all
3 Most of my friends own cars now. Politics .............is..al!.fh.a.t..sh".c.ar.es. ............. about.
The majority of my friends own cars now. 8 A month ago I was fired from the airline.
4 Both Vicky and Simon have failed the exam. job
Neither Vicky nor Simon have / has passed the
It was ............'!.Tn_?.1!,(h..'!.f!~.(~~(.!_l_?.~t.rn_f)CJ~ ........... .
exam.
at the airline.
5 The Mayor presented James with an award.
It was the Mayor that/ who presented James 9 There aren't many ecologists who believe there's
with an award. hope for our planet.
James was presented with an award by the Mayor. small
6 The only thing that interests him is football. Only ........'!. S.'!!.'!!!.1!.~'!!.b.~!. .c!!. f:'?.'?.i?_!!!S.!?. _l!_~lie_~f: ....... .
All (that) he is interested in is football.
there's hope for our planet.
Football is the only thing/ all he is interested in.
Actually, I go jogging to keep fit. 10 Climbing is the real challenge in my life.
Actually, jogging (is what) keeps me fit. what
Actually, it's jogging that/ which keeps me fit. Climbing ......... .i.!!.~h.at.rf::1.llf'?.h.?_llf:1!_(1_~.s.......... me.
I handed in my resignation yesterday.
11 Neither of the candidates particularly impressed me.
It was yesterday that I handed in my resignation.
either
' ! 9 Well, it's such a complicated procedure, you
1 ..••.••.!'!'?:?.n:!.P.:1.i:!!C?.lf_l?:r!r. .i.1!'P.rf:?.s.ecf. ~Y. .e!thf!r. CJf....... .
•1--------------------/
J ~~~ihe procedure is so complicated, you know.
12
the candidates.
Only a few readers approved of the editor's
t__
PRACTICE decision.
omplete the second sentence so that it has a similar approve
.eaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change The majority of the readers .... d_id_ry_'t.?:P.P.~°'v.f!.CJt ...
the word given. You must use between three .and eight ................................. the editor's decision.
1 )rds.
{ 13 Neither of the plane's engines was functioning
'·i Fewer students have been choosing this college properly.
recently. of
number
of the plane's engines were
Both ..................................................................... .
The .!1.!1.11Jk.'!U!!. !l.(!l.t:!.e.l!.t.~. ~!J.'?.o.~/!1.!l .(/1.i.~. ~'?.((eg!'. h.?.~.. malfunctioning.
recently. dropped I fallen I decreased
14 The committee hasn't approved any of the plans.
They haven't responded to any of the requests met
yet. Not ............. .o.'!."!. CJ!.th.f!P_/?11s..h.a.~.~"t .W.ith. ............. .
been the committee's approval.
None ........<?i.t.lJ!'.[.'!<l!!!l&t.~.h.?X!'.i.h.?.~.R':'.':'.IJ........ yet. 15 It is thought that the diamond thief wasn't
. . . responded to
;I. I find 1t amazing that you can remain optimistic working alone.
l in the face of so much adversity. one
Lis More ........ th?:!?. °'Q.e. P..er,sc;i_Q. i~. !h.'?.1!9.h.! .to..IJ.'!~e........ .

4
u
, ,~,. , What ·--~~?:~~?..'!!!:.!?..~IJ.a}.Y.<!.l!..9~~/.Y.'?!-!r.~~{~~tr..~~---
remain optimistic in the face of so much adversity.
Who were you congratulated by?
16
been involved in the theft of.the diamonds.
The film critic didn't praise the cast, but the director.
,

who
..., it
L Who ........W?§.it.w.lJ.<?.UIJf!!.~9.IJ9r?.tl/ff!!':'.t:!. ....... you?
It was .......... !h.'!'..t:!.i!.~Pt~r..>Y.!J.'?..W?.~.P.r.~i,.~.cf.!?Y. ......... .
the film critic, not the cast.
·~
.i
·-~--}
 '. ,,/11"'
I'
Extra Transformations
I
Complete the second sentence so that ii has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the
word given. You must use between three and eight words.

1 Judy has absolutely no knowledge of politics. 11 I would like to hear Jason's version of events now!
faintest side
Judy ....IJ.~.~11'.( JJ.9.t. i .C!c:J.~~l).'.t..fy!!'!.~. !!!!! .(?ii)/.~~! i<!.~!! .... I would like to hear Jason's .....~!<!.~..9!..tne_.~to.rx.,.,
about politics. .. .........,................... now. t
2 Sam often likes telling tall stories. 12 You mustn't open the door to strangers for any,..
tendency reason. r
Sam ............... .... h?.~.!!.!!!l).rf.~n.<,Y.:(O..(~!!.................. . account
I tall stories. On . ,.. _.,, ..n.o..~.cc:o.tJn_! .11},u~t .i .s.h.oLJ/cl.r.o.l!. c:JP.f!ll.,.,.,,. ,r .
I, 3 It is possible you may need more help.
the door to strangers. ·
F
I rule 13 Fasthold Hairspray won't let you down!
; We cannot ........... !u!e..'!LJt. t~e_P.?.7~ibi!!~.oL ......... . count
' your needing further help. You .. ,.. ,,.................. !?.~!?.'?.O.U.1!.t .°.'!.........................i.
Fas/hold Hairspray.
4 The mountain was more impressive than we had
expected in terms of size. 14 We got up as it was getting light.
exceeded hours
The mountain ..... .':JC'?.e.e~e_~.?.11.c,LJr, e_xP..':c;ta_t(o.1!.s ..... We got up ........... .i1?.!he..~.ar.tr..ho.ut~..0 0ne. ..... ,.,. ..1
in terms of size, morning.

5 She was so excited that she couldn't sleep for 15 We'll go ahead since the advantages outweigh[·
hours. the disadvantages in this case. "
kept pros
Her .......... ......e.xc:!\e_11J.el)!.~~P..! 1!.':r.!!~~~e_ ...... ,....... . We'll go ahead since .!1!':.P.[c,s..9.'!.1,"'!,e_igf!.!he..c.o.n.1 ·
for hours. .................... ., in this case. I
6 George is very selfish so I don't see why I should 16 There are less women than men in this companr -.
help him. minority I
thinks Women ....... ,... ,.......<!.~e.!n.!!!e_.~i.lJ.C!r!!Y. .. ,.. ,,..........'.. ,
;
; George only ............... J~!!?~~..'!t.~i'::'.~.':!f............... . in this company.
so I don't see why I should help him. e i ::;~
17 I do not agree with you about Tom's character! :
7 I cannot understand this riddle at all.
head
•re
I ................ ,.. ~0..~0.( .7~~~~:t.?.'!:..'!P.!~!0.~................ J
;;
r

I cannot ............... Tll?_~.e.f!e_a_d..(1))0.~.t;_ii!, c,f. ....... ,..... . of Tom's character.

this riddle.
18 Rock climbing is one activity that doesn't reall1j
8 We must spend as little money as possible in appeal to me.
Rome. keen
minimal I ,............... ,.,....~fll. 110.(X':!Y..~.~':11 .0.()................. , ····)
We must ... ...5 P.e_11cl.a Tll!lli'!!.a!.a.'!!.o.'!.nt. c,t_ '::'.O.n.eY. ...... the idea of rock climbing.·
in Rome.

9 Next week's interview is constantly on my mind.

stop
I ...... ,............. i,.~n:t.~(9J?,!.fyif!/\(l)JJ, ilP.9.!l( ................ ,..
next week's interview.

10 I'll take you to the station in the car.

lift
I'II .......................... ,fliY,e.)'.0.'!..~J!f! .......................... .
to the station.
 ~dvanced Language Points
{' Right or wrong? Correct where necessary.
1 Put the car in the first gear. 5 He didn't make much money by his books.
... in I into first gear ....:·:..'!!fJ!1!:Y. fr_?.'!! ..hi5. .~.?.?.~5. / .~X. 5.~_l!!:!9.. lyi~. ~o_o_k.~....
·············································································
2 You're treating me as if I was a criminal. 6 She was born into a wealthy family.
✓ ALso: as if I were ... ✓
·············································································
3 A walk in the fresh air will do you good. 7 Has the new product come on the market yet?
✓ ✓

4 She has always felt able to confide with her 8 They erected a statue to the honour of the
sister. great poet.
.......::·..'!.?.'!(!<!.e_ i'!. ::: .("'..(~_I!. ~!1e_ '.~..~e_c.~~.t.s. t~. 5.b)_ ...... . ... a statue in honour of the ...

What's the difference?

1 a with a view to b in view of
..............W./1!!. \!!e. !.t?!!!'!!!O.Q. _( P..'-!!P.~~e..<!!. .............. . because of
············································································
$.ly.~..w.o.(~.E!f!. !!ar.d..W.i(ly. i!. vf!!VI_!.'?. g!!IJJ.'!gA. il_l••1~!!. t~.~!-

2 a on no account b of no account
........................n_(!i _f(!!. .~!1Y.. ~e_?.S(?'! ...................... . ......................... o_f. !10.. i'!!P..o.rt.~!1~~......................... .
ql_l_ .'!'?. ~.Ci,o_~l_l!. ~h.'?.1.fld_ Y.0.~ .~!~Y.. o_~ 1<!1~!. .t~~l_l..f!!!c}.l_lf!J./y.t. ....... !!'.~..'?_f '!~. ~ C.C?.'?.'-!.'!t. ~/y.~!~!!~.Y.<?.u. ~taX. o_~. go_•........

c Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form:

slip, skid, glide, slide

1 The yacht ....... fl.Ii<!.~.<!....... across the water.

2 The old lady ......s1iPP.~.d. ...... on the wet grass and almost fell.

3 The car ......s!fid_d_e.d_ ..... on the bend and turned right over.

4 Th e k.d . . th emse Ives, ··············"·······

I s were enJoy1ng
s/idinn down th e
snowy slope on their sledges.

How do you pronounce these words?

aisle Columbia prefix Taurus
aged Gibraltar quay thesaurus
anemone heir recipe tomb
apostrophe Leicester rhinoceros tortoise
blessed (adj.) Malta salmon Venetian
Belgium narrative sergeant Venus
buffet northern shepherd Warwick
catastrophe Pisces simile xenophobia
chaos precis southern
colonel preface Stockholm
 d Three-word phrasal verbs. Match the columns.

1 go in for E
( = pursue a career)

2 come in for D
( = receive sth negative)

3 stand in for C
(= substitute) A an opportunity
'
4 cash in on A B temptation
( = exploit)
C a fellow employee
5 give in to B
D criticism
( = yield to)
E politics
\

e Find the one word which can be used to complete all the sentences, and give the meaning for each.

1 You mustn't let success go to your ..... h!'i!~---·· .

(= allow sth to make one conceited)

2 He sits at the back of the classroom with his ......h.~~ct ..... in the clouds.
( = daydreaming)

3 With the rising cost of living, it's difficult to keep one's ..... ~.~-~ct...... above water.
(= manage to cope / survive despite difficulties)
4 The police managed to ..... ~e_~-~...... off the robbers.
(= they managed to get in front of them and stop them)

5 I answered the question off the top of my .....~-~!"ct...... .

( = without thinking beforehand) How do you pronounce these words?
1 Jamaica /d3ome1ko/
2 Jesus /'d3i:zos/ .·---
f Match the columns (more than one combination may be
3 Joan /d3oun/. L
4 Korea /ko'm/
possible).
5 Las Vegas /\,es 've1gos/
6 Leicester /'lesto/
1 broad- C
leisure /'le3o(r)/ GB, /'li:zo(r)/ USA
2 narrow- . C, D.. ' leopard /'lepod/
A employed
3 energy- E
B free
4 kind- F
C minded
5 duty- B
D fitting
6 quick- G
E efficient
7 self- A
F hearted
8 smooth- H
G witted

l H talking
'
[8: A smooth-talking person is good at persuading people.}

___ -,._~

-:=-~~;
 g Match the columns.
/

keep one's eyes peeled E

.......
1
C A agree with; be of the same opinion as
'
2 shut one's eyes to sth .......
3 be more than meets the eye D
....... B be aware of what one is facing

4 see eye to eye with sb A

....... C ignore sth

5 do sth with one's eyes open B

....... D be more complicated than it seems

6 have a good eye for sth I

....... E be constantly watching out for sth

7 with half an eye J

....... F have as one's purpose or aim
with an eye to F
....... G in front of one with no attempt to
t
8
H conceal sth bad f
9 in the eyes of ....... f
G H in the opinion or estimation of i
10 under one's very eyes ······· '
'- I have an ability to judge, observe, etc.
J without looking or inquiring closely --·

[ ) CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
,Tick the correct sentence(s).
l a He was late in applying, so he didn't get an interview. ✓
b He was late to apply, so he didn't get an interview.
a 'What make is your car?' 'It's Audi.'
b 'What make is your car?' 'It's an Audi.' ✓

a What is it called? ✓
b How is it called?
4 a The old typewriters will be replaced with computers. ✓
b The old typewriters will be substituted with computers.
c Computers will be substituted for the aid typewriters. ✓

c .'
E COMPLEMENTATION: LIKES/ DISLIKES
·1oose the correct answer.
DCJn't expect John to be as enchanted tor I with the 6 She thought with dread tor I of the
view as you are. long hot summer days lying ahead.
ti . The practice of culling young seal pups is 7 They had been told so many
abhorent to / with environmentalists. good things about him that
/ they were dying for/ to meet
, I can't begin to tell you how ecstatic Susan was
C' with / about your forthcoming engagement. him in person.

He was dismayed about / at the way his knees 8 Nobody was too keen
trembled. on / for going to the
beach that day.
5 Everyone could tell that he was overjoyed at/ with
the news.
 Part 2 Language Development
A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS
,.. ,

a Choose the correct preposition. \

!
1 We were all upset about/ with Carol for taking 6 Have you ever been a victim of/ in violent crime?
her frustration out on you. 7 The hotel room had a lovely view to/ of the
2 This book will be useful to/ for you if you're mountains.
planning to redecorate. 8 The only things visible from / by the window of
3 The diamond was valued at/ for sixty thousand his cell was the prison yard. r
pounds. 9 The castle became visible for / to all of us as le
4 Toby climbed the hill and vanished from / off approached the island.
sight. 10 As a visitor at/ to your country, I'm interested! >
5 Sizes vary from/ between shop to shop. see all it has to offer.

b Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.

1 What is vital ......!'?....... the success of this 8 I've got a yearning ..... 1.'?'. ..... a big bar of
project is adequate funding. chocolate!
2 Who did you vote ... .i'?L ... in the last elections? 9 Mr Brown used to yell ..... .!'\ ...... the children in his
class all the time, but they never took any notf a
3 Be careful not to wander .... !fl?~ .... the trail or
of him.
you'll get lost in the forest.
10 Do you usually win ...... !1:! ...... chess?
4 The doctor did warn her .. ?.9.a}!!:>.! .. trying to
play basketball too soon, didn't he?
5 ·
I' ve been wary of
............... dogs ever since I was
bitten by one as a child.
6 Why did he wink ...... !!!.. .... me? What did he
want? :
7 I couldn't wish ... J?L .... a better husband; he's
everything I've always wanted.

B IDIOMS
a Match the idioms with their definitions.
'--- set the wheels in motion F

2 wild guess A A an opinion made without any thought

3 as white as a sheet K B have a nap

4 a wild goose chase I C not knowing what to do next; desperate

5 spread like wildlife D D spread quickly
( .
6 get wind of sth G E misunderstand what sb is saying
L
7 have forty winks B F get sth started
E G le.am about sth secret or private
8 get your wires crossed
frighten sb out of their wits J H sb dangerous / bad pretending to be good t
at one's wits' end C I a search for sth that doesn't exist or is unlikely to be found
cry wolf L J terrify sb
a wolf in sheep's clothing H K very pale
L raise a false alarm
1
f
bl. Explain what the idioms used in the sentences mean.
Fortunately, she's out of the woods now and the 7 The food in that restaurant is out of this world.
doctor says she can have visitors. fantastic
············································································
............................out of danger ...................... .... .
8 The weather seems to be going from bad to
You can't pull the wool over my eyes. I know worse .
you're lying. ....... ..... . _......ge.tti!? g. Vf_O !.~':. a.f}.d..W.?.'.s.e................... .
tool me
9 Two wrongs don't make a right, so let the police
3 Lisa took the words right out of my mouth when handle it.
she suggested getting a cold drink . .t~.~(1:9. ~':v.e!?fl.~..o!?.?.~. fCJr. iv~a_t .t~!!Y'.V.e. <!CJn.e. is.I!:1. ~ig_Q.t.
...........~ai.<!. ':X.~~!!Y. .w.lJ.a.t I..W.?.s. gCJin,g .to..sa.r........... .
10 Charles has been working here for donkey's
4 Danny will have his work cut out for him if he years. He won't leave now.
wants to beat the world champion . ....................... l9ti!.X~O'.J!:mg.!!mf!....................... .
..ha.~':.!(). !!Y. .f!!af!y_ _l!f!r.<!•.~.~c_;_a.1/.~I!. !t. ~!!! .f?A .<!i!f!c_;,1._l.l_t... 11 Tom's always been such a yes-man. He thinks
5 Carl's dead to the world. Nothing will wake him. he will be on better terms with the boss that way.
..........................~/_~':P.!1}9..h.ea_~/!Y. ...................... _.. . .. ...~~. IY.Q.o. a_ffh~E ~l!'.!!~sil. .w_it~ _ot~!!r~,..e.~p_llc_;_(~Ily_ ....
,, ose cons, ereu super,or
_6 Nina thinks the world of her new sister-in-law 12 I know these chairs aren't genuine antiques.
and plans to spend lots of time with her. I wasn't born yesterday, you know.
likes a lot ............................ !:~..f}.<!_l.!!.!()()I ........................... .

C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

a Fill in under, with or without to complete the prepositional phrases.

1 Rob called her .....'!.f}.<!':r..... the pretext of asking for somebody's
address.
2 It was ......~i!IJ. ...... difficulty that we persuaded him to see a
doctor, even enough he was so ill.
3 The letters will be delivered ....W.i!.Q.<!.u.t.... delay.
4 ..... Y(HQ...... any luck, the questions won't be too difficult.
5 Everybody attended ...... ivi(~ ...... the exception of Charles, who
was on holiday.
6 I've been feeling .... !-in.~ll'..... the weather recently, probably
L because I've got so much work. [feel under the weather: feel sick]

b Complete the sentences with one of the prepositional phrases below.

up to standard, with open arms, within limits,

without question, without success, without warning

1 I'm not sure that this essay is ........... 1/P...!'?..s_ta_n,~ar.d_ ........... .

2 They started to shoot at us .......... ~!.th()!-1!.~a.r!?ifl_g_ .......... .

3 Julie's allowed to buy whatever she likes ............. 1Yi1~!n..!!'!1!!~ ............. .

4 I was welcomed into the family ...........w_ith..<!P..e!?.a.'.~.~........... .

5 Mary attempted to fix the chair .......... 1YilhCJ!-1!.s.u.c~1Js.s .......... .

6 The exam was ..........w_i~h.<!.u.t.C/!-1':S.ti.<!!?.......... very difficult.

D PHRASAL VERBS

1 stand by 1 watch sth happening and do 5 thin out make or become less dense/
nothing to help thick
2 continue to support/ keep 6 water down weaken by adding water; dilute
(of a decision, promise, etc.)
7 weigh up consider carefully before making
2 take off become highly successful / popular a decision (options, choices, etc.)
3 take sb on 1 accept sb as an opponent 8 work up arouse interest in or enthusiasm I
2 give a job to for sth
4 tear into sb attack sb verbally / physically )_
a Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.

1 You mean he just ...... ~!O.O.~.b.Y...... and watched 7 We decided not to leave until the crowd had
the old lady being mugged! ... .!!!/IJ.t).~.c/..C!!-!1.... a bit.
2 I'm still determined to ......5.t.afl~.~Y. ...... my 8 I'm not afraid of playing chess with you; I'll
decision. ..... !~~.'!...... you ......0.n........ any day.

3 The programme was unpopular at first, but it's 9 .... W~ig~.!-!P. .... all the possibilities and then decid.e_.
l

really ...... t~k.efl.()~···· .. now. 1o Due to an increase in demand, the company I

4 Don 't d nn water .
. k w h.1sky ·in th at b ar; th ey ................ was forced to ....... !~~.'!.!?!'! ....... more staff.
it .... ~?.'!'! ......
5 Pat ...... !!?f.'!.!!'!!O. ...... her son simply because he
had dropped his cup of tea on the floor.

6 I can't .......'.':0.f~.'!P........ any energy or

enthusiasm for my job these days.

b Three-word phrasal verbs.

Match the verbs with their meanings.

1 miss out on d

2 put up with a a tolerate

3 stick up for e b persuade sb not to do sth
talk down to C C speak to sb as if they are inferior
talk sb out of b d lose the chance to do sth enjoyable
e defend

c Now, complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal
verbs from exercise b.
1 My older brother always ...... "!!?.~.~.'!P.. 1()r....... me if someone
is trying to bully me.
2 Liz was ill so she ... .J!'!!~!!~,!.,;JJ!.I..C?.f!...... the theatre trip.
3 James has such a high opinion of himself; he always
........l~.1.~~.C:~.1:1'.~i~......... the rest of us.
4 I really can't ....... P..'!!.!-!P..~!!!! ........ this noise any longer!
5 We tried to .......ta.1~....... him .... ()'!t.()! ...... walking across
the desert, but it was no use.
 E WORDS EASILY CONFUSED

a Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.

j 1 The bank is ....... some of my funds to a different 7 Political prisoners all over the world are being ...... .
t
account. of their basic rights, and something needs to be
®
transferring b transmitting done about it.
A charity which helps underprivileged children is
a disposed @ deprived
obviously a very worthy ....... . 8 A(n) ....... has just been ordered into the cause of
@ cause b reason the accident.
;i The doctor who operated on me says I can be
a query @ inquiry
....... tomorrow. I can't wait to go home.
a expelled @ discharged
4 You've got a ....... your own, haven't you? So why
copy other people all the time?
@ mind b head
t, There is said to be an ....... to every rule.
I a exclusion @ exception
6 They rejected his application on the ....... that he
was underqualified.
®
grounds b justification

, Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

assure / confirm instrument / tool
1 My daughter ...... ~~~W~(! ...... me that she'd call 1 The pilot kept glancing at the plane's ...!1!.~.!(U.1!!!!.'!.t ...
when-she arrived in town. panel.
2 I asked whether their break-up was final and 2 The computer is definitely an invaluable
(f they .... ft;?l}_((~I!!.~!!..... it. ......... !O.O.! ......... in this business.
3 The hotel receptionist .....'?!?1!(!~1!!.'!'.<!... .. our 3 He decided he wanted to learn a stringed
reservation for the weekend. ... .!i:r.~m1m~,:,_! .... .
The doctor called again to ..... 3~~.U!.'!'........ us 4 The mechanic picked up the ...... .!!?0./(:1J... ..... he
of our child's good progress. needed and bent over the engine.
ri
L,assure: tell sb sth positively to get rid of their doubts instrument: device for exact measuring of speed, weight,
confirm: make a definite arrangement; show sth to be etc.; an object for playing music on (e.g. piano)
rfrue fool: type of equipment you use for a particular job;
sth that helps sb do their job

L;
F COLLOCATIONS
f
a 'rick the appropriate boxes.
t
an egg a window free a joke a promise
crack ✓ ✓ ✓

break ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
b Put the nouns in the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with.

scent, fire, water, line, atmosphere, food, favourite, colour, goods, heart, welcome, potato

hot: Hr.I!.(.:'. P..(O.<!.l!g!IJ.SJ. A!'!!. o_t_ i!.f!?.!.I, .IJ?.!~.r _(OP.P.,..c'!!<!),. warm: s_'?_e.n.t..(::. tr.f!s_!i),..f.ir_~..(::. P.f'!!'!!! '?.(fJ9. P.!!'!?.~.~ll!.1,e.?f ..
/!n,'?, .(:':. f!!!l'?.(SJ.e.tJgY, P.11'!n.e. .l!n.!c!lt .f.O.<!.<!..(::. SP.!'?.Y),..... ."!.a.if!!..(::. Cf!!i!e..1!.'!9,..a!!!l'!SP.11.er_e. (.70 .f.ri~.fJ.d_ly_/,. f~d
!.~Y.o.'!ri!f!_. (7..~!'P..e.~!".ci .1Ji!J.IJ.e!),.9'!'!cis..(::. S.(f!{_f!ll), .. f.::. ll'!!.'?.f!.!d),..~'!1?,!!r. (.':'..r~.d_d_i.sll .! y_~l!i;;<xis_!JJ.,..hWrf
P..C!!?.!O. .(:':..~'!IJ.i(f!X".rs.ia/. s.u.f:?i".'?.tJ.......................... . I
.c::. t<_,n.<!J,.."!.e.1~.'!!!!"-. L""..k!IJ.ci .! .t.r!e.rJ.<!!Yl ................

·······································································'

G DERIVATIVES
a Complete the table below.
Adjective Abstract Noun
Concrete Noun
(+ opposite if exists) (+ opposite if exists)
1 threaten threatened, ... !llff!?.!~.fJ!f/9 ... threat
2 translate (un)translated, (un)translatable translation
•...•••....•...•....•.. translator
3 transport ..tr.?.'!S.P.O.i:ta.l}_le.. transport, transportation transporter
4 (mis)treat (un)treatable treat, .(f!JJs_/!r.e?.!l!J.en!. ·1 ··.•··,.;,
.""'·.'•. .

5 (dis)(mis)trust
(dis)(mis)trustful, (un)trustworthy, (dis) (mis)trust, trustee
.......................
r .'•.• i.,•.·}
trusting, trusty (un)trustworthiness I.

I
6 (mis)understand understandable, understanding
7 value, evaluate valueless, valued, .. !i.rJ).~?./_'!?.!?!e. ... value, (e)valuation valuables, valuer( .
8 vary various, varied, variable variety, ..... Y.?'.(~!!'!n. .....
9 warm warm ...... Yt!!!.l.fJ!11......
10 withdraw .... withdrawn.... withdrawal

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.

1 It,s h ea rtb rea k'1ng to read th at so many species threatened

· are now ........................... w1·th ext·inct·,on. THREATfN

2 The .... !~!!fl?.{~_f?'.~..... have had trouble with some of the technical terms and need time to confer. TRANSLA\.

3 Ofall the means of ... )(?.'!.~P.grtJ. ..... I think the plane is the most efficient. TRANSPOrT
1ranspo"a 110n
4 I'm taking all the children to the cinema as a(n) ......... .fr!'!?.!... ....... . rnq''
5 I don't know whether she's .. (!!!J.W!!S.(IJ'!!'!IIY. .. or not and until I find out, I won't confide in her. TRU\>T

6 It's quite ..'!.'!!'!f!!S.!?.fJ.<!?.!J!e. .. that you want a second opinion. I'll call another doctor. UNDERSTA~; ,,_

7 Unfortunately, these so-called precious stones are all ...... X?.!'!.~!f!~.~ ....... . They're fakes. VALUE

8 Prices are subject to ....... Y.?'.i.~!!?.IJ. ....... . VA~

9 Fiona ........ IJ!'r!!!IY. ........ welcomed me when I arrived at ihe party. WARM
f
10 Ag1tat1on withdrawal
· · ·1s one of t he ........................... sympt oms of nicotine
· · add'1ct',on. WJTHDRA
t~
r Fill in the correct word each time.
1 tolerate, (in)tolerant, (in)tolerable, (in)tolerance
a Things have become so ..... J~!~!'!.~'!.~!~------ at work that I have started looking for a new job_
b Always check your work because Mrs Collins has a low .... _!~!~~~I'!-~-~...... of careless mistakes_

2 ( (un)true, (un)truth, (un)truthful, truthfulness )

a Don't believe him; he never tells the .......... _t~llth. .......... _
- st ory was an o bv1ous
b H1s - untruth
............................ - he 'd mad e -tI up comp Iet eIY-

3 ( watch, watchful, watchfulness )

a Can you keep a ........"'.'.".tc_hl_f.!1........ eye on your baby brother while I hang out the washing?
- d eman d s b oth pa11ence
b Ph easan t h un t 1ng - an d ............................
watchfulness _

4 ( water, watery, waterless )

a This soup is far too ........ __v!,al_~'Y......... _; you could drink it with a straw_
b You need to .......... Yf.~_t_f!r. ........ _these plants more often_

5 ( weaken, weak, weakness)

weakens
a Th e new ev1-d ence ............................ th e case agams
- 1· h-1m_
b With over 50 pairs of shoes and boots to her name, we can safely say that my sister has
a ...... _"".~il~f!_e~s...... - for footwear_

6 ( weigh, weighty, weightless, weightlessness, weight)

a Sarah tried to lift a ........ "".'!!9ho/. .. ______ box of books from the shelf but couldn't.
- 1-1st s are Ioo k-mg -1nt o th e effect s of ......
b S c1en _,,..,, .............. _on th e h uman bo d y 1n
weiaht/essness - space_

7 ( widen, wide, width, widely )

a It is .........."".ic!.~!Y. ........ _thought that trips into space will soon be a reality for those who can afford
a ticket.
b You need to measure the full .......... ~i~th. .......... of the room before ordering a carpet.

! ( work, working, workable, worker )

working_
a Wh at are th e .......................... _con d-1t1ons
- 1-k - your off-ice_?
I e 1n

b If we all put our heads together, I'm sure we can come up with a ........"".C_lt~-~/?!~ .. ----- solution_

-~~--
g§j=~;:;
"'"
"'
--
Part 3 Vocabulary Practice
a Choose the correct answer.
1 The principal's decision was seen as a ....... to 7 As the company had accumulated so much
the students' rights. financial debt, the board were forced to ....... it >.
A harm @ threat A fold @ wind
C sneer D suppression C put D close

2 As technological progress is so rapid, in live 8 At least we know that when it comes to the
years' time today's computers will be ....... . she always supports us.
@ obsolete B retired A crisis @ crunch
C extinct D outdone C finale D point

3 Unfortunately, not everyone has the security of 9 The long trek through the gorge was very ...... .
a ....... egg to fall back on. on their feet.
A harvest B treasure A harmful B damaging
C store @ nest C destructive @hard
4 Surprisingly, she made no ....... of her traumatic 10 Clothes should always be thoroughly ....... attj
divorce in her memoirs. washing.
A statement B comment A strained B squashed
© mention D reference © rinsed D drained j
5 Fluorescent lamps are said to ....... for twice as 11 She was ....... to the fact that Tim would never
long as conventional bulbs. marry her.
A shine B light @ resigned B complied
C gleam @ burn C agreed D accepted

6 The pilot was instructed to keep his mission 12 When the children went to boarding school, f
secret ....... of death. Clare ....... her time knitting jumpers. 1
A by virtue @ on pain A killed off @ whiled away
C under sentence D at risk C perked up D played out

b Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form.

A accomplishment, achievement, completion I

C agitated, shaken, moved I
1 Playing the harp was only one of her many 1 Although unhurt, she was badiy ....... ?c~.i_l.~!!!! ..... -i 'Jy
.. !!(:.(:.'?l!!P.!i~l!l!!fi/f!!L . the accident.

,-................ of t h.1s b u1·1d·1ng ·1s expected

Comn/etion
2 ............. 2 She wouldn't openly admit it, but you could see
in 2016. that she was ....... mRY.~.rL ..... by the kind gest! ·e.

3 They felt a great sense of ...... il(:./J!fi/Y.~_f!!fi/f!!... .. . 3 Ma rt.in b ecame v1s1

· ·bl y ..... ···"·····
anffated .......... w hen s'h· e
when they finished the project on time. questioned him about his whereabouts.
4 Even grown men would be ...... J!!.9'!.1?9........ b~ ·
4 We've just heard that the new bowling alley is
nearing ........qf!mP.l.~.t!Rf! ....... . such a sad sight. .,
B on behalf of, of one's own accord, D I appear, present, show I '"i
on somebody's part 1 Having been caught smoking, he was order'f'¾ to
1 It was quick thinking ....... .9.r!....... her ..... .P.i_l.CT ••••••
....... P.!:~!i~r.! ...... himself at the head teacher's 1,_,ice.
to hide the money before anyone asked for it. 2 Suddenly a large, dark figure ......~P.P.e.i_lE~.<!...... out
2 I am phoning .......RP../;l.~l!i!l!.9.L .... Mrs Green, of nowhere. LJ
C''

who is ill in hospital. 3 Pull your T-shirt down because your vest is
3 She was able to do things ........0! ....... her
.'!.~P..i_l.q.qpr.<! even though she was new to the job. 4 ~~~:~:::g~;~~l~ms .... P.~e.s.e.'!.t.~<!..... themselL
4 There's no doubt about it, the fault was due to during the research.
error ...... .9.r!........ his ...... P.ilct ...... . r
~r ... ,-_ .____ .· -..,· ·••' ···--... _, , .. ,··

Complete the sentences with a noun formed from d Fill in the correct noun to complete the similes. l'
the verb given and a preposition.
post, bat, doornail, fiddle, grave
1 survive
Water is essential to the ........~.Uf!-'.!1/a.!.1
/ ....... all 1 (as) blind as a ............ P.il.! ........... .
living things.
2 (as) deaf as a ...••...... P.C!!l.! •..........
2 expose ''I
Too much ...... f!!P.Q.W!.<j!J.'?...... the sun can cause 3 (as) dead as a .........c/C!C!,!1!1.!! ....... .
dehydration. 4 (as) silent as the .......... 9!.q!',<j!.......... .
3 fluctuate
The warm sun and easterly winds caused
... Jl!!<?_fU.?.tiC!11?..i!1..... the temperature.

Replace the underlined words using take and the words in the box.

-
aback, it out on, into account, offence, the plunge
1 If you have been thinking about buying a house, now is the time to make a decisive move.
take ......... .fl:r.'il.Pl!!@fl... ........
. 2 Never had she expected him to be the type who would get upset so easily.
take ............ C!tf!!11 '?.<j!•••••••••••••
3 In reaching his decision the judge considered the child's home situation.
took ....... ..!fJ.f.Q..q~9.'?.f!.IJ.I........ .
4 Don't be so horrible to him. It was your fault, not his.
take .......... ..i.t'!.'!!.'!11 ........... .
' .
'l 5 Linda was surprised when she saw a strange man sitting in her seat.
taken ............../!.~!!'?.~ ............ .

-{-----------------·------~-------------"
'
f" Fill in the correct noun.
C hallucination, vision, mirage, illusion, misconception
'
L.
1 The mirrors on the wall gave us a{n) 4 It is a(n) ... 11!!~.<iC!11 '?.'i!P..tf.'!11 .... that he is as poor as a
........ il!!!?.!0.'!.......... of extra depth. church mouse.
Nobody believed the old man when he claimed 5 The poor thirsty traveller saw a(n) ........ .'!!i~~.f!.~......... .
to have had a(n) .......... ~!~!'!11 .........• of the Virgin of an inviting oasis through his half-closed eyes.
n Mary.
L Hallucination
3 ... ...... ............ ..... .. . ,·s c Om mon ·1n pa1·,en t s w h o
! have a very high fever.
[
'
l Fill in the correct adjective. h Choose the correct adverb.
····,
[ J
hard, harsh, fierce, vicious severely, fully, deeply, highly
1 He was so ........ !um! ........ to talk to that we just 1 She was ........ Jl.!!!Y. ......... aware of the
f'. finalised all the arrangements on our own. drawbacks of being physically challenged.
l,! They were unable to continue their journey due 2 Luke was ...... ~<j!!(~("~/y······· injured in the crash.
to the ..... J!!'.!"~!?........ storm.
3 Most western countries have ...... ..h.i.!J_f!!Y. •••.....
Never before had he received such a developed health care systems .
...... Xi'?.!'!.u.~ ...... attack on his theories.
4 John has been ........d_<j!.f!P.IY. ....•.• in debt since
The ....... ~8.''?.h........ desert climate proved too his business failed.
much for them, so they turned back.
Part 4 Reading & Use of English
a You are going to read a short article, two sentences of which have been removed. Read the text and decide whii,JJ
gaps (1-4) the sentences have been removed from. '

The Survival Handbook

A human being can survive without water for only a matter of days; what must be taken into account
in a harsh desert environment is that water loss through perspiration can significantly lower this figure.
(1) ............. .

It should also be remembered that as you lose water, you also lose salt. (2) ...... 13....... Even if you are
replacing the water you lose, if salt intake is not adequate, you will become disorientated and
eventually lose consciousness and die. Salt tablets are an essential part of afly survival kit.
(3) ...... JI....... Temperatures will plunge after dark, though, and it is advisable to rest at this time too,
in a hollow in the sand if you have no other way of keeping warm; sand is an excellent insulator.
Your only chance of finding water (apart from an oasis or well, which will mean you have survived and
need only wait for help) is the morning dew. (4) ............... A cloth spread over a bowl is the most
effective way to collect it; the saturated cloth will drip excess liquid into the bowl below.
>~- '

A The heat of the day is a time for shelter and rest, and travel
should be undertaken in the early morning and evening.
B It is for this reason that people who dwell in deserts tend
to dress up rather than down; exposed skin means the
sweat evaporates immediately, creating a continuous
I'

cycle of loss.

b Now answer the following questions.

1 What advice is given in the passage?
®Do not remove clothing when hot.
B Only take salt tablets if you have adequate water.
C Salt and water intake must be carefully balanced.
D Try to avoid situations which will induce perspiration.
2 What do we learn about the desert from the text?
A It is impossible to live there long.
@ It is a land of contrasts.
C It is less daunting than it appears.
D It is full of water if you know where to look.

32'
_[~
!-

Part 1
EXAM PRACTICE 11~------
Fd ··questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
'
Bullying
r
,~ sistent bullying can lead to a child suffering from low self-esteem, depression and suicidal feelings. All too
)Aen, parents of children who have been (1) ..... out by the class bully are at a (2) ..... as to how to handle the
;if"ation, which includes (3) ..... their child's (4) ..... self-confidence. However, it has recently been suggested
h( some children actually conduct themselves in ways that mark them out as easy victims. Examples include
;ubmissive behaviour and poor social skills. One (5) ..... effective way of changing this is for the children
xf"cerned to stop displaying the anxious vulnerability that bullies so often recognise and exploit. Relaxation
e~hniques can be used to this (6) ...... Another anti-bullying tactic is voice training. Loud and assertive speech
s t·elieved to act as a deterrent to bullies. In the school environment, it is also a way of (7) ..... the teacher's
"I
tit ntion to what is happening wiihout (8) ..... to tale-telling - something most children feel is inappropriate.

1 A chosen B opted C selected @singled

2 @loss B hopelessness C despair D dead end
3 A validating B isolating © restoring D alleviating
4 @ shattered B broken C crackled D fractured
5 A greatly B absolutely © highly D deeply
6 A result @ end C aim D goal
7 @ drawing B adapting C collating D focusing
~
8 A utilising @ resorting C employing D returning
'
L
'£''1
I
2
o(I . .1uestions 9-16, read the text below
.
and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
pace.

Phantom Limbs
~oratio Nelson is one of the most famous admirals of all (9) ...... !!~e....... , and certainly the most famous one-
1rl ed one. He lost his right arm in an unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz with his most famous victories still
16) .:.fl.lJ!t!i!#....... of him. For the rest of his life, he would complain of pain from that missing member, as if it
v~-, still attached to his body.
[
l-l,~ phenomenon is the rule rather than the (11) .!t.~9.~P..tfgn. .. amongst people (12) .~IJ.<?./..t.ha_! .. have lost a
•qrly part, and doctors generally treat it as a psychological phenomenon; the brain does not know the limb
, L)ne, and so continues to interpret data from the body as if the part was still there.

,ome scientists, however, have accepted the existence of an aura - a field of energy that exists around the
I
'0: Vand which (13) ...... i'fl.~...... be detected by, for one, special photographic techniques. This field becomes
,Jaker (14) ........ in. ........
times of depression and illness and correspondingly stronger (15) ..... "!'!'.~!![! ...... an
ict•idual is mentally and physically well.
t
'
'ei.,aps, therefore, we should not simply dismiss phantom limbs as psychological illusions. If tests showed
1:r the aura remained even after the amputation of a limb, it would go some way towards showing that there
: fi, Jre to us than (16) i'!~l./.'!'.!!r.!!.!. flesh.
on1y
Part 3
For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
word that fits in the space in the same line.

Growing Pains
When my daughter was five years old, my husband and I were rather worried about her.
Here she was, about to start primary school, and yet up to this point she had failed to form
any (17) .... ..f~i~.n.cf~h_iP.5 ...... either in the neighbourhood, at her nursery school or on holiday. FRIEND
She was a very solemn and solitary child, given to play her own little games and seemingly
perfectly happy with hour after hour of her own company.

I had always been very (18) ........0 .'!.1!J.Cli11 g ....... , and so this kind of behaviour' caused me a Go
great deal of anxiety. I had tried to give her (19) ... e.'!.'!CJl.lr~ge.rn.~111.. , had invited friends with COURAGE
daughters or sons of a similar age to visit, but (20) .... ..r.eg?.(d.1~.~~·•···· of what I did, my REGARD
daughter carried on doing her own litt!e thing.

So, just after term started, I popped in to see her teacher, to ask if she could make some
(21) r.~.'!Clf1!IIJ.~.')'!~t!o_n;;. on how to deal with the problem. The teacher said I should avoid any RECOMME1i
\
(22) P re/misconceP.tions regarct·mg my ct aug hter 's a b·1·t
........................... 11 y t o cope w1·th sc hoo.I Th ese th·mgs CONCEPT
worked in a very (23) ....'!.'!P.f.~.cf!~(?.l!i.~ .... way; sometimes the quiet ones became monsters, PREDICT
sometimes the monsters turned into the sweetest of kids. My daughter, she said, was clever
and self-confident, which were by far the most valuable things; I was being, as most parents
are at some stage, (24) ....'?.ve.rP.''?.!!lP.ti.Ve. ... towards my child. PROTECT

Part 4
For questions 25-30, complete the sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word
given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the ward given. f

25 The striker was a touch faster than the defender.

edge The striker ...........h.a.d..t!!.~.!l.'!9~..'?.'!.!..0 v.~.'··········· the defender in terms of speed.

26 Paul finally overcame his nervousness and asked Penny out.

plucked Paul finally .... ./!_l'!.c~e_d..'!PJh.!l..~'?.'!.~~.fJ.~.!CJ.~~.k...... Penny out.

27 I've got an awful lot of work to do this week.

ears I ......... ~11!.uP..t.o..'!IY..e.~r.s.!1_1..w.'?.rt ........ this week.

28 It was his first offence, so the judge only gave him a fine.
let It was his first offence, so the judge ............... ..!~.1..1!!11!.'?.(1'.W./th. ................. a fine.

29 It will probably rain at the weekend, unfortunately.

likelihood Unfortunately, ........ !!?!l.f!l.i~.~.~.(~9.'!!J.!!k~_l!/JCJ'?.d. ........ that it will rain at the weekend.

30 Though it may not be very pleasant, I think it's time to own up and accept your punishment.
music It's about ......... !im~.Y'?.!-!.(?.,.~cf.!!rn.rn.'!.~!e. ......... , though it may not be very pleasant.