Mental Health & Wellbeing For Children & Young People - Part Two
Mental Health & Wellbeing For Children & Young People - Part Two
Mental Health & Wellbeing For Children & Young People - Part Two
Wellbeing for
Children & Young People -
Part Two
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Gilliam Autism Rating
Scales - Second Edition
(GARS-2™)
Overview
The Gilliam Autism Rating Scales - Second Edition™ is a standardised screening test designed for use by
teachers, psychologists, therapists and other medical professionals for the purpose of screening for autism. It
is a norm referenced instrument that is designed to be used with individuals aged 3 to 22 years. The GARS-
2™
is quick and easy to administer taking approximately 5-10 minutes.
Features
The GARS-2™ consists of three subscales:
• Stereotypical Behaviours
• Communication
• Social Interaction
The scales consist of behaviours commonly demonstrated by individuals who have autism. The items in each
of the sub scales are based on the definition of autism adopted by the Autism Society of America (2003) and
on diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder published in the American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV - TR
(2000).
The examiner rates the individual on how frequent the behaviours occur; 0 being never observed, 1 seldom
observed, 2 sometimes observed and 3 frequently observed.
There is also an optional parent interview which allows the examiner to document whether symptoms of
autism were demonstrated in the early years of the individual’s life.
The examiner is able to build up a profile of individual’s behaviours and obtain a standard score and percentile
for each of the subscales. An autism index can be obtained by combining the scores of the three subscales.
A probability of autism can be profiled from unlikely to likely to very likely.
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Gilliam Autism Rating
Scales - Second Edition
(GARS-2™)
Fig 2.1
Example of scoring procedure of
the GARS-2™
Fig 3.1
Example of page 1 of a
GARS-2™ Summary/ Response
Booklet
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Gilliam Autism Rating
Scales - Second Edition
(GARS-2™)
Technical Information
The GARS-2™ follows on from the successful GARS™ which was first published in 1995. It is normed on a
sample of 1, 107 children and young adults (US population) who had been diagnosed as autistic.
Reliability and validity evidence is good for example the internal consistency and reliability of the subscales
and Autism Index were determined to be in the .80s and .90s.
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Gilliam Asperger’s
Disorder Scale (GADS™)
Overview
The Gilliam Asperger’s Disorder Scale (GADS™) is a standardised screening test for use by teachers,
psychologists, therapists and other professionals for the purpose of screening for Asperger’s Disorder.
A norm referenced instrument, it is quick and easy to administer taking approximately 5 - 10 minutes.
It is designed to be used with individuals aged 3 to 22 years old.
Features
The GADS™ consists of four core subscales and an optional fifth subscale which can be completed by
parents.
The examiner rates each item on how frequently these behaviours occur with 0 being never observed,
1 seldom observed, 2 sometimes observed and 3 frequently observed.
• Cognitive Patterns
Items on this subscale evaluate speech, language and cognitive skills.
• Pragmatic Skills
Items on this subscale are concerned with the ability to understand and use language in a social context.
• Early Development
This is an optional subscale to be completed by parents or caregivers. It consists of eight questions about the
individual’s early development.
The examiner is able to build up a profile of an individual’s behaviours and obtain a standard score and
percentile for each of the subscales. An Asperger’s Disorder Quotient can also be gained by combining the
scores of the subscales. An examiner can also estimate the overall likelihood of the individual having
Asperger’s Disorder using the quotient score.
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Gilliam Asperger’s
Disorder Scale (GADS™)
Figure A
Figure B
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Gilliam Asperger’s
Disorder Scale (GADS™)
Technical Information
The GADS™ was normed on a US sample of 371 individuals between the ages of 3 and 22 years who were
previously diagnosed with Asperger’s Disorder.
Reliability and validity evidence is good. The internal consistency and reliability of the subscales were
determined to be above .70 and in most cases were in the .80s and .90s.
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Childhood Autism
Rating Scale™ -
Second Edition (CARS2™)
Overview
The CARS2™ identifies children with autism and examines the severity of symptoms through ratings based on
direct observations. This second edition has built upon the success of the original CARS™, expanding upon
the test’s clinical value, making it more responsive to individuals on the high functioning end of the
autism spectrum, whilst maintaining the simplicity and clarity of the original test.
Features
The test is based on two forms, depending upon the client either use the Standard form or the High
Functioning form.
The Standard version rating book (CARS 2-ST) is equivalent to the original CARS™ questionnaire. It is
designed for use with children younger than 6 years, those with communication difficulties or below average
estimated IQ’s. The forms have been designed to be even easier to use than its predecessor and now includes
ample room for note taking
The Higher Functioning version rating booklet (CARS 2-HF) provides an alternative for assessing verbally
fluent individuals, above the age of 6 and with IQ’s higher than 80. The higher functioning version is designed
to be used with adults as well as children. Items on this scale have been modified from the original CARS™ to
reflect current research regarding characteristics of people with high functioning autism or Asperger’s
Syndrome
The standard and high functioning forms each include 15 areas of behaviour defined by a unique rating system
from 1 to 4 in key areas related to autism diagnosis. The areas addressed are the following functional areas
(please note that some items differ between the two forms ST and HF, as mentioned):
• Relating to people
• Imitation (ST); social-emotional understanding (HF)
• Emotional response (ST); emotional expression and regulations of emotions (HF)
• Body use
• Object use (ST); object use in play (HF)
• Adaptation to change (ST); adaptation to change/restricted interests (HF)
• Visual response
• Listening response
• Taste, smell and touch response and sue
• Fear or nervousness (ST); fear or anxiety
• Verbal communication
• Non-verbal communication
• Activity level (ST); thinking/cognitive integration skills (HF)
• Level and consistency of intellectual response
• General impressions
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Childhood Autism
Rating Scale™ -
Second Edition (CARS2™)
Technical Information
The CARS2™ builds upon the extensive use of the original version, the standard form has all the same items
as the original CARS™ form and so all research and work supports both forms. The similarities between the
standard and higher form, such as structure, provides a strong basis for the newer form.
The original CARS™ was developed on a sample of 1,606 in 1988, with a recent verification sample for the
CARS 2-ST; which involved 1,034 individuals aged between 2 and 36 years, all of whom had a diagnosis of
autism and had an IQ of 85 or lower (using measures such as the WISC-IV, Stanford-Binet and the Test of
Nonverbal intelligence).
The CARS 2-HF was normed on 994 individuals aged between 6 and 57 years. All participants had an IQ of
80 or above, this intellectual skew was intentionally designed to focus on the higher functioning individuals to
complement the CARS 2-ST.
Both forms provide Cut off scores, Standard Scores and Percentiles.
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Autism Spectrum Rating
Scales™ (ASRS™)
Overview
The ASRS™ was designed to effectively identify symptoms, behaviours, and associated features of Autism
Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) in children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years.
Authored by the highly respected Sam Goldstein, Ph.D., and Jack A. Naglieri, Ph.D., it is a US standardised,
norm-referenced tool of the Autism Spectrum, including Asperger’s Disorder and Autism.
A valid, reliable, and carefully crafted tool, ASRS can help guide diagnostic decisions, treatment planning,
ongoing monitoring of response to intervention, and program evaluation. It is suitable for use by Psychologists,
Educational Psychologists, Social Workers, Paediatricians, Counsellors, Specialist Teachers, Mental Health
Professionals, Occupational Therapists and Speech and Language Therapists.
Features
Using a five-point Likert rating scale, parents and teachers evaluate how often they observed specific
behaviours in a number of areas such as socialisation, communication, unusual behaviours, behavioural
rigidity, sensory sensitivity, and self-regulation.
ASRS Scales
• Social/Communication
• Unusual Behaviors
• Self-Regulation (ASRS [6–18 Years] only)
Treatment Scales
• Peer Socialisation
• Adult Socialisation
• Social/Emotional Reciprocity
• Atypical Language
• Stereotypical Behaviour
• Behavioral Rigidity
• Sensory Sensitivity
• Attention/Self-Regulation (ASRS [2–5 Years] only)
• Attention (ASRS [6–18 Years] only)
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Autism Spectrum Rating
Scales™ (ASRS™)
This form provides in-depth information, including the Total Score, the ASRS Scales, the DSM-IV-TR Scale,
and the Treatment Scales. Recommended for use in initial evaluations and full re-evaluations.
There is also a 15-item ASRS short form available, which provides an efficient way to screen large
numbers of children to determine which are most likely to require additional evaluation or services for an
ASD and related issues. It can also be used for monitoring treatment/intervention progress.
Technical Information
Over 7,000 assessments were collected which included US normative data, clinical data, as well as reliability
and validity research data.
2,560 were included in the normative sample (320 ASRS [2−5 Years] Parent Ratings, 320 ASRS [2−5 Years]
Teacher/Childcare Provider Ratings, 960 ASRS [6−18 Years] Parent Ratings, and 960 ASRS [6−18 Years]
Teacher Ratings).
In addition ratings from over 1,600 youth with a clinical diagnosis were collected to create clinical samples.
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Brown Attention-Deficit
Disorder Scales for Children
and Adolescents®
Overview
The Brown ADD Scales for Children and Adolescents® can be used for initial screening of children and
adolescents suspected of having an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and as a comprehensive
diagnostic assessment tool in a battery of assessment instruments. The scales address a variety of AD/HD
related cognitive impairments and symptoms.
The scales are designed to elicit parent, teacher and self reported observations of symptoms that may indicate
impairment in executive functions related to Attention/Hyperactivity disorders, and may be used to assess
impairments in monitoring and self regulating action as well as for hyperactive and impulsive behaviour.
Features
The Brown ADD Scales go beyond measures that address only hyperactivity to assess for less apparent
impairments of executive functioning. The manuals explain the new understanding of ADD as complex
impairments of executive functions that impact academic, social, emotional and behavioural functioning.
As with the adolescent and adult version, the children’s edition features five clusters frequently associated with
ADD - plus a sixth one, Monitoring and Self-Regulating Action, that encompasses problems in appropriately
controlling behaviour:
The Brown ADD Diagnostic Form allows you to gather and integrate important diagnostic information about
an individual, with cluster and total scores arriving at a diagnostic decision. The Diagnostic Form helps you
conduct a comprehensive evaluation, with a set of procedures for integrating a clinical history, a co-morbidity
screener, and a worksheet for integrating data from the Brown ADD Scales with standardised scores from
other tests. All forms are in ready score format to enable easy scoring and analysis.
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Brown Attention-Deficit
Disorder Scales for Children
and Adolescents®
For teachers these can be used to record further observations and gather more information which may be
useful if a referral is needed.
The manual of Brown ADD Scales for Children relates performance to scores from the Weshsler Intelligence
Scales for Children - Third Edition (WISC III) and select subtests from the Children’s Memory Scales. The
manual provides instructions for linking performance on the Brown ADD Scales with IQ and other
assessment data.
Technical Information
Norms for the Brown ADD Scales for Children are based on a US standardization sample of 800 children.
Equal numbers of participants were selected by gender within each age band (3-5, 6-7, 8-9 and 10-12 years).
A clinical sample was also collected of 208 children who fully met the criteria and had been previously diag-
nosed as having an Attention/Hyperactivity Deficit Disorder.
Norms for the Browns ADD Scales for Adolescents were collected from a clinical sample of students aged 12
- 18 years who met the criteria for Attention/Hyperactivity Deficit Disorder and were compared to a non-clinical
sample of 190 students matched for age and socioeconomic level.
Reliability and validity is excellent for example internal consistency for total score is above .90 for all ages.
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Conners 3rd Edition™
(Conners 3™)
Overview
The third edition of Conners™ has been designed as an in-depth, focused assessment of ADHD (Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Conners 3™ aims to assess and screen for problems and disorders most
commonly co-morbid or associated with ADHD.
With streamlined content, the third edition is a refined revision of Conners-Revised with new normative data
and updated psychometric properties. The respondent-friendly translations of DSM-IV concepts allows for
detailed assessment and can be used in a variety of ways:
The Conners 3™ has DSM-IV-based symptoms of ADHD, and has added Opposition Defiant Disorder and
Conduct Disorder. It also contains symptom-level information from the DSM-IV-TR.
Features
The Conners 3™ has a modified age range (6-18 years), increased similarities across forms and has been
written with teachers, parents, and students in mind.
For each item the respondent indicates how often they feel that the statement applies to the child described;
0 = Not true at all (Never, Seldom); 1 = Just a little true (Occasionally); 2 = Pretty much true (Often, Quite a
bit); 3 = Very much true (Very often, Very frequently); ? = Omitted item.
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Conners 3rd Edition™
(Conners 3™)
Forms
There are several forms available for the Parent, Teacher and Child (Self-report).
The long form is recommended for use when comprehensive information and DSM-IV symptoms are
required.
Short forms are useful when administration of the full-length versions is not possible or practical. It is made up
of a subset of items from the full-length form, representing concepts from all empirical scales, the inattention
scale, and the validity scales. Both of these forms have scales that closely parallel each other.
In addition, there is a 10-item ADHD index form available. This is a separate, brief, ADHD-focused measure
with items selected as the best to differentiate between people with ADHD from individuals with no clinical
diagnosis. Not only is it a useful as a quick check to see if further ADHD evaluation is warranted but it can also
be useful for repeated measures.
As part of the full-length form, or available as a separate form is the Conners Global Index. This is a fast
and effective measure of general psychopathology. Including the 10 best predictive items from the parent and
teacher rating scales. It allows professionals to carefully measure the general psychopathology of their clients
and determine the next steps to take in further examination. The Conners 3GI has proven to be a fast and
effective measure and is specifically used in monitoring treatment and intervention.
Technical Information
Normative Sample- US (2001 census)
• 1200 Parent and Teacher rated (6-18yrs)
• 1000 youth self-reports (8-18yrs)
• Stratifies by age and gender
• Representative of all ethnicities/races/SES groups/geographic regions
Internal Consistency
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Conners 3rd Edition™
(Conners 3™)
Test-Retest Reliability
• .65-.94 (2-4 Weeks)
Gender Effects
• Girls with ADHD are often not diagnosed because they don’t typically exhibit the same symptoms as their
male counterparts. The Conners 3™ can be useful in discerning between gender specific differences.
• T-scores are calculated based on youth’s age and gender to adjust for these differences
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Conners Comprehensive
Behaviour Rating Scales™
(Conners CBRS™)
Overview
The Conners Comprehensive Behaviour Rating Scales™ (Conners CBRS™) is an instrument designed to
provide a complete overview of child and adolescent disorders and concerns.
Those working in the field of child and youth psychology can now use the Conners CBRS to assess a wide
spectrum of behaviours, emotions, and academic problems in today’s youth.
This assessment is suitable for ages 6 to 18 years for parent and teacher forms and 8 to 18 years for
self-report forms.
Features
Conners CBRS™ uses three different questionnaires from different raters (parent, teacher and self report) to
assess the following areas:
• Emotional distress
• Upsetting thoughts
• Worrying
• Upsetting thoughts/physical symptoms
• Social anxiety
• Aggressive behaviours
• Academic difficulties
• Language
• Maths
• Hyperactivity
• Hyperactivity/impulsivity
• Social problems
• Separation fears
• Perfectionistic and compulsive behaviours
• Violence potential
• Physical symptoms
Conners CBRS™ can be scored by hand or by computer using the scoring and reporting software.
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Conners Comprehensive
Behaviour Rating Scales™
(Conners CBRS™)
Forms
Conners CBRS Parent Rating Scales
Assess behaviours, concerns and academic problems in children between the ages of 6 and 18 years and are
reported by parents. The form is available in one comprehensive length (Conners CBRS–P) and is
recommended for initial evaluations if time allows. When used in conjunction with teacher ratings, differences
between home and school are highlighted.
Technical Information
Total sample:
2281 parents
2364 teachers
2057 self report (8-18)
• ADHD inattentive
• ADHD hyperactive-impulsive
• ADHD combined
• Disruptive behaviour disorders
• Learning disorders
• Anxiety disorder
• Major depressive disorder
• Bipolar disorder
• Pervasive developmental disorder
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Conners Comprehensive
Behaviour Rating Scales™
(Conners CBRS™)
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Area Sales
Consultants
Simply contact the relevant Area Sales Consultant, depending on locality and they will be happy
to discuss your requirements. www.psychcorp.co.uk/salesconsultants
Kerry Rough
Tel: 01244 660433 or 07826 914974
email: [email protected]
Ellie Nicholls
Tel: 01865 763886 or 07717 895425
email: [email protected]
Southern England
Claire Treeby
Tel: 02380 432534 or 07917 436457
email: [email protected]
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