ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech

REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. INTRODUCTION
There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect.
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed immediately before
the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the
speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But
it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is
normally used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is sometimes here to give a
more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.

PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: CHANGES NECESSARY

A. First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to the third person
except when the speaker is reporting his own words. (I = he, she; me = him, her; my = his, her; mine
= his, hers; we = they...)
She said, “he’s my son”.  She said that he was her son.
“I’m ill”, she said.  She said that she was ill.
B. THIS / THESE
1 This used in time expressions usually becomes that.
She said, “She’s coming this week”.  She said that she was coming that week.
This and that used as adjectives usually change to the.
He said, “I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother”.
He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his
mother.
This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.
He came back with two knives and said, “I found these beside the king’s bed”.  He
said he had found them beside the king’s bed.
He said, “We will discuss this tomorrow”.  He said that they would discuss it (the
matter) the next day.

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow in two day’s time
next week/year etc. the following week/year etc.
last week/year etc. the previous week/year etc.
a year etc. ago a year before/the previous year
 “I saw her the day before yesterday”, he said.  He said he’d seen her two days
before.
“I’ll do it tomorrow”, he promised.  He promised that he would do it the next day.
She said, “My father died a year ago”.  She said that her father had died a year
before/the previous year.
B. But if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes are not necessary:
At breakfast this morning he said, “I’ll be very busy today”.  At breakfast this
morning he said that he would be very busy today.
C. here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant:
At the station he said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow”.  He said that he’d be there
again the next day.
Usually here has to be replaced by some phrase:
She said, “You can sit here, Tom”.  She told Tom that he could sit beside her.

STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY

A. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He says that ... This is usual when
we are:
a. reporting a conversation that is still going on
b. reading a letter and reporting what it says
c. reading instructions and reporting them
d. reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. Tom says that he’ll never get
married.
When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense we can report the direct
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speech without any change of tense:
PAUL (phoning from the station): I’m trying to get a taxi.
ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get
a taxi.
B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the direct speech have
then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the following table.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Simple Present Simple Past
“I never eat meat”, he explained. = He explained (that) he never ate meat.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
“I’m waiting for Ann”, he said. = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
“I have found a flat”, he said. = He said (that) he had found a flat.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”. = He said (that) he had been waiting for ages.
Simple Past Past Perfect
“I took it home with me”, she said. = She said (that) he had taken it home with her.
Future Conditional
He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on Monday”. = He said (that) he would be in Paris on Monday.
Future Continuous Conditional Continuous
“I will/shall be using the car myself on the 24h”, = She said (that) she’d been using the car herself
she said. on the 24th.
Conditional Conditional
I said, “I would like to see it”. = I said (that) I would like to see it.
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech

All those changes represent the distancing effect of the reported speech. Common sense, together
with the time aspect from the speaker’s point of view, are more important than the rules when
making the usual changes.

QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct question: He said, “Where is she going?”
Indirect question: He asked where she was going.
A. When we turn direct questions into indirect speech, the following changes are necessary:
a. tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place change as in
statements.
b. the interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form.
c. the question mark is omitted in indirect questions.
B. If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry, e.g. ask, wonder, want to
know etc.
He said, “Where is the station?”  He asked where the station was.
C. ask can be followed by the person addressed (indirect object):
He asked, “What have you got in your bag?”  He asked (me) what I had got in my
bag.
But wonder and want to know cannot take an indirect object, so if we wish to report a question
where the person addressed is mentioned, we must use ask.
He said, ”Mary, when is the next train?”  He asked Mary when the next train was.
D. If the direct question begins with a question word (when, where, who, how, why etc.) the question
word is repeated in the indirect question:
He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”  He asked (her) why she hadn’t put on
the brake.
3 She said, “What do you want?”  She asked (them) what they wanted.
E. If there is no question word, if or whether must be used:
“Is anyone there?” he asked  He asked if/whether anyone was there.

COMMANDS, REQUESTS, ADVICE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct command: He said, “Lie down, Tom”.
Indirect command: He told Tom to lie down.
Indirect commands, requests, advice are usually expressed by a verb of command/request/advice + object
+ infinitive.
A. The following verbs can be used: advise, ask, beg, command, order, remind, tell, warn etc.
He said, “Get your coat, Tom!”  He told Tom to get his coat.
B. Negative commands, requests etc. are usually reported by not + infinitive:
“Don’t swim out too far, boys”, I said  I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far.

EXCLAMATIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Exclamations usually become statements in indirect speech. The exclamation mark disappears.
a. Exclamations beginning What (a) ... or How ... can be reported by:
- exclaim/say that:
He said, “What a dreadful idea!” or “How dreadful!”  He exclaimed that it
was a dreadful idea/was dreadful.
- give an exclamation of delight/disgust/horror/relief/surprise etc.
- if the exclamation is followed by an action we can use the construction with an
exclamation of delight/disgust etc. + he/she etc. + verb.
 b. Other types of exclamation such as Good! Marvellous! Splendid! Heavens! Oh! Ugh! etc. can be
reported as in (b) or (c) above:
“Good!” he exclaimed.  He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
“Ugh!” she exclaimed, and turned the programme off.  With an exclamation of
disgust she turned the programme off.
c. Note also:
He said, “Thank you!”  He thanked me.
He said, “Good luck!”  He wished me
luck.
He said, “Happy Christmas!”  He wished me a happy Christmas.
He said, “Congratulations!”  He congratulated me.
He said, “Liar!”  He called me a liar.
He said, “Damn!” etc.  He swore.
The notice said: WELCOME TO WALES!  The notice welcomed visitors to Wales.

YES AND NO IN INDIRECT SPEECH

yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by subject + appropriate auxiliary verb.
He said, “Can you swim?” and I said “No”  He asked (me) if I could swim and I said I
couldn’t.
He said, “Will you have time to do it?” and I said “Yes”  He asked if I would have
time to do it and I said that I would.

OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH

A. OFFERS
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“Shall I bring you some tea?” could be reported He offered to bring me some tea.
B. SUGGESTIONS
“Shall we meet at the theatre? could be reported He suggested meeting at the
theatre.

INDIRECT SPEECH: MIXED TYPES

Direct speech may consist of statement + question, question + command, command + statement, or all
three together. Normally each requires its own introductory verb.
“I don’t know the way. Do you?” he asked.  He said he didn’t know the way and asked her
if she did/if she knew it.
He said, “Someone is coming. Get behind the screen.”  He said that someone was coming
and told me to get behind the screen.

REPORTED SPEECH: OTHER POINTS

A. MUST: after a past reporting verb, must does not usually change:
He said, “It must be pretty late, I really must go”.  He said that it must be pretty late and
he really must go.
had to is also possible in reported speech, but this is really the past of have to, not must.
He said, “I have to go. I have an appointment in half an hour”  He said that he had to go
because he had an appointment in half an hour.
B. MODAL VERBS: Past modal verbs (could, might, ought to, should, used to, etc. ) do not normally
change in reported speech.
He said, “I might come”.  He said that he might come.
He said, “I would help him if I could”.  He said that he would
help him if he could.
He said, “You needn’t wait”.  He said that I needn’t wait.
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech

C. CONDITIONALS: Conditional sentences type two remain unchanged.

He said, “If my children were older I would emigrate”.  He
said that if his children were older he would emigrate.

SAY AND TELL AS INTRODUCTORY VERBS

A. say and tell with direct speech.
1. say can introduce a statement or follow it.
Tom said, “I’ve just heard the news”. or “I’ve just heard the news”,Tom said.
Inversion of say and noun subject is possible when say follows the statement.
“I’ve just heard the news”, said Tom.
say + to + person addressed is possible, but this phrase must follow the direct statement; it
cannot introduce it.
“I’m leaving at once”, Tom said to me.
Inversion is not possible here.
2. tell requires the person addressed.
Tell me. He told us. I’ll tell Tom.
Except with tell lies/stories/the truth/the time, when the person addressed need not to be
mentioned.
He told (me) lies. I’ll tell (you) a story.
Tell used with direct speech must be placed after the direct statement:
“I’m leaving at once”, Tom told me.
Inversion is not possible with tell.
B. say and tell with indirect speech
Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object. Say + to + object is possible but
less usual than tell + object.
5 He said he’d just heard the news.
He told me that he’d just heard the news.
Note also tell ... how/about:
He told us how he had crossed the
mountains. He told us about crossing the
mountains.
He told us about his journeys.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
- A. J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1986
- R. Fernández Carmona, English Grammar… with exercises, Longman, 2000
- R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press 1990
- M. Harrison, Grammar Spectrum 2, Oxford University Press, 1996
- N. Coe, Grammar Spectrum 3, Oxford University Press, 1996

EXERCISES
STATEMENTS
1. These people are saying these things. Report them, using says that.
a. Paul: “Atlanta is a wonderful city.” Paul said that Atlanta was a wonderful city.
b. Ruth: “I go jogging every morning.” Ruth said that she went jogging every morning.
c. Anna: “Jenny isn’t studying for her exams.” Anna said that Jenny wasn't studying for her exams.
d. Andrew: “I used to be very fat.” Andrew said that he very fat.
e. e.- Jim: “I can’t swim.” Jim said that he couldn't swim.
 2. People made these statements. Report them, using said.
a. “Mary works in a bank”, Jane said. She said that Mary worked in a bank
b. “I’m staying with some friends”, Jim said. Jim said that he was staying with some friends
c. “I’ve never been to Russia”, Mike said. Mike said that he had never been to Russia
d. “Tom can’t use a computer”, Ella said. Ellen said that Tom couldn´t use a computer
e. “Everybody must try to do their best”, Jill said. Jill said that everybody had to try to their best
f. “Jane may move to a new flat”, Rachel said. Rachel said that Jane might move to a new flat
g. “I’ll stay at home on Sunday”, Bill said. Bill said that he would stay at home on Sunday

3. Report what the guests said at a wedding last Sunday.

a. Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple.” Miss Moore said that they would make a lovely couple.
b. Mr Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton.” Mr Smith said that they were going to live in Brighton
c. Mrs Jones: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people.” Mrs Jones said the bride and
the groom were very nice young people.
d. Mr Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.” Mr Roberts said that the bride was
wearing a beautiful wedding dress.
e. Mr Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy.” Mr Clarke said that the couple’s parents looked
happy.
f. Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.” Miss Mayall said that the bride’s father
had bought them a big flat.
4. Change the following statements into the reported speech.
a. “I have something to show you”, I said to her.
I told her that I had something to show her.
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b. “I’m going away tomorrow”, he said.
He said that he was going away the following day.

c. “I’ve been in London for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the Tower”, said Rupert.
Rupert said that he had been in London for a month but he hadn't had time to visit the Tower.

d. “I’ll come with you as soon as I’m ready”, she replied.

She replied that she would come with me as soon as she was ready.

e. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said.
They said that they had a lift but very often it didn't work.

f. “I must go to the dentist tomorrow”, he said.

He said that he had to go to the dentist the following day.

g. “I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday and I am going to take it to the museum this
afternoon”, he said.
He said that he had found an old Roman coin in the garden the day before and he was going to take it to the
museum that afternoon.

5. Write these sentences in indirect speech.

a. “I’m very tired”, she said. She said that she was very tired
b. “I’ll see them soon”, he said. He said that he would see them soon
c. “I’m going to the cinema”, she said. She said that she was going to the cinema
d. “I see the children quite often”, he said. He said that he saw the children quite often
e. “I’m having a bath”, she said. She said that she was having a bath
f. “I’ve already met their parents”, she said. She said that she had already met their parents
g. “I stayed in a hotel for a few weeks”, she said. She said that she had stayed in a hotel for three weeks

h. “I must go home to make dinner”, he said. He said that he had to go home to make dinner.
i. “I haven’t been waiting long”, she said. She said that she hadn´t been waiting long
j. “I’m listening to the radio”, he said. He said that he was listening to the radio
k. “I’ll tell them the news on Saturday”, she said. She said she would tell them the news on Saturday
l. “I like swimming, dancing and playing tennis”, he said. He said that he liked swimming, dancing and
playing tennis
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech

m. “I can drive”, she said. She said she could drive

n. “I walked home after the party”, he said. He said that he had walked home after the party
o. “I’m going to be sick”, she said. She said that she was going to be sick
p. “I must go out to post a letter”, he said. He said that he had to go out to post a letter
q. “I spoke to Jane last week”, she said. She said that she had spoken to Jane the previous week or the
week before
r. “I’m trying to listen to the music”, he said. He said that he was trying to listen to the music
s. “I’ll phone the office from the airport”, she said. She said that she would phone the office from the
airport.
t. “I can’t speak any foreign languages”, he said. He said that he couldn´t speak any foreign languages

6. Write these sentences in indirect speech, changing words where necessary.

a. “I’ll see you tomorrow”, she said.
She said that she would see me the following day or the day after or the next day

b. “I saw her today”, he said.

He said that he had seen her that day

c. “I don’t like this film”, she said.

She said that he didn´t like that film

d. She said, “We went swimming today.”

She said that they had gone swimming that day.

e. “I met her about three months ago”, he said.

He said that he had met her about three months before

f. “I’ll see Mary on Sunday”, she said.

She said she had seen Mary on Sunday

g. “Pete and Sue are getting married tomorrow”, she said.

She said that Pete and Sue were getting married the following day/the day after/ the next day

h. “Stephen’s bringing some records to the party tomorrow”, she said.

She said that Stephen was bringing some records to the party the following day/the day after/ the next day

i. “I really like this furniture”, she said.

She said She really liked that furniture

j. “My parents are arriving tomorrow”, she said.

She said that her parents were arriving the following day/the day after/ the next day.

k. “We visited her this morning” they said.

They said that they had visited her that morning

l. “We’ll see her next summer” they said.

They said that they would see her the following summer

m. “They were here three months ago”, he said.

He said that they had been there three months before

n. “I’m meeting them at four o’clock today”, he said.

He said he was meeting them at four o´clock that day
 o. “I can see you tomorrow”, she said.
She said that she could see me the following day/the day after/ the next day.

QUESTIONS
7. Report the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner.
a. What’s your name? He asked him/her what his/her name was
b. Did you see the robbers? He asked him/her if/whether he/she had seen the robbers
c. What were they wearing? He asked they what they wear
d. How do you think they got in? He asked him how he thought they had got in
e. What did they take? He asked him what they had taken
 f. Has this ever happened before? He asked they ever happened before

8. Write these sentences as reported questions using the words given.

a. “What’s your name?”, he asked. (wanted to know)
He wanted to know what my name was.

b. “Do you like Marlon Brandon?”, she asked.

She asked me if/whether I liked Marlon Brandon

c. “How old are you?”, she said. (asked)

She asked me how old I was

d. “When does the train leave?”, I asked.

I asked them /him /her when the train left

e. “Are you enjoying yourself?”, he asked.

He asked me if /whether I was enjoying myself

f. “How are you?”, he said. (asked)

He asked me how I was.

g. “Does your father work here?”, she asked.

She asked me if/whether my father worked there

8 h. “Do you live near your father?”, he asked.

He asked me if I lived near my father

i. “Who did you see at the meeting?”, my mother asked.

My mother asked me who I had seen at the meeting

j. “Why did you take my wallet?”, he asked.

He asked me why I had taken his wallet

k. “How did you get to school?”, she asked.

She asked me /us how I had got to school

l. “Are you a foreigner?”, she asked.

She asked me if I was a foreigner

m. “Where do you live?”, the boy asked.

the boy asked me where I live

n. “Have you met Danny before?”, he asked.

He asked me if I had met Danny before

o. “Are you hungry?”, he asked.

He asked me if I was hungry

p. “Why wasn’t Judy at the party?”, she asked.

She asked me why Judy hadn´t been at the party

q. “Why didn’t you telephone?”, my father asked.

My father asked me why I hadn´t telephoned.

r. “Did you borrow my dictionary?”, he asked.

 He asked me if I had borrowed his dictionary
s. “Why are you so late?”, the teacher asked.
The teacher asked me why I was so late

t. “Have you finished your exams?”, she asked.

She asked me if I had finished my exams

u. “Did you invite Judy and Mitch?”, he asked.

He asked me if I had invited Judy and Mitch

v. “Does your brother live in London?”, she asked.

She asked me if my brother lived in London.

w. “Why didn’t the police report the crime?”, the judge asked.
The judge asked me why I hadn´t reported the crime.

x. “Do you know who broke the window?”, he asked.

He asked me if I knew who had broken the window
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech

y. “Why you won’t let me in?”, he shouted.

he asked me if I won’t let

COMMANDS, REQUESTS AND ADVICE

9. Rewrite these sentences in reported speech.
a. “Make some coffee, Bob”, Carol said.(ask)
Carol asked (pediulle)Bob to make some
coffee

b. “You must do the homework soon, Jane”,

she said.(tell) She told Jane to do the
homework soon

c. “Remember to buy a map, Ann” he said.

(remind) He reminded Ann to buy a map

d. “You should see a doctor, Mrs Clark”, he

said.(advise) He advised Mrs Clark to see a
doctor

e. “Keep all the windows closed, Bill” they

said.(warn) They warned Bill to keep all the
windows closed

f. “Go home, Paul”, Francis said.(tell)

Francis told Paul to go home

g. “Please stay for supper, Bob”, he asked He

asked Bob to stay for supper

10. Report the following sentences.

a. Don’t try to be funny.” She told me not to try to be funny
b. “Wait here till I come.” He told me to wait there till I came.
c. “Go to bed and don’t get up till you’re called.” He told me /ordered me to go to bed and not to get till I
was called
d. “Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes.” He asked me to be a good girl and to sit quietly for five
minutes.
e. “Watch the milk and don’t let it boil over.” She told me to watch the milk and not to let it boil over.
f. “Don’t take your coat off.” He told /ordered/warned me not to take off my coat
g. “Don’t forget to thank Mrs Jones when you’re saying good bye to her.” He reminded me to thank Mrs
Jones when I was saying good bye to her.
h. “Stop that dog.” She warned me to stop that dog

11. Write the sentences in reported speech using the words given.
a. “Sit down, Mary.” (he told) he told Mary to sit down
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b. “Would you pass my suitcase?” (he asked) He asked me to pass his suitcase
 c. “Don’t go near the sea, children.” (the children’s mother warned) The children´s mother warned her
children not to go near the sea
d. “Don’t be late, Tim.” (Tim’s father told) Tim´s father told Tim not to be late
e. “Be quiet, children.” (the librarian told) The librarian told the children to be quiet
f. “Have your tickets ready, please.” (the inspector told us)

SAY AND TELL

12. Use the correct form of SAY and TELL in these sentences.
a. She told me she didn’t agree.
b. He said “Have we met before?”
c. I told them I wasn’t happy with their work.
d. She smiled and said to me, “I’m very pleased to meet
you.
e. She told me a story about her parents.
f. He said, “Are you feeling OK?”
g. I didn’t hear. What did he say?
h. Could you tell me the time, please?
i. They told me they were going to a meeting.
j. I told the police my address.
k. I said I wanted to buy a magazine.

a. He he wasn’t interested in politics.

b. Could you me your name again?
c. Do you think he is the truth?
d. Would you him to come early tomorrow?
e. If he that again there’ll be trouble.
f. I them it was dangerous to swim here.
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g. Did you anything to him about your problem at work?
h. me what happened.
i. I think he is lies.
j. The policeman the man was lying.
k. Philip it would probably rain tomorrow.
l. Susan , “Let’s go out for dinner tonight.”
m. Jim me about the party last night.
n. Our teacher he was pleased with our work.
o. Stop lies!

OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS

13. Rewrite the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive and the in reported speech.
a. “I’ll bring my CDs to the party.”He promised to bring his CDs to the party.
b. “Let’s go to the cinema tonight, shall we? She suggested going to the cinema / She suggested that we
go to the cinema
c. “Yes, I stole the wallet.” He admitted having stolen the wallet
d. “Be careful! The water is boiling.” She warned us to be careful because the water was boiling
e. “You must apologise to your teacher.”My father insisted (on) me apologising to my teacher
f. “All right! I’ll share the expenses with you.”My friend agreed to share the expenses with me