Pertemuan 1
Pertemuan 1
Pertemuan 1
Struktur Beton
Bayzoni
2020
Referensi
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building
construction materials in everycountry. In many, including
the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a
dominant structural material in engineered construction.
The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction
stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and of
the constituents of concrete (gravel or crushed rock, sand,
water, and cement), from the relatively simple skills
required in concrete construction, and from the economy
of reinforced concrete compared with other forms of
construction. Plain concrete and reinforced concrete are
used in buildings of all sorts (Fig. 1-1), underground
structures, water tanks, wind turbine foundations (Fig. 1-2)
and towers, offshore oil exploration and production
structures, dams, bridges (Fig. 1-3), and even ships.
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MECHANICS OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
MEMBERS
Reinforced concrete structures consist of a series of “members” that interact to
support theloads placed on the structure. The second floor of the building in Fig.
1-6 is built of concrete joist–slab construction. Here, a series of parallel ribs or
joists support the load from the top slab. The reactions supporting the joists
apply loads to the beams, which in turn are supported by columns. In such a
floor, the top slab has two functions: (1) it transfers load laterally to the joists,
and (2) it serves as the top flange of the joists, which act as T-shaped beams
that transmit the load to the beams running at right angles to the joists. The
first floor of the building in Fig. 1-6 has a slab-and-beam design in which the slab
spans between beams, which in turn apply loads to the columns. The column
loads are applied to spread footings, which distribute the load over an area of
soil sufficient to prevent overloading of the soil. Some soil conditions require the
use of pile foundations or other deep foundations.
At the perimeter of the building, the floor loads are supported either directly on
the walls, as shown in Fig. 1-6, or on exterior columns, as shown in Fig. 1-7. The
walls or columns, in turn, are supported by a basement wall and wall footings.
The first and second floor slabs in Fig. 1-6 are assumed to carry the loads in a
north–south direction (see direction arrow) to the joists or beams, which carry
the loads in an east–west direction to other beams, girders, columns, or walls.
This is referred to as one-way slab action and is analogous to a wooden floor in a
house, in which the floor decking transmits loads to perpendicular floor joists,
which carry the loads to supporting beams, and so on.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
MEMBERS
The ability to form and construct concrete slabs makes possible the
slab or plate type of structure shown in Fig. 1-7. Here, the loads
applied to the roof and the floor are transmitted in two directions
to the columns by plate action. Such slabs are referred to as two-
way slabs.
The first floor in Fig. 1-7 is a flat slab with thickened areas called
drop panels at the columns. In addition, the tops of the columns
are enlarged in the form of capitals or brackets. The thickening
provides extra depth for moment and shear resistance adjacent to
the columns. It also tends to reduce the slab deflections.
The roof of the building shown in Fig. 1-7 is of uniform thickness
throughout without drop panels or column capitals. Such a floor is
a special type of flat slab referred to as a flat plate. Flat-plate
floors are widely used in apartments because the underside of the
slab is flat and hence can be used as the ceiling of the room below.
Of equal importance, the forming for a flat plate is generally
cheaper than that for flat slabs with drop panels or for one-way
slab-and-beam floors.o-way slabs.
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Pembebanan
Beban Mati
Beban Hidup
Beban Angin
Beban Gempa
Beban Pengaruh Suhu
Pembebanan
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Kombinasi pembebanan
The required strength is defined in the ACI
Specification as the maximum (absolute value) force
obtained from the following load combinations.
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (L, or S or R)
1.2D + 1.6 (L, or ,S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8142)
1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5L + 0.5 (L, or S or R)
1.2D + 1.5E + (0.5r or 0.2S)
0.9D * (I.3W or 1.5E)
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CONCRETE
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1. Shrinkage of the paste occurs during hydration, and this volume change of the concrete is restrained
by the aggregate. The resulting tensile stresses lead to no-load bond cracks, before the concrete is
loaded. These cracks have little effect on the concrete at low loads, and the stress–strain curve remains
linear up to 30 percent of the compressive strength of the concrete, as shown by the solid line in Fig. 3-
1.
2. When concrete is subjected to stresses greater than 30 to 40 percent of its compressive strength, the
stresses on the inclined surfaces of the aggregate particles will exceed the tensile and shear strengths
of the paste–aggregate interfaces, and new cracks, known as bond cracks, will develop. These cracks
are stable; they propagate only if the load is increased. Once such a crack has formed, however, any
additional load that would have been transferred across the cracked interface is redistributed to the
remaining unbroken interfaces and to the mortar. This redistribution of load causes a gradual bending
of the stress–strain curve for stresses above 40 percent of the short-time strength. The loss of bond
leads to a wedging action, causing transverse tensions above and below the aggregates.
3. As the load is increased beyond 50 or 60 percent of ultimate, localized mortar cracks develop
between bond cracks. These cracks develop parallel to the compressive loading and are due to the
transverse tensile strains. During this stage, there is stable crack propagation; cracking increases with
increasing load but does not increase under constant load. The onset of this stage of loading is called
the discontinuity limit [3-2].
4. At 75 to 80 percent of the ultimate load, the number of mortar cracks begins to increase, and a
continuous pattern of microcracks begins to form. As a result, there are fewer undamaged portions to
carry the load, and the stress versus longitudinal-strain curve becomes even more markedly nonlinear.
The onset of this stage of cracking is called the critical stress [3-3].
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or for flexure
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