Republic of the Philippines

Cagayan State University

Carig Campus
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CSU Vision
Transforming Technical Report
lives by E-book: Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and
Educating for
Tomorrow (Solen &Harb)
the BEST.

CSU Mission Chapter 1 and 2

CSU is committed
to transform the
lives of people and
communities
through high
In partial fulfilment for the requirements of the course
quality instruction
and innovative Chemical Engineering Calculations
research, (CHE211)
development,
production and
extension. By:
Legaspi Frendick B. (19-22197)

CSU – IGA
Competence First Semester
Social Responsibility A.Y. 2020 – 2021
Unifying Presence

COE – IGA
Innovative Thinking
Synthesis
Personal
Responsibility
Empathy
Research Skill
Instructor: Engr. Caesar P. Llapitan Date: January 12, 2021
Entrepreneurial Skill
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CHAPTER 1

READING QUESTIONS

1. Which three physical sciences, along with mathematics, are used in chemical
engineering?
 Along with Mathematics, there are three physical sciences used in chemical
engineering namely physics, chemistry, and biology.

2. Name the seven kinds of fundamental topics that chemical engineers must learn
about.
 The seven kinds of fundamental topics of Chemical engineering are mass transfer,
heat transfer, process control, material balances, materials, fluid mechanics, and
economics.

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS

1. A major challenge in our society is balancing governmental protection of our

environment with protection of industries that contribute to our economy. Write
short essay describing the issues that you think should be considered in that
balance.
 Protecting the environment to save it from the damage done by humans and other
factors is known as environmental protection. The atmosphere is in a very adverse
condition right now due to the various unchecked and extreme activities being
carried out regularly by humans. The situation has come to such a pass, that the
matter to conserve the environment needs to be addressed immediately without any
further delay. The government should make it obligatory for people to cater to a few
urgent environmental needs. Moreover, various effective policies and programs
should be implemented for the successful exercise of ecological protection.
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2. Select one of the “achievements” listed and write a short essay describing the
development of the achievement and the role that chemical engineering payed in
that development.
Crude Oil Processing
 Chemical engineering concepts will be critical in designing processes to recover
these resources. Many oil or gas recovery mechanisms are well understood, such as
waterfloods or gas cap expansion. Fortunately for our profession, there are areas,
such as steam and polymer floods, that still need the keen eyes of engineers to
model and optimize.
As we attempt to tackle the current global energy challenges, oil and gas will
continue to be a key factor in the equation. While the focus of many chemical
engineering graduates is in alternative energy solutions, there are still plenty of
opportunities for a chemical engineer to make an impact in the world of upstream oil
and gas.

3. From your home or apartment, select one of the following kinds of items and, from
the information on the label or container, write down all its “ingredients”: candy
bar, deodorant, laundry detergent, pain medication.
 Avon Naturals Body Care Lightening Lotion
Ingredients: Water, Glycerin, MineralOil, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl Stearate, Dimethicone,
PEG-100 Stearate, Petrolatum, Phenoxyethanol, Fragrance, Cethyl Alcohol,
Methylparaben, Carbomer, Potassium Hydroxide, Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate
Crosspolymer, Disodium EDTA, Hydrolized Milk Protein, Carica Papaya (Papaya) Fruit
Extract, GlycineSoja (Soybean) Seed Extract, Melia Azadirachta Seed Extract,
Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Extract, Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract.

4. List common examples from everyday life for all of the following fundamental
operations: fluid mechanics, heat transfer, evaporation or drying, and filtration.
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Fluid mechanics: Boat sailing, Water slides, Air flight, Roller coaster, etc.
Heat transfer: Refrigerator, Air conditioner, Boiling water, Generator
Evaporation or drying: Dryer used in drying corns, Sun Drying of Clothes, Boiling water,
Ironing of clothes, etc.
Filtration: Vacuuming, coffee, rice preparation, sink filter, aquarium filter, etc.

5. Write a short essay in which you select a major worldwide Grand Challenge form
Section 1.3.2 and explain why that challenge has particular meaning to you
personally.
 Restoring and Improvement of Urban Infrastructure
I did not grew in urban area. I am living the life of being a farmer's son. I love it
actually, but problems or challenges in urban area affects me. The problem is
particularly acute in urban areas, where growing populations stress society’s support
systems, and natural disasters, accidents, and terrorist attacks threaten
infrastructure safety and security.
Of course, maintaining infrastructure is not a new problem. For thousands of years,
engineers have had to design systems for providing clean water and disposing of
sewage. In recent centuries, systems for transmitting information and providing
energy have expanded and complicated the infrastructure network, beginning with
telegraph and telephone lines and now encompassing all sorts of
telecommunications systems. Cable TV, cell phones, and Internet access all depend
on elaborate infrastructure installations. Development of remote wind and solar
energy resources will add more.
And so, a major grand challenge for infrastructure engineering will be not only to
devise new approaches and methods, but to communicate their value and
worthiness to society at large.

6. Write a short essay in which you describe an aspect of humanitarian engineering

and explain why it has particular meaning to you personally.
According to Mazzurco and Daniel (2020), “Humanitarian engineering (HE) is an
engineering specialization that focuses on the design of products, systems, or services
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to support the sustainable development of resource-constrained communities” (p.1; also

see Lucena et al. 2010; Mitcham and Munoz 2010).
There is no surprise that almost all of the engineering students in every university
primarily defined themselves as problem solvers. The literature supports this worldview
(National Academy of Engineering, 2004; Downey 2005; Costner 2018; Koen 2003;
Martijn 2015). Scholars such as Lucena et al. (2010) highlight how engineering as a
profession has historically focused on problem-solving/industry-based approach.
Additionally, engineers and humanitarian aid workers will benefit from an in-depth
understanding of the local social, cultural, political, and economic ethos for a holistic
understanding of the situation rather than a narrow focus on mere techno-economic
solutions.
The field of humanitarian engineering can benefit from further research in areas
such as how to make the academy (natural and social sciences,medical and engineering
programs) more transdisciplinary and how to create spaces where conversations
between students from seemingly unsatisfying epistemological positions and ideas can
take place.

CHAPTER 2

1. In the definition of a chemical process, what is the purpose of the equipment

and conditions used in the process?
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 Chemical process is defined as the combination of process equipment

designed to efficiently convert raw materials into finished products. The
process equipment were designed to perform specific, singular tasks that
varies as storage, controlling flow, and containing chemical reactions. These
includes heat exchangers, piping, storage tanks, valves, and engines.
2. How does a continuous process differ from a batch process?
 Batch processing involves the processing of bulk material in groups through
each step of the process. Processing of subsequent batches must wait until
the current is finished. While, continuous process involves moving one work
unit at a time between each step of the process — with no breaks in time,
sequence, substance, or extent. For most applications, continuous flow saves
time, energy, and costs and when implemented correctly.
3. What distinguishes a process as being steady state?
 A process is known to be a steady flow process if the mass and energy
content of the control volume remains constant with time. The state and
energy of the fluid at inlet, at the exit and at every point within the control
volume are time independent. In addition, it is steady flow process when the
rate of energy transfer in the form of work and heat across the control
surface is constant with time.

4. How does a PFD differ from a block diagram?

 Both PFD (Process Flow Diagram) and block diagram are chemical / process
engineering drawings.
 A process flow diagram shows the relations between major components in a
system. This diagram shows flow of chemical fluids and the equipment is
involved in the process with the properties of flowing chemical fluids (like
temperature, pressure, fluid density, flow rate etc). PFD gives an overview of
the complete chemical plant processes. While, a block diagram provides a
simple representation of a chemical process in which a box or block is used
to represent either a single equipment item or a combination of equipment
items that collectively accomplish one of the principal steps in the process.
Thus, a PFD provides more detail than a block diagram. It shows the different
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arrangements and interconnections of the parts of equipment used using

icons to represent the actual equipment.
5. In our example of making chemical C from A and B, we formulated an
automated process (Fig. 2.2) to replace a laboratory scheme (Fig. 2.1). What
equipment in the automated process replaced each of the following laboratory
equipment items?
 The test tubes were replaced with tanks, laboratory burner was replaced with
the heat exchanger, reaction vessel was replaced with a reactor and the
distillation apparatus was replaced with a distillation column.

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS

1. Classify the following as either batch or continuous processes, and indicate

whether each is a steady-state or an unsteady state process:

 a.) A “surge tank” issued when a liquid is coming from one part of a process at a
variable rate and we want to provide a reservoir of that liquid to feed another part of
the process. Thus, a surge tank continuously (but at varying flow rates) receives
liquid from an incoming stream and also loses that same liquid continuously (also
possibly at changing flow rates) in an outgoing stream. The volume in the tank also
changes with time.
Ans: Batch and unsteady state process

 b.) We bake a cake by mixing the ingredients in a cake pan, placing the pan and
mixture in an oven for a prescribed amount of time, and then removing the cake to
cool down.

Ans: Batch and unsteady state process

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 c.) A company produces latex paint base by mixing the ingredients for the paint. All
flow rates are held constant to maintain the proper ratio of ingredients. Working
around the clock, the company makes approximately 800 gallons of paint every 24
hours.
Ans: Continuous and steady state process

2. The procedure for treating patients with insufficient kidney function is called
“hemodialysis.” This procedure typically takes place for approximately 4 hours,
three times per week. The following configuration is representative:
a. The “impure” blood (containing waste products that need to be removed) is
caused to leave the body from a blood vessel through plastic tubing.
b. An anticoagulant called “heparin” is added continuously to the tubing carrying the
“impure” blood to prevent clotting in the hemodialysis system.
c. The blood passes through a centrifugal pump, which provides the flow of the
blood through the system.
d. The blood passes through the “tube” side of a shell and-tube “mass exchanger’
(which is called a “hemodialyzer” and is very similar to a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger). A liquid stream of “warm dialysate” passes through the “shell” side of
the hemodialyzer. In the hemodialyzer, the waste products in the blood pass
through the walls of the tubes and enter the dialysate.
e. The blood leaving the hemodialyzer passes through a filter, which traps
particulates (typically, clusters of cells) and removes them from the blood.
f. The “cleansed” blood returns to the patient.
g. The dialysate is prepared from a dialysate concentrate, which is purchased and
diluted during the procedure to the desired concentration. To accomplish this
dilution, the concentrate is pumped through tubing to a junction in the tubing
where it joins another tubing stream carrying ultrapure water. The ultrapure water
is prepared by pumping it from a distilled water source through tubing and
through an ultrapure filter before joining the dialysate concentrate. After the
dialysate concentrate and ultrapure water streams join, the dialysate is at its
proper diluted concentration, as determined by the relative pumping flow rates of
the water and concentrate pumps.
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h. The diluted dialysate flows through a heater (coil-in tank type, with a stream of
hot water flowing through the heater to provide the heat) to produce “warm
dialysate.”
i. The “warm dialysate” stream passes through the hemodialyzer as described in
part D and then flows to the drain.

Construct a pictorial Process Flow Diagram (without the stream table) using the symbols
given in Figure 2.5.

3. In 2007, a group of students and faculty from Brigham Young University

developed and took to Tonga a process for using coconuts (available in plentiful
supply) to produce biodiesel fuel and soap (both products of high value to the
Tongan people). The process consists of the following:
a. The coconuts are preprocessed (the preprocessing method doesn’t need to be
represented on the diagram) to produce coconut milk and “dry” coconut oil.
b. The coconut oil passes through an “Oil Heater” (fuel type) before entering a
reactor (open-tank, stirred).
c. Methanol and a small amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH, acting as a catalyst)
are mixed together in a mixer (open-tank, stirred), and the resulting mixture also
enters the reactor described in B.
d. In the reactor (described in B), the methanol and coconut oil react to form
biodiesel and glycerol. Two streams leave the reactor: crude biodiesel (also
containing some water and residuals) and glycerol (also containing unreacted
methanol).
e. The crude biodiesel passes through a “washer” where water is sprayed into the
stream (like a spray condenser), and a stream of water and residuals leaves the
bottom of the washer. Meanwhile, the washed (wet) biodiesel leaves the washer
and passes through a water filter, which removes most of the water.
f. The biodiesel finally enters a 2-stage evaporator. Stage 1 is a “Diesel Heater”
(fuel-type) that warms the biodiesel, which then enters Stage 2, a “Water
Evaporator” tank (horizontal tank) where the water vapor evaporates and exits
from the top, while the dry diesel exits the bottom.
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g. The glycerol stream from the reactor (described in D) enters a 2-stage

evaporator. Stage 1 is a “Glycerol Heater” (fuel-type) that warms the glycerol
stream, which then enters Stage 2, a “Methanol Evaporator” tank (horizontal
tank) where the methanol vapor evaporates and exits from the top, while the
purified glycerol exits the bottom.
h. The purified glycerol from G enters a Solidifier (open tank, mixed). Also entering
the Solidifier is some salt (NaCl) solution (a solidifying agent) and some of the
coconut milk (described in A). From the Solidifier comes the solid soap.
i. The methanol vapor leaving the Methanol Evaporator (described in G) passes
through a “Methanol Condenser” (coil-in-tank), with a cold-water stream providing
the cooling. The condensed methanol leaving the condenser is returned to make
up part of the methanol stream entering the mixer described in C.

Construct a pictorial Process Flow Diagram (without the stream table) using the symbols
given in Figure 2.5.

4. Hydrogen gas is a valuable product, because it is used as a feedstock (starting

material) for many chemical processes. A common way to produce high-purity
hydrogen gas is by reaction of propane gas with steam using the following
scheme:
a. The propane gas is first sent to a Desulfurizer to remove any sulfur present in the
propane gas, because the sulfur would poison catalysts in later process steps.
b. Steam is added to the desulfurized propane, and the combined gas is sent to a
Reforming Furnace (a fired heater) (1500◦F) to produce the reforming reaction:
C3H8 + 3H2O→3CO + 7H2
c. More steam is added to the gas mixture leaving the Reforming Furnace, and the
combined gas goes to a CO Converter, where the carbon monoxide in the
mixture is converted:
CO + H2O→CO2 + H2
d. The gas mixture from the CO Converter enters the CO2 Absorber, where most of
the CO2 in the mixture is absorbed into an amine solution.
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e. The gas mixture from the CO2 Absorber now contains H2 with traces of CO and
CO2. The last traces of CO and CO2 are converted to methane in a Methanator:
CO + 3H2 →CH4 + H2O
CO2 + 4H2 →CH4 + 2H2O

a. Construct a block diagram for the process described above.

b. Construct a pictorial process flow diagram (without the stream table) using the
symbols given in Figure 2.5. The following additional information will be helpful:

 Liquid propane will be fed from a Propane Tank.

 The propane leaving the Propane Tank is vaporized via a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger in which steam is used on the tube side (see the next bullet).
 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger (as you will learn later) is a cylinder (shell) through
which a number of tubes pass. One fluid flows inside the tubes (tube side), and the
other fluid flows outside the tubes but inside the outer cylinder (shell side), and the
streams don’t mix. In the symbol for a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, a line
representing the tube side passes through the circle (which represents the shell or
outer cylinder). Other lines stop at the boundary of the circle to represent the shell-
side fluid entering and leaving the shell. The orientations and directions of the lines
and arrows are not critical.
 The Reforming Furnace is a fired heater.
 The Desulfurizer, CO Converter, CO2 Absorber, and Methanator are packed
columns with one bed of packing each, and the process gas enters the bottom and
exits the top. In the case of the CO2 Absorber, amine solution enters the top (Amine
Solution In) and exits the bottom (Amine Solution Out), where the source and
destination of the amine solution streams will not be indicated.
 For the CO2 Absorber, the Absorber inlet stream is cooled by two shell-and-tube
heat exchangers in series. In the first exchanger, the Absorber inlet stream flows
through the shell side, while cool outlet gas is looped back from the Absorber to flow
through the tube side before continuing on its way to the Methanator. In the second
exchanger, the Absorber inlet stream again flows through the shell side, while water
is used as the tube side coolant.
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 The gas leaving the Methanator is cooled again by water in a shell-and-tube

exchanger (the gas on the shell side), and the diagram should label the cooled
stream as “Purified hydrogen to storage.”

5. A common and important process is the manufacture of gelatin for food,

pharmaceuticals, photographic film, and various technical applications. The
chemistry is the simple hydration of collagen from animal bones or skins:

C102H149N31O38 + H2O→C102H151N31O39
Collagen water gelatin

Bones must be pretreated with steam to remove the grease, crushed into small
particles, and then sent to a series of acid wash steps to remove calcium
phosphate and other mineral matter. The remaining collagen then goes to long
storage (1 month or more) in lime to remove soluble proteins before finally going
to the reactor and purification processes. An abbreviated process flow diagram
appears below (Fig. P2.5). For your interest, to produce 1 ton of gelatin requires
approximately 3 tons of bones, 1 ton of hydrochloric acid, 3/4 tons of lime, and
400 lbm of steam.

For each of the following operations in this process, which of the first four
chemical engineering phenomena (fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer,
and reaction engineering) do you think are important parts of the operation?

a. Cooker: Steam is used to heat the bones and cause the grease to flow more
easily. The stream of grease is caused to flow away from the bones.

Ans: Fluid Mechanics and Heat transfer. Fluid mechanics draws the steam more to
the bones and heat transfer causes the stream of grease to flow away.

b. Acid Wash: A stream of acid is brought in and mixed with the bone particles. The
acid reacts with the solid material of the bones to break down that material and
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release the calcium phosphate and other minerals. The acid stream also carries
away the minerals as it leaves the process.

Ans: Reaction Engineering and Fluid mechanics. Reaction engineering is the is a

reaction between the acid and the bones and fluid mechanics for the acid
carries away the minerals.

c. Dryer: Steam is brought into the compartment where strips of gelatin are laying
on trays. The steam heats the compartment until the gelatin is completely dry.

Ans: Heat and mass transfer. Heat transfer as the compartment was heated by the
steam and mass transfer for the drying of the gelatin which means water
was removed.

REFERENCES:
Felder, R. M., Felder, G. N., Mauney, M., Hamrin, C. E., & Dietz, E. J. (1995). A longitudinal
study of engineering student performance and retention. III. Gender differences in
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Bill Wenk. 2007. Green Infrastructure BMPs for Treating Urban Storm Runoff: Multiple-Benefit
Approaches,” Water World (July 2007). ww.pennnet.com/display_article/297781/
 P a g e | 14

41/ARTCL/none/none/Green-Infrastructure-BMPs-for-Treating-Urban-Storm-
Runoff:-Multiple-Benefit-Approaches

De Sousa Santos, B (2007) Beyond abyssal thinking: from global lines to ecologies of
knowledges. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 30(1), 45-89. Retrieved March 17,
2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40241677

Monks, Kieron (CNN).(2015). From Toilet to Tap: Getting a Taste For Drinking Recycled Waste
Water. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/01/world/from-toilet-to-tap-
water/index.html

Solen, K.A. & Harb, J.N. (2011). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Tools for Today and
Tomorrow. Fifth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, US.
ISBN-13 978-0-470-88572-7

White, C., Crawford, R., Wood, C., & Talley, A. (2010). INFLUENCES AND INTERESTS IN
HUMANITARIAN ENGINEERING.
https://www.sutd.edu.sg/cmsresource/idc/papers/2010-
_Influences_And_Interests_In_Humanitarian_Engineering.pdf. AC 2010-652.

Zielinski, S. 2006. New Mobility: The Next Generation of Sustainable Urban Transportation,”
The Bridge 36 (Winter 2006), pp. 33-38.