Computer Networks: Fourth Year Class

Systems and Control Eng. Dept.
Computer Networks
Fourth Year Class
Lecture 1
Fundamentals of Data Networks
Abdulhameed N. Hameed
1
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Data Communications
1.2 Networks
1.3 Network Types
Introduction
 Data communications and networking
 Change the way we do business and the way we live
 Business decisions have to be made more quickly
 Decision depends on immediate access to accurate
information
 Business today rely on computer networks and
internetworks
 Before we ask how quickly we can get hooked up,

we need to know:
 How networks operate
 What types of technologies are available
 Which design best fills which set of needs
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1.1 Data Communications
Communication:
 Means sharing information
• Local (face to face) or remote (over distance)
 Telecommunication
• Telephone, telegraph and television
• Means communication at a distance
• Tele is Greek for far
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Data Communications
Data:
 Refers to information
• Presented in any form
Data communication : is the exchange of data

between two devices via some form of
transmission medium (wire cable).
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Data Communications
 Communication system made up of a combination of

hardware and software
 Effectiveness of data communication system depends
on:
1. Delivery : The system must deliver data to correct
destination. Data received by the indented user only
2. Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately (no
change).
• Data changed & uncorrected is unusable
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Data Communications
3. Timeliness: The system must deliver data in timely

manner
• Data arrived late are useless
• In the same order (video and audio) & without delay (Real time
transmission).
4. Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time (uneven quality in the
video is the result).
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Components
 A data communication system is made up

of five components
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Components
1. Message: the information (data) to be communicated

– Consist of text, numbers, pictures, audio, or video
2. Sender: the device that sends the data message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, video
camera, …
3. Receiver: the device that receives the message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, television,
….
9
Components
4. Medium: The physical path by which a message

travels from sender to receiver
– twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic, radio waves
10
Components
5. Protocol: a set of rules that govern data

communications
– An agreement between the communicating devices
– Devices may be connected but not communicating (no
protocol)
– Arabic speaker with Japanese speaker
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Data Representation
Text
Numbers
Images
Audio
Video
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Data Representation
Text:
Sequence of bits (0s or 1s)
Different sets of patterns to represent text
symbols (each set is called: code)
Example of coding system is: Unicode
Unicode uses: 32 bits to represent a symbol or
character in any language
13
Data Representation
Numbers:
Represented by bit patterns
The number is directly converted to a binary
number.
14
Data Representation
Images:
Represented by bit patterns
A matrix of pixels
Resolution: size of the pixels
High resolution: more memory is needed
Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern
1-bit pattern (black and white dots image)
2-bit pattern (4 levels of gray)
RGB (color images)
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Data Representation
Audio:
Continuous not discrete
Change to digital signal
Video:
Recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie
Change to digital signal
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Data Flow
 Communication between two devices can be:
 Simplex
 Half-Duplex
 Full-Duplex
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Data Flow
Simplex (one way street)

 The communication is unidirectional
 Only one device on a link can transmit; the other
can only receive
 Use the entire capacity of the channel to send data
 Example: Keyboards, Monitors
Data
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Data Flow
Half-Duplex (one-lane with two-directional traffic)

 Each station can both transmit and receive, but not
at the same time
 When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa
 The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by
the transmitting device
 Example: Walkie-talkies
Data
Data 19
Data Flow
Full-Duplex (Duplex) (two-way street)

 Both stations can transmit and receive at same time
 Signals going in either direction sharing the capacity
of the link
 Sharing can occur in two ways:
 Link has two physically separate transmission paths
• One for sending and the other for receiving
 The capacity of the channel is divided between signals

travelling in both directions
 Example: Telephone network
Data
20
Data
Exercise
 What mode of data flow the following exhibits shows?
Data
Data
 Answer: Full-Duplex
21

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Systems and Control Eng. Dept.

 Before we ask how quickly we can get hooked up,

Data communication : is the exchange of data

 Communication system made up of a combination of

3. Timeliness: The system must deliver data in timely

 A data communication system is made up

1. Message: the information (data) to be communicated

4. Medium: The physical path by which a message

5. Protocol: a set of rules that govern data

Simplex (one way street)

Half-Duplex (one-lane with two-directional traffic)

Full-Duplex (Duplex) (two-way street)

 The capacity of the channel is divided between signals

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