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5 EVIDENCES FOR PLATE TECTONICS
1. First evidence is the jigsaw-like geographical fit of the continents. For example Africa and
South America fit together perfectly that it's too good to be considered as a coincidence.
2. Paleoclimatic evidence in sedimentary strata. Wegener realized that the Upper Paleozoic
strata in northwestern Europe contained extensive coals that can only form in a hot wet climate
such as the present equatorial region. In rocks of the same age in equatorial Africa, there were
glacial tillites. These indicate that Europe was once along the equator and Africa was once
along the polar region.
3. Fossils and assemblages serve as an important evidence for plate tectonics specifically,
the Glossopteris flora which is a type of seed fern. The glossopteris flora can be found in
Australia, Antarctica, India, South Africa and South America, basically all the southern
continents. It's seeds are known to be a large and bulky therefore it could not have possibly
drifted or flown across the oceans to separate continents. Therefore, the continents must have
been joined at one point in time.
4. Geologic features and rock sequences serve as evidence for plate tectonics as
well. Wegener noticed that the major mountain building events in the northern Appalachians and
in the Northwest of Europe were of the same age. The Acadian Orogeny in
the Northen Appalachians and the Calendonide Orogeny in Northern Great Britain and
Scandinavia occured during the Devonian period yielding folding, thrusting, igneous intrusion,
metamorphism and the development of sedimentary features from the erosion of rising
mountains. If North America and Europe are reconstructed into a nice fit, the Caledonides of
northwestern Europe are seen to be a continuation of the Appalachians.
5. Paleomagnetism - the ocean floor is mostly composed of basalt which is an iron-rich

substance that contain minerals that would align with the magnetic field of the Earth. They
record the alignment of the magnetic fields surrounding oceanic ridges. Scientists have studied
the magnetic signatures of rocks on the ocean floor and noticed that some have recorded
opposite directions for magnetic field lines despite their relative side by side position.
This owuld have likely occured because magma rose from the ridges in the ocean floor and
formed new rock recording a more recent alignment of the magnetic field while pushing old rock.
DISCUSS 3 WAYS ON HOW LIFE ORIGINATED

1. Carbonaceous chondrites - these contain about 5% organic compounds. Some are protein-
building amino acids and many contain the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA found in all
life forms. The carbonaceous chondrites brought about much of Earth's carbon and supplied the
organic building blocks of life.
2. Stygian beginning - evidence of life is in the presence of microbes
called Hyperthermophiles or high-heat lovers. These microbes thrive in seawater that exceed
100 degrees Celsius and can live deep within the fissures below the actual vents. They are
usually ejected in such great numbers that they cloud the surrounding waters. In the absence of
light for photosynthesis, these organisms derive their energy from chemosynthesis.
3. Amino acids - these are the building blocks of protein. Two environmental conditions early in
Earth's history may have provided the spark for the natural synthesis of amino acids. First, UV
radiation bathed Earth's surface. Second, widespread lightning in Earth's early times could've
achieved the same thing.
GIVE AT LEAST 4 BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION
1. Vestigial organs - organs that have evolutionary remnant or use from the past has become
useless in modern times. For example, the appendix in our body.
2. Homologous organs - these organs that have the same physiography structures and it has
changed its purpose as time goes by through genetic variability and adaptation to environment
conditions. Examples of these are the hands of both humans and monkeys. They both have the
same physical structure but monkeys have thicker hands because they also use them for
walking. F
3. Similarities of Embryos - there are similarities in the embryos of organisms whether small or
large. Examples are the fish and the snake embryos. They are both from entirely different
kingdoms but somehow look the same int terms of their embryos.
4. Amino acids - all proteins in all organisms are invariably composed of the same set of 20
amino acids that could conclude that even the most diverse organisms have one common
ancestor.
DESCRIBE WHAT THE EARLIEST LIFE FORMS HAVE TO BE LIKE TO SURVIVE THE
ARCHEAN ENVIRONMENT
They had to be able to adapt to their environment of immense heat that would then change from
an atmosphere lacking oxygen that would then accumulate oxygen. Photosynthesizers thrived
as well as hyperthermophiles.
LIST THE PRECAMBRIAN GEOCHRONOLOGIC UNITS AND INDICATE THE AGE RANGES
FOR EACH
Hadean Eon ---------------------------> 4,600 million years ago
Archean Eon
Eoarchean Era - 4,000 million years ago
Paleoarchean Era - 3,600 million years ago
Mesoarchean Era - 3,200 million years ago
Neoarchean Era - 2,800 million years ago
Proterozoic Eon
Paleoproterozoic Era
Siderian Eon - 2,500 million years ago
Rhyacian Eon - 2,300 million years ago
Orosirian eon - 2,050 million years ago
Statherian Eon - 1,800 million years ago
Mesoproterozoic Era
Calymnian Eon - 1,600 million years ago
Ectasian Eon - 1,400 million years ago
Stenian Eon - 1,200 million years ago
Neoproterozoic Era
Tonian Eon - 1000 million years ago
Cryogenian Eon - 850 million years ago
Ediacaran Eon - 635 million years ago
DISCUSS THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS DURING THE PROTEROZOIC. CITE THE
BASIS/EVIDENCES FOR SUCH INFERENCE
Oxygen became abundant in Proterozoic due to the presence of photosynthetic bacteria that
converted the CO2 and water into oxygen. The iron present in the oceans reacted to the oxygen
therefore making the seas from green to blood red as these seas began to fill with iron
oxide. Evdences of these are the banded iron formations. As these photosynthetic bacteria
continued to spread, they used up so much CO2 causing greenhouse gases to go down
drastically. When greenhouse gases go down, so does temperature, triggering global glaciation.
Widespread glaciations occurred particularly in extensive episodes in

the Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic where two of these three glaciations during
Proterozoic resulted in extensive global effects called as the "Snowball Earth".
During Paleoproterozoic, the Gowgand formation includes conglomerates and
laminated mudstones which contain clear evidence of these glaciations. Other evidences
include alternating layers of varved musdtone and tillites in Lake Huron.
Lastly, neoproterozoic rocks have been found all over the world was found to have glacial
striations. Also tillites again, dropstones and varved mudstones were found in marginal lakes.
CHARACTERIZE PROTEROZOIC LIFE FORMS

Life forms in the Proterozoic consisted of stromatolites and various string-like and
spherical prokaryotic microbes. By
the Mesoproterozoic, stromatolites and prokaryoteswhere joined byt the eukaryotes. The most
significant event was when metazoans appeared especially the Ediocaran Biota.
Describe environment
Chert, Sillimanite, Gypsum, Striation, Limestone, Arkose
Describe Sun, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter and Uranus

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5 EVIDENCES FOR PLATE TECTONICS

5. Paleomagnetism - the ocean floor is mostly composed of basalt which is an iron-rich

DISCUSS 3 WAYS ON HOW LIFE ORIGINATED

Widespread glaciations occurred particularly in extensive episodes in

CHARACTERIZE PROTEROZOIC LIFE FORMS

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