Chapter-4 Vibrations - of - Steel - Framed - Structural

Chapter
4
Design for Walking Excitation
The design criterion for walking excitations recommended Note that the constant force, Po , does not represent the
in Section 2.2 is based on the dynamic response of steel weight of the walker; it is the amplitude of the driving force,
beam and joist-supported floor systems to walking forces. as explained in Section 2.2. For typical quiet spaces sup-
The criterion can be used to evaluate concrete/steel-framed ported by two-way systems (beams or joists and girders),
structural systems supporting offices, residences, churches, it is recommended that the reduction factor, R (see Equa-
schools, and other quiet spaces, as well as shopping malls tion 2-3), be taken as 0.5 to account for the walker and
and pedestrian bridges and, in a modified form, monumental affected occupant (sensor) not being at the same location,
stairs. The following sections demonstrate the application of resulting in a Po value of 65 lb. The reduction factor, R, and
the criterion and show example calculations. therefore, Po , can be increased or decreased to meet particu-
lar needs of a specific design.
4.1 RECOMMENDED EVALUATION CRITERION Recommended acceleration tolerance limits, ao/g, are
FOR LOW-FREQUENCY BUILDING FLOORS found in Table 4-1. These limits are slightly conservative for
natural frequencies between 3 Hz and 4 Hz and 8 Hz and
The following sections describe the recommended human
9 Hz compared to values from Figure 2-1 but are recom-
comfort criterion for the evaluation of floor vibration due
mended for design simplicity. The recommended limits are
to walking on low-frequency floors, (fn ≤ 9 Hz). Such floors
the same as those in the first edition of this Design Guide.
are subject to resonant build-up as described in Chapter 1.
Floor systems with fundamental frequencies less than 3 Hz
Occupant complaints of objectionable vibration of high-
should generally be avoided because they are liable to be
frequency floors, (fn > 9 Hz,) are rare and are not considered
subjected to “rogue or vandal jumping”. If fn < 3 Hz, the
in this chapter. If an evaluation of a high-frequency floor is
system should be evaluated using criteria in Chapter 5.
needed, the criteria in Section 2.2 can be used with calcu-
The following provides guidance for estimating required
lations similar to those shown in Example 6.2. Procedures
properties for application of the recommended criterion to
for evaluating floors supporting sensitive equipment are in
building floors.
Chapter 6. Systems with geometry or other features outside
the scope of this chapter can be evaluated using finite ele-
4.1.2 Estimation of Required Parameters
ment analysis methods in Chapter 7.
The fundamental natural frequency, fn, is determined as
4.1.1 Criterion described in Chapter 3. The effective panel weight, W, and
damping ratio, β, are estimated as follows.
The recommended criterion for low-frequency building
floors states that the floor system is satisfactory if the peak
Effective Panel Weight, W
acceleration, ap , due to walking excitation as a fraction of
the acceleration of gravity, g, determined from The effective panel weight is estimated by determining the
effective panel weights for the beam or joist panel and girder
a p Po e− 0.35 fn panel modes separately and then combining them in propor-
= (4-1) tion to their flexibilities. The effective panel weights, W, for
g βW
the beam or joist and girder panel modes are estimated from
does not exceed the tolerance acceleration limit, ao/g, for the
appropriate occupancy, W = wBL(4-2)
where where
Po = amplitude of the driving force, 65 lb B = effective panel width, ft
W = effective weight supported by the beam or joist panel, L = member span, ft
girder panel, or combined panel, as applicable, lb w = supported weight per unit area, psf
fn = fundamental natural frequency of a beam or joist
For the beam or joist panel mode, the effective width is
panel, a girder panel, or a combined panel, as
applicable, Hz 4
⎛ Ds ⎞ 2
β = damping ratio B j = C j ⎜ ⎟ L j ≤ ⎛ ⎞ floor width (4-3)
⎝ j⎠
D ⎝ 3⎠

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 23

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023-056_DG11_reprint_Ch04.indd 23 5/20/16 10:13 AM
Table 4-1. Recommended Tolerance Limits for Building Floors
Occupancy Acceleration Limit ao/g × 100%
Offices, residences, churches, schools
0.5%
and quiet areas
Shopping malls 1.5%
where Floor length is the distance perpendicular to the span of

Cj = 2.0 for joists or beams in most areas the girders in the bay under consideration over which the
= 1.0 for joists or beams parallel to a free edge (edge structural framing (beam or joist and girder size, spacing,
of balcony, mezzanine, or building edge if cladding length, etc.) is identical or nearly identical in adjacent bays.
is not connected) For edge girders, the effective width is two-thirds of the
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete = w 1.5 fc ′ , ksi supported beam or joist span.
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel = 29,000 ksi Where beams, joists or girders are continuous over their
Dj = joist or beam transformed moment of inertia per unit supports and an adjacent span is greater than 0.7 times the
width, in.4/ft span under consideration, the effective panel weight, Wj or
= Ij/ S(4-3a) Wg, can be increased by 50%. This liberalization also applies
Ds = slab transformed moment of inertia per unit width, to rolled sections shear-connected to girder webs but not to
in.4/ft, can be taken from a deck manufacturer’s cat- joists connected only at their top chord. When joist bottom-
alog, or is approximately chord extensions are installed and connected before con-
crete is placed, the effective weight of the joist mode can be
12de3
= (4-3b) increased by 30% (Avci, 2014). Because continuity effects
12n are not generally realized when girders frame directly into
Ij = transformed or effective moment of inertia of the columns, either shear or moment connected, this increase
beam or joist, in.4 does not apply to such girders. If the girder passes over a
Lj = joist or beam span, ft column top, the increase is applicable.
S = joist or beam spacing, ft For the combined mode, the effective panel weight is esti-
de = effective depth of the concrete slab, taken as the mated using
depth of the concrete above the deck plus one-half
the depth of the deck, in. Δj Δg
n = dynamic modular ratio W= Wj + Wg (4-5)
Δ j + Δg Δ j + Δg
= Es /1.35Ec (4-3c)
where
Floor width is the distance perpendicular to the joist or
Wg = effective panel weights from Equation 4-2 for the
girder span of the beams or joists in the bay under consid-
girder panels, lb
eration over which the structural framing (beam or joist and
Wj = effective panel weights from Equation 4-2 for the
girder size, spacing, length, etc.) is identical or nearly identi-
beam or joist, lb
cal in adjacent bays.
Δg = midspan deflections of the girder due to the weight
For the girder panel mode, the effective width, except for
supported by the member, in.
edge girders, is
Δj = midspan deflections of the beam or joist due to the
4
⎛ Dj ⎞ 2 weight supported by the member, in.
Bg = Cg ⎜ ⎟ Lg ≤ ⎛ ⎞ floor length (4-4)
⎝ Dg ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ Composite action with the concrete deck is typically

where assumed when calculating Δj and Δg, provided there is suf-
Cg = 1.6 for girders supporting joists connected to the ficient shear connection between the slab/deck and the mem-
girder flange with joist seats ber. See Sections 3.2, 3.4 and 3.5 for more details.
= 1.8 for girders supporting beams connected to the If the girder span, Lg, is less than the joist panel width, Bj,
girder web the combined mode is restricted and the system is effectively
Dg = girder transformed moment of inertia per unit width, stiffened. This can be accounted for by reducing the deflec-
in.4/ft tion, Δg, used in Equation 4-5 to a reduced deflection, Δ′g,
= Ig divided by the average span of the supported
Lg
beams or joists Δ′g =
Bj
( Δ g) (4-6)
Lg = girder span, ft
24 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

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Table 4-2. Recommended Component Damping Values for Use in Equation 4-1
Ratio of Actual
Component Damping-to-Critical Damping, β i
Structural system 0.01
Ceiling and ductwork 0.01
Electronic office fit-out 0.005
Paper office fit-out 0.01
Churches, schools and malls 0.0
Full-height dry wall partitions in bay 0.02 to 0.05*
*Depending on the number of partitions in the bay and their location; nearer the center of the bay provides
more damping.
where Lg / Bj is taken as not less than 0.5 nor greater than 1.0 bays in resisting walker-induced vibration. These effects are
for calculation purposes, i.e., 0.5 ≤ Lg / Bj ≤ 1.0. accounted for as follows:
If the beam or joist span is less than one-half the girder 1. The reduced bending stiffness requires that the coef-
span, the beam or joist panel mode and the combined mode ficient 1.8 in Equation 4-4 be reduced to 1.6 when
should be checked separately. joist seats are present.
2. The nonparticipation of mass in adjacent bays means
Damping
that an increase in effective joist panel weight should
The damping ratio, β, can be estimated using the component not be considered; that is, the 50% increase in panel
values shown in Table 4-2, noting that damping is cumula- weight, as recommended for shear-connected beam-
tive. For example, a floor with ceiling and ductwork sup- to-girder connections should not be used. If bottom-
porting an electronic office area has β = ∑β i = 0.01 + 0.01 + chord extensions are installed before the concrete
0.005 = 0.025, or 2.5% of critical damping. slab is placed, a 30% increase in panel weight can be
used (Avci, 2014).
4.1.3 Design Considerations
Also, the separation of the girder from the concrete slab
Open Web Joists results in partial composite action, and the moment of inertia
As shown in Figure 4-1, an open-web joist is typically sup- of girders supporting joist seats should therefore be deter-
ported at the ends by a seat on the girder flange and the mined using the procedure in Section 3.5.
bottom chord is not connected to the girders. This support More information on joist-supported floors is found in the
detail provides much less flexural continuity than shear con- Steel Joist Institute Technical Digest 5, Vibration Analysis
nected beams, reducing both the bending stiffness of the of Steel Joist-Concrete Floor Systems (Murray and Davis,
girder panel and the participation of the mass of adjacent 2015).
Fig. 4-1. Typical joist support.

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Unequal Beam or Joist Spans a girder, the effective panel weight, Wg , should be computed
with the girder panel width, Bg, taken as two-thirds of the
For the common situation where the girder stiffnesses or
supported beam or joist span. See Examples 4.3 and 4.4.
effective girder panel weights in a bay are different, the
following modifications to the basic design procedure are
Floor Width and Floor Length
necessary:
1. The combined mode frequency should be determined Floor width is the distance perpendicular to the span of the
using the girder with the greater Δ g or lower fg. joists over which the structural framing (beam or joist and
2. The effective girder panel width should be deter-
cal within adjacent bays and represents to some degree the
mined using the average span length of the beams
width of the mode shape associated with the joist panel.
or joists supported by the girder with lower natural
Floor length is the distance perpendicular to the span of the
frequency, i.e., the average beam or joist span length
girders over which the structural framing (beam or joist and
is substituted for L j when determining Dg.
3. In some instances, calculations may be required for cal within adjacent bays and represents to some degree the
both girders to determine the critical case. length of the mode shape associated with the girder panel.
For example, the floor width and floor length for Bays
Interior and Exterior Floor Edges A, B and C for the framing in Figure 4-2 are as shown in
Table 4-3.
Interior floor edges, as in mezzanine areas or atria, or exte-
rior floor edges that are not connected to exterior cladding, Vibration Transmission
require special consideration because of the reduced effec-
Occasionally, a floor system will be judged particularly
tive mass due to the free edge. Where the edge member is a
objectionable because of vibration transmission transverse
joist or beam, a practical solution is to stiffen the edge by
to the supporting joists or beams. In these situations, when
adding another joist or beam or by choosing an edge beam
the floor is impacted at one location, there is a perception
with moment of inertia 50% greater than for the interior
that a “wave” moves from the impact location in a direction
beams. If the edge joist or beam is not stiffened, the effective
transverse to the supporting joists or beams. The phenom-
panel weight, Wj , should be computed with the coefficient
enon is described in more detail in Section 8.3. The recom-
Cj in Equation 4-3 taken as 1.0. Where the edge member is
mended criterion does not address this phenomenon, but
Fig. 4-2. Floor width and floor length example framing.

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Table 4-3. Floor Lengths and Floor Widths for Figure 4-2 Framing
Bay Floor Width, ft Floor Length, ft
A 90 105
B 120 70
C 120 105
Table 4-4. Recommended Tolerance Limits for Pedestrian Bridges

Type Acceleration Limit ao/g × 100%*
Indoor 1.5%
Outdoor 5.0%
*For standing pedestrians. Lower values may be appropriate if seating is provided.
a small change in the structural system will usually elimi- step frequency is 2.2 Hz, so the maximum lateral forcing
nate the problem. If one beam or joist stiffness or spacing frequency is 1.1 Hz. Synchronization of walking with lat-
is changed periodically—say, by 50% in every third bay— eral sway will not occur if the natural frequency of lateral
the “wave” is interrupted at that location and floor motion is vibration exceeds 1.1 Hz. Thus, it is recommended that the
much less objectionable. Full-height partitions may achieve natural frequency of lateral vibration be not less than 1.3 Hz
the same result. (AASHTO, 2009).
Designers of pedestrian bridges are cautioned to pay atten-
Summary tion to the location of the concrete slab relative to the beam
height. If the concrete slab is located between the beams
Figure 4-3 is a summary of the procedure for assessing typi-
(because of clearance considerations), the pedestrian bridge
cal low-frequency building floors for walking vibrations.
will vibrate at a much lower frequency and at larger ampli-
tude than if the slab is located above the supporting mem-
4.2 RECOMMENDED EVALUATION CRITERIA
bers, because of the lower transformed moment of inertia.
FOR PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES
The following presents recommended criteria and analysis 4.3 RECOMMENDED EVALUATION CRITERIA
examples for indoor and outdoor pedestrian bridges. FOR LINEAR MONUMENTAL STAIRS
The evaluation criterion for floors can also be used to
determine the vertical vibration acceptance of pedestrian Evaluation of linear monumental stairs for walking vibration
bridges supported by beams or joists and girders. Recom- tolerance consists of three checks (see Section 2.3): (1) that
mended tolerance acceleration limits are shown in Table 4‑4. the vertical natural frequency of the stair is greater than 5 Hz,
A reduction factor of 0.7 is recommended in Section 2.2 for (2) that lateral natural frequency is greater than 2.5 Hz, and
establishing the driving force because pedestrian bridges are (3) that the vertical acceleration due to a descending indi-
one-way systems, and the walker and the potentially affected vidual or group is less than the relevant tolerance limit for
sensor can be relatively close together. The resulting Po people standing on the stairs. Recommended step frequen-
value is 92 lb, assuming there is only one walker. Bachmann cies for normal and rapid descents and acceleration tolerance
and Ammann (1987) have suggested that for marching by limits for people standing on the stairs—not the walkers—
a group, the dynamic loading is the number of walkers, n, are shown in Table 4-5. Because stair descent accelerations
times that of a single walker, that is, nPo. And, for a group of are always greater than ascent accelerations, only descents
random walkers, it is n times that for a single walker, nPo. need to be considered in design.
The recommended damping ratio for pedestrian bridges The procedures recommended in the following can be
is 0.01, assuming there is only bare structural framing. If used to analyze linear flights of stairs, such as shown in
a soffit or other element that increases damping exists, the Figure 4-4(a). The procedures can also be adapted using
ratio should be increased. The effective weight, W, is taken engineering judgment for stairs, such as the one shown in
as the total weight of the bridge. The acceleration limit for Figure 4-4(b). The finite element method in Chapter 7 should
outdoor footbridges should not be used for quiet areas like be used for more complex slender stairs.
crossovers in hotel or office building atria. The maximum

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A. FLOOR SLAB
Determine uniformly distributed weight, total depth, deck height, and effective depth, de.
/
Calculate n = Es (1.35Ec).
B. JOIST PANEL MODE

Calculate Ij (see Section 3.4 if trusses or Section 3.5 if open web joists).
5w j L4j
Calculate wj and Δ j =
384 E s I j .
Calculate fj = 0.18 g Δ j .

Determine Ds for slab and deck or estimate using Ds = 12de3 12 n. ( )
Calculate Dj = Ij S. /
( )
4
Calculate Bj = C j Ds D j L j ≤ (q) (floor width).

Cj = 2.0 for interior panels; 1.0 for edge panels.
Calculate Wj = wj B j L j (× 1.5 if continuous or web connected or 1.3 if joist bottom chords are extended, and an
adjacent beam or girder span is greater than 0.7 times the joist or beam span of the bay).
C. GIRDER PANEL MODE

For each girder:
Calculate Ig (Section 3.4 if a truss; Section 3.5 if a joist girder; Section 3.5 if open web joists are supported).
5w g L4g
Calculate wg and Δ g = with correction if only one beam is supported at midspan (see Section 3.1).
384 E s Ig

Calculate fg = 0.18 g Δ g and Dg = Ig Lj. /
Use average of supported joist span lengths, if different, for L j.
If girder frequencies are different, base remainder of calculations on the girder with lower frequency.
For interior panel, calculate
( )
1/4
B = Cg D j Dg L j ≤ (q) (floor length)
g
Cg = 1.8 if shear connected; 1.6 if not.
⎛ 2⎞
For edge panel, calculate Bg = L.
⎝ 3⎠ j
Calculate Wg = wg Bg Lg (× 1.5 if girder is continuous over the top of supporting columns and an adjacent girder
span is greater than 0.7 times the girder span in the bay).
D. COMBINED PANEL MODE

(
Calculate fn = 0.18 g Δ j + Δ g . )
/
If Bj > Lg, reduce Δg by Lg Bj ≥ 0.5 (Equation 4-6).
Δj Δg
Calculate W = Wj + Wg.
Δ j + Δ g Δ j + Δg
Estimate β using values from Table 4-2.

a P exp (− 0.35fn )
Calculate p = o where Po = 65 lb or as modified for a particular design (see Section 4.1.1).
g βW
a a
Compare p to o from Table 4-1.
g g
Fig. 4-3. Floor evaluation calculation procedure.

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Table 4-5. Vertical Acceleration Tolerance Limits and Parameters
Step Acceleration Calibration Walking
Frequency, Tolerance Factor, Load
Hz Limit, ao, %g R Parameter, γ Remarks
≤ 2.5 1.7 0.7 0.29 Normal descents
0.5 if fn < 8 Hz
2.5–4.0 3.0 0.19 Rapidly descending individual—not perceptible
0.7 if fn > 8 Hz
0.5 if fn < 8 Hz Rapidly descending individual—perceptible;
2.5–4.0 4.5 0.19
0.7 if fn > 8 Hz rapidly descending group
Natural Frequencies ϕR = unity normalized mode shape value at the response

(potentially affected observer) location
Stair vertical or lateral natural frequency can be determined
θ = stair inclination from horizontal, measured with
using Equation 3-1 with slightly different definitions as
respect to support points, degrees
follows:
γ = 0.29 for normal descents
2 = 0.19 for rapid descents
π ⎛ gEs I t ⎞
fn = (4-7)
2 ⎜⎝ Ws L3s ⎟⎠ Because the vertical natural frequency is greater than 5 Hz
and maximum assumed step frequency for normal descents
where from Table 4-5 is 2.5 Hz, the harmonic number, h, is greater
Es It = stringer vertical flexural stiffness, including string- than 2 and the calibration factor, R, is 0.7 as specified in Sec-
ers and any other elements that provide stiffness; tion 2.3. Similarly, if the vertical frequency is less than 8 Hz,
stair lateral flexural stiffness, lb-in.2 the harmonic number is 2 for rapid descents and R = 0.5.
Ls = stringer length measured along the diagonal If the natural frequency is greater than 8 Hz, the harmonic
between supports, in. number is 3 or greater and R = 0.7.
Ws = weight of stair, lb Engineering judgment is required when estimating the
fn = fundamental natural frequency, Hz damping ratio. Davis and Murray (2009) reported a damping
g = acceleration of gravity = 386 in./s2 ratio of 0.01 for a stair with no nonstructural components,
treads that are isolated from each other, and guardrails that
If the stair is supported on girders, the vertical com-
are connected without the potential for frictional interfaces.
bined mode or system frequency can be estimated using the
Dunkerley relationship as shown in Equation 3-2.
Acceptance Criterion
The acceleration acceptance criterion, Inequality 4-8, for
vertical vibration of linear stairs is similar to that for floors
but somewhat more complex as explained in Section 2.3.
The criterion states that the stair is satisfactory if the peak
acceleration, ap, due to a stair descent as a fraction of the
acceleration of gravity, g, does not exceed the acceleration (a) Linear stair
tolerance limit, ao in %/g, from Table 4-5:
RQ cos2 θ
ap
g
= 0.62e − γ fn
βWs
(
ϕW ϕ R 1 − e −100β ≤
ao
g
) (4-8)
where
Q = assumed bodyweight = 168 lb
R = calibration factor (see Table 4-5)
Ws = weight of stair, lb
β = damping ratio (b) Linear stair with intermediate landing
ϕW = unity normalized mode shape value at the excitation
(walker) Fig. 4-4. Linear stairs.

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Davis and Avci (2015) reported a damping ratio of 0.038 for Recommended Evaluation Procedures
a stair with drywall soffit, treads and risers with frictional
The vertical and lateral natural frequencies should be greater
interfaces, and guardrails that are connected to the stringers
than 5 Hz and 2.5 Hz, respectively.
with frictional interfaces. For such stairs, it is recommended
It is recommended that the acceleration response due to an
that β be assumed to be between 0.03 and 0.04.
individual performing a normal speed descent, i.e., one with
The fundamental mode shape is a half sine wave over
a step frequency below about 2.5 Hz, be evaluated first. For
the stringer length, Ls, so the mode shape amplitudes at the
this evaluation, the predicted acceleration from Equation 4-8
walker location, xW, and response (observer) location, xR,
is compared to the tolerance limit from Table 4-5 for step
respectively, are:
frequencies not exceeding 2.5 Hz, i.e., 1.7%g. If the toler-
ance limit is exceeded, redesign is necessary.
⎛ π xW ⎞
ϕW = sin ⎜ (4-9) Next, the acceleration response due to an individual per-
⎝ Ls ⎟⎠ forming a rapid descent, i.e., one with a step frequency
⎛ π xR ⎞ between 2.5 Hz and 4.0 Hz should be evaluated. For this
ϕ R = sin ⎜ (4-10) evaluation, the predicted acceleration from Equation 4-8 is
⎝ Ls ⎟⎠
compared to the tolerance limit from Table 4-5, i.e., 3.0%g,
where if perceptible vibrations must be prevented, or 4.5%g other-
xR = distance from end of stringer to response location, wise. If the tolerance limit is exceeded, redesign is necessary.
measured on the diagonal, in. If fast moving groups are likely, then the acceleration
xW = distance from end of stringer to walker excitation response is determined by amplifying the acceleration due
force location, measured on the diagonal, in. to a rapidly moving individual by a factor of three. If the
stair is wide enough to accommodate stationary people, then
The walker location, xW, must be set using engineering the predicted acceleration is compared to the recommended
judgment. Resonant build-up durations are highly variable, acceleration tolerance limit in Table 4-5, 4.5%g. This limit
in the range of five to ten steps long, thus an eight-step reso- may be very difficult to satisfy for a slender monumental stair,
nant build-up is recommended for design. If a walker can and a much stiffer or heavier stair will often be required. If
achieve an eight-step build-up near midspan, then ϕR = 1.0. only walkers are considered—e.g., there is inadequate room
If an intermediate landing exists at midspan, an eight-step for stationary people during a group descent—there is no
series of stair treads centered at midspan is not possible; recommended acceleration tolerance limit.
therefore, xW is at the center of the eight-step series of stair
treads closest to midspan. It is conservative to take ϕW and
ϕR equal to 1.0.
4.4 DESIGN EXAMPLES

Table 4-6 identifies the intent of each of the following examples.
Example 4.1—Typical Exterior Bay of an Office Building with Hot-Rolled Framing

Given:
The hot-rolled framing system for a typical exterior bay shown in Figure 4-5 is to be evaluated for walking vibration. The struc-
tural system supports “paper office” build-out with an assumed live load of 11 psf and there is ceiling and mechanical equipment
below with an assumed superimposed dead load of 4 psf. The spandrel girder is supported by the exterior cladding for vibration
analysis purposes. The building is five bays in the E-W direction and three bays in the N-S direction. The beams are connected to
the girder webs. The slab is 54-in. total depth, lightweight concrete (wc = 110 pcf, ƒ′c = 4 ksi), on 2-in.-deep deck. The assumed
selfweight of the deck is 2 psf. The beam and girders are ASTM A992 material.

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Table 4-6. Summary of Design Examples
Example Description
4.1 Typical exterior bay of an office building with hot-rolled framing
Typical interior bay of an office building with open web joist/hot-rolled
4.2
girder framing
4.3 Mezzanine with beam edge member
4.4 Mezzanine with girder edge member
4.5 Pedestrian bridge—walking and running
4.6 Linear stair—individual and group loadings
Solution:
From the AISC Steel Construction Manual (AISC, 2011) Table 2-4, hereafter referred to as the AISC Manual, the material prop-
erties are as follows:
Beam and Girder
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
From AISC Manual Table 1-1, the geometric properties are as follows:
Beams
W18×35
A = 10.3 in.2
Ix = 510 in.4
d = 17.7 in.
Fig. 4-5. Exterior bay floor framing details for Example 4.1.

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Girder
W21×50
A = 14.7 in.2
Ix = 984 in.4
d = 20.8 in.
The geometric layout of the floor is calculated as follows:
Floor width = (5 bays)(30.0 ft)
= 150 ft
Floor length = (3 bays)(35.0 ft)
= 105 ft
From the recommended values given in Table 4-2, the estimated damping ratio is determined as follows:
β = 0.01 (structural system) + 0.01 (ceiling and ductwork) + 0.01 (paper office fit-out)
= 0.03
The properties of the deck are determined as follows:
Ec = w1.5 fc′
= (110 pcf )
1.5
4 ksi
= 2,310 ksi
⎛ 3.25 in. + 2.00 in. ⎞ 110 pcf

⎝
( )
2 ⎠
Slab + deck weight = + 2.00 psf
12 in./ft
= 41.0 psf
Beam Transformed Moment of Inertia

Considering only the concrete above the steel form deck, and using a dynamic concrete modulus of elasticity of 1.35 Ec, the
transformed moment of inertia of the fully composite beam is computed as follows:
Es
n= (4-3c)
1.35Ec
29,000 ksi
=
1.35 ( 2,310 ksi )
= 9.30
Fig. 4-6. Composite beam cross section for Example 4.1.

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As shown in Figure 4-6, the effective concrete slab width is:
min[0.4Li, S] = min[0.4(35.0 ft)(12 in./ft), 120 in.]
= 120 in.
The effective concrete slab depth is

54 in. − 2.00 in. = 3.25 in.
The transformed concrete slab width is

120 in./9.30 = 12.9 in.
The transformed concrete slab area is

(3.25 in.)(12.9 in.) = 41.9 in.2
The beam transformed moment of inertia is calculated as follows:
( 41.9 in.2 ) ⎛⎝ 17.72 in. + 2.00 in. + 3.252 in. ⎞⎠

y=
41.9 in.2 + 10.3 in.2
= 10.0 in. (above c.g. of beam)
(12.9 in.)( 3.25 in.)3 2
Ij =
12
(
+ 41.9 in.2 ⎛
⎝ 2)
17.7 in.
+ 2.00 in. +
3.25 in.
2
( )
− 10.0 in.⎞ + 510 in.4 + 10.3 in.2 (10.0 in.)2
⎠
= 1,840 in.4
Beam Mode Properties

For each beam, the uniformly distributed loading is determined as follows, which includes 11 psf live load and 4 psf dead load
for mechanical/ceiling.
wj = (10.0 ft)(11.0 psf + 41.0 psf + 4.00 psf) + 35.0 plf
= 595 plf
The corresponding deflection is determined as follows:
5w j L4j
Δj =
384 Es Ij
5(595 plf)(35.0 ft)4 (1, 728 in.3 /ft 3 )
=
384(29 × 106 psi)(1,840 in.4 )
= 0.376 in.
The beam mode fundamental frequency from Equation 3-3 is
g
fj = 0.18 (3-3)
Δj
386 in./ s2
= 0.18
0.376 in.
= 5.77 Hz

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Using an average concrete thickness of de = 4.25 in., the transformed slab moment of inertia per unit width in the slab span direc-
tion is
12de3
Ds = (4-3b)
12n
(12 in./ft )( 4.25 in.)3
=
12 ( 9.30 )
= 8.25 in.4 /ft
The transformed moment of inertia per unit width in the beam span direction with beam spacing of 10 ft is
Ij
Dj = (4-3a)
S
1,840 in.4
=
10.0 ft
= 184 in.4 /ft
The effective beam panel width from Equation 4-3 with Cj = 2.0, because it is a typical bay without a free edge, is
4
 Ds 
Bj = C j  Lj (4-3)
 D  j
4
 8.25 in.4 /ft 
= 2.0  ( 35.0 ft )
 184 in.4 /ft 
= 32.2 ft
Per Equation 4-3, the effective beam panel width must be less than two-thirds of the floor width. Because this is a typical exterior
bay, the actual floor width is 5 times the girder span, 5(30.0 ft) = 150 ft. With q(150 ft) = 100 ft > 32.2 ft, the effective beam
panel width is 32.2 ft.
The weight of the beam panel is calculated from Equation 4-2. Because the adjacent beam span, 35 ft, is greater than 0.7 of the
beam span and the beam is shear connected to the girder, the weight of the beam panel is adjusted by a factor of 1.5 to account
for continuity as explained in Section 4.1.2:
⎛ wj ⎞
Wj = 1.5 ⎜ ⎟ B j L j (from Eq. 4-2)
⎝ S ⎠
595 plf ⎞
= 1.5 ⎛ ( 32.2 ft )( 35.0 ft )
⎝ 10.0 ft ⎠
= 101, 000 lb
Girder Transformed Moment of Inertia

The effective concrete slab width is
min[0.2Lg, 0.5Lj,left] + min[0.2Lg, 0.5Lj,right] = min[0.2(30.0 ft), 0.5(35.0 ft)] + min[0.2(30.0 ft), 0.5(35.0 ft)]
= 6.00 ft + 6.00 ft
= 12.0 ft

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As shown in Figure 4-7, the transformed concrete slab width, using a dynamic concrete modulus of elasticity of 1.35Ec, is
(12.0 ft)(12 in./ft)/ 9.30 = 15.5 in.
Assuming that the deck has a symmetrical profile, the effective width of the slab in the deck is taken as 72 in. The transformed
concrete width of the deck is
72.0 in./ 9.30 = 7.74 in.

(3.25 in.)(15.5 in.) = 50.4 in.2
The transformed concrete slab area in the deck is

(2.00 in.)(7.74 in.) = 15.5 in.2
The transformed moment of inertia is computed as follows:
(50.4 in.2 ) ⎛⎝ 20.82 in. + 2.00 in. + 3.252 in. ⎞⎠ + (15.5 in.2 ) ⎛⎝ 20.82 in. + 2.002 in. ⎞⎠
y =
50.4 in.2 + 15.5 in.2 + 14.7 in.2
= 11.0 in. (above c.g. of girder)
(15.5 in.)( 3.25 in.)3 2
( 7.74 in.)( 2.00 in.)3
Ig =
12
(
+ 50.4 in.2 ⎛ )
20.8 in.
⎝ 2
+ 2.00 in. +
3.25 in.
2
− 11.0 in.⎞ +
⎠ 12
2
(
+ 15.5 in.2 ⎛
⎝ 2 )
20.8 in. 2.00 in
+
2
(
− 11.0 in.⎞ + 984 in.4 + 14.7 in.2 (11.0 in.)2
⎠ )
= 3, 280 in.4
Girder Mode Properties

The equivalent uniform loading for the girder is
⎛ wj ⎞
wg = L j ⎜ ⎟ + girder weight per unit length
⎝ S ⎠
595 plf ⎞
= ( 35.0 ft ) ⎛ + 50.0 plf
⎝ 10.0 ft ⎠
= 2,130 plf
Fig. 4-7. Composite girder cross section for Example 4.1.

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The corresponding deflection is
5wg L4g
Δg =
384 Es Ig
5(2,130 plf)(30.0 ft)4 (1, 728 in.3/ ft 3 )
=
384(29 × 10 6 psi)(3, 280 in.4 )
= 0.408 in.
From Equation 3-3, the girder mode fundamental frequency is
g
fg = 0.18 (3-3)
Δg
386 in. / s 2
= 0.18
0.408 in.
= 5.54 Hz
With
D j = 183 in.4 /ft

Ig
Dg =
Lj
3, 280 in.4
=
35.0 ft
= 93.7 in.4 /ft
Cg = 1.8
the effective girder panel width using Equation 4-4 is
4
⎛ Dj ⎞ 2
⎝ Dg ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
4
⎛ 183 in.4 /ft ⎞
= 1.8 ⎜ ( 30.0 ft )
⎝ 93.7 in.4 /ft ⎟⎠
= 63.8 ft
Per Equation 4-4, the effective beam panel width must be less than or equal to two-thirds of the floor length. Because q(105 ft) =
70.0 ft > 63.8 ft, the girder panel width is 63.8 ft. From Equation 4-2, the girder panel weight is
⎛ wg ⎞
Wg = ⎜ Bg Lg
⎝ L j ⎟⎠
2,130 plf ⎞
=⎛ ( 63.8 ft )( 30.0 ft )
⎝ 35.0 ft ⎠
= 116, 000 lb

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The girder panel weight was not increased by 50%, as was done in the joist panel weight calculation, because continuity effects
generally are not realized when the girders frame directly into the column.
Combined Mode Properties

From Equation 3-4, the floor fundamental frequency is
g
fn = 0.18 (3-4)
Δ j + Δg
386 in.2 /s
= 0.18
0.376 in. + 0.408 in.
= 3.99 Hz
Because the girder span (30 ft) is less than the joist panel width (32.3 ft), the girder deflection, Δ g, is reduced according to Equa-
tion 4-6. Because 30.0 ft / 32.3 ft ≥ 0.5,
Lg
Δ g′ =
Bj
( Δg ) (4-6)
30.0 ft
=
32.3 ft
( 0.408 in.)
= 0.379 in.
From Equation 4-5, the equivalent panel mode panel weight is
Δj Δ g′
W= Wj + Wg (from Eq. 4-5)
Δ j + Δ′g Δ j + Δ g′
0.376 in. 0.379 in.
= (101, 000 lb ) + (116,000 lb )
0.376 in. + 0.379 in. 0.376 in. + 0.379 in.
= 109,000 lb
Evaluation
Using Equation 4-1 with Po = 65 lb and β = 0.03:
a p Po e − 0.35 fn (4-1)
=
g βW
(65.0 lb) (e−0.35(3.99 Hz) )
=
0.03 (109,000 lb )
= 0.0049 equivalent to 0.49%g
The peak acceleration is less than the tolerance acceleration limit, ap/g of 0.5%, as given in Table 4-1. The floor is therefore
predicted to be satisfactory.
Example 4.2—Typical Interior Bay of an Office Building with Open-Web Joist/Hot-Rolled Girder Framing
Given:
The framing system shown in Figure 4-8 is to be evaluated for paper office occupancy. The office space will not have full-height
partitions. The superimposed dead load, including mechanical equipment and ceiling, is assumed to be 4 psf. The live load is
assumed to be 11 psf. The slab is 5 in. total depth, normal weight concrete (wc = 145 psf, ƒ′c , = 3 ksi) on 12-in.-deep deck. The

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joist bottom chords are not extended, and the joists are connected to the girder flange with joist seats. The damping ratio is β =
0.03. The floor width is 60 ft and the floor length is 90 ft. The assumed selfweight of the deck is 2 psf. The beams and girders are
ASTM A992 material.
Solution:
From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows:
Beam and Girder
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Girder
W24×55
A = 16.2 in.2
Ix = 1,350 in.4
d = 23.6 in.
The joist properties are as follows:
Joist
30K12
Fig. 4-8. Interior bay framing details for Example 4.2.

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Selfweight = 17.6 plf
A = 1.91 in.2
D = 30.0 in.
Ichords = 384 in.4
yc = 13.4 in.
From the recommended values given in Table 4-2, the estimated damping ratio is determined as follows:
β = 0.01(structural system) + 0.01 (ceiling and ductwork) + 0.01 (paper office fit-out)
= 0.03
Ec = w1.5 fc′
= (145 pcf )
1.5
3 ksi
= 3, 020 ksi
⎛ 3.50 in. + 1.50 in. ⎞ 145 pcf

⎝
( )
2 ⎠
slab + deck weight = + 2.00 psf
12 in./ft
= 53.4 psf
Joist Transformed Effective Moment of Inertia

Considering only the concrete above the steel form deck and using a dynamic concrete modulus of elasticity of 1.35Ec, as dis-
cussed in Section 3.2, the modular ratio is
Es
n= (4-3c)
1.35Ec
29,000 ksi
=
1.35 ( 3, 020 ksi )
= 7.11
As discussed in Section 3.2, the effective concrete slab width used for calculation of the transformed moment of inertia is deter-
mined as follows (refer to Figure 4-9):
min[0.4Li, S] = min[0.4(30.0 ft)(12 in./ft), 48.0 in.]
= 48.0 in.
Fig. 4-9. Composite joist cross section for Example 4.2.

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The transformed concrete slab width is
48.0 in./7.11 = 6.75 in.
Using an effective concrete slab depth of 3.50 in., the transformed concrete slab area is
(3.50 in.)(6.75 in.) = 23.6 in.2
The composite transformed moment of inertia is computed as follows:
( 23.6 in.2 ) ⎡⎢⎣13.4 in. + 12 in. + ⎛⎝ 3.502 in. ⎞⎠ ⎤⎥⎦

y =
23.6 in.2 + 1.91 in.2
= 15.4 in. (above c.g. of joist)
( 6.75 in.)( 3.50 in.)3 2
I comp =
12
( )
+ 23.6 in.2 ⎛ 13.4 in. + 12 in. +
⎝
3.50 in.
2
( )
− 15.4 in.⎞ + 384 in.4 + 1.91 in.2 (15.4 in.)2
⎠
= 898 in.4
From Section 3.5, because 6 ≤ Lj/D = (30.0 ft)(12 in./ft)/(30.0 in.) = 12.0, Equation 3-9a is applicable:
2.8 (3-9a)
− 0.28( L j / D ) ⎤
Cr = 0.90 ⎡⎢1 − e ⎥⎦
⎣
2.8
= 0.90 ⎡⎣1 − e − 0.28(12.0 ) ⎤⎦
= 0.815 < 0.9
Using Equation 3-8 and then 3-7, the effective joist transformed moment of inertia is
(3-8)
1
γ= −1
Cr
1
= −1
0.815
= 0.227 (3-7)
1
Ij =
γ 1
+
I chords I comp
1
=
⎛ 0.227 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎝ 384 in.4 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 898 in.4 ⎟⎠
= 587 in.4
For each joist, the uniformly distributed loading, including 11 psf live load and 4 psf dead load for mechanical/ceiling loads, is
1 ft ⎞
wj = ( 48.0 in.) ⎛ (11.0 psf + 53.4 psf + 4.00 psf ) + 17.6 plf
⎝ 12 in. ⎠
= 291 plf

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5w j L4j
Δj =
384 Es I j
5(291 plf)(30.0 ft)4 (1, 728 in.3 /ft 3 )
=
384(29 × 106 psi)(587 in.4 )
= 0.312 in.
From Equation 3-3, the joist mode fundamental frequency is
g
fj = 0.18 (3-3)
Δj
386 in./s2
= 0.18
0.312 in.
= 6.33 Hz
Using an average concrete thickness of de = 4.25 in., the transformed moment of inertia per unit width in the slab span direction is
12de3
Ds = (4-3a)
12n
=
(12 in./ft )( 4.25 in.)
3
12(7.11)
= 10.8 in.4 /ft
The transformed moment of inertia per unit width in the joist span direction with joist spacing of 4 ft is
Ij
Dj = (4-3b)
S
587 in.4
=
4.00 ft
= 147 in.4 /ft
The effective beam panel width from Equation 4-3 with Cj = 2.0 is
4
⎛ Ds ⎞ 2
Bj = C j ⎜ L j ≤ ⎛ ⎞ floor width (4-3)
⎝ D j ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
4
⎛ 10.8 in.4 /ft ⎞
= 2.0 ⎜ ( 30.0 ft )
⎝ 147 in.4 /ft ⎟⎠
= 31.2 ft
Per Equation 4-3, the effective beam panel width must be less than or equal to two-thirds of the floor width. Because q(60.0 ft) =
40.0 ft > 31.2 ft, the effective beam panel width is 31.2 ft.

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The weight of the beam panel is calculated using Equation 4-2 without adjustment for continuity because the joist bottom chords
are not extended.
⎛ wj ⎞
Wj = ⎜ ⎟ Bj L j (from Eq. 4-2)
⎝ S ⎠
291 plf ⎞
=⎛ ( 31.2 ft )( 30.0 ft )
⎝ 4.00 ft ⎠
= 68,100 lb
Girder Transformed Effective Moment of Inertia

The effective concrete slab width is determined as follows:
min[0.2 Lg, 0.5Lj,left] + min[0.2 Lg, 0.5Lj,right] = min[0.2(20.0 ft), 0.5(30.0 ft)] + min[0.2(20.0), 0.5(30.0 ft)]
= 4.00 ft + 4.00 ft
= 8.00 ft
As shown in Figure 4-10, the transformed concrete slab width, using a dynamic concrete modulus of elasticity of 1.35Ec , is
(8.00 ft)(12 in./ft)/ 7.11 = 13.5 in.
Assuming that the deck has a symmetrical profile, the effective width of the slab in the deck is taken as 48 in. The transformed
concrete width in the deck is
48.0 in./ 7.11 = 6.75 in.

(32 in.)(13.5 in.) = 47.3 in.2
The transformed concrete slab area in the deck is

(12 in.)(6.75 in.) = 10.1 in.2
Fig. 4-10. Composite girder cross-section for Example 4.2.

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The fully composite transformed moment of inertia is computed as follows:
( 47.3 in.2 ) ⎛⎝ 23.62 in. + 2.50 in. + 112 in. +

3.50 in. ⎞
2 ⎠ ( )
+ 10.1 in.2 ⎛
⎝
23.6 in.
2
+ 2.50 in. +
1.50 in. ⎞
2 ⎠
y = 2 2 2
47.3 in. + 10.1 in. + 16.2 in.
= 13.3 in. (above c.g. of girder)
(13.5 in.)( 3.50 in.)3 2
( 6.75 in.)(1.50 in.)3
I comp =
12
(
+ 47.3 in.2 ⎛
⎝ 2 )
23.6 in.
+ 2.50 in. + 112 in. +
3.50 in.
2
− 13.3 in.⎞ +
⎠ 12
2
(
+ 10.1 in.2 ⎛
⎝ 2 )
23.6 in.
+ 2.50 in. +
1.50 in.
2
(
− 13.3 in.⎞ + 1,350 in.4 + 16.2 in.2 (13.3 in.)2
⎠ )
= 5,150 in.4
To account for the reduced girder stiffness due to flexibility of the joist seats, Ig is reduced according to Equation 3-11:
I comp − I x
Ig = Ix + (3-11)
4
⎛ 5,150 in.4 − 1,350 in.4 ⎞
= 1,350 in.4 + ⎜ ⎟⎠
⎝ 4
= 2,300 in.4

For each girder, the equivalent uniform loading is
⎛ wj ⎞
wg = L j ⎜ ⎟ + girder weight per unit length
⎝ S ⎠
291 plf ⎞
= ( 30.0 ft ) ⎛ + 55.0 plf
⎝ 4.00 ft ⎠
= 2, 240 plf
And the corresponding deflection is
5wg Lg4
Δg =
384 EI g
=
(
5 ( 2, 240 plf )( 20.0 ft ) 1, 728 in.3 /ft 3
4
)
( 6
)(
384 29 × 10 psi 2,300 in. 4
)
= 0.121 in.
From Equation 3-3, the girder mode fundamental frequency is
g
fg = 0.18 (3-3)
Δg
386 in./s 2
= 0.18
0.121 in.
= 10.2 Hz

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With
D j = 147 in.4 /ft

Ig
Dg =
Lj
2,300 in.4
=
30.0 ft
= 76.7 in.4 /ft
Cg = 1.6
the effective girder panel width using Equation 4-4 is
4
⎛ Dj ⎞ 2
⎝ Dg ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
4
⎛ 147 in.4 /ft ⎞
= 1.6 ⎜ ( 20.0 ft )
⎝ 76.7 in.4 /ft ⎟⎠
= 37.7 ft
From Equation 4-4, the effective width must be less than or equal to two-thirds of the floor length. Because q(90.0 ft) = 60.0 ft >
37.7 ft, the girder floor length is taken as 37.7 ft. From Equation 4-2, the girder panel weight is
⎛ wg ⎞
Wg = ⎜ Bg Lg (from Eq. 4-2)
⎝ L j ⎟⎠
2, 240 plf ⎞
=⎛ ( 37.7 ft )( 20.0 ft )
⎝ 30.0 ft ⎠
= 56,300 lb

The combined mode frequency using Equation 3-4 is
g
fn = 0.18 (3-4)
Δj + Δg
386 in./ s 2
= 0.18
0.312 in. + 0.121 in.
= 5.37 Hz
The girder span (20 ft) is less than the effective joist panel width (Bj = 31.2 ft); therefore, the girder deflection, Δ g, must be
reduced. From Equation 4-6 and noting that 20.0 ft / 31.2 ft = 0.641 ≥ 0.5
Lg
Δ g′ =
Bj
( Δg ) (4-6)
⎛ 20.0 ft ⎞
= ⎜ (0.121 in.)
⎝ 31.2 ft ⎟⎠
= 0.0776 in.

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From Equation 4-5, the equivalent panel mode weight is
Δj Δ g′
Δ j + Δ g′ Δ j + Δ g′
0.312 in. 0.0776 in.
= ( 68,100 lb ) + ( 56,300 lb )
0.312 in. + 0.0776 in. 0.312 in. + 0.0776 in.
= 65, 700 lb
Walking Evaluation
The peak acceleration is determined using Equation 4-1 with Po = 65 lb and β = 0.03 as follows:
a p Po e − 0.35 fn
= (4-1)
g βW
(65.0 lb) (e− 0.35(5.37Hz ) )

=
0.03 ( 65, 700 lb )
The peak acceleration is equal to the tolerance acceleration limit, ao /g of 0.5%, as given in Table 4-1. The floor is therefore pre-
dicted to be satisfactory.
Example 4.3—Mezzanine with Beam Edge Member

Given:
The mezzanine framing shown in Figure 4-11 is to be evaluated for walking vibrations. The floor system supports a paper office
occupancy without full-height partitions. Note that framing details are the same as those for Example 4.1 except that the floor
system is only one bay wide normal to the edge of the mezzanine floor. Also note that the edge member is a beam. The framing is
Fig. 4-11. Mezzanine with edge beam member framing details for Example 4.3.

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analyzed using 11 psf live load and a superimposed dead load of 4 psf for the weight of mechanical equipment and ceiling. The
damping ratio is β = 0.03. The slab is 54 in. total depth, lightweight concrete (wc = 110 pcf and ƒ′c = 4 ksi) on 2‑in.-deep deck.
The floor width is 30 ft and the floor length is 105 ft.
Solution:
From Example 4.1:
Bj = 32.3 ft / 2 (because Cj = 1.0)
= 16.2 ft for an unstiffened edge panel
Dj = 183 in.4/ft
Ds = 8.25 in.4/ft
fj = 5.77 Hz
wj = 595 plf
Δj = 0.376 in.
From Equation 4-3, because the actual floor width is 30 ft and q(30.0 ft) = 20.0 ft > 16.2 ft, the effective beam panel width is
16.2 ft.
The effective weight of the beam panel is calculated from Equation 4-2, adjusted by a factor of 1.5 to account for continuity in
the beam direction:
Wj = 1.5wjBj Lj
= 1.5(595 plf /10.0 ft)(16.2 ft)(35.0 ft)
= 50,600 lb

From Example 4.1, with the floor length equal to 105 ft:
Bg = 63.8 ft
Wg = 116,000 lb
fg = 5.54 Hz
wg = 2,130 plf
Δ g = 0.408 in.

The combined mode frequency from Example 4.1 is 3.99 Hz.
In this case, the girder span (30 ft) is greater than the beam panel width (16.2 ft); thus, the girder deflection, Δ g, is not reduced as
was done in Example 4.1. From Equation 4-5,
Δj Δg
W= Wj + Wg (4-5)
Δ j + Δg Δj + Δ g
0.376 in. 0.408 in.
=
0.376 in. + 0.408 in.
( 50,600 lb ) +
0.376 in. + 0.408 in.
(116, 000 lb)
= 84,600 lb
Evaluation
Using Equation 4-1, with Po = 65 lb and β = 0.03:

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a p Po e − 0.35 fn
= (4-1)
g βW
(65.0 lb) (e− 0.35(3.99 Hz ) )
=
0.03 (84,600 lb )
The peak acceleration is greater than the tolerance acceleration limit, ao / g, of 0.5%, as given in Table 4-1. In this example, the
edge member is a beam, and thus the beam panel width is half that of an interior bay. The result is that the combined panel does
not have sufficient mass to satisfy the design criterion.
Example 4.4—Mezzanine with Girder Edge Member

Given:
The mezzanine framing shown in Figure 4-12 is to be evaluated for walking vibrations. All details are the same as in Example 4.3
except that the framing is rotated 90°. Note that the edge member is now a girder and that the basic framing is the same as used
in Example 4.1. The mezzanine is assumed to be one bay wide normal to the edge girder. The framing is analyzed using 11 psf
live load and a superimposed dead load of 4 psf for the weight of mechanical equipment and ceiling. The damping ratio is β =
0.03. The floor width is 60 ft, and the floor length is 35 ft.
Solution:
From Example 4.1:
Bj = 32.3 ft
Dj = 183 in.4/ft
Ds = 8.25 in.4/ft
fj = 5.77 Hz
wj = 595 plf
Δj = 0.376 in.
Fig. 4-12. Mezzanine with girder edge member framing details for Example 4.4.

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From the framing plan, the actual floor width normal to the beams is at least 2(30.0 ft) = 60.0 ft. From Equation 4-3, because
q(60.0 ft) = 40.0 ft > 32.3 ft, the effective beam panel width is 32.3 ft.
The effective weight of the beam panel from Equation 4-2 is
Wj = w j Bj L j (4-2)
595 plf ⎞
=⎛ ( 32.3 ft )( 35.0 ft )
⎝ 10.0 ft ⎠
= 67,300 lb

For the edge girder, the equivalent uniform loading is
Lj ⎛ wj ⎞
wg = ⎜ ⎟ + girder weight per unit length
2 ⎝ S ⎠
35.0 ft ⎞ ⎛ 595 plf ⎞
=⎛ + 50.0 plf
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 10.0 ft ⎠
=1,090 plf
The transformed moment of inertia, assuming effective slab widths of 72 in. above the deck and 36 in. for concrete in the sym-
metrical profile deck, is Ig = 2,880 in.4 The corresponding deflection is
5wg L4g
Δg =
384 Es I g
=
( )
5 (1, 090 plf )( 30.0 ft ) 1, 728 in.3 / ft 3
4
384 ( 29 × 10 psi )( 2,880 in. )

6 4
= 0.238 in.
As recommended in Section 4.1.3 for interior floor edges, the girder panel width is limited to two-thirds of the beam span and is
determined as follows:
2
Bg = ⎛ ⎞ L j
⎝ 3⎠
2
= ⎛ ⎞ ( 35.0 ft )
⎝ 3⎠
= 23.3 ft
From Equation 4-2, the girder panel weight is
Wg = wg Bg Lg (from Eq. 4-2)

1, 090 plf ⎞
=⎛ ( 23.3 ft )( 30.0 ft )
⎝ 17.5 ft ⎠
= 43,500 lb

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Using Equation 3-4, the combined mode frequency is
g
fn = 0.18 (3-4)
Δ j + Δg
386 in./ s 2
= 0.18
0.376 in. + 0.238 in.
= 4.51 Hz
In this case, the girder span (30 ft) is less than the joist panel width (32.3 ft), and the girder deflection, Δ g, is therefore reduced
according to Equation 4-6. Because 30.0 ft / 32.3 ft ≥ 0.5 and ≤ 1.0,
Lg
Δ g′ =
Bj
( Δg ) (4-6)
⎛ 30.0 ft ⎞
=⎜ (0.238 in.)
⎝ 32.3 ft ⎟⎠
= 0.221 in.
From Equation 4-5, the combined mode panel weight is
Δj Δ g′
Δ j + Δ g′ Δ j + Δ g′
0.376 in. 0.221 in.
= ( 67,300 lb ) + ( 43,500 lb )
0.376 in. + 0.221 in. 0.376 in. + 0.221 in.
= 58,500 lb
Evaluation
Using Equation 4-1 with Po = 65 lb and β = 0.03:
ap Po e − 0.35 fn
= (4-1)
g βW
(65.0 lb) (e− 0.35(4.51Hz ) )

=
0.03(58,500 lb)
The peak acceleration is greater than the acceleration limit, ao/g, of 0.5%g, from Table 4-1. The floor is determined to be unsat-
isfactory in this example.
Because the mezzanine floor is only one bay wide normal to the edge girder, both the beams and the girder may need to be stiff-
ened to satisfy the criterion.

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Example 4.5—Pedestrian Bridge—Walking and Running
Given:
An outdoor pedestrian bridge of span 40 ft with pinned supports and the cross section shown in Figure 4-13 is to be evaluated for
walking vertical and lateral vibration. Also, the vertical acceleration due to running on the bridge, using the method described in
Section 2.4, is to be predicted. The bridge has a 6-in.-thick normal weight concrete slab (ƒ′c = 4 ksi, wc = 145 pcf). Use Po = 92.0
lb. The beams and girders are ASTM A992 material.
Solution:
Beams
W21×44
A = 13.0 in.2
Ix = 843 in.4
Iy = 20.7 in.4
d = 20.7 in.
Ec = w1.5 fc′
= (145 pcf)1.5 4 ksi
= 3, 490 ksi
Es
n = (4-3c)
1.35Ec
29, 000 ksi
=
1.35 ( 3, 490 ksi )
= 6.16
Slab weight = 72.5 psf
Because the pedestrian bridge is not supported by girders, only the beam panel mode needs to be investigated.

Because 0.4Lj = 0.4(40 ft) = 16 ft is greater than 5 ft, the full width of the slab is effective. Using a dynamic modulus of elasticity
of 1.35Ec , the transformed moment of inertia of both W21 beams combined is 5,830 in.4
Fig. 4-13. Cross section for Example 4.5.

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The bridge weight per linear ft is
wj = (72.5 psf)(10.0 ft) + 2(44.0 plf)
= 813 plf
5w j L4j
Δj =
384 Es I j
=
(
5 (813 plf )( 40.0 ft ) 1, 728 in.3 /ft 3
4
)
(
384 29 × 10 6
psi )( 5,830 in. )
4
= 0.277 in.
The beam mode fundamental frequency from Equation 3-3 is
g
f j = 0.18 (3-3)
Δj
386 in./ s2
= 0.18
0.277 in.
= 6.72 Hz
The effective beam panel width, Bj , is 10 ft because the entire footbridge will vibrate as a simple beam. The weight of the beam
panel is then
Wj = wj Lj
= (813 plf)(40.0 ft)
= 32,500 lb
Evaluation for Vertical Vibration Due to Walking

As discussed in Section 4.2, β = 0.01 for outdoor footbridges.
From Equation 4-1, with fn = fj = 6.72 Hz and Po = 92 lb
ap Po e − 0.35 fn
= (4-1)
g βW
(92.0 lb) (e−0.35(6.72 Hz ) )
=
0.01( 32,500 lb )
The peak acceleration is less than the acceleration limit 5%g for outdoor footbridges per Table 4-4. The footbridge is therefore
satisfactory for a single walker. The number of random walkers near the center of the bridge to cause an acceleration of 5%g is:
2
⎛ 5.0%g ⎞
n=⎜
⎝ 2.7%g ⎟⎠
= 3.43

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Evaluation for Vertical Vibration due to Running
From Equation 2-16, with fn = fj = 6.72 Hz and Q = 168 lb:
ap 0.79Qe − 0.173 fn ao
= ≤ (2-16)
g βW g
=
(
0.79 (168 lb ) e −0.173(6.72 Hz ) )
0.01( 32,500 lb )
This acceleration ratio exceeds the limit for outdoor pedestrian bridges, as shown in Figure 2-1, and therefore is judged unaccept-
able for running activities with stationary people on the bridge.
Evaluation for Lateral Vibration

Conservatively considering only beam stiffness, the moment of inertia for lateral vibration with beam spacing of 84 in. is
Iy ≈ 2(20.7 in.4) + 2(13.0 in.2)(42.0 in.)2
= 45,900 in.4
The natural frequency of lateral vibration from Equation 3-1 is
2
π ⎛ gEs I t ⎞
fn = ⎜ ⎟ (3-1)
2 ⎝ wL4 ⎠
( )( )( ) ⎤⎥
2
⎡ 2 6 4
π 386 in./s 29 × 10 psi 45,900 in.
= ⎢
⎣ (
2 ⎢ (813 plf )( 40.0 ft )4 1,728 in.3 /ft 3) ⎥
⎦
= 18.8 Hz
The natural frequency of lateral vibration exceeds the minimum recommended lateral frequency for walking, 1.3 Hz, by a wide
margin, so the bridge satisfies the lateral vibration criterion. Assuming a minimum lateral frequency for running of 2.5 Hz, which
is greater than one-half a running speed of 4 Hz, the bridge is satisfactory for this loading case.
Example 4.6—Linear Stair—Individual and Group Loadings

Given:
The slender monumental stair shown in Figure 4-14 is to be evaluated for walking vibration. The parallel stringers are 60 in.
center-to-center. Each stringer is an HSS20×12×a. The stair has a drywall soffit and the guardrails are constructed of steel studs
and drywall.
The design assumptions used for this example are as follows:
Ws = weight of stair including guardrails, treads, stringers and soffit = 15,500 lb
β = damping ratio = 0.03
Ls = diagonal distance between supports = 36.9 ft
Solution:
Stringer
HSS20×12×a
A = 21.5 in.2
Ix = 1,200 in.4
Iy = 547 in.4

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Vertical Natural Frequency
Ix = 2 (1,200 in.4)
= 2,400 in.4
2
π ⎛ gEs I x ⎞
fn = ⎜ (Eq. 4-7)
2 ⎝ Ws L3s ⎟⎠
( )( )( ) ⎤⎥
2
π ⎡ 386 in./s 29 × 10 psi 2, 400 in.
2 6 4
= ⎢
(
2 ⎢ (15,500 lb )( 36.9 ft )3 1, 728 in.3 /ft 3
⎣ ) ⎥⎦
= 7.02 Hz
As discussed in Section 4.3, because the stair vertical natural frequency is greater than 5.0 Hz, the design is satisfactory for this
check.
Horizontal Natural Frequency

Conservatively assuming that stringer minor-axis bending provides all horizontal stiffness:
Iy = 2 (547 in.4)
= 1,090 in.4
2
π ⎛ gEs I y ⎞
fn = (Eq. 4-7)
2 ⎜⎝ Ws L3s ⎟⎠
( )( )( ) ⎤⎥
2
π ⎡ 386 in./s 29 × 10 psi 1, 090 in.
2 6 4
= ⎢
(
2 ⎢ (15,500 lb )( 36.9 ft )3 1, 728 in.3 /ft 3
⎣ ) ⎥⎦
= 4.73 Hz
As discussed in Section 4.3, because the stair horizontal natural frequency is greater than 2.5 Hz, the design is satisfactory for
this check.
Evaluation Criterion for Individual Descending at Normal Speeds

The walker and the affected occupant locations are shown in Figure 4-15.
Fig. 4-14. Linear stair geometry for Example 4.6.

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The mode shape amplitudes, ϕW and ϕR, using Equations 4-9 and 4-10 with xW = 17.3 ft and xR = 15.1 ft are
⎛ π xW ⎞
ϕW = sin ⎜ (4-9)
⎝ Ls ⎟⎠
⎡ π (17.3 ft ) ⎤
= sin ⎢
⎣ 36.9 ft ⎥⎦
= 0.995
⎛ πxR ⎞
ϕ R = sin ⎜ (4-10)
⎝ Ls ⎟⎠
π(15.1 ft) ⎤
= sin ⎡⎢
⎣ 36.9 ft ⎥⎦
= 0.960
The predicted acceleration ratio from Equation 4-8 with R = 0.7 and γ = 0.29 from Table 4-5 is
RQ cos 2 θ
ap
g
= 0.62e − γ fn
βWs
(
ϕW ϕ R 1 − e −100β ≤ )
ao
g
⎛ 17.5 ft ⎞
with θ = tan −1 ⎜
⎝ 32.5 ft ⎟⎠
(4-8)
= 28.3°
ap
= 0.62e − 0.29(7.02 Hz)
(
0.7 (168 lb ) cos 2 28.3° )
( 0.995)( 0.960 ) ⎡⎣1 − e −100( 0.03) ⎤⎦
g 0.03 (15,500 lb )
= 0.0144 or 1.44%g
The predicted peak acceleration does not exceed the Table 4-5 tolerance limit, 1.7%g; thus, individuals descending the stair at
normal speeds are not expected to cause objectionable vibrations from people standing on the stair.
Fig. 4-15. Walker and affected occupant locations.

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Evaluation Criterion for Individual Descending Rapidly
The predicted acceleration ratio from Equation 4-8 with R = 0.5 and γ = 0.19 from Table 4-5 is
RQ cos 2 θ
ap
g
= 0.62e − γ fn
βWs
(
ϕW ϕ R 1 − e −100β ≤
g
)
ao
(4-8)
= 0.62e − 0.19(7.02 Hz)

(
0.5 (168 lb ) cos 2 28.3° ) ( 0.995)( 0.960 ) ⎡1 − e−100(0.03) ⎤
0.03 (15,500 lb ) ⎣ ⎦
= 0.0208 or 2.08%g
The predicted peak acceleration does not exceed the Table 4-5 tolerance limit, 3%g; thus, individuals rapidly descending the stair
are not expected to cause objectionable vibrations from people standing on the stair.
Evaluation Criterion for Rapidly Descending Group

The predicted peak acceleration due to a rapidly descending group is triple the acceleration due to a rapidly descending individual:
ap = 3(2.08%g)
= 6.23%g
This acceleration exceeds the Table 4-5 tolerance limit of 4.5%g. Consequently, this loading is expected to cause strongly per-
ceptible vibrations. The stair is unsatisfactory if this load case is to be considered.

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@Seismicisolation

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Chapter

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 23

where Floor length is the distance perpendicular to the span of

24 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

Fig. 4-1. Typical joist support.

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 25

Fig. 4-2. Floor width and floor length example framing.

26 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

Table 4-4. Recommended Tolerance Limits for Pedestrian Bridges

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 27

B. JOIST PANEL MODE

C. GIRDER PANEL MODE

D. COMBINED PANEL MODE

Estimate β using values from Table 4-2.

Fig. 4-3. Floor evaluation calculation procedure.

28 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

Natural Frequencies ϕR = unity normalized mode shape value at the response

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 29

4.4 DESIGN EXAMPLES

Example 4.1—Typical Exterior Bay of an Office Building with Hot-Rolled Framing

30 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

Fig. 4-5. Exterior bay floor framing details for Example 4.1.

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 31

⎛ 3.25 in. + 2.00 in. ⎞ 110 pcf

Beam Transformed Moment of Inertia

Fig. 4-6. Composite beam cross section for Example 4.1.

32 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

The effective concrete slab depth is

The transformed concrete slab width is

The transformed concrete slab area is

The beam transformed moment of inertia is calculated as follows:

( 41.9 in.2 ) ⎛⎝ 17.72 in. + 2.00 in. + 3.252 in. ⎞⎠

Beam Mode Properties

The corresponding deflection is determined as follows:

The beam mode fundamental frequency from Equation 3-3 is

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 33

Girder Transformed Moment of Inertia

34 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

The transformed concrete slab area is

The transformed concrete slab area in the deck is

The transformed moment of inertia is computed as follows:

Girder Mode Properties

Fig. 4-7. Composite girder cross section for Example 4.1.

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 35

From Equation 3-3, the girder mode fundamental frequency is

D j = 183 in.4 /ft

the effective girder panel width using Equation 4-4 is

36 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

Combined Mode Properties

From Equation 4-5, the equivalent panel mode panel weight is

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 37

Fig. 4-8. Interior bay framing details for Example 4.2.

38 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11

The properties of the deck are determined as follows:

⎛ 3.50 in. + 1.50 in. ⎞ 145 pcf

Joist Transformed Effective Moment of Inertia

Fig. 4-9. Composite joist cross section for Example 4.2.

AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 / VIBRATIONS OF STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS / 39

(3.50 in.)(6.75 in.) = 23.6 in.2

Natural Frequencies ϕR = unity normalized mode shape value at the response