Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

Region V
BAAO COMMUNITY COLLEGE
San Juan, Baao, Camarines Sur
E-mail: [email protected]
Telefax (054) 455-7015

Name of Instructor : John Rodolf N. Mortega, MAEd.

Position : College Instructor
Subject Code : ELT 109
Course Title : Language Research
Name of Student : ___________________________
Section : ___________________________
Modules No. : 4 and 5

Learning Objectives:

1. Understand the ideas on IMRaD as adapting research in the 21 st Century.

2. Apply the writing concept in IMRad.
3. Use effective APA format as reference in research.

Activator

It’s been a challenge to construct a research; myriad of stages and components to follow
in order to produce a well-written and substantial output. Research is not only for compliance
this has been done with great efforts and persistence. For those who are aiming to publish
certain study it takes rigid evaluation to qualify; there is a need of revision to fit to their standard
and one of which is IMRaD format and its scopes.
In the study of ELT 109, you ‘must’ to know the process of research in order to qualified
BSEd-English. Thus, many opportunities await and the long road couldn’t be. Your research
should aim high stakes of knowledge. Let’s start emerging!
Input 1. Get to know the summary discussion of IMRaD: Its origin and sample

research support

 Considered ideal outline in early 1900s.

 Physics adopted IMRaD in 1950s.
  After World War II, international conferences on scientific publishing recommended
IMRaD.
 Late 1970s, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (“Vancouver Group”)
first published guidelines.
 Wide use of IMRaD may be credited to editors, to benefit readers and facilitate peer
review.

IMRaD adaptation by major journals

IMRaD Outline

1. Introduction. The introduction states the research problem or the question(s) you intend to
address through research. Your introduction would typically include some variation of the
following:

1. Statement of the topic you are about to address

2. Current state of the field of understanding (often, we call this a literature review and it
may even merit having its own section)

3. Problem or gap in knowledge (what don’t we know yet or need to know? what does the
field still need to understand? what’s been left out of previous research? is this a new
issue that needs some direction?)

4. Forecast statement that explains, very briefly, what the rest of the paper will entail,
including a possible quick explanation of the type of research that needs to be conducted

5. explain the significance, and review of background or known information on your topic
2. Methods. Separate each type of research you conducted (interviews, focus groups,
experiments, etc.) into sub-sections and only discuss one research method in each sub-
section (for clarity and organization, it’s important to not talk about multiple methods at
once).

1. Be very detailed about your process. If you interviewed people, for example, we need to
know how many people you interviewed, what you asked them, what you hoped to learn
by interviewing them, why chose to interview over other methods, why you interviewed
those people specifically (including providing they demographic information if it’s
relevant), and so forth. For other types of data collection, we need to know what your
methods were–how long you observed; how frequently you tested; how you coded
qualitative data; and so forth.

2. Don’t discuss what the research means. You’ll use the next two sections–Analysis and
Discussion–to talk about what the research means. To stay organized, simply discuss
your research methods. This is the single biggest mistake when writing research papers,
so don’t fall into that trap.

3. Describe your methods for gathering information and explain your sources of
information, both primary and secondary

3. Results

1. The results section is critical for your audience to understand what the research showed.
Use this section to show tables, charts, graphs, quotes, etc. from your research. At this
point, you are building your reader towards drawn conclusions, but you are not yet
providing a full analysis. You’re simply showing what the data says. Follow the same
order as the Methods section–if you put interviews first, then focus groups second, do the
same in this section. Be sure, when you include graphics and images, that you label and
title every table or graphic (“Table 3: Interview Results“) and that you introduce them
in the body of your text (“As you can see in Figure 1, seventy-nine percent of
respondents…”)

2. Analysis: The analysis section details what you and others may learn from the data.
While some researchers like to combine this section with the Discussion section, many
writers and researchers find it useful to analyze the data separately. In the analysis
section, spend time connecting the dots for the reader. What do the interviews say about
the way employers think about their employees? What do the observations say about how
employees respond to workplace criticism? Can any connections be made between the
two research types? It’s important in the Analysis section that you don’t draw
conclusions that the research findings don’t suggest. Always stick to what the research
says.

3. Indeed, you have to describe what you found out from your research and develop each
point thoroughly, as this is the main section of your research paper
4. Discussion
1. Finally, you conclude this paper by suggesting what new knowledge this provides to
the field. You’ll often want to note the limitations of your study and what further
research still needs to be done. If something alarming or important was discovered, this
is where you highlight that information. If you use the IMRaD format to write other
types of papers (like a recommendation report or a plan), this is where you put the
recommendations or the detailed plan.
2. Explain the significance of your findings,
3. Describe how they support your thesis and discuss limitations of your research

Bradford Hill Bradford Hill’s questions s questions

Introduction Why did you start?

Methods What did you do?
Results What did you find?
and
Discussion What does it all mean?

Sample of IMRaD Research

Full PDF attached herein: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267631416

Comprehension Builder 1

1. By reading sample research, fill the matrix by supplying appropriate data

needed in: Answer by bullets the Introduction to Discussion. Note, synthesis
answer only. Don’t copy and paste.

Research Title:
Authors
Date Published:
Highlights in Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Cite at least one in each

of the references:

Book
Journal
Web

Input 2. American Psychological Association (APA)

APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association (APA) and is
commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences. The APA style
originated in a 1929 article published in Psychological Bulletin that laid out the basic guidelines.
These guidelines were eventually expanded into the APA Publication Manual.

So why is APA format so important in psychology and other social sciences? By using
APA style, researchers and students writing about psychology are able to communicate
information about their ideas and experiments in a consistent format. Sticking to a consistent
style allows readers to know what to look for as they read journal articles and other forms of
psychological writing.
 APA format for academic papers and essays

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual provides guidelines for clear
communication, citing sources, and formatting documents. This article focuses on paper
formatting.

Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines:

 Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides.

 Double-space all text, including headings.
 Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches.
 Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
 Include a page number on every page.

APA alphabetization guidelines

References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown,
order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or
“an”).

Attached herein are samples of APA format based on the guidelines, don’t mind the

language, just the proper label.

 Similar features could be seen on, take note of the guidelines.

Keywords: Are those major variables in the external and internal research. If you’re
study is all about: Manifestation of Language Anxiety among College Students, the keywords:
Manifestations, Language Anxiety, College Students etc...

Comprehensive Study on APA Format

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

(In the above sample, the name of the organization is the author. Note that only proper names
are capitalized in the title, and the edition number follows the title.)
Book:
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Book with an Editor:

Robinson, D. N. (Ed.). (1992). Social discourse and moral judgment. San Diego, CA: Academic
Press.

Note: italicize the title of the book and do not capitalize any words in titles except the first word,
proper names, and after a colon. Use the author's or editor's initials only for first and middle
names.

Chapter from an Edited Volume or Anthology:

Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid& R. J.
Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Scholarly Article:
Fuentes, A. (2016). Contemporary evolutionary theory in biological anthropology: Insight into
human evolution, genomics and challenges to racialized pseudo-
science. Revista Cuicuilco, 23(65), 293-304.

Note: Do not set off the title of the article with quotes, italics, underlines, or capital letters
(except for the first word, proper names or after a colon). Italicize the title of the journal and
capitalize all words in the title of the journal. This sample includes the volume number (23)
which is italicized to set it off from the other numbers. The issue number (65) appears in
parentheses and is not italicized. You will also notice that there is no space left between the
volume number and the first parenthesis for the issue number.
Scholarly Article (with multiple authors):
Calvo, M. G., & Lang, P. J. (2004). Gaze patterns when looking at emotional pictures:
Motivationally biased attention. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 221-
243. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MOEM.0000040153.26156.ed

Note: This sample includes the volume number (28), which is italicized to set it off from the
page numbers. There is no issue number in this example because the journal is paginated by
volume. Provide the DOI when available for electronic documents. If a DOI is not available for
a scholarly article retrieved online, you should supply the URL of the journal's homepage (NOT
the URL from the database). Note authors' names, indentations, spare use of capital letters, page
numbers, and use of periods and commas.

Popular Article (with two authors):

Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific
barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.

Note: Do not set off the title of the article with quotes, italics, underlines, or capital letters
(except for the first word, proper names, or after a colon). Italicize the title of the magazine and
capitalize all keywords in the title. Italicize the volume number to set it off from the page
numbers.

Newspaper Article:
Scwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post,
pp. A1, A4.

Note: Do not set off the title of the article with quotes, italics, underlines, or capital letters
(except for the first word, proper names or after a colon). Italicize the title of the newspaper and
capitalize all keywords in the title of the newspaper.

Webpage Examples:
Author, A. A. & Author B. B. (Date of publication, or n.d. if no date). Title of page [Format
description when necessary]. Retrieved from https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Eco, U. (2015). How to write a thesis [PDF file]. (Farina C. M. & Farina F., Trans.) Retrieved
from https://www.researchgate.net/...How_to_write_a_thesis/.../Umberto+Eco-
How+to+Write+... (Original work published 1977).

If the page's author is not listed, start with the title. If the date of publication is not listed, use the
abbreviation (n.d.):

Spotlight Resources. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/about_the_owl/owl_information/spotlight_resources.html

Only include a date of access when page content is likely to change over time (ex: if you're citing
a wiki):

Purdue University Writing Lab [Facebook page]. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2019, from
https://www.facebook.com/PurdueUniversityWritingLab/

Non-periodical Web Document or Report (Examples: government data such as U.S.

Census):

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication, or n.d. if no date). Title of

document. Retrieved from https://Web address

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., &Brizee, A. (2010,
May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Note: Italicize the title of the website but do not capitalize any words except the first, proper
names, and the first word following a colon.
For citing company or industry reports from the library's MarketLine database, also see:
https://guides.library.ualberta.ca/apa-citation-style/business

Comprehension builder 2
1. In your own perception, what do you include in writing an APA format? Why is it
significant to research? Cite your learning about. Answer in bullet forms.
2. Arrange the following into APA format:
1. John Rodolf N. Mortega, December 9 2020 Inter-language Approach,
www.medium.com@interlanguageapproach
2. Villaflor, Miranda, Pacheco, Delgado: Language Shift and language Maintenance
2019. Sidney, Australia, Art Press, p.30
3. December 25, 2018 Lomeda J. Language Dynamics: Its Implication to Language
Learning, Manila Times, pp. A29, A33
4. Education Summit, Post-Writing https://www.facebook.com/postwriting
retrieved from December 2, 2020
Attached herein the sample references in a full-blown research don’t be confused with the
 References in IMRaD it’s completely the same.

Note: Universities and colleges have its own style in APA format, however, they are
adhering to what is existing.
Application may help you in improving your research composition from
proofreading, plagiarism check, and APA citations, click for application:
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/
Delving Deeper:

Academic Writing IMRaD by Dr. SatuManninen

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Zud3lIXxdM&feature=youtu.be

Complete Citations for APA Format

https://libguides.umgc.edu/c.php?g=1003870&p=7270652
General Reflection

Learning Reflection

As BSEd student major in English, I’ve As BSEd student major in English, I’ve
learned from the video of Dr. Satu that…. learned from this module that…

References:

Abraham, Philip The IMRaD

formathttps://www.jpgmonline.com/wc_pdf/day1/1045_PA_IMRaD-3.pdf

Cherry, K. & Swain, E. (2020, August 25). Basic Rules of APA

Formathttps://www.verywellmind.com/general-rules-for-apa-format-2794840
How to Organize a Paper: The
IMRaDFormat.https://thevisualcommunicationguy.com/writing/how-to-organize-a-paper/how-
to-organize-a-paper-the-imrad-format/

https://libguides.dickinson.edu/citing/apasamples

IMRAD Outlining
https://owl.excelsior.edu/research/outlining/outlining-imrad/

Scribbr: Proofreading, Plagiarism, Citation. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/