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Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 7
Series
Pre-Calculus – Grade 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 7: Series
First Edition, 2020

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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Jamaico H. Taborada
Editors: Mariel Villanueva
Reviewers: Reynaldo C. Tagala
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Maylene F. Grigana
Cover Art Designer: Ian Caesar E. Frondoza
Management Team: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV – Regional Director
Fiel Y. Almendra, CESO V – Assistant Regional Director
Gildo G. Mosqueda, CEO V
Diosdado F. Ablanido, CPA
Gilbert B. Barrera – Chief, CLMD
Arturo D. Tingson Jr. – REPS, LRMS
Peter Van C. Ang-ug – REPS, ADM
Jade T. Palomar – REPS, Mathematics
Donna S. Panes – Chief, CID
Elizabeth G. Torres – EPS, LRMS
Judith B. Alba – EPS, ADM
Reynaldo C. Tagala – EPS, Mathematics

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN Region

Office Address: Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893
E-mail Address: [email protected]
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Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 7:
Series
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Series!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Series!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master illustrating Series. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

This module composes one lesson and presents it in this manner:

1. Definition of and writing in sigma notation
2. Evaluate sums written in sigma notation
3. Properties of sigma notation
4. Calculating sums using the properties of sigma notation

Lesson 1 - Illustrating a Series

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Use the sigma notation to represent a series.

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 What I Know

Find how much you already know about the topic in this module. Take note
of the items that you were not able to answer correctly and find the right answer as
you go through this module.

A. List all of the terms of each finite sequence with the given rule.

1. 𝑎𝑛 = 100 − 5𝑛 for 1 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 4
2. 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛 + 1)2 for 1 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5
3. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) for 3 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 6
4. 𝑎𝑛 = 1 + (−3)𝑛 for 2≤n≤4
(−1)𝑛+1
5. 𝑎𝑛 = for 1 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5
𝑛

B. List the first four terms of the infinite sequence with the given rule.

1. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 − 4

2. 𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 5

1
3. 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛2 +2

4
4. 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛+1)

(−1)𝑛
5. 𝑎𝑛 =
2𝑛−1

C. Write a formula for the general term of each infinite sequence.

1. 3, 5, 7, 9…

2. 1, 4, 9, 16 …

3. 97, 94, 91, 88 …

4. -1, 2,-4, 8,-16…

1 4 9 16
5. , , , …
2 3 4 5

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 Lesson

1 Illustrating a Series

What’s In

In the previous lessons, you learned about solving situational problems

involving system of nonlinear equations. To refresh yourself about the previous topic,
answer the following activity.

Activity 1.1 Try Me!

Solve the following problems.

1. Find the length and width of a rectangle whose perimeter is 38 meters and whose
area is 60 square meters.

2. The sum of two numbers is 22 and their product is 112. Find this numbers.

3. The difference between the squares of two numbers is 48. Their quotient is 2.
Find the numbers.

What’s New

Let’s Explore

Karl is training to run a marathon race. However, he has an unusual training

plan. On the first day of training, he runs a mile. The next day, he runs ½ of a mile,
and the day after he runs ¼ mile more. Each subsequent day he run half of what he
ran the day before. If he keeps this training up forever, how many miles will he have
run? Although this training is an unusual way to train for a marathon, it does
illustrate a situation that would require the use of an infinite series. This lesson will
illustrate the use of infinite series and give examples of common series as well as
their applications.

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 What is It

A series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence. As an illustration, the

sum of the first five terms of the sequence whose nth term is given by the formula
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 + 3 is written as

4+5+6+7+8

A series indicates the sum of the terms of the given sequence. The sum of the
series is 30.

A series may be finite or infinite. The precise definition of series is given below

Given the infinite sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 , … 𝑎𝑛 , … the sum of the terms 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 +

𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 + ⋯ is called infinite series

A partial sum, also called a finite series is the sum of the first n terms 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 +
𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 + ⋯ and is denoted by 𝑆𝑛 .

To describe the sum of the terms of a sequence, we use the sigma notation.

The Sigma Notation

Sigma Notation, also known as summation notation, is a convenient way of
representing the sum of the terms of a finite sequence. The Greek letter Σ (𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎) is
used to indicate the sum. The sum of the first n terms of the sequence having an nth
term of 𝑎𝑛 is represented by

∑ 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛
𝑖=1

where 𝑖 is called the index of summation, 𝑛 is the upper limit of summation,

and 1 is the lower limit of summation.

Example 1. The sum of the first five terms of the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 + 3 is written as

∑(𝑛 + 3)
𝑛=1

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 You can read this notation as “the sum of n+3 for n between 1 and 5,
inclusive.” To find the sum, let n take the values 1 through 5 in the expression n+3:

∑5𝑛=1(𝑛 + 3) = (1 + 3) + (2 + 3) + (3 + 3) + (4 + 3) + (5 + 3)

= 4+5+6+7+8

= 30

Writing and Evaluating Sums in Summation Notation

Example 2. Write the terms of the terms of the following series, and find the
value of the expression

∑(𝟒𝒏 − 𝟓)
𝒏=𝟏

𝒂𝟏 = 4(1) − 5 = 4 − 5 = −1;

𝒂𝟐 = 4(2) − 5 = 8 − 5 = 3; and

𝒂𝟑 = 4(3) − 5 = 12 − 5 = 7

∑(𝟒𝒏 − 𝟓) = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
= −𝟏 + 𝟑 + 𝟕
=9

2𝑛
Example 3 Evaluate ∑5𝑛=1(−1)𝑛
𝑛+1
5
2𝑛
∑(−1)𝑛
𝑛+1
𝑛=1
21 22 23 24
= [{(−1)1 } + {(−1)2 } + {(−1)3 } + {(−1)4 }
1+1 2+1 3+1 4+1
25
+ {(−1)5 }]
5+1

2 4 8 16 32
= [{−1 ∙ } + {1 ∙ } + {−1 ∙ } + {1 ∙ } + {−1 ∙ }]
2 3 4 5 6

4 16 32
= [−1 + − 2 + − ]
3 5 6

−19 4
= 𝑜𝑟 − 3
5 5

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Example 4 Write the series in sigma notation
2+ 4+6+ 8+10
Observe that each successive number is an even number. We know that
even numbers are all multiples of 2 and can be represented as 2n.

So, 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = ∑5𝑛=1(2𝑛)

Example 5 Write the series in sigma notation.

1 1 1 1
1 − + − + ⋯−
2 3 4 10

Since the terms of the series have alternating signs, use powers of -1.
Because any even power of -1 is positive and any odd power of -1 is negative,
use (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
The denominators are simply the positive integers from 1 to 10. So the
nth term of this series is given by the formula:
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
𝒂𝒏 =
𝒏
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
Since the general term for the series is , then n takes the values
𝒏
from 1 through 10.

1 1 1 1 (−1)𝑛+1
Thus, 1 − + − + ⋯ − = ∑4𝑛=1
2 3 4 10 𝑛

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Properties of Sigma Notation
If {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } are sequences and c is constant, then:

Property Illustrative Example

𝑛
1 4
∑ 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑛 ∑ 3 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
2 4
∑ 𝑐𝑎𝑖 = 𝑐 ∑ 𝑎𝑖 ∑ 3𝑎𝑖 = 3(1) + 3(2) + 3(3) + 3(4)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
= 3(1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
= 30
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
3 3 3 3
∑(𝑎𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑖)= ∑ 𝑎𝑖 ± ∑ 𝑏𝑖 ∑(4𝑖 + 5) = ∑ 4𝑖 + ∑ 5
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
3 3

= 4∑𝑖 + ∑5
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
= 4(1 + 2 + 3) + 5(3)
=39
𝑛
4 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
5
5(5 + 1)
∑𝑖 = ∑𝑖 = [ ]
2 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
30
=[ ]
2
= 15
𝑛
5 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
7
7(7 + 1)[2(7) + 1]
∑ 𝑖2 = ∑ 𝑖2 =
6 6
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
7(8)(15)
=
6
= 140
𝑛
6 𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
5
52 (5 + 1)2
∑ 𝑖3 = ∑ 𝑖3 =
4 4
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
25(6)2
=
4
900
=
4
= 225

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 What’s More

Activity 1.2 Firm Up

Write the terms of each series.

1. ∑7𝑛=1(𝑛 + 1)

2. ∑5𝑛=1 𝑛2

3. ∑5𝑛=1 2𝑛

4. ∑5𝑛=1(2𝑛 − 1)

𝑛+3
5. ∑4𝑛=1
𝑛+2

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.3 Do You Remember Me?

A. Define the following:

1. Series
2. Sequence
3. Summation Notation
4. Infinite Series
5. Finite Series

B. Evaluate the related series of each sequence

1. 2, 12, 72, 432, ____
2. -2, 6, -18, 54, -162, ____
3. -1, 5, -25, 125, _____
4. -2, -12, -72, -432, -2592, _____
5. -1, 4, -16, 64, _____

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 What I Can Do

Activity 1.4 Deepen Your Understanding

A. Write each series in sigma notation. Use the index n, and let n begin at 1 in each
summation.

1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
2. 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15
3. 11 + 14 + 17 + 20 + 23 + 26 + 29
4. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 + 49
5. 1 + 8 + 27 + 64

B. Evaluate the sum using the properties of summation.

1. ∑7𝑛=1(𝑛 + 1)

2. ∑5𝑛=1 𝑛2

3. ∑5𝑛=1 2𝑛

4. ∑5𝑛=1(2𝑛 − 1)

𝑛+3
5. ∑4𝑛=1
𝑛+2

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 Assessment

A. Rewrite each series as a sum.

1. ∑5𝑚=1(4𝑚2 + 4)

2. ∑5𝑛=1(30 − 𝑘 2 )

3. ∑5𝑛=1 𝑛

4. ∑6𝑚=1(50 − 𝑚)

5. ∑6𝑎=1(3𝑎2 − 2)

6. ∑5𝑚=1(100 − 𝑚)

7. ∑4𝑚=1(5𝑚2 + 4)

8. ∑9𝑎=4(20 − 𝑎2 )

𝑚2 +1
9. ∑6𝑚=1
𝑚

10. ∑4𝑘=0(100 − 𝑛)

B. Evaluate each series.

1. ∑7𝑛=1(40 − 𝑛2 )

2. ∑5𝑘=1 3𝑘

3. ∑7𝑎=1(500 − 𝑎)

4. ∑4𝑘=0 2𝑘

5. ∑6𝑘=1 𝑘 2

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C. Rewrite each series using sigma notation.

1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4

2. 3 + 9 + 27 + 81+ 243

3. 3+ 9 + 27 + 81

4. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25

5. 4 + 8 + 12 + 16

1 1 3 4 5
6. + + + +
2 3 4 5 6

1 1 1 1 1
7. 1 + + + + +
2 3 4 5 6

Additional Activities

Activity 1. 6 Challenge Yourself

1. A frog with a vision problem is 1 yard away from a dead cricket. He spots
the cricket and jumps halfway to the cricket. After the frog realizes that he has not
reached the cricket, he again jumps halfway to the cricket. Write a series in sigma
notation to describe how far the frog has moved after nine jumps.

2. Suppose you save Php 1.00 on January 1, Php 2.00 on January 2, Php 3.00
on January 3, and so on. Use sigma notation to write the sum of your savings for the
entire month of January.

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 12
What I Know! Activity 1.4 Deepen Your
A. Understanding
1. 95,90,85,80 A.
2. 4, 9,16,25,36 10 5
1. ∑𝑛=1 𝑛 2. ∑𝑛=1 3𝑛
3. 6, 12, 20, 30, 42 7 7
3. ∑𝑛=1 8 + 3𝑛 4. ∑𝑛=1 𝑛2
4. 10,-26, 82,-242 4
5. ∑𝑛=1 𝑛3
5. 1, -1/2, 1/3, -1/4, 1/5
B. B.
1. -3, 0, 5, 12 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
2. 8, 11, 14, 17 2. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
3. 1/3, 1/6, 1/11, 1/17 3. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
4. 2, 4/3, 1, 4/5 4. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
5. -1, 1/3, -1/5, 1/7 5. 4/3, 5/4, 6/5, 7/6
C.
4
1. ∑𝑛=1 2𝑛 + 1 Assessment
4
2. ∑𝑛=1 𝑛2 A.
3. ∑4 100 − 3𝑛
𝑛=1 1. 8+ 20 + 40 + 68 + 104
4
4. ∑𝑛=1 (−1)𝑛 2𝑛 2. 29+ 26+ 21+ 14 + 5
4 𝑛2 3. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
5. ∑𝑛=1
𝑛+1
4. 49 + 48 + 47 + 46 + 45 + 44
5. 1 + 10 + 25 + 46 + 73 + 106
Activity 1.1 Try Me!
1. length is 15 m, width is 4m
6. 99 + 98 + 97 + 96 + 95
2. 8 and 14
7. 9 + 24 + 49 + 84
3. 8 and 4
8. 4 + -5 + -16 + -29 + -44 + -61
9. 2 + 5/2 + 10/3 + 17/4 + 26/5 +
37/6
Activity 1.2 Firm Up 10. 96 +95 +94 + 93 + 92 + 91
1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
2. 8, 11, 14, 17 B.
3. 1/3, 1/6, 1/11, 1/17 1. 140 2. 45
4. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 3. 3472 4. 182
5. 4/3, 5/4, 6/5, 7/6 5. 15 6. 20
7. 91
Activity 1.3 Do You Remember C.
4 5
Me? 1. ∑𝑛=1 𝑛 2. ∑𝑚=1 3𝑚
5
B. 3. ∑4 3𝑛
𝑛=1 4. ∑𝑘=1 𝑘2
4 5 𝑎
1. 2592 5. ∑𝑘=1 4𝑘 6. ∑𝑎=1
𝑎+1
2. 4486 6 1
7. ∑𝑎=1
𝑎
3. 625
4. 15 552
Additional Activities
9 1 12
5. -256 1. ∑𝑛=0 2. ∑𝑛=1 𝑛
2𝑛
Answer Key
References

1. Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

(2016) Pre-Calculus Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines

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 DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN
with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal.
Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The
process of LR development was observed in the production of this module.
This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN

Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: [email protected]

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