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    2 - Form of The Earth

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    erkan göktepe
    The Earth has an ellipsoid shape that is flattened at the poles. It has a polar radius of 6,356.75 km and equatorial radius of 6378.14 km. Parallels are horizontal circles running north to south, with latitude measured as the angle from the equator. Meridians are vertical semicircles running east to west, with longitude measured as the angle east or west of Greenwich. The great circle is the shortest path between two points, while the rhumb line maintains a constant heading but is longer. Nautical miles vary in length depending on latitude, being longest on the equator and shortest near the poles.

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    2 - Form of The Earth

    Uploaded by

    erkan göktepe
    116 views58 pages
    The Earth has an ellipsoid shape that is flattened at the poles. It has a polar radius of 6,356.75 km and equatorial radius of 6378.14 km. Parallels are horizontal circles running north to south, with latitude measured as the angle from the equator. Meridians are vertical semicircles running east to west, with longitude measured as the angle east or west of Greenwich. The great circle is the shortest path between two points, while the rhumb line maintains a constant heading but is longer. Nautical miles vary in length depending on latitude, being longest on the equator and shortest near the poles.

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    2 - Form of the Earth

    Original Title

    2 - Form of the Earth

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    The Earth has an ellipsoid shape that is flattened at the poles. It has a polar radius of 6,356.75 km and equatorial radius of 6378.14 km. Parallels are horizontal circles running north to south, with latitude measured as the angle from the equator. Meridians are vertical semicircles running east to west, with longitude measured as the angle east or west of Greenwich. The great circle is the shortest path between two points, while the rhumb line maintains a constant heading but is longer. Nautical miles vary in length depending on latitude, being longest on the equator and shortest near the poles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    116 views58 pages

    2 - Form of The Earth

    Uploaded by

    erkan göktepe
    The Earth has an ellipsoid shape that is flattened at the poles. It has a polar radius of 6,356.75 km and equatorial radius of 6378.14 km. Parallels are horizontal circles running north to south, with latitude measured as the angle from the equator. Meridians are vertical semicircles running east to west, with longitude measured as the angle east or west of Greenwich. The great circle is the shortest path between two points, while the rhumb line maintains a constant heading but is longer. Nautical miles vary in length depending on latitude, being longest on the equator and shortest near the poles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 58

    2.

    Form of the Earth


    Shape of the Earth
    Position on the Earth / Parallels and Meridians
    ChLat / ChLong
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line
    061 – General Navigation
    Prepared By : Mustafa Can TOPRAK
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Ellipsoid / Spheroid or Geoid

    The EARTH
    • Has Ellipsoid (Spheroid) shape
    • Is flattened from the poles!!!
    • Circumference is 21600 NM
    • Polar Radius (Semi minör Axis) : 6356.75 km
    • Eq. Radius (Semi Major Axis) : 6378.14 km

    • This non-perfection can make the navigation


    harder but modern navigation systems can
    compansate it with mathematical modeling.

    2
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    North / South and East / West

    The North Pole


    • When an observer looks from the North Pole,
    • Earth rotates in anti - clockwise!
    • And this direction represents EAST!

    3
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Parallels and Meridians – Latitude and Longitude

    Parallels
    • Horizontal circles.
    • There are 180 parallel – 90 North and 90 South
    • Their length decreases towards to poles due to the
    spheroid shape
    • The Distance between 2 parallels is 60 nautical miles
    and constant. This value is very useful for measure the
    Distance between 2 points.

    Latitude
    • The Angle between the lines Earth Centre – Equator and
    Earth Centre - position

    4
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Parallels and Meridians – Latitude and Longitude

    Meridians
    • Vertical semi-circles which lies between North and
    South poles.
    • There are 360 meridians – 180 West and 180 East
    • Their lengts are constant. But
    • The Distance between 2 meridians is variable due to
    the shape of the Earth. Distance decreases towards to
    poles. (Convergence)

    Longitude
    • The Angle between the Greenwich meridian and Local
    meridian.

    5
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Parallels and Meridians – Latitude and Longitude

    Anti - Meridians
    • Is the meridian which is the directly opposite direction
    of the Earth. (East-West)

    • Meridian + Anti Meridian = 180


    • 1200 45′ 𝑊 meridian → 1800 00′
    1200 45′
    𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟎 𝟏𝟓′E

    • 0490 25′ 𝐸 meridian → 1800 00′


    0490 25′
    𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟓′ 𝑾

    6
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Parallels and Meridians – Latitude and Longitude

    7
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Graticule

    8
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Change of Latitude – Change of Longitude

    120E 80W 40W 0 40E 80E 120E


    80N

    60N

    40N

    20N

    20S

    40S

    60S

    9
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line

    Great Circle
    • Is the shortest Distance between 2 points on the Earth Surfaces
    • Divides the Earth to 2 equal pieces.
    • All meridians are the great circle with their anti meridians.
    • Equator is the great circle
    • But the other paralels of latitude are not great circle

    10
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line

    Great Circle

    11
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line

    Rhumb Line
    • Is the line which intersects the all meridians with same angle
    • Generally, it is not the shortest line between 2 points. Exceptions;
    • Equator is both Great Circle and Rhumb Line.
    • All parallels and meridians are rhumb line.
    • In contrast to Great Circle, heading is constant when cruising the
    rhumb line.

    12
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line

    13
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line

    Rhumb line is always closer to the equator!!!

    14
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line

    15
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line

    16
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    Great Circle and Rhumb Line

    Anchorage (Alaska) – St Petersburg

    Great Circle Track : 3557 nm Rhumbline Track ≈ 5400 nm

    17
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    1 Nautical Mile

    18
    SHAPE of THE EARTH
    1 Nautical Mile

    3
    1

    Arc 1 → 45 North → 1 Nm

    Arc 2 → Towards to Eq. → < 1 Nm

    Arc 3 → Towards to Pol. → > 1 Nm

    19
    Form of the Earth

    ATPL Questions

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