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    1.dynamics of Relativistic Particles and Electromagnetic Fields

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    Ayushman Bishwas
    1. The document examines the Lagrangian description of the electromagnetic field interacting with external sources of charge and current. 2. It establishes the correspondences between the discrete variables of particles (position, velocity) and the continuous field variables (the field and its derivative) in the Lagrangian. 3. The Lagrangian density for the free electromagnetic field is chosen to be proportional to FαβFαβ, where Fαβ is the field strength tensor, to ensure Lorentz invariance. The interaction term is proportional to the 4-current density Jα.

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    1.dynamics of Relativistic Particles and Electromagnetic Fields

    Uploaded by

    Ayushman Bishwas
    59 views6 pages
    1. The document examines the Lagrangian description of the electromagnetic field interacting with external sources of charge and current. 2. It establishes the correspondences between the discrete variables of particles (position, velocity) and the continuous field variables (the field and its derivative) in the Lagrangian. 3. The Lagrangian density for the free electromagnetic field is chosen to be proportional to FαβFαβ, where Fαβ is the field strength tensor, to ensure Lorentz invariance. The interaction term is proportional to the 4-current density Jα.

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    It is the lecture pdf describing lagrangian for electromagnetic field

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    Lec-06

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    1. The document examines the Lagrangian description of the electromagnetic field interacting with external sources of charge and current. 2. It establishes the correspondences between the discrete variables of particles (position, velocity) and the continuous field variables (the field and its derivative) in the Lagrangian. 3. The Lagrangian density for the free electromagnetic field is chosen to be proportional to FαβFαβ, where Fαβ is the field strength tensor, to ensure Lorentz invariance. The interaction term is proportional to the 4-current density Jα.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views6 pages

    1.dynamics of Relativistic Particles and Electromagnetic Fields

    Uploaded by

    Ayushman Bishwas
    1. The document examines the Lagrangian description of the electromagnetic field interacting with external sources of charge and current. 2. It establishes the correspondences between the discrete variables of particles (position, velocity) and the continuous field variables (the field and its derivative) in the Lagrangian. 3. The Lagrangian density for the free electromagnetic field is chosen to be proportional to FαβFαβ, where Fαβ is the field strength tensor, to ensure Lorentz invariance. The interaction term is proportional to the 4-current density Jα.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    1.

    DYNAMICS OF RELATIVISTIC
    PARTICLES AND
    ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
    LECTURE SERIES -06

    1.4 LAGRANGIAN FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

    PRABIN KUMAR BISHWAS


    We examine a Lagangian description of the electromagnetic field in interaction with specified external sources of charge and
    current. Lagrangian approach to continuous fields closely parallels the techniques used for discrete point particles. The finite
    number of coordinates 𝑞𝑖 (𝑡) and 𝑞ሶ 𝑖 (𝑡), i = 1, 2, ……,n are replaced by an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Each point in
    space - time 𝑥 𝛼 corresponds to a finite number of values of the discrete index i. The generalized coordinate 𝑞𝑖 is replaced by a
    continuous field 𝜙𝑘 (𝑥), with a discrete index (k = 1, 2, ………,n) and a continuous index 𝑥 𝛼 . The generalized velocity
    𝜕𝛽 𝜙𝑘 .
    𝜕 1𝜕
    = , ∇ = 𝜕𝜇 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡
    𝜕𝑋𝜇 𝑐 𝜕𝑡
    𝜕 1𝜕
    = , −∇ = 𝜕𝜇 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡)
    𝜕𝑋𝜇 𝑐 𝜕𝑡
    We thus have the following correspondences:
    𝑖 → 𝑥𝛼, 𝑘
    𝑞𝑖 → 𝜙𝑘 (𝑥) ---------(1)
    𝑞ሶ 𝑖 → 𝜕 𝛼 𝜙𝑘 (𝑥)
    So,
    𝐿 = σ𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝑞𝑖 , 𝑞ሶ 𝑖 → ‫ ׬‬ℒ 𝜙𝑘 , 𝜕 𝛼 𝜙𝑘 𝑑 3 𝑥 ---------(2)
    The Euler - Lagrange equations becomes
    𝑑 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿 𝜕ℒ 𝜕ℒ
    = →𝜕 𝛽
    𝛽
    = ---------(3)
    𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑞ሶ 𝑖 𝜕𝑞𝑖 𝜕 𝜕 𝜙𝑘 𝜕𝜙𝑘
    Where ℒ is a Lagrangian density, corresponding to a definite point in space – time and equivalent to the individual terms in a
    discrete Lagraingian. For the electromagnetic fields the “coordinates” and “velocities” are 𝐴𝛼 and 𝜕𝛽 𝐴𝛼 .
    The action integral takes the form
    𝐴 = ඵ ℒ 𝑑 3 𝑥𝑑𝑡 = න ℒ𝑑 4 𝑥 ---------(4)

    The Lorentz - invariant nature of the action is preserved provided the Lagrangian density ℒ is a Lorentz scalar (because the four
    – dimensional volume element is invariant). In analogy with the situation with discrete particles, we except the free - field
    Lagrangian at least to be quadratic in the velocities i.e. 𝜕𝛽 𝐴𝛼 or 𝐹 𝛼𝛽 (Field Strength Tensor). The only Lorentz invariant quadratic
    forms are 𝐹𝛼𝛽 𝐹 𝛼𝛽 and 𝐹𝛼𝛽 ℱ 𝛼𝛽 (ℱ 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟).

    The term 𝐹𝛼𝛽 ℱ 𝛼𝛽 is a scalar under proper Lorentz transformation, but a pseudoscalar under inversion. If we demand a scalar ℒ
    under inversions as well as proper Lorentz transformations, we must have ℒ𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 as some multiple of 𝐹𝛼𝛽 𝐹 𝛼𝛽 . Hence, we choose
    the free particle Lagrangian density to be
    1
    ℒ𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 = − 16𝜋 𝐹𝛼𝛽 𝐹 𝛼𝛽
    The interaction term in ℒ involves the source densities. These are described by the current density 4 – vector, 𝐽𝛼 (𝑥). From the
    form of the electrostatic and magnetostatic energies, or from the charged particle interaction Lagrangian, we anticipate that
    ℒ𝑖𝑛𝑡 is a multiple of 𝐽𝛼 𝐴𝛼 . Hence, we choose ℒ 𝑖𝑛𝑡 to be
    1
    ℒ𝑖𝑛𝑡 = − 𝐽𝛼 𝐴𝛼
    𝑐
    Therefore, the electromagnetic Lagrangian density is given by
    ℒ = ℒ𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 + ℒ𝑖𝑛𝑡
    1 1
    =− 𝐹𝛼𝛽 𝐹 𝛼𝛽 − 𝐽𝛼 𝐴𝛼 ---------(5)
    16𝜋 𝑐
    In order to use the Euler - Lagrangian equation in the form of equation (3), we use the definition of fields
    𝐹 𝛼𝛽 = 𝜕 𝛼 𝐴𝛽 − 𝜕𝛽 𝐴𝛼
    and
    𝐹𝛼𝛽 = 𝑔𝛼𝛾 𝐹 𝛾𝛿 𝑔𝛿𝛽
    And
    𝐹𝛼𝛽 𝐹 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑔𝛼𝛾 𝐹 𝛾𝛿 𝑔𝛿𝛽 𝐹 𝛼𝛽
    = 𝑔𝛼𝛾 𝑔𝛿𝛽 𝐹 𝛾𝛿 𝐹 𝛼𝛽
    Thus,
    1 1
    ℒ=− 𝑔𝜆𝜇 𝑔𝜈𝜎 𝐹 𝐹 − 𝐽𝛼 𝐴𝛼
    𝜇𝜎 𝜆𝜈
    16𝜋 𝑐
    1 1
    =− 𝑔𝜆𝜇 𝑔𝜈𝜎 𝜕 𝐴 − 𝜕 𝐴 𝜕 𝐴 − 𝜕 𝐴 − 𝐽𝛼 𝐴𝛼
    𝜇 𝜎 𝜎 𝜇 𝜆 𝜈 𝜈 𝜆
    16𝜋 𝑐
    Now,
    𝜕ℒ
    𝜕 𝜕 𝛽 𝐴𝛼
    1 𝜕 𝜕
    =− 𝑔𝜆𝜇 𝑔𝜈𝜎 𝜕 𝜆 𝐴𝜈 − 𝜕 𝜈 𝐴𝜆 𝜕 𝜇 𝐴𝜎 − 𝜕 𝜎 𝐴𝜇 + 𝜕 𝜇 𝐴𝜎 − 𝜕 𝜎 𝐴𝜇 𝜕 𝜆 𝐴𝜈 − 𝜕 𝜈 𝐴𝜆
    16𝜋 𝜕 𝜕 𝛽 𝐴𝛼 𝜕 𝜕 𝛽 𝐴𝛼
    1 𝜕
    + 𝛽 𝛼
    𝐽𝛼 𝐴𝛼
    𝑐𝜕 𝜕 𝐴
    1 𝜇 𝜇
    =− 𝑔𝜆𝜇 𝑔𝜈𝜎 𝐹 𝜆𝜈 𝛿𝛽 𝛿𝛼𝜎 − 𝛿𝛽𝜎 𝛿𝛼 + 𝐹𝜇𝜎 𝛿𝛽𝜆 𝛿𝛼𝜈 − 𝛿𝛽𝜈 𝛿𝛼𝜈 + 0
    16𝜋
    1
    =− 𝑔𝜆𝛽 𝑔𝜈𝛼 𝐹 𝜆𝜈 − 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝜈𝛽 𝐹 𝜆𝜈 + 𝑔𝛽𝜇 𝑔𝛿𝛼 𝐹 𝜆𝜈 − 𝑔𝛼𝜇 𝑔𝛽𝜎 𝐹 𝜆𝜈
    16𝜋
    1
    =− 𝐹 − 𝐹𝛼𝛽 + 𝐹𝛽𝛼 − 𝐹𝛼𝛽
    16𝜋 𝛽𝛼
    1
    =− −4 𝐹𝛼𝛽 [𝐹𝛽𝛼 = −𝐹𝛼𝛽 ]
    16𝜋
    𝜕ℒ 1
    ∴ = 𝐹 ---------(6)
    𝜕 𝜕 𝛽 𝐴𝛼 4𝜋 𝛼𝛽
    Also,
    𝜕ℒ 1 𝜕 𝛼
    1
    =0− 𝐽 𝐴 = − 𝐽𝛼 ---------(7)
    𝜕𝐴𝛼 𝑐 𝜕𝐴𝛼 𝛼 𝑐
    Using (6) and (7) in equation (3), we get
    1 1
    𝜕𝛽 𝐹 + 𝐽𝛼 = 0
    4𝜋 𝛼𝛽 𝑐
    1 𝛽 1
    𝑂𝑟, 𝜕 𝐹𝛼𝛽 = − 𝐽𝛼
    4𝜋 𝑐
    1 𝛽 1
    𝑂𝑟, 𝜕 𝐹𝛽𝛼 = 𝐽𝛼 ---------(8)
    4𝜋 𝑐
    These are recognized as a covariant form of the inhomogeneous Maxwell’s equations.
    The conservation of the source current density can be obtained from equation (8)
    1 𝛽 1
    𝜕 𝐹𝛽𝛼 = 𝐽𝛼
    4𝜋 𝑐
    Taking the 4 – divergence on both sides,
    1 𝛼 𝛽 1
    𝜕 𝜕 𝐹𝛽𝛼 = 𝜕 𝛼 𝐽𝛼 ---------(9)
    4𝜋 𝑐
    The LHS has differential operator that is symmetric in 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽, 𝐹𝛼𝛽 is not antisymmetric, so
    Interchanging 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 in LHS of equation (9), we get
    1 𝛽 𝛼 1 𝛼
    𝜕 𝜕 −𝐹𝛽𝛼 = 𝜕 𝐽𝛼 ---------(10)
    4𝜋 𝑐
    Adding equation (9) and (10), we get
    1 1
    − 𝜕 𝛼 𝐽𝛼 = 𝜕 𝛼 𝐽𝛼
    𝑐 𝑐
    2
    𝑂𝑟, 𝜕 𝛼 𝐽𝛼 = 0
    𝑐
    𝑂𝑟, 𝜕 𝛼 𝐽𝛼 = 0 ---------(11)

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