CIVIL ENGINEERING BOARD EXAMS PROBLEMS PHILIPPINES – October 16, 2020

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS – equations that involves trigonometric expressions.

TIPS:
Isolate the function on one side of the equation .
Solve for the variable
Determine the solutions of the variable if it is extraneous.

EXAMPLES:

1. 3 sin 𝑥 − 2 = 5 sin 𝑥 − 1
SOLUTION:

2. 2 tan2 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 = 2
SOLUTION:

3. 2 sin2 𝜃 − 5 sin 𝜃 + 3 = 0 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
SOLUTION:
4. 2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
SOLUTION:

5. 2 cos2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0
SOLUTION:

6. 3 tan2 𝑥 − 1 = 0
SOLUTION:
EXERCISES – Solve the following trigonometric equations using the range between -2π to 2π inclusive.

3𝜋
1. tan 𝜃 + 1 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃 = 11. 2 sin 𝜃 = 5 + cos 𝜃 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4
𝜋
2. tan2 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 = 6 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃 = 71.6° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 116.6° 12. cos2 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 0 , 𝜋 ,
2

𝜋 5𝜋
3. sec 2 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 31.717 ° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 58.282° 13. 2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = ,
3 3

𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 3𝜋
4. 4 sin2 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = , , , 14. sin2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 − 2 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
6 6 6 6 2

5. tan (8𝜃 + 1) = cot 17° 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃 = 9° 15. 2 cos2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃 − 6 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜋 3𝜋
6. 3 csc 𝐴 + 5.5 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐴 = 213.06° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 326.94° 16. cos 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. ,
2 2
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
7. 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = √3 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = , , , 17. 2 cos 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. ,
6 6 6 6 6 6
3𝜋 3𝜃
8. cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 18. sec = −2 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃 = 80° , 160°
2 2

𝜃 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
9. 2√3 sin = 3 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃 = 120° , 240° 19. 4 cos2 𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = , , ,
2 6 6 6 6
𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
10. 2 sec 2 𝑥 − tan4 𝑥 = −1 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = ± 20. 2(tan 𝑥 + 3) = 5 + tan 𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. ,
3 4 4

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY

SPHERICAL TRIANGLE - Any section made by a cutting plane that passes through a sphere is circle. A great circle is formed when the cutting plane
passes through the center of the sphere. Spherical triangle is a triangle bounded by arc of great circles of a sphere.
Note that for spherical triangles, sides a, b, and c are usually in angular units. And like plane triangles, angles A, B, and C are also in angular units.

SUM OF THE INTERIOR ANGLES OF THE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE - greater than 180° and less than 540°.

AREA OF THE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

E – spherical excess in degrees

SPHERICAL EXCESS

S = SEMIPERIMETER of the spherical triangle

SPHERICAL DEFECT

In spherical trigonometry, earth is assumed to be a perfect sphere. One minute (0° 1') of arc from the center of the earth has a distance equivalent to
one (1) nautical mile (6080 feet) on the arc of great circle on the surface of the earth.

1 minute of arc = 1 nautical mile

1 nautical mile = 6080 feet
1 statute mile = 5280 feet
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour

RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

NAPIER’S CIRCLE – indicates the sides and angle of the triangle in consecutive order , excluding the right angle.

𝐴̅ = 90° − 𝐴
𝐵̅ = 90 − 𝐵
𝑐̅ = 90 − 𝑐

NAPIER’S RULES IN RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

1. SIN – COOP - sine of middle part in Napier’s Circle is equal to the product of cosines of the opposite parts.
 2. SIN – TAAD – sine in middle part is equal to the product of the tangents of the adjacent parts.

OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

LAW OF SINES

LAW OF COSINES

NAPIER’S ANALOGIES

APPLICATION – THE TERRESTRIAL SPHERE or THE GLOBE

MERIDIAN – great circle passing through North and South Poles
EQUATOR – great circle passing through Prime Meridian and 180° line (Not similar to International Date Line)
LATITUDES – small circles parallel to Equator Its measure ranges from 0 to 90 degrees
PRIME MERIDIAN – passing through Greenwich , England, United Kingdom.
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE – The line signifying the present day and the day prior. Once you cross the IDT eastwards, the day will move back to
yesterday . Mostly passes through 180° longitude.

Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours or 15° per hour. It has mean radius of 6373 km , to be taken as 6400 km. One nautical mile is 6080 feet. This is the length
of the arc on the surface of the earth subtended by one (1) minute of an arc of the great circle. Manila has exact coordinates of 121° 05’ E longitude and
14° 36’ N latitude with +8 GMT(-13 if you are going to USA but March to November but it will be equal time figure to Manila using their Daylight saving
time which decreases by 1 hour between Winter solstice and Spring equinox and then turns back to original between Autumn equinox and Winter solstice).

EXAMPLES:

1. A spherical triangle ABC has sides a = 50° and c = 80° . Find angle A.
SOLUTION:
Use Sin – COOP Formula

2. A spherical triangle ABC has sides b = 45° 30’ and c =130° Find angle A.
SOLUTION:

3. An oblique triangle has angles B = 65° 33’ , sides b = 64° 23’ 15” , a = 99° 40’ 48” , find A.
SOLUTION:

4. The coordinates of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory , near Victoria , British Columbia , are Latitude 48° 31.3 N , Longitude 123° 25’
W and the coordinates of the David Dunlap Observatory , near Toronto , Ontario , are Latitude 43° 51.8‘ N Longitude 79° 25.3’ W . What is
the azimuth of this?
SOLUTION:
EXERCISES – Answer the following questions.

1. Solve for angle A in the right spherical triangle given the parts a = 73° , b = 62° and C = 90° . Ans. A = 74.89°
2. From the given parts of the oblique spherical triangle ABC , a = 120° , b = 73° 15’ and c = 62° 45’ Find the value of angle C.
Ans. 43° 27’
3. Solve for c in the right spherical triangle whose parts are a = 73° and b = 62° . Ans. 82.11°
4. (CE Board) A plane on one of its trip is to fly from Manila (14° 35’ N , 120° 59’ E) to Sydney (33° 52’ S , 151° 12’E If it flies an average
speed of 221 nautical miles per hour. Determine the number of hours of travel. Ans. 15.23 hrs
 5. (ECE Board) The area of a spherical triangle ABC whose parts are A = 93° 40’ B = 64° 12’ and C = 116° 51’ and the radius of the sphere is
100 m is? Ans. 16,531 m^2
6. Find the side opposite the given angle for a spherical triangle having b = 60° , c = 30° and A = 45° Ans. a = 42° 20’ 12”
7. Find the distance in nautical miles between Tokyo and Manila if the geographical coordinates of Tokyo and Manila are (35.65° N lat. ;
139.75°E long.) and (14.58°N lat. ; 120.98°E long.) respectively. Ans. 1612 NM
8. In a right spherical triangle, given that A = 156° 20’ 30” and a = 65° 15’ 45” . Solve for B . Ans. No solution
9. Find A given that B = 153° 17’ 6” , C = 78° 43’ 36” and a = 86° 15’ 15” . Ans. 78° 15’ 48”
10. Find the distance bewteen London (UK) (Lat. 51.30° N , Long. 0.10° W) and Baghdad (Iraq) (Lat. 33.20° N , Long. 44.26° E). Ans. 4089
km

END OF TRIGONOMETRY

NEXT TOPICS ON OCTOBER 19, 2020 :

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

1. Lines and its Properties

2. Circles
REFERENCES

1. Precalculus by Blitzer
2. Schaum’s Outlines of Trigonometry
3. Precalculus by Sullivan
4. Algebra and Trigonometry by Openstax
5. https://www.sparknotes.com/math/trigonometry/trigonometricequations/section1/
6. College Algebra with Trigonometry by Barnett
7. http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/solve/solve9/s94/s94.html
8. Algebra and Trigonometry by Cynthia Young
9. https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/TrigConcepts/EQ5.html
10. Engineering Mathematics Vol. 1 by Besavilla
11. Engineering Mathematics by Bird
12. https://faculty.tarleton.edu/jgresham/Math%20109/notes_trig_eq_6_03.pdf
13. Glencoe’s Advanced Mathematical Concepts
14. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/cobblearning.net/dist/e/2631/files/2015/12/Solve-Trig-Equations-Worksheet-12.15-pp4yf1.pdf
15. Scahum’s Outlines of Pre Calculus
16. https://www.troup.k12.ga.us/userfiles/929/My%20Files/HS%20Math/pre_calculus/Unit%203%20-
%20Trig%20Identities/Solving%20Trig%20Equations.pdf?id=12458
17. https://mathalino.com/reviewer/spherical-trigonometry/spherical-trigonometry
18. Engineering Mathematics by Gillesania
19. https://owlcation.com/stem/Right-Spherical-Triangles
20. http://www.angelfire.com/nt/navtrig/C3.html
21. https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Book%3A_Celestial_Mechanics_(Tatum)/03%3A_Plane_and_Spherical_Tri
gonometry/3.05%3A_Spherical_Triangles
22. https://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/spherical-trigonometry/problem-01-right-spherical-triangle
23. https://www.slideshare.net/cayyy/right-spherical-triangle-trigonometry
24. http://www.math-principles.com/2013/05/more-spherical-triangle-problems.html
25. https://pinoybix.org/2016/06/find-the-distance-in-nautical-miles-and-time-difference-between-tokyo-and-manila.html
26. http://www.krysstal.com/sphertrig.html z