SCIENCE PROJECT THAT TAKES ME SO LONG TO DO IT

What is antibiotics?
Antibiotics are prescriptions used to treat or
forestall diseases brought about by
microscopic organisms. They work by
hindering the development of or obliterating
the microbes. They do this in different
manners, for example, crushing the bacterial
cell divider or repressing the age of energy
from glucose inside the bacterial cell.

What is antibiotic resistance?

antibiotic resistance happens when microscopic organisms build up the capacity to endure
introduction to antibiotic resistance that were intended to murder them or stop their
development. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are allowed to develop, increase and cause
contamination inside the host in any event, when presented to antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by
bacteria. The outcome is that sure antibiotic resistance can never again be utilized to
effectively treat certain diseases. This altogether influences our capacity to forestall and
treat these illnesses, expanding recuperation time, the timeframe individuals remain in
medical clinic and demise rates.
Antibiotics are not, at this point regularly used to treat contaminations in light of the fact
that:
1. many infections are caused by viruses, so antibiotics are not effective
2. antibiotics are often unlikely to speed up the healing process and can cause side
effects
3. the more antibiotics are used to treat trivial conditions, the more likely they are to
become ineffective for treating more serious conditions
Wellbeing associations over the world are attempting to lessen the utilization of anti-
infection agents, particularly for medical issues that are not genuine. For instance,
antibiotics are not, at this point regularly used to treat:
 chest infections
 ear infections in children
 sore throats

How does it occur?

Antibiotic resistance happens because of changes, or transformations, in the DNA of the
microbes, or the obtaining of antibiotic resistance genes from other bacterial species
through horizontal gene transfer.
These progressions empower the microscopic organisms to endure the impacts of
antibiotics intended to murder them. This implies when an antibiotic is utilized, all the
bacteria that have not undergone a mutation are killed, while the antibiotic resistant
bacteria remain unaffected.
The antibiotic resistant microorganisms can proceed to partition and develop delivering
significantly more microbes that are not influenced by the antibiotics. The presence of safe
strains of microorganisms implies that antibiotics or drugs intended to execute them do not
work anymore, permitting them to spread quickly, representing a danger to general
wellbeing.
At the point when this happens it is vital for researchers to develop new antibiotics that the
bacteria do not have resistance to.

Where and When does resistance happen?

Any antibiotic use—in people, animals, or crops—can lead to resistance. Resistant germs
can spread between people, animals, and the environment (e.g., water, soil).
 Environment
Antibiotic-resistant germs can spread in the
environment. For example, Aspergillus fumigatus,
a common mold, can make people with People weak
immune systems sick. In 2018, resistant A.
fumigatus was reported in three patients. Some
It was types of antibiotic-resistant germs can
also found in U.S. crop fields treatedspread with person
Effects to person. For
of antibiotic example,
resistance
“Nightmare
fungicides that are similar to antifungals used in bacteria” carbapenem- resistant
human medicine. Being infected
Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)with
canresistant
also survive and
bacteria can cause severe illness. and
grow in sink drains at healthcare facilities
spread toPeople withand
patients these
to infections:
the environment
 May require increased recovery time through the wastewater.
Animals
 Tend to incur increased medical
Resistant germs can spread between
expenses
animals and people through food or
 May even die from the infection contact with animals. For example,
The Salmonella Heidelberg bacteria can
What is pneumonia?
make both cattle and people sick.
Pneumonia is an infection that
inflames the air sacs in one or both
lungs. The air sacsdanger
may fill
ofwith
antibiotic resistance is that treatable
fluid or pus (purulent material),
illnesses obstruction is a general wellbeing worry
causing cough with thephlegm or pus,
world over. The quantity of microscopic
fever, chills, and difficulty
organisms that are impervious to antibiotics is
breathing. A variety of organisms,
expanding.
including bacteria, viruses and
The peril of antibiotic resistance is that treatable
fungi, can cause pneumonia.
sicknesses, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, or
minor infections could become incurable. Many
medical advances are dependent on the ability to fight infections using antibiotics, including
joint replacements, organ transplants, cancer therapy, and sometimes antibiotics to help
reduce the risk of infection, and treatment of chronic diseases like diabetes, asthma, and
rheumatoid arthritis.
Without urgent action, we are heading for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections
and minor injuries can once again kill.

Antibiotics & resistant bacteria

Antibiotic Year Resistant Bacteria Identified Year

Released Released Identified

Penicillin 1941 Penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus 1942

aureus
 Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus 1967
pneumoniae

Penicillinase-producing Neisseria
gonorrhoeae 1976
Vancomycin 1958 Plasmid-mediated vancomycin- 1988
resistant Enterococcus faecium
2002
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococc
us aureus
Amphotericin B 1959 Amphotericin B-resistant Candida 2016
auris

Methicillin 1960 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus 1960

aureus

Extended- 1980 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- 1983

spectrum (Cefotaxime) producing Escherichia coli
cephalosporins

Azithromycin 1980 Azithromycin-resistant Neisseria 2011

gonorrhoeae

Imipenem 1985 Klebsiella 1996

pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-
producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Ciprofloxacin 1987 Ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria 2007

gonorrhoeae

Fluconazole 1990 (FDA Fluconazole-resistant Candida 1988

approved)

Caspofungin 2001 Caspofungin-resistant Candida 2004

Daptomycin 2003 Daptomycin-resistant methicillin- 2004

resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Ceftazidime- 2015 Ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant 2015

avibactam KPC-producing Klebsiella
pneumoniae