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    Presentation On Antibiotic: By:-Shiv Kumar Roll No. 21 Mba BT

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    Anshuman Parashar
    The document provides information about antibiotics including their definition, history, classes, production, administration, side effects, antibiotic resistance, misuse, and alternative therapies. It notes that antibiotics kill or inhibit bacterial growth and were first discovered in the late 1880s in Germany. It also discusses the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.

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    Presentation On Antibiotic: By:-Shiv Kumar Roll No. 21 Mba BT

    Uploaded by

    Anshuman Parashar
    124 views18 pages
    The document provides information about antibiotics including their definition, history, classes, production, administration, side effects, antibiotic resistance, misuse, and alternative therapies. It notes that antibiotics kill or inhibit bacterial growth and were first discovered in the late 1880s in Germany. It also discusses the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.

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    Antibiotic

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    The document provides information about antibiotics including their definition, history, classes, production, administration, side effects, antibiotic resistance, misuse, and alternative therapies. It notes that antibiotics kill or inhibit bacterial growth and were first discovered in the late 1880s in Germany. It also discusses the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    124 views18 pages

    Presentation On Antibiotic: By:-Shiv Kumar Roll No. 21 Mba BT

    Uploaded by

    Anshuman Parashar
    The document provides information about antibiotics including their definition, history, classes, production, administration, side effects, antibiotic resistance, misuse, and alternative therapies. It notes that antibiotics kill or inhibit bacterial growth and were first discovered in the late 1880s in Germany. It also discusses the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.

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    Presentation

    On
    Antibiotic
    By:-
    Shiv Kumar
    Roll No. 21
    MBA BT
    Antibiotic
    In common usage, an antibiotic is
     substance or compound that kills bacteria or inhibits
    their growth. Antibiotics belong to the broader group
    of antimicrobial compounds, used to treat infections
    caused by microorganisms ,including
     fungi and protozoa.
    The term "antibiotic" was coined by Selman
    Waksman in 1942 to describe any substance produced
    by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth
    of other microorganisms in high dilution.
    History
    Treatments for infection in ancient Chinese medicine
    using plants with antimicrobial properties were
    described over 2,500 years ago. 
    The discovery of the natural antibiotics produced by
    microorganisms stemmed from earlier work on the
    observation of antibiosis between micro-organisms.
    Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and
    the story of antibiotic development began in Germany
    with Paul Ehrlich, a German medical scientist in the
    late 1880s.
    Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria
    when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an
    airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus
    anthracis.
    drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman
    Waksman, an American microbiologist in 1942.
    Bacterial antagonism of Penicillium spp. were first
    described in England by John Tyndall in 1875.
    In 1928 Fleming made an important observation
    concerning the antibiosis by penicillin.
    Antibiotic Classes
    Antibiotics are commonly classified based on their
    mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum
    of activity.
    Most antibiotics target bacterial functions or growth
    processes. Antibiotics that target the bacterial cell wall
    (penicillins, cephalosporins), or cell membrane
    (polymixins), or interfere with essential bacterial
    enzymes (quinolones, sulfonamides) are usually
    bactericidal in nature.
    Production
    Since the first pioneering efforts
    of Florey and Chain in 1939, the importance of
    antibiotics to medicine has led to much research into
    discovering and producing them.
    The process of production usually involves the
    screening of wide ranges of microorganisms, and their
    testing and modification.
    Production is carried out using fermentation, usually
    in strongly aerobic form.
    Administration
    Oral antibiotics are simply ingested,
    while intravenous antibiotics are used in more serious
    cases, such as deep-seated systemic infections.
    Antibiotics may also sometimes be
    administered topically, as with eye drops or ointments.
    Side effects
    Although antibiotics are, in general, considered safe and well-
    tolerated, they have been associated with a wide range of
    adverse effects. Side-effects are many and varied, and can be
    very serious depending on the antibiotics used and the
    microbial organisms targeted.
     Adverse effects can range from fever and nausea to major
    allergic reactions including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
    One of the more common side-effects is diarrhea, sometimes
    caused by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium difficile,
    which results from the antibiotic's disrupting the normal
    balance of the intestinal flora.
    Antibiotic resistanc
    The emergence of antibiotic resistance is an
    evolutionary process that is based on selection for
    organisms that have enhanced ability to survive doses
    of antibiotics that would have previously been lethal.
     Antibiotics like Penicillin and Erythromycin, which
    used to be one-time miracle cures are now less
    effective because bacteria have become more resistant.
     Antibiotics themselves act as a selective pressure that
    allows the growth of resistant bacteria within a
    population and inhibits susceptible bacteria.
    Any antibiotic resistance may impose a biological cost.
    Spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria may be
    hampered by reduced fitness associated with the
    resistance, which is disadvantageous for survival of the
    bacteria when antibiotic is not present.
    Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the
    bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-
    chromosomal DNA. Antibiotic-producing bacteria
    have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been
    shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred
    to, antibiotic-resistant strains.
    Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, sometimes
    referred to as "superbugs", may contribute to the re-
    emergence of diseases which are currently well-
    controlled.
    Antibiotic misuse
    Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of
    antibiotics have been a contributing factor to the
    emergence of resistant bacteria.
    Antibiotics are frequently prescribed for indications in
    which their use is not warranted, an incorrect or sub-
    optimal antibiotic is prescribed or in some cases for
    infections likely to resolve without treatment. 
    Inappropriate antibiotic treatment is another common
    form of antibiotic misuse.
    Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive
    use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers, failure to
    take into account the patient's weight and history of
    prior antibiotic use when prescribing.
    Antibacterial therapies
    Resistance-modifying agents
    One solution to combat resistance currently being
    researched is the development of pharmaceutical
    compounds that would revert multiple antibiotic
    resistance. These so-called resistance-modifying
    agents may target and inhibit MDR mechanisms,
    rendering the bacteria susceptible to antibiotics to
    which they were previously resistant.
    Phage Therapy
    Phage therapy, the use of a particular group of viruses
    capable of invading bacteria known as phages to treat
    bacterial infections. Phage are commonly a part of the
    ecology surrounding bacteria and provide substantial
    population control of bacteria in the intestine, the ocean,
    the soil, and other environments. The therapy was in use
    during the 1920s and 1930s on humans in the US, Western
    Europe, and Eastern Europe. The success of these
    therapies is largely anecdotal, and rigorous scientific
    studies in the form of clinical trials commonly used to
    evaluate the efficacy of new medications on the efficacy
    of phage therapy are limited.
    Bacteriocins
    Bacteriocins are also a growing alternative to the
    classic small-molecule antibiotics. Different classes of
    bacteriocins have different potential as therapeutic
    agents. Small molecule bacteriocins (microcins, for
    example, and lantibiotics) may be similar to the classic
    antibiotics. One drawback to the large-molecule
    antibiotics is that they have relative difficulty crossing
    membranes and travelling systemically throughout the
    body.
    Vaccines
    Vaccines are a commonly suggested method for
    combating MDRO infections. They actually fit within a
    larger class of therapies that rely
    on immune modulation or augmentation. These
    therapies either excite or reinforce the natural immune
    competency of the infected or susceptible host,
    leading to the activity of macrophages, the production
    of antibodies, inflammation, or other classic immune
    reactions.
    Thank you

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