POST-MODERN DRAMA THE JAPANESE DRAMA

•developed in mid to late 20th century departed from modernism from •Amaterasu Omikami- celestial sun goddess who got angry to Susanoo
their experiences during the World War II and hid in a cave thus engulfing darkness into the world.

•focused on taking suffering as it comes and learning to accept the •Susanoo- storm god who is the reason why Amaterasu withdrew in the
unheroic status that man seemed to have been assigned to in the absurd cave and refused to come out
universe in which he is condemned. The dialogues were rambling, but
serious discussions usually involved existence and death. •Amenouzume No Mikoto- goddess who became the reason why
Amaterasu went out from the cave.
•Characters had pessimistic view about the world, struggling to
understand their existence. •Amenouzume’s sacred dance- origin of Japanese drama

•Dialogues were rambling, but serious discussions usually involved FOUR MAIN TYPES OF TRADITIONAL JAPANESE DRAMA
existence and death. 1. Kabuki
2. Bunraku
•THEATRE OF THE ABSURD- post world war II drama style in 3. Noh
late 1950s by European playwrights. 4. Kyogen
•influenced by ALBERT CAMUS who coined the word “aburdism”
KABUKI
•THE ABSURD- conflict between the human tendency to look for the •art of singing and dancing; form of Japanese theatre
inherent value and the human inability of finding it. that combines drama, dance, and music; has a history of over
400 years
AMERICAN DRAMA
•Izumo no Okuni- originator of Kabuki who is a miko (Japanes
•BROADWAY- main and oldest thoroughfares in Manhattan,
shrine maiden/priestess)
New York City.
•started in 1750 by Thomas Kean and Walter Murray •Izumo-taisha- most important and ancient Shinto Shrine in
with a drama “The Theatre on Nassau Street” Japan
•shows Shakespearean plays.
•centre of professional commercial theatre in the US •Shinto Shrine- Japanese sacred place that houses gods and
their sacred objects.
•Eugene O’Neill- put American drama to worldwide
respectability. •Tetsuji Takechi- produced innovative kabuki classics that
•first important figure in American drama and used realism, interest for the show was revived.
expressionism, symbolism, mask technique, choral speaking, and
Kabuki Genres
other innovations in his plays.
1. Jidaimono (historical play)- focused on Samurai class
•Arthur Miller- Tony Award and Pulitzer winner who wrote the Death of
2. Sewamono (domestic play)- shows lives of ordinary
Salesman that was performed in 1959 and has been recognized as a
people and Japanese peasants.
milestone of American theatre.
3. Shosagoto (dance piece)
 Kabuki Elements •Chikamatsu Monzaemon- one of Japan’s greatest playwright

1. Stage design- known for its elaborate designs; platform for •Shinju or love suicides- popular stories of Gidayu and
technological innovations and sophistication chikamatsu that prompted other artists to put up their own
theatres.
•Hanamichi- flower path; walkway or pathway that serves
for a dramatic entrance and exit and where important •Kabayuki and Bunraku adapted each other’s screenplays.
scenes of play are performed Kabuki actors mimicked the movements of the puppets while
puppeteers strove for realism in their plays.
2. Performance- not just measured by the ability to express
emotions. •During the Meji period, public interest towards ningyo-joruri
•Make-up is VERY important slowly faded because of western entertainment which led to
closing of most puppet theatres (though Kabuki still remained
•Kumadori- stage makeup worn by Kabuki actors that popular).
enhances and exaggerates their facial lines to produce
dramatic animal or supernatural masks; its color •Masai Kahei (Ueamura Bunrakuken)- revived the declining art
represents the characters nature, example: of Japanes puppet drama and also gave the original ningyo-joruri
•Red lines- passion, heroism, righteousness, its present name, bunraku.
positive traits
•Osaka- home of Buraku and where the National Bunraku
•Blue/Black- villainy, jealousy, negative traits
Theatre is established in 1985.
•Green- supernatural
•Purple- nobility Bunraku Elements
•Red stripes around cheeks & eyes- power &
youth 1. The puppets and the puppeteers- both wear black clothes
and hoods; usually has three puppeteers
3. Play structure- follows the Jo-ha-kyu comcept
•Jo-ha-kyu concept- dramatic pacing starts slow, then •OMOZUKAI- controls head, puppet’s
speeds up, and abruptly halts. expression, right hand
•HIDARIZUKAI- controls left hand
BUNRAKU •ASHIZUKAI-controls legs
•Japanese traditional puppet drama or simply puppetry.
•Started as an ancient rite where deceased persons were 2. Tayu or Narrator -gives voice to all the characters of the
represented by puppets play through singing and chanting.

•Kugutsumawashi-travelling puppetters who performed on 3. Music- The SHAMISEN player provides the background
streets & knocking on doors asking for donations music and sound effects.

•Ningyo-joruri- Ningyo means puppet; Joruri means narrator 4. Stage- has complicated structure; huge and employs special
(this is the old name of Bunraku) effects and illusions.

•Takemoto Gidayu- a powerful tayu or chanter/narrator

NOH KYOGEN

•Derived from nō which is the Japanese term for talent or skill • oldest fully developed form of comedy in Japan
performed exclusively by male actors (like Noh).
• Noh performers are basically storytellers who use their
appearance and movements to depict the “essence” of the story. •Noh and Kyōgen- declared by the UNESCO as Masterpieces of
the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
•Tokugawa period- Noh became a ceremonial drama performed
on important occasions by professional male actor who •Sarugaku-popular theatre form in Japan which gave rise to the
exclusively performed for the warrior class. Noh and Kyōgen. It involves acrobatics, juggling, mime and drum
dancing.
•Spectators are already very familiar with the story.
•Edo period- Noh became the official performance art of the
•A Noh drama is a visual simile or metaphor military government.
Main Classifications of a Noh play •Patronage decline during the Meji Restoration and was later on
1. Kami mono- god play revived after the world war II.
2. Shura mono- warrior play Elements of a Kyogen
3. Katsura mono- wig play
4. Gendai/Genzai mono- present plays; 1. Roles- are “stock characters” or one that represents
•Kyōran mono- madness plays; stereotypes based on clichés and social prejudices
•Onryō mono- vengeful ghost plays 2. Costumes- actors do not wear elaborate costume, instead
5. Ori mono- demon plays they wear kimonos; rarely used mask; fan is commonly used
•Kiri mono- final plays 3. Language- used colloquial language ; script is delivered in
rhythmic and loud voice; music is minimal
Major Roles in a Noh play 4. Movements- mimetic with exaggerated but tightly controlled
1. Shite- leading character movements; movements of actors are smooth and rhythmic
2. Waki- supporting characters Different Aspects of Language Usage in Kyogen
3. Hayashi- musicians
4. Jiutai- assists shite in narrating story 1. keigo-honorific language
2. giseigo- onomatopeia
Elements of a Noh play
3. gitaigo- words involve actions associated with sound
1. Masks-worn by Shites and is the top key element of the play
2. Costumes and props- have multiple layers & variety of texture
3. Stage- wide and open; no curtains to hinder the view
4. Chant and Music- Noh play is very poetic
 DRAMA IN THE PHILIPPINES THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

•Before the Spanish arrived in the PH, native inhabitants of the • The objective of early Spanish dramatists was to emotionally
archipelago were actually civilized people who had their own rich affect their viewers, harmonize their opinions of Spanish traditions
cultural traditions. Philippine drama evolved not only from its native and customs, and above all flatter the nobility.
roots and the effects of colonization, but into an art with both native
and foreign influences. •Central themes: Chivalry, romantic heroes, pride of patriotism.

Main Forms of Philippine Drama in the Spanish era

THE INDIGENOUS PERIOD
1. Senakulo/Sinakulo- PH Catholic traditional dramatic
•Community Theatre- early performances of the various ethnic
presentation of Christ's trial, suffering, and death. Derived from
groups that settled in the archipelago.
Spanish term cenaculo (cenacle) or the room where Jesus was
•The performances were mimetic rituals that involved body said to celebrate the Last Supper with his disciples.
movements as in dances as well as chants and songs •Hablada/Ablada- lines are spoken in
accompanied by different tribal music instruments. deliberate slow manner
•Natives had their own concept of God and spirits that ruled both •Cantada/Kantada- lines are sung
the spiritual and physical realm.
2. Komedya- also known as moro-moro and depicts the conflict
•Fr. Ignacio Francisco Alzina- documented poetic forms of the between Christian nobility and their Moorish counterparts, with
Eastern Visayan people. His observations showed that theatre the Christians winning the war.
tradition was already inherent among the natives. •Fr. Jeronimo Perez- wrote the first Philippine komedya
•Balac- poetic courtship contest between male and female where story.
participants expressed their opposing ideas about love in a 3. Sarswela/Zarzuela- traditional Spanish one-act stage show
lyrical narrative with musical accompaniment. consisting of various performances that included singing,
Characteristics of Indigenous Rituals dancing, and comedy. It became an avenue for subversive
propaganda against Spanish colonists as well as Americans. It’s
1. The ritual was led by the tribal priest or priestess
more on love stories between an upper class & a servant.
•Mandadawak- Kalinga mountain tribe
•Junto Al Pasig- written by Jose Rizal; about fight
•Katalonan- Tagalog and Kapampangan
between good and evil.
•Babaylan- Visayan people
•Walian- North Cotabato Manobos THE EARLY AMERICAN OCCUPATION
2. The rituals involved invoking the "spirits"
•banned sarswela performances
3. Rituals involved offering a sacrifice
•arrested Pascual Poblete and Aurelio Tolentino, the two most
notable patriotic sarwela writers
THE LATER AMERICAN OCCUPATION AND BODABIL MUSIC: LISTENING OR HEARING?

•Vaudeville- type of show made up of short acts that included •Music is considered as a very powerful art for it stimulates pleasant or
comedy routines,singing, dancing, magic acts, and sometines unpleasant reactions which are uncontrolled or spontaneous.
featured trained animal performances. Performers were mainly
non-Filipino. •Hearing and listening- ways to experience music.

•Evolution from vaudeville to bodabil started in 1920 when Luis •Hearers- do not pay attention to the details or structure of the form;
Borromeo, a Filipino entertainer returned from US started a local moved by the associations they have on the music in relation to their
act. emotions and not on the musical structure.

•Luis Borromeo- shows were a mix of songs, dances, comedy •Listeners- ponder upon the form, details, and structure.
skits, and romantic dramas; coined the term “vod-a-vil” for his
shows which became known later as bodabil.

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD BAROQUE MUSIC (1600-1750)

• The contemporary Philippine drama is a mix of local, Asian, •Baroque comes from the Portuguese word “barroco” meaning
and American influences this vitality also catapulted Filipino “misshapen pearl” or “oddly shaped pearl.”
entertainment to stand on its own.
•generally characterized by movement and tension, emotion rather than
•PH Dramas often revolved on Filipino contemporary life and beauty, the sensual rather than the rational and the spectacular and
social issues within the framework of a love story. the monumental

•Filipino playwrights generally prefer the Western concept of •gave rise to important vocal forms such as the opera, oratorio and
realism in their production style. cantata.

•Drama stories showcase typical Filipino characters, costumes •MESSIAH by George Handel- most famous and well loved oratorio.
and settings with dialogues using ordinary Filipino language.
•Brandenburg Concertos by Johann Bach
Classification of Contemporary Drama
•Baroque composers: Johann Sebastian Bach, George Friedric
1. Melodrama- aimed to make people cry. Handel, Antonio Vivaldi, Henry Purcell, Alessandro Scarlatti, Domenico
2. Comedy- entertain people through slapstick humor Scarlatti, Georg Philipp Teleman, Jean-Baptise Lully, Arcangelo Corelli,
3. Drama Simboliko- allegorical stories meant as political Tomaso Albinoni, Francois Couperin, Denis Gaultier, Claudio
protests showing Filipino struggles in the hands of oppressors. Monteverdi, Heinrich Schutz, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Jan Dismas
Zelenka & Johann Pachelbel (those who are highlighted are the most
well known).
 CLASSICAL MUSIC (1750-1830) MODERN MUSIC

•characterized as less complex than the baroque pieces and is •music of the 20th century challenged the traditional aesthetic
described as "restrained and orderly, with well-defined forms and conventions.
generally regular meters. Its tempo and volume are fairly constant within
a movement.” • impressionistic and full of experimentation, a kind of "live in the
moment style“
•Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- known for works such as Marriage of
Figaro, Don Giovanni, Magic Flute, Eine kleine Nachtmusik • radical form known as ATONAL music or music that is not in a
particular key
•Ludwig Van Beethoven- known for his 9th Symphony also known as
Ode to Joy, Moonlight Sonata & Fur Elise •With the invention of the audio recording technology, music became
easily available
•Mozart & Beethoven- heart of western classical music
•Arnold Schonberg- Australian composer who developed the widely-
•Joseph Haydn- works include various concertos, masses, comic used approach to atonal music known as the twelve-tone system
operas, string quartets and symphonies

•Franz Schubert- known for his symphonies, sacred music, operas, and
secular vocal works known as lieder. POPULAR CULTURE AND MUSIC

•Popular culture- pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist

in mainstream society
ROMANTIC MUSIC
•Pop culture is often expressed and spread via commercial media.
•composers drew inspiration from art and literature, nature and folk
stories. •Rock and pop music are part of popular culture

•most notable is the production of programme music or 'music that tells •The Beatles- critically acclaimed band in the history of popular music
a story’ and the most commercially successful English rock band.

•compositions were expressive and inventive •What is Critical Literacy? Critical Literacy in the 21st century by
Rachel Forstat
•Felix Mendelssohn & Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky- concert overtures
•Critical Literacy- ability to actively read text in a manner that promotes
•Robert Schumman, Frédéric Chopin , Johannes Brahms & Franz a deeper understanding of socially constructed concepts; such as power,
Liszt- sonatas inequality, and injustice in human relationships.
•Hector Berlioz- Symphonie Fantastique

•Lullaby or Cradle Song by Johannes Brahms

Steps on Critical Literacy (Music) 7. Gaps and silences
• Are there 'gaps' and 'silences' in the text?
1. Interrogating the composer • Who is missing from the text?
•What view of the world and values does the composer of the text • What has been left out of the text?
assume that the reader/viewer holds? How do we know? • What questions about itself does the text not raise?
2. Textual purpose(s) 8. Multiple meanings
•What is the text about? •What is the text's unspoken, underlying message?
•Who would be most likely to read and/or view this text and why? •How would the text be different if it were tokd in another time,
•What does the composer of the text want us to know? place or culture, or pov?
•What different interpretations of the text are possible?
3. Textual structures and features
•What do the words suggest? 9. Social Action
•Why are things the way they are?
4. Construction of characters
•How can we make the conditions more equitable?
•How are the persons constructed in the text?
•Why has the composer of the text represented the characters in
a particular way?
THE BEGINNINGS OF PHILIPPINE POPULAR MUSIC: OPM
5. Whose view whose reality?
•What knowledge does the reader/viewer need to bring to the text •1973- emergence of Pinoy rock and rhytm; beginning of the OPM
in order to understand it? (Original Pilipino Music or Organisasyon ng mga Pilipinong Mang-aawit)
•What view of the world is the text presenting?
•How many voices can you hear in the text? •Juan de la Cruz band- paved the way for Pinoy rock music.
• Is the author in controk of all the voices in the text? Justify by
•Manila Sound- gave birth to lyrics using a colloquial language called
evidence.
“Taglish”; flourished only for a few months but continues to be
•What kinds of social realities does the text portray?
popularized by group like the Apo Hiking Society
•How does the text construct a version of reality?
•What does the text ask of you as a reader? •Pinoy Ballads- popularized by vocal groups like the Boyfriends, Rico
•Are there aspects of the text you wish or feel compelled to resist Puno, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi, Hajji Alejandro, & Anthony Castelo
or refuse?
•Disco music- popular from 1970s to 1980s
6. Power and interest
• How is the reader or viewer positioned in relation to the •Protest songs- popular during 1980s
composer of the text?
•How does the text depict age, gender and/or cultural groups? •Bayan Ko- a kind of protest song and a kundiman written in 1928 by
•Whose views are excluded or privileged? Constancio de Guzman with lyrics by Jose Corazon de Jesus that
became the anthem of the street parliamentarians.
•The use of local resources and expression of local sentiments and 3. Movement with the participant involving himself with a short lived
dependence on available local talent are healthy signs of evolving special training school to acquire technical knowledge to look
Filipino pop music using Western musical values and techniques. refined with dance aesthetics.
•American dances
•Philippine musical culture show a distinct foreign borrowing, it is equally •Twist, boogie, tango, jitterbug, tap dance
true that such borrowing underwent a process of internalization and •Contemporary dance, jazz, modern, hiphop, zumba,
indigenization. Filipino has actively transformed what he has borrowed dancercise, limber dance, ballroom dancing.
and has breathed into its very essence.
4. Create dancers and participants through special school
resembling a rigid military atmosphere.
•Classical ballet- backbone to gymnastics
DANCE EVOLUTION

•Dance- used to complete an expression other than verbal language

which is used to connect with the surroundings and earthly or BALLET
ethereal beigns.
-logical or abstract expression whose form and function have •began in the renaissance period that was in and introduced by King
been derived from an experience according to time & place. Henry II.
-MOVEMENT that interrelates oneself with its surroundings on
different levels. •Dance steps- small hops, slides, curtsies, promenades, & gentle turns

Categories of Dance Evolutions •In the early days the dancers wore masks, pantaloons, large
headdresses, and ornaments.
1. Free Movement- no certain rules set with the body and space, no
need for study and training •official terminology was codified in French during the reign of Louis XIV,
•Individualized or group dance and ritual can be seen among faith the king himself performed many popular dances.
healers, spiritistas or party goers exhibiting impromptu movements •Dancing en pointe (on toe)- popular during early 19th century which
that go with the disco beat. was for woman only.
•Disco- popular in the 80s where partygoers freely danced to the
music of Rick Astley, Michael Jackson or Madonna •In America, ballet became popular in 1930s when several of Serge
Diaghilev dancers settled in the US

2. Non-technical but movements for a ritual/festivity or a religious •In the Philippines, classical ballet emerged iN 1920s through Anna
ceremony; culture of movement done for social reasons within a cluster Pavlova.
of families or community; special training is necessary
•Country & Folk dances- Hindu folk dances, american barn •Giselle-most popular ballet in the PH (according to Basilio Vilaruz.
dances, belly dancing
•Liza Macuja-Elizalde- first prima ballerina in the PH who founded the
•War dance of Ifugao, Ati-atihan of Aklan, Sinulog of Cebu &
Ballet Philippines (BP) in 1969 and Ballet Manila in 1995.
Kaamulan dance of Bukidnon
•Philippine Ballet Theatre- founded in 1987 out of alliance of leading
dance groups and recognized as a resident ballet company.
•In Cebu, classical ballet is taught in Ballet center Cebu established in DISCO
1951 by Fe Sala Villarca who also founded the Arts Council Cebu in
1960 and who produced the first length ballet The Nutcracker in the PH. •emerged in late 1970s until 1973 despite the anti-disco movement.

•continue to influence in 21st century as inspiration to pop and hip-

hop.
CHA-CHA (CHA-CHA-CHA)
•Saturday Night Fever (1977)- by John Travolta that influence the era
•most popular latin dances next to mambo in 1940s with its colorful and soulful and upbeat generation

•inspired blending of American-Cuban rhythms, a couple dance with •YMCA, Macho Man, Love Machine, Foxy Lady
little contact between partners which included a lot of hip movement.
•Michael Jackson and Madonna
•name is derived from the sound of someone walking in slippers.

•introduced by Enrique Jorrin in 1950s

FUNK

•combination of blues and soul known for its strong base line and
SWING OR JIVE heavy downbeats that create static harmonies
•dance craze televised by the American Bandstand show in Philadelphia •Funk Rock, Funk Metal & Funk Nostalgia- variations of Funk
in 1956.
•James Brown- gave way to this complex yet danceable music
•inspired from jitterbug and linty hop, but jive is less energetic and with
more repetition of steps.

STREET DANCE

TWIST •encourages an individual to freely express through spontaneity of

improvised choreography. This became a substitute for violence.
•easy, no touch dance with a partner in which weight was placed on the Breakdancing
balk of one foot and keg and hips were twisted.
•coined from where the dance was performed- in nightclubs or streets.
•free-form type of dance that does not require men and women to meet.
•originated from the Bronx in 1990s
•Mashed potato, Madison, & Frug- forms after twist craze
•Ice Ice Baby, Macarena
 POPULAR DANCE MOVES SINCE 1990S BUDOTS

•Asereje (2002) by Las Ketchup- Spanish song •Philippine's EDM (Electronic Dance Music) produced bt DJs for
playback in raves, festival or nightclubs.
•Otso-otso (2004) by Bayani Agbayani
•originated from Bgy. Camus in Davao
•Running man step- popularly executed by Francis Magalona
•budots may be from Visayan word tabudots meaning a person
•Moon Walk of Michael Jackson dancing with unpredictable moves.
•Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, The Pussycat dolls, Jennifer •The dance is free style and "worm like" as dancers wiggle the hips
Lopez, Beyonce, Lady Gaga- executed sexy dance routines resembling while arms and legs move slowly along with the budots remix.
belly dancing

•Buttons and Don't Cha by Pussycat Dolls

FILM ANALYSIS

•takes place only in the mind.

KOREAN INVASION
•Analysis- breaking up the whole to discover the nature, proportion,
•became popular during parties or special occasions. function, and interrelationships of the parts
•Nobody (2008) by Wonder Girls Limitations of Analysis
•Films that are not structured or inified around a central purpose
•Gangnam Style (2012) by PSY
or theme cannot be successfully approached through analysis.
•Neither claims nor attempts to explain everything about a film
•True aesthetic value can never be completely captured
BODY SHAKING AND TWERKING
Benefits of Analysis
•popular dance moves influenced by hip-hop, Aftican and Afro-Latin •Reach for the most significant aspects of the film art
diaspora of pelvic and hip movements. •Helps us to lock an experience in our minds so that we may
savor it in memory
•Teach Me How to Dougie (2010) by Cali Seag District- Motion of •Allows us to reach valid and definite conclusion on a film's
rubbing hand from the front to the back meaning and value
•Twerk it Like Miley (2014) by Brandon Beal- sexually provocative as •Sharpens our critical judgment
dancers throw or thrust their hips back or shake their buttocks •Opens up new channels of awareness and new depths of
understanding
•Film has a language of its own like mise-en-scene, cinematography,
editing and sound

•Mise-en-scene- French term meaning "the putting up of the set.

It is what is included in a frame like props, costume, make-up.

•The Little Prince- 3 posters with the word "Essentiel". Famous

for the quote 'what is essential is invisibke to the eye'.

•Tinimbang ka Ngunit Kulang- when Cesar (Eddie Garcia) with

a frame of the Sacred Heart of Jesus after the abortion scene.

•Cinematography- refers how a film is photographed.

•Before the use of digicam, a movie is a series of still pictures.

•Persistence of Vision- our eye cannot register the black spaces

in between.

•Star Wars: Episode II-Attack of the Clones- first movie to be

shot entirely on digital video