7 Design of Singly Reinforced Beams

STRUCTURAL DESIGN – I
07. ANALYSIS OF SINGLY-REINFORCED

BEAMS
KIRAN S R
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering

Central Polytechnic College Trivandrum
TYPES OF RCC SECTIONS
• Any Reinforced Cement Concrete section may be classified as one
of the following types:
1) Balanced section
2) Under-reinforced section
3) Over-reinforced section
Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram Page 2

BALANCED SECTION
• Both concrete & steel in the given section reaches
ultimate stress simultaneously.
• Yielding of steel and crushing of concrete occurs
simultaneously.
• Therefore, strain in
– Concrete (at the extreme compression fibre) =
εcu = 0.0035
– Steel (on tension side) = εy = + 0.002
Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram

Page 3
UNDER-REINFORCED SECTION
• Steel reaches ultimate stress before concrete.
• Here, Yielding of steel occurs first. This is accompanied

by wider tensile cracks and increased curvatures and
deflection of the beam. Thus it gives clear warning to the
user about failure. Finally, failure occurs by crushing of
concrete. This type of failure is called “Ductile Failure”.
• In other words, the steel would already have yielded by

the time the concrete crushes.
–Concrete (at the extreme compression fibre) = εcu =
0.0035
–Steel (on tension side) εst > + 0.002

OVER-REINFORCED SECTION
• Concrete reaches ultimate stress first.
• Here, crushing of concrete occurs first. It gives no
warning to the user about failure. Hence, it is a
catastrophic or disastrous failure.
• In other words, when the concrete at extreme
compression fibre crushes, the steel would not
have reached the yield point. This type of failure is
called “Brittle Failure”.
‒ Concrete (at the extreme compression fibre) =
εcu = 0.0035
‒ Steel (on tension side) εst < + 0.002

SUMMARY
In short, the three types of reinforced concrete sections can be summarized
from the strain distribution at ultimate limit state (i.e. at failure) as shown below.
If Xu,max is the Depth of Neutral

axis of a balanced section, then
• depth of neutral axis of under-

reinforced section is Xu < Xu,max
• depth of neutral axis of over-

reinforced section is Xu > Xu,max

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE : FLEXURE
ASSUMPTIONS [Cl.38.1 of IS456 – Page 69]
• Plane sections normal to the beam axis remain plane even after
bending, i.e., in an initially straight beam, normal strain varies
linearly over the depth of the section.
• The maximum compressive strain in concrete (at the outermost
fibre) εcu = 0.0035. This is so, because regardless of whether the
beam is under−reinforced or over-reinforced, collapse invariably
occurs by the crushing of concrete.
• The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
• For the section to be balanced or under-reinforced, the strain εst in
the tension reinforcement shall not be less than εy:
=> εst ≥ + 0.002
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED
BEAMS
Following are the important parameters of a beam
cross-section
• b = width of beam
• D = overall depth of beam
• d’ = effective cover to the tension steel
• d = effective depth of beam (= D – d’)
• xu = depth of neutral axis (measured from the
extreme compression fibre)
• Ast = Area of steel on the tension side of
cross-section
• The distribution of stress and strain across the section is shown
above (valid for an under-reinforced or balanced section)

DEDUCTIONS:
• The general expression for Depth of Neutral axis (Xu) is obtained

from strain diagram, considering similar triangles.

DEDUCTIONS:
• The limiting value of depth of Neutral axis (Xu,max), which

corresponds to a balanced section, is obtained by substituting
εst = + 0.002, in the above equation. Therefore, we get,

DEDUCTIONS:
• Substituting suitable values of yield strength of steel, the limiting

depth of Neutral axis (Xu,max) may be obtained as follows:
[Refer Page 70 of IS456]

DEDUCTIONS:
Detailed view of Stress
& Strain distribution
diagrams
The Concrete Stress block (Compressive stress distribution in concrete at

ultimate limit state) is analysed as follows:
• Compressive force C = 0.36 fck b xu
• Tensile force T = 0.87 fy Ast
• Lever arm (i.e., the perpendicular distance between line of action of
compressive force and tensile force) z = d – 0.42 xu
• For any given section, since the forces are in equilibrium, C = T

DEDUCTIONS:
Detailed view of Stress
& Strain distribution
diagrams
• Therefore, depth of neutral axis is obtained as:
[Refer Annex G on Page 96 of IS456]

DEDUCTIONS: =0.36fckb Xu
Special case:
If Xu > Xu,max, then the section is over-reinforced. In such a case, since steel may not have
yielded, the stress in steel shall have not reached 0.87fy.
– Assume a suitable initial (trial) value of Xu
– Determine εst by considering strain compatibility:
– Determine the design stress fst corresponding to εst using the design stress-strain curve
– Derive the value of corresponding to fst by considering T = fst Ast and applying the force
equilibrium condition C = T, whereby
– Compare this value of Xu with the initial value assumed in the first step. If the difference between
the two values is acceptably small, accept this value of Xu. Otherwise, repeat previous steps with
an improved (say, average) value of Xu, until convergence.
DEDUCTIONS:
Ultimate moment of resistance of the beam section (Mu) is given by:

• Mu = C . z = 0.36 fck b xu (d – 0.42 xu)
OR
• Mu = T . z = fst Ast (d – 0.42 xu)
where fst = 0.87fy if Xu ≤ Xu,max
Limiting moment of resistance of the beam section (Mu,lim) corresponds to the condition Xu = Xu,max is given by:
Mu,lim = 0.36 fck b xu,max (d – 0.42 xu,max)
OR
Mu,lim = 0.87fy Ast (d – 0.42 xu,max) [Refer Annex G on Page 96 of IS456]

7 Design of Singly Reinforced Beams

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN – I

07. ANALYSIS OF SINGLY-REINFORCED

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram Page 2

– Steel (on tension side) = εy = + 0.002

Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram

• Here, Yielding of steel occurs first. This is accompanied

• In other words, the steel would already have yielded by

–Steel (on tension side) εst > + 0.002

‒ Steel (on tension side) εst < + 0.002

If Xu,max is the Depth of Neutral

• depth of neutral axis of under-

• depth of neutral axis of over-

Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram Page 6

Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram Page 9

• The general expression for Depth of Neutral axis (Xu) is obtained

Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram Page 10

• The limiting value of depth of Neutral axis (Xu,max), which

Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram Page 11

• Substituting suitable values of yield strength of steel, the limiting

[Refer Page 70 of IS456]

The Concrete Stress block (Compressive stress distribution in concrete at

Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram Page 13

• Therefore, depth of neutral axis is obtained as:

[Refer Annex G on Page 96 of IS456]

Ultimate moment of resistance of the beam section (Mu) is given by:

Department of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram Page 16

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