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JOURNAL OF
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
QUARTERLY PEER REVIEWED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYUSH
REMODELING AYUSH THROUGH EVIDENCE BASED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
April - June 2015 Volume 3 Issue 2 ISSN-2320-4419
Official Publication of
Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College,
Hospital & Research Centre
Salod (H), Wardha– 442 004,
Maharashtra (India)
A CONSTITUENT UNIT OF DATTA MEGHE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (DU)
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JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
QU A R T E R L Y PE E R R E V IE W E D IN T E R N A T ION A L J O UR N A L OF R E S E A RC H IN A Y U SH
R E M O D E L I N G A Y U S H T H R O U G H E V I D E N C E B A S E D S C I E N T IF IC R E S E A R C H
PATRONS
Hon. Shri Datta Meghe
Chancellor, DMIMS(DU)
Dilip Gode Vedprakash Mishra

Vice-Chancellor DMIMS (DU) Chief Advisor, DMIMS(DU)
Deshpande VK Sagar Meghe
Pro Vice-Chancellor DMIMS (DU) Member, BOM, DMIMS(DU)
Rajiv Borle Sameer Meghe
Registrar, DMIMS(DU) Member, Finance Committee, DMIMS(DU)
S.S.Patel Abhuday Meghe
Chief Coordinator, DMIMS O.S.D, DMIMS
Ravi Meghe,
Director, Personnel & Planning, DMIMS
ADVISORY BOARD
Shyam Bhutada
Dean, MGACHRC
Prakash Behere Arvind Bhake
Director, R & D, DMIMS(DU) Chief Editor, JDMIMS
Lalit Waghmare
Dean Interdiscliplinary Sciences, DMIMS(DU)
Editorial Advisory Board

Kuldeepraj Kohli Vanita Murlikumar
Chandola H.M. Amitabh Pande
Ram Harsh Singh Ashutosh Kulkarni
Joshi V.K. Nisteshwar K
Abhay Gaidhane Ramesh Babu Devalla
Zaheer Quazi Prasanna Rao N
Nath S.K.
Chief Editor
KSR Prasad (technoayurveda)
Associate Editors
Bharat Chouragade, Srihari S, Rohit Gokarn, Dhirajsingh Rajput
Official publication of
Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital & Research Centre
Constituent College Under
Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU)
(Declared as Deemed to be University under sec 3 of the UGC act 1956)
Salod (H), Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha 442 004, Maharashtra (India)
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Journal of Indian
JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE System of Medicine
Official publication of the

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College Hospital & Research Centre
A Constituent College under Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU)
Contents
Pages
Pages
Current Trends
Editorial
91-96 Aspects of pre-formulation in Bhasma
57-59 Business Ayurveda Modulated System
Kalpa (Incinerated metallic drug or
SRP Kethamakka
medicines)
Dhirajsingh S Rajput,
Rohit Gokarn, Anita Wanjari, Bharat Rathi
Original Articles
97-102 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
60-64 Pharmaceutical Standardization of through Medicinal Plants
Shatavari Granules Meena Shamrao Deogade,
Rohit Gokarn, KSR Prasad, Sunita V. Magar
Dhirajsingh Rajput,
Anita Wanjari, Bharat Rathi
Case Reports
65-68 Clinical study to evaluate the role of
103-106 Efficacy and Adverse Effects of
Virechana Karma in management of
Gunja beej lepa- A case series
Dyslipidemia
Nilima Wadnerwar,
Pooja B A,
K.S.R. Prasad
Santoshkumar Bhatted, Meera K. Bhojani
Short Communications
Review articles
107-111 Sarvadoshahara Karma and Dravya
69-81 Anti-Oxidant Activity perspectives in
Nitesh Shambharkar,
Rasayana
Mohan Lal Jaiswal , Awantika Jaiswal
Karma Sushama B Bhuvad,
K Nishteswar
82-86 Dhupakalpadhyaya of Kashyapa
112 Event Reports /Letters/
Samhita
Announcements
Sagar Bhinde, Sunil Joshi
87-90 Jirnashan - A definite way to

overcome the Obesity (Sthaulya)
Amol Kadu, Nitesh Shambharkar, Cover Page: Abrus precatorius
Punam Mohokar Joinsysmed Date of Publication: 30-07-2015
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Editor’s Note
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Journal of Indian system of Medicine (A Quarterly Peer Reviewed International Journal of

Research in Ayurveda) is a publication of Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved
College, Hospital & Research Centre, DMIMS (DU) , Wardha
©All rights are reserved
Volume 3 Issue 2
Publication date : July 30, 2015
ISSN No. (Print) : ISSN-2320-4419
Printed at : Swami Art & Computers, Wardha
Contact Address : The Chief Editor, Editorial Office-J-ISM, MGACH&RC,
A constituent college under
Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU),
Wardha 442 004, Maharashtra (India)
Phone: 07152202632
Note:
The institute / Editorial Board assume no responsibility for the statements expressed by the contributors. The
editorial staff in their work of examining papers received for publication is assisted in an honorary capacity by
distinguished scholors working in various field and parts of India as adjudicators.
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Editorial Journal of Indian
System of Medicine
BusinessAyurveda Modulated System
SRPKethamakka
"Education has become a flourishing business in the country," the Joinsysmed ID: JID040ED150715
Submitted Date: 15-07-2015
apex court statement in September 2008 [1] could not alter any situation
Approved Date: 20-07-2015
even in 2015. The Indian education system that started as the highly
Corresponding Author:
disciplined, principled and idealistic Gurukul ideology has evolved Shiva Rama Prasad Kethamakka,
through many phases as the “Golden Bird” was caged and ruled, later freed Vice-Dean (PG), Prof.&Head,
sans the wings or anything close to “golden” [2]. "We are training a group of Panchakarma, MGACH&RC,
physicians who have never been observed," Ludwig Eichna, wrote after he Salod(H), Wardha, Maharashtra
Email:
courageously took a second turn at being a medical student before stepping
[email protected]
down as a department of medicine chairman [3]. Ayurveda, a traditional
Co-author (s): NIL
healthcare system of India is getting global attention for its wide utility and Conflict of Interest: NIL
no adverse reaction attitude. The students who are inspired to join in Source of Support: NA
medical colleges and could not get an opening notch a back door entry in to Ethical Clearance: NA
medical practice by joining Ayurveda courses. This is observed from the Registered to: NA
mushrooming Ayurveda colleges all over India and the schools that provide Acknowledgment: NIL
Ayurveda knowledge in abroad are with insufficient to propagate Ayurveda How to cite the article:
Kethamakka SRP, Business
knowledge but cashing the interest of Ayurveda lovers. Even though the
Ayurveda Modulated System
colleges are under vigorous scrutiny and vigilance from governing bodies, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 57-59
the game of educational business is growing national wide.
Medical Council of India (MCI) governed 50% of colleges are
private, observes absence of quality in admissions and high capitation fees,
Delayed admissions, Shortage of faculty, Skewed distribution of medical
colleges [4]. This is even reflective in Ayurveda colleges governed by
CCIM. India is the only country that authorizes, as official policy, the sale
of medical seats by private medical colleges. Implicitly accepting the
principle, the ability to pay is eligibility but not the merit, is what counts in
this policy. The issue is not just about illegal capitation fees that range huge
amounts for MBBS reflective in Ayurveda in small scale. Archaic and
outmoded rules, regulations and eligibility conditions requiring a capital
base of more than Rs.150 crore have made the establishment of medical
colleges a business proposition. A provider survey by Jishnu Das in
Madhya Pradesh found a marginal difference in the practices of “qualified”
doctors and quacks [5].
Ayurveda is at crossroads, this Crossroad philosophy [6] is too
perilous phenomenon where the pessimistic attitudes are developing. The
age old traditions must reframe to the present situation and brought forward
as skill to the learner. But the education system is under experimental mode
and subjected for changes with imitations to the contemporary. At the cross
it is certain that we do not know what is behind curtain. This secret behind
57 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Kethamakka SRP, Business Ayurveda Modulated System, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 57-59
the curtain is attracting aspiring medical practitioners lies in stemming the rot by decisive action and before
to choose Ayurveda as an alternative way. People are it is too late.
raising questions on quality and validity of traditional In the setting of clinical medical education,
medicine and Ayurveda. On the other hand Chinese feedback refers to information describing students' or
traditional medicine is capturing the global herbal house officers' performance in a given activity, is a
market with Evidence Based Medicine researches on key step in the acquisition of clinical skills, yet
China medicines. feedback is often omitted or handled improperly in a
Even though interdisciplinary studies clinical training [10]. Canadian Career Development
continues to be contested by its practitioners and Foundation suggested SMART -
critics, the debate of key concepts around which (S-Specific,
consensus is developing and which inform the M-Measurable,
integrated definition of interdisciplinary studies. Inter- A-Achievable,
disciplinarily research has become a laudable goal for R-Relevant and
federal agencies, scientific associations, industry, and T-Time bound)
academic leaders. The “inter” in interdisciplinary
education [11]with an interdisciplinary oriented to
relays many meanings, viz. Contested Space, Insights,
combat present day need is necessary rather than a
Integration, etc. [7].
pureAYUSH career.
Presently (till 1st Jan 2014), there are 3616
The suggested curriculum should be open to
hospitals with about 56805 beds, 24722 dispensaries,
the interested but not for sellers with a proper
7,36,538 doctors, 519 educational institutions with
Teaching but not Just Lecturing with role model
admission capacity of about 29101 UG student and
teachers and wide understanding of the subject. A
3604 PG students and 9044 drug-manufacturing units
drastic step has to be taken to incorporate Ayurveda
are underAYUSH systems [8].
Research Work in to curriculum that develops the
We have to agree that the Indian population is knowledge and skills. In one sense the sound
not getting the adequate medical aid either from the so curriculum with embedded IT tools and practical
called evidence based or from traditional medicine skills will give clinical confidence and faith in
practitioners. Each and every part of governance is Ayurveda [12].
showing a step mother policy and many times the plans
Ayurveda to be an independent healthcare
made by the governance are not able to reach the needy
system with efficient physicians we need the
population. This point is made commercialized and
education to be reformed according to the need of the
implemented as community helper educational trusts
hour. Rural Indian populations are more attached to
to open medical colleges to manufacture graduates
the traditional systems and emergency health care
with incompetence. In the content of the current
systems are needed to be developed. If these systems
changing social and economic fabric of country, the
are supporting to the community, the value added
recent paradigm shift in Indian economy and political
Ayurveda is flourished all the time.
philosophy has led to the demand of private institution
CCIM president Dr.Vanitha Murali Kumar
as to meet the challenges. In fact the trend has shifted to
has said that the council sent a proposal to introduce a
commercialization of education [9].
nine-month bridge course for ISM graduates, who are
But still with the available scientific
interested in joining the rural health mission of the
guidelines, we have to take a chance of making
government, if a proposal submitted by the Central
something instead of nothing. A step towards this
Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) gets central
direction certainly makes the Ayurveda fraternity to
government's nod [13].
have bright tomorrow. The more the delay in
At the end we should understand that the
addressing the critical challenges facing human
business Ayurveda modulated systems of education
resources for health on grounds of political expediency,
generates institutional quacks that develop iatrogenic
the greater the social, political and financial costs this
diseases and their white coat gives rise nosocomial
country will have to bear in the years ahead. Prudence
(hospital) born diseases. The goal of reaching health
Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 58
Kethamakka SRP, Business Ayurveda Modulated System, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 57-59
systems to the rural population through Ayurveda [6] SRP Kethamakka, Crossroad Philosophy, JISM, Vol-1,
umbrella makes instead of offering certification for Num-2, pp 52-53
practicing Allopathy medicines by Ayurveda [7] SRP Kethamakka, Ayurveda is probability or Evidence
based medicine, J-ISM V2-N2, pp 61-62
practitioners.
[8] Janmejaya samal1 and suresh kumar, the craft of career
"If India wakes up to the world situation planning for ayush (ayurveda, yoga & naturopathy, unani,
and readjusts her educational institution, I have no sidha and homeopathy) professionals, J. Res. Educ. Indian
doubt that the Universities will have a great and Med., Vol. XXI (2)April - June 2015, pp1-7
noble part to play in regard to the future of [9] Shyam Sahu, the commercialization of education in
India: lies in the constitution, http://snsah.blogspot.in
civilization." - Alladi KrishnaAiyyar [14].
/2013/03/the-commercialization-of-education-in.html ,
References: handled on 14-6-15
[1] Education has become a flourishing business: SC, India [10] Jack Ende, Feedback in Clinical Medical Education,
Today, Press Trust of India New Delhi, September 8, 2008, JAMA. 1983 Aug 12;250(6):777-81. Http://www.ncbi.
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Education-has-become- nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6876333
a-flourishing-business:-SC/1/14844.html handled on 14-6- [11]The Canadian Career Development Foundation,
15 Ontario, Canada. Http://www.manitobacareer
[2] Education the largest business in INDIA?, development.ca/CDi/docs/plan_your_career.pdf
http://blog.letmeknow.in/education-the-largest-business- (Accessed on 13/03/2015)]
in-india/ handled on 14-6-15 [12] Shivakumar, Abhishek Magotra, Issues Of
[3] Eichna LW. Medical school education, 1975-1979: a Educational Reforms In Ayurveda, International Journal
student's perspective. N Engl J Med 1980;303:727-34. Of Innovative Research & Development, July, 2013 Vol 2
[4] Ananthakrishnan N and Shanthi AK Attempts at Issue 7, pp364-366
regulation of medical education by the MCI: issues of [13] SRP Kethamakka, Made in India-Make in India, J-
unethical and dubious practices for compliance by medical ISM, V2(4), Oct-Dec, 2014, pp.165-166
colleges and some possible solutions, Indian Journal of [14] Alladi Krishna Aiyyar, 'The Constitution, What It
Medical Ethics Vol IX No 1 January-March 2012, pp37-42 Means To People' 75 (Hyderabad) 2000
[5] Sujatha Rao, Doctors by merit, not privilege, The Hindu,
Opinion » Lead, Updated: June 26, 2013 02:04 IST handled
on 14-6-15

Original Article Journal of Indian
System of Medicine
Pharmaceutical Standardization of
Shatavari Granules
Rohit Gokarn, Dhirajsingh Rajput, Anita Wanjari,Bharat Rathi
Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID028OA150603

Standardization is necessary to maintain batch to batch consistency
as well as for repeated preparation of drug on large scale. Modification of Corresponding Author:
ancient dosage forms and development of new dosage forms is a continuous Rohit Gokarn, Assistant professor,
process which has significant contribution in flourishing the science with Dept of Rasashastra and BK,
changing life style and favor of people. Preparation of granules is one of MGACH & RC, Salod (H), Wardha
modified form of Ghana (solid preparations of herbal extract) and Khanda Email: [email protected]
Co-author (s):
Kalpana (solid preparations similar to granules). Shatavari granule is a well
Dhirajsingh Rajput, Asst. Professor
known formulation for its beneficial properties such as Stanyajanana
Anita Wanjari, Associate Professor
(galactagogue), Balya (immuno-modulators), Rasayana (rejuvenator), Bharat Rathi, Professor
Amlapittahara (act as antacid in hyperacidity) etc. Present study has Conflict of Interest: NIL
elaborated standardization of Shatavari granules. Three batches of Source of Support: NA
Shatavari granules were prepared by adopting reference of Vriddha Vaidya Ethical Clearance: NA
and analyzed as per mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopia of India (API). Registered to: NA
The average time required for preparation of Shatavari granules was 6.40 Acknowledgment: NIL
0 0 How to cite the article:
hours. A constant heat of 90 C-100 C was maintained throughout the
Rohit Gokarn et.al., Pharmaceutical
procedure. The analytical study revealed average observed values of Loss Standardization of Shatavari
0
on drying (at 105 C), Total ash, Acid Insoluble ash, Alcohol Soluble Granules, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp
extractives, Water Soluble extractive, pH, Bulk density and Tap density 60- 64
were 3%, 5.7 %, 0.5%, 25%, 54%, 4.0 (10% aqueous solution), 0.642
gm/ml, 0.810 gm/ml respectively. Particle size of prepared batches was 2 to
4 mm size. Antimicrobial study showed complete absence of any bacterial
contamination. Vigilant hygienic care while following every step,
temperature for heating and accessing completion stage of procedure are
the key points during preparation of Shatavari granules.
Key words: Standardization, Shatavari, Granules
Introduction:
Bhaishajya Kalpana, a pharmaceutical branch of Ayurveda has
contributed several innovative dosage forms. Avaleha and Kahanda
Kalpanas are dealt under the preview of Ghana Kriya where the semisolid
to solid form of dosage have been described. Conversion of dosage form in
to more suitable for modern era with additional benefits of palatability and
presentation is always essential. Shatavari is potential drug possessing
properties such as Stanyajanana (galactagogue), Balya (immuno-
modulator), Brihan (health promoter), Rasayana (rejuvenator), Vajikarana
(aphrodisiac), Amlapittahara (act as antacid in hyperacidity) [1] and also
possesses immuno-modulatory, anti-abortifacient activity, Antidepressant,
Anti-diarrhoeal, Antiulcerogenic action, antibacterial, analgesic,
Rohit Gokarn et.al., Pharmaceutical Standardization of Shatavari Granules, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 60- 64
Antioxidant properties [2]. Present study was planned the contents were removed from the heat source.
to change conventional form of Shatavari Guda to Thus obtained mass was dried in hot air oven for 4 hrs
granules with addition of colour and flavor. at 600C and subjected to multi mill in sieve no 2 to
Standardization of formulation is need of the hour to obtain Granules.(Pic 3) Shatvari Granules were then
generate evidence for existing literature and for taken in coating pan and saffron colour and fine
reproducibility. Standardization of the Shatavari powdered Ela was added, this was once again dried in
granules was carried out in large batches and hot air oven for 2 hrs. Thus formed granules were
parameters for quality assurance were also studied. sealed and packed in container. Similarly three more
Materials and Methods: batches were prepared to generate standard
Raw materials like Shatavari root (Asparagus manufacturing process.
racemosa) (Pic 1) and Ela (Elettaria cardamom) were Analytical study:
collected from authentic sources and were validated Analytical study was done to establish the
by pharmacognosy lab and preparation of Shatavari basic standards for Shatavari granules as there is no
Granules was carried out at Ayurved Rasashala, Pharmacopeia Standard guideline. The formulation
Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved college hospital and was first tested for organoleptic parameters such as
research center, Salod (H), Wardha, Maharashtra. color, odor and test (Table 2). Physiochemical
Organoleptic characters, microscopic characters, analysis includes Loss on drying at 105 0 C, Total ash,
physicochemical analysis, microbial contamination Acid Insoluble ash, Alcohol Soluble extractives,
were studied in analytical lab as perAPI standards. Water Soluble extractive, pH, Bulk density, Tap
Preparation of Shatavari granules: density and Particle Size (Table 3). Microbiological
General method of preparation [3] specifications were tested to validate its safety for
emphasized for Khanda paka is followed in the internal use. Enterobacteriaceae, Total fungus count,
preparation of Shatavari granules. The formulation E-coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus Aureus and
composition is similar to that of Shatavari Guda but Pseudomonas Aueruginosa were performed as per
instead of jagary, sugar was preferred (Table-1). CCRAS parameters (Table 4). Analysis of samples
Course powder of Shatavari root (1 kg) were taken were conducted in analytical lab of Mahatma Gandhi
vessel and soaked in eight parts of water overnight. Ayurved college hospital and research center, Salod
Decoction of Shatavari root was prepared by reducing (H), Wardha, Maharashtra, as perAPI standards.
th
it to 1/4 (Pic 2)and filtered through a cotton cloth. 2.5 Observations and results:
parts of sugar to that of Shatavari was added in After adding Sharkara to the decoction
prepared decoction and was heated on mild fire effervescence was observed which subsided on
0 0
(Mandagni) i.e. 90 C-100 C till it attained more than constant stirring. Gradual thickening of syrup,
two thread consistency of sugar syrup. At this stage, consistency of Tantumatwam (thread like) and Darvi

Table no.1: Quantity of ingredients and yield obtained in preparation of Shatavari granules
Batch Shatavari Sharkara (in Kg) Time required for preparation Final Yield (in Kg)
Kwatha (in l.)
SG1 4 10 6hr 35min 11.10
SG2 4 10 6hr 42min 10.90
SG3 4 10 6hr 45min 11.20
Avg. 6hr 40min 11.06
Table no.2: Average result of organoleptic parameters of Shatavari granules
Parameters Pharmacopeia Committee Observations Inference
Standard standard
Color Not available Cream Cream Acceptable
Odor Not available None None Acceptable
Taste Not available Sweetish Sweetish Acceptable
Table no.3: Average result of physico-chemical parameters of Shatavari granules

Parameters Pharmacopeia Committee Avg. of three Inference
Evaluated Standard standard Batches
Loss on drying at Not available Not more than 3% Acceptable
105 0 C 6%
Total ash Not available Not more than 6% 5.7 % Acceptable
Acid Insoluble Not available Not more than 0.5% 0.5% Acceptable
ash
Alcohol Soluble Not available Not less than 20% 25% Acceptable
extractives
Water –Soluble Not available Not less than 50% 54% Acceptable
extractive
pH Not available - 4.0 (10% Acceptable
aqueous
solution)
Bulk density Not available 0.642gm/ml 0.642 gm/ml Acceptable
Tap density Not available 0.810 gm/ml 0.810 gm/ml Acceptable
Particle Size Not available 2 to 4 mm size 2 to 4 mm size Acceptable
Table no.4: Average result of Microbiological specifications of Shatavari granules for Internal Use
Pharmacopeia
Parameters as per CCRAS Observations Inference
Standard
Enterobacteriaceae 10 3 / g Absent Acceptable
3
Total fungus count Maximum 10 / gm Absent Acceptable
E-coli Maximum 10/ gm Absent Acceptable
Salmonella None Absent Acceptable
Staphylococcus aureus Absent Absent Acceptable
Pseudomonas aueruginosa Absent Absent Acceptable
Pralepa (adhesion of syrup to spoon) was observed in Discussion:
1hr 30 min of heating. After 1hr 50 min of heating, the Shatavari Guda generally composes of fresh
syrup was found to be in two thread consistency with Swaras (juice) extracted from Shatavari roots but in
Apsumajjan (Dipping in water). Bindu paka (Settled present study Shatavari Kwatha was preferred as
drop of syrup in water) with Patitastu Na Shiryate (not procuring fresh Shatavari Moola each time for large
instant dissolution in water) was observed at 2 hr and 5 scale production is not feasible. According to
min (Graph 1). Average 11.06 kg of Shatavari Granules Dalhana, Kwatha (decoction) can also be called as
were obtained in three batches (Table 1). Swarasa; hence it advisable to use Kwatha [4].

Excessive frothing was observed after adding sugar to

decoction which need continuous observation and
stirring. As the moisture content reduces in syrup
cohesive force increases and further application of heat
imparts kinetic movement to the sugar molecules,
where as when it is cooled loss of kinetic movement
makes the sugar molecules to coalesce. This explains
the reasoning behind thickening and solidifying on
cooling. Sugar percentage upto 60-70 are required for
granules preparations which can be accessed when
mixture of Sugar and Shatavari kwath reaches more
than two thread consistency. This stage indicates less
moisture content in the granules. Average time required
for preparation of Shatavari granules was 6 hr 40 min, Pic1 Raw Shatavari
after adding Sharkara to the decoction it took average
1hr 30min to attain one thread consistency and next 20-
30 min for formation of desired consistency required
for preparation of granules. Temperature during whole
0
process is maintained under 100 C for optimum
preservation of active constituents in the product.
Before undertaking preparation of Shatavari
granules in large batches, standardization was carried
out in laboratory and analytical standards were set by
quality control department. Decoction prepared from
Shatavari was cream color hence obtained batches
were also having cream color. Flavor was added to
0
make it more palatable. Loss on drying at 105 C
indicates presence of moisture content. If moisture
Pic2 Preparation of Shatavari Kwatha
content is more than permissible limit then there the
formulation is more likely to get infected by fungal
growth. Moreover unwanted changes can also occur
due to presence more moisture. In prepared batches
moisture content is much less (3%) i.e. this formulation
has more stability. Acid insoluble ash represents
presence of inorganic content which is not expected in
pure herbal formulation. The obtained value of acid
insoluble ash in all batches is negligible. Insignificant
difference is observed in alcohol soluble extractives
which may be due to addition of flavor. The extractive
values namely water-soluble and alcohol soluble
indicates the amount of active constituent in given
amount of plant material when extracted with
respective solvents, a lower value compared to
standard value indicates presence of exhausted
material [6]. However for Shatavari granules no such
Pic 3 Shatavari Granules
standards are found mentioned hence the obtained
values in present study can be considered for future
studies. Water soluble extractive value is also nearly
same in all three batches. This value is related with Conclusions:

dissolution in gastrointestinal tract and assimilation 10.06 kg Shatavari granules can be prepared
along with other liquid media. More water solubility is from 1 kg Shatavari root in average 6.40 hrs at 90-100
0
helpful for internal administration of Shatavari C continuously maintained temperature. Constant
granules with milk as vehicle. The physical parameter hygiene is required to rule out any possibility of
such as pH was determined to avoid gastric irritation. microbial contaminations during preparation of
All samples showed acidic pH. granules. As standards for Shatavari granules are not
One important characteristic is tapped bulk mentioned in API, hence analytical findings of
density, or simply tapped (tap) density: that is, the present study can be considered for future research.
maximum packing density of a powder (or blend of
powders) achieved under the influence of well References:-
defined, externally applied forces. The minimum [1] Paranjape P. Indian Medicinal Plants, Chaukhamba
packed volume thus achieved depends on a number of Sanskrit Pratishthan, Delhi: reprint 2005; p.242
factors including particle size distribution, true [2] Khulbe A. Asparagus racemosus (shatavari): a
density, particle shape and cohesiveness due to surface multipurpose plant, ejpmr, 2015, 2(3), 599-613
forces including moisture. Therefore, the tap density [3] Vaidy SS, Dole VA. Bhaishajya Kalpana Pratykshika,
Anamol Publication, Pune. Reprit 2004, p.40
of a material can be used to predict both its flow
[4] Acharya YT. Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 10/12,
properties and its compressibility [7]. Observed
Chaukhambha krishanadas academy; Varanasi: Reprint
densities of samples are within committee standard. 2004.p.415.
Finer the particle size more will be solubility and thus [5] Bargi P C, Bargi J P, Bargi U C, Patgiri B.J., Prajapati
more will be the gastrointestinal absorption. The P.K. Standardization of Narikela Khanda and Narikela
granules of all batches were fine enough to pass Khanda Granules - Herbal Compound Formulations of
through 80-100 mesh size. As all batches were Narikela (Cocus Nucifera Linn.). J Ayu Holi Med Jan
prepared by taking required hygienic care and by 2014;(2):1:1-9
utilizing sterilized instruments, thus result of [6] Chamundeeswari D, Kanimozhi P, Vasanthkumar,
microbial content study showed absence of Reddy CU. Formulation and evaluation of churna for
digestive property Sri Ramachandra Journal of Medicine
Enterobacteriaceae , fungus count, E-coli,
Nov. 2007 p. 39
Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudo-
[7]http://www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/doc/importance
monas aueruginosa. The pharmacopeial standards for -of-powder-density-in-solid-dosage-0001 Last accessed
Shatavari granules are not available hence the on 09/07/2015 at 11.54 AM
analytical results of present study may prove
torchbearer towards establishing analytical standards
for Shatavari granules.

Journal of Indian
Original Article System of Medicine
Clinical study to evaluate the role of Virechana

Karma in management of Dyslipidemia
Pooja B A, SantoshkumarBhatted, MeeraK.Bhojani
Abstract Joinsysmed ID: JID029OA150617

Dyslipidemia is one of the life style disorder due to the today's Submitted Date: 17-06-2015
faulty life style including food habits, minimum physical exercise, stress,
anxiety and depression. Every 1% increase in cholesterol level is Pooja B A, Assistant Professor,
responsible for 1-2% increase in the incidence of Coronary Heart Disease. Dept.of Panchakarma, S.D.M
Lipids can be correlated to that of Medo Dhatu. According to the different College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady,
references Dyslipidemia can be correlated to Medo Dosha and Udupi.
subsequently as Medoroga. The treatment principles mainly includes Email: [email protected]
Co-author (s):
Samshodhana Chikitsa(Bio cleansing),where as statins are first choice of
Santosh kumar Bhatted, Associate
drug in modern science. Looking into the adverse reactions and the Professor and Head, Dept. of
limitations in the modern medication clinical trial was carried out in 30 Panchakarma, National Institute of
patients having Dyslipidaemia. Classical Virechana Karma was performed Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan
and the effect of treatment on the complete lipid profile was assessed after MeeraK.Bhojani, Professor, Govt.
Ayurveda College, Junagadh
the treatment. Statistical analysis showed highly significant result in the
Conflict of Interest: NIL
lipid profile.
Source of Support: NA
Key words: Dyslipidemia, Lipid profile, Virechana Karma Ethical Clearance: NA
Registered to: NA
Introduction Acknowledgment:
Department of Panchakarma,
The changes in the today's life style mainly includes faulty food
National Institute of Ayurveda
habits, minimum physical exercise, maximum mental and intellectual Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
exercise with stress, anxiety and depression resulting into various How to cite the article:
abnormalities in body composition. Dyslipidemia is one such potential Pooja BA et.al., Clinical study to
signal for unrecognized co-morbidities like Obesity, Metabolic syndrome, evaluate the role of Virechana
Karma in management of
Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Cardio-vascular disease etc. It may be
Dyslipidemia, Joinsysmed vol 3(2),
manifested by elevation of the total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein pp 65-68
(LDL) cholesterol and the triglyceride concentrations and a decrease in
high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration in the blood [1].
The prevalence of Dyslipidemia in India is not exactly known as it usually
appears as subclinical case without symptoms. For every 1% increase in
cholesterol level causes 1-2% increase in the incidence of Coronary Heart
Disease [2]. There are scattered references available in Ayurveda
correlating Dyslipidemia. Lipid is often correlated to that of Medo Dhatu.
Abnormal composition of Medo Dhatu is considered as Medo Dosha and
subsequently as Medoroga. Statins are the first choice in the treatment of
Dyslipidemia, however the need for long term, lifelong therapy with Statins
is associated with several adverse effects like myopathy, increased risk in
acute and chronic renal failure, hypothyroidism and memory loss[3]. Medo
Roga being Bahu Dosha (excessive vitiated) dominant condition
Samshodhana Chikitsa (Bio cleansing) is preferred treatment modality
Pooja BA et.al., Clinical study to evaluate the role of Virechana Karma in management of Dyslipidemia, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 65-68
among those Virechana Karma(Purgation) is best for Samyak Snighda Lakshana (proper features of
the elimination of excessively vitiated Pitta Dosha and internal oleation)were observed.
to correct Agni which is the basic factor involved in the Sarvanga Abhyanga (whole body massage)
pathogenesis of Medoroga [4] . Thus with this with Dashamoola Taila for 25 minutes followed by
understanding clinical study was done to evaluate the Mridu Bashpa Svedana (mild sudation) for 10
efficacy of Virechana Karma in Dyslipidemia. minutes was carried out for 4 days including the day
Materials and Methodology: of Virechana Karma.
Diagnostic criteria: Diet during three days gap: Diet including
Abnormal levels of serum lipid profile and the rice gruel, green gram soup, sour fruits like grapes,
clinical features of Medoroga like Sarvakarmasu sweet lemon, orange and pomegranate was advised.
Ashaktata, Dourbalya, Svedadhikya. Pradhana karma:
Inclusion criteria: Serum Cholesterol (201mg/dl or Virechana Yoga (formulation for purgation):
more),Serum Triglycerides (161mg/dl or more),Serum 40 gms of Triphala Kvatha Choorna (powder of
HDL (below 40mg/dl),Serum LDL (131mg/dl or Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and
more), Serum VLDL (41mg/dl or more), All or any of Embelica officinalis), boiled in 160ml of water
these. reduced to 80 ml, to which 15 grams of Trivrith
Exclusion criteria: Choorna (powder of Operculina turpenthum) and 10
Patient's age below 20 years & above 60 years, grams of Katuki Choorna (powder of Picchrohiza
patients not fit for Virechana, with any other systemic kurroa) was mixed, followed by 1 to 2 tabs of
diseases like cardiovascular diseases,any rectal Icchabhedi Rasa was administered as Virechana
pathology like hemorrhoids, fissure etc., were yoga.
excluded from study. Administration of Virechana Yoga
Laboratory investigation: Routine After Sarvanga Abhyanga and Mridu
hematological and urine investigations, lipid profile, Svedana patients were examined for the vitals like
liver function test were carried out before and after the pulse, blood pressure then above mentioned
treatment. Virechana Yoga was administered in between 9.30 to
Assessment criteria: 10.00 am with warm water later on as per the need 1 to
Complete Lipid profile including serum 2 Icchabhedi Rasa tablet(125mg each) were given.
cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum HDL, serum Advise: Patients were instructed to take warm water
LDL, serum VLDL were assessedbefore and after repeatedly, not to sleep in the afternoon, not to sit
completion of treatment. under fan or near the window, not to roam outside in
Methodology the breeze or sunlight, have a rest on the bed and to
30 patients fulfilling the criteria were selected attend the urge of defecation.
randomly and were treated with classical Virechana Observations of the patient
Karma. The observations like the time of initiation of
Poorvakarma: Virechana Vega(urge of daefecation), total number
Panchakola Choorna [5] was administered of Virechana Vega, time of completion, nature of
thrice a day in the dose of 2gms orally after food along Vega, Kshudhapravritti, examination of vitals,
with Sukoshnajala for a period of 3 to 7 days until Lainghiki Lakshana, Antiki Lakshana ,Vyapad if any
Nirama Lakshana was obtained. were noted.
Triphala Taila [6] was administered between Samsarjana Krama
6:30 to 7 am with Ushna Jala as Anupana in an The special diet consists of liquid rice gruel,
increasing dose started with small i.e., 30 to 50 ml on thick rice gruel, green gram soup, green gram soup
the first day, depending upon Agnideepti (increased with spices, fat and meat soup(only in non vegetarian
power of digestion) second day onwards the dose was patients) were administered each for 1,2,3 Annakaala
increased accordingly for a period of 3-7 days till wherein a day consists of 2 Annakaala. In this way
these four diets were advised for 3, 5 and 7 days
depending upon Avara, Madhyama and Pravara Observations and Result

Shuddhi respectively[7]. Out of 30 patients maximum 63.33% patients
Code and conduct: Excessive speech were male, 83.33% patients in between the age group
,travelling, exercise, sitting and lying in improper 25-50 yrs. 53.33% patients were hindu,76.66%
posture, exposure to wind, cold, heat and dust and in patients were married, 80% patients were having the
general advised to take luke warm water, to avoid history of strenuous work, 53.33%wereVata Kapha
heavy ,oily food stuffs and suppression of natural Prakriti, 53% were Kroora Kosta,78% patients were
urges. non vegetarians.
Table No.1
Effect of treatment in the complete Lipid profile Before and After the treatment
Lipid Profile BT AT Significance
Serum Cholesterol 240.84±32.73 199.87±27.21 <0.001**
Serum Triglycerides 256.89±82.27 152.78±15.05 <0.001**
Serum HDL 51.71±7.43 56.87±6.50 <0.001**
Serum LDL 131.07±33.27 113.28±29.90 0.018*
Serum VLDL 51.39±16.53 30.46±3.07 <0.001**
** Highly Significant * Significant
The mean cholesterol was 240.84 mg/dl before differentiate between the two types Medo Roga viz;
treatment which reduced to 199.87mg/dl(17.02%) Sthaulya and Medo Dosha [9]. According to the
after treatment with p<0.001 which is highly distinction made by him, the former is characterized
significant, The mean triglycerides level was by Udaravriddhi whereas the latter is characterized
256.89mg/dl before treatment which reduced to by morbid changes occurring due to obstruction of the
152.78mg/dl(40.53%) after treatment with p<0.001 channels.
which is strongly significant,mean HDL was 51.71 Virechana Karma has showed better result in
before treatment which was increased to reducing the cholesterol level which can be explained
56.87mg/dl(9.97%) after treatment with p<0.001 in two ways viz., action through Liver and Intestine
which is strongly significant.The mean LDL was Virechana Karma being the best treatment for Pitta
131.07 before treatment which reduced to Dosha through which large amount of bile is excreted
113.28(13.58%) after treatment with p<0.018 which is which indirectly helps in the excretion of cholesterol.
moderately significant.The mean VLDL was 51.39 Apart from this the site of action of Virechana Karma
before treatment which reduced to 30.46(40.73%) after is on Adho Amashaya(small intestine) from where the
treatment with p<0.001 which is strongly significant. cholesterol is reabsorbed. This Virechana Karma may
Discussion be helping to convert the cholesterol in the non
Dyslipidemia can be studied under the broad absorbable form so that it may not be reabsorbed.
umbrella of Sthaulya in Brihatrayi. Atisthaulya is at On the other side Yakrit (liver) being the main
first mentioned by Acharya Charaka as one of the organ of Pitta Sthana, Virechana Karma may be
Kaphaja Nanatmaja Vikara in Maharoga Adhyaya and having direct effect on the functioning of liver as it is
is later on elaborated upon in the subsequent Ashtau indicated in many of the hepato biliary diseases like
Ninditiya Adhyaya[8]. On further contemplation it is hepato cellular Jaundice etc., once the functioning of
evident that Atisthaulya is physiology predominant liver is corrected the synthesis of cholesterol may be
disorder which eventually gets converted into a checked and excretion of cholesterol may be
pathological state. A review of the Laghutrayi bears increased by stimulating the bile production and
certain references to Dyslipidemia. Adhamalla while secretion.
commenting on Sharangdhara Samhita has tried to
As in Virechana Karma deleterious substances Conclusion

are brought from the peripheral tissues to the intestine Dyslipidemia can be correlated with
by adopting proper Snehana, Svedana. This means the abnormal MedoDhatu (Medo Dosha). Considering
cholesterol present at the plasma and tissue level might Medo Roga as Bahudoshaavastha, Srotorodha
have came to the intestine for the excretion by dominant condition, Samshodhana is the preferred
therapeutic purgation. Considerable effect in the Chikitsa, among Samshodhana Virechana Karma is
triglycerides by Virechana Karma could be attributed best to correct Agni. Virechana Karma was highly
to the following reasons. The main action of Virechana effective in reducing the lipid profile level,
Karma is on Pitta Dosha, indirectly on Agni which particularly in triglycerides level and HDL level was
plays an important role in the digestion and metabolism increased which was statistically highly significant.
through which the synthesis of triglycerides might have References:
regulated. The main action of Virechana Karma is on [1] Harrisons, edited by Eugene Braunwald, Anthony S.
Koshtha (small intestine) from where the raw materials Fanci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dennis L. Kasper, Dan L. Longo,
for the synthesis of TGL will be absorbed. Hence J. Larry Jameson and McGraw-Hill, Harrison : Principles
regulating the functions of intestine may regulate the of Internal Medicines, Medical Publishing Division; Vol.-
uptake and absorption of raw materials for TGL. The 2. 15th International Edition,2012,pg.no.2249
liver plays a major role in the synthesis and storage of [2] Ibid [1]
[3] Ibid [1]
TGL. Virechana Karma is the major treatment for Pitta
[4] Madhavakara, Madhava Nidana with Madhukosha
Dosha and Pitta Sthana, liver being one of the major
commentary of Vijayarakshita and Shrikantadatta,
Pitta Sthana Virechana Karma significantly improve Medoroga Nidanam, Verse 12-13, published by
the function of liver which indirectly regulates the Varanaseya Sanskrit Samsthana; Varanasi.1993.Pg.No 28.
synthesis of TGL. The improvement in the HDL level, [5].Parushurama Shastri ed, Sharanghadhara Samhita
probable reason could be as Virechana Karma mainly Madhyama Khanda, Choorna Kalpana 6/13-14,
works on Agni, Pitta Sthana(liver)and Koshtha i.e Chaukambha Sanskrit Samsthana; Varanasi. 2004, p180.
intestine which helped for the proper formation of [6] Yadavakji Trikamaji ed, Charaka Samhita, (Ayurveda
Dhatu i.e., tissues in general and quality tissues in Deepika Commentary) Sootrasthana, Sneha Adhyaya, 13/
particular. Further in LDL and VLDL level also much 8, Chaukambha Sanskrit Samsthana; Varanasi. 2004, p 87.
[7] Ibid [6], Siddhisthana, Panchakarmeeya siddhi 1/11, p
better result was observed. As Virechana improves
678.
Agni there by regulates the uptake of raw material for
[8] Ibid [6], Sootrasthana,Astaounindateeya 21/3, p116.
the production of lipids. It also improves the [9] Ibid [5], Poorvakanda, Rogaganana Adhyaya, 7/64,
functioning of liver there by regulates the endogenous p91.
production of VLDL.

Review Article Journal of Indian
System of Medicine
Anti-Oxidant Activity perspectives in

Rasayana Karma
Sushama B Bhuvad, K Nishteswar
Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID027RA150330

Acharya Charaka stated about two types of medicine, one which Submitted Date: 07/03/2015
promotes resistance to the body and another which cures the diseases.
Rasayana and Vajikarana therapies play a key role in achieving these goals.
Sushama B Bhuvad, PhD scholar,
The main aim of Rasayana therapy is to promote formation of Ojasa or Dept. of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T.&R.A,
resistance which in modern terminology can be called as promoting the Jamnagar
strength of immune system. In the present study, review of the Rasayana Email: [email protected]
drugs had been made from Rasayanachikitsa ofAyurveda classics. They are Co-author (s):
furnished on the basis of definition of Rasayana stated by Acharya K Nishteswar, Prof & HOD, Dept. of
Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T.&R.A,
Bhavamishra. There are total 158 herbal Rasayana drugs proven for their
Jamnagar
antioxidant activity and are categorized according to their actions. A total of Conflict of Interest: NIL
12 activities were found to be common in majority of drugs i.e. Vrishya, Source of Support: NIL
Chakshushya, Brihmana, Deepana, Pachana, Keshya, Swarya, Hridya, Ethical Clearance: NA
Balya, Medhya- Smritida and Jeevaniya. Some of the activities like Registered to: NA
Vrishya, Hridya, Medhya, Deepana and Pachana can be scientifically Acknowledgment: NA
validated. But other activities like Chakshushya, Keshya, Swarya require How to cite the article:
Sushama B Bhuvad, K Nishteswar,
proper scientific method of evaluation.
Anti-Oxidant Activity perspectives in
Key words: Antioxidant activity, Rasayana Karma, Herbal drugs Rasayana Karma, Joinsysmed vol
Introduction: 3(2), pp 69-81
There are many misconceptions regarding cure or prevention of
disease. It can be thought that all the diseases can be prevented by
immunization or by any physico-chemical methods or else the health will
be automatically promoted if proper nutrition is given. Modern scientists
feel that one cannot improve health of the person more than what is
genetically determined for him. However, it can be contradicted by research
of Linus Pauling. Pauling's promotion of large doses of vitamins for
everything from the common cold to cancer has often gone beyond the
available evidence. However, in more recent years, re-evaluations of
Pauling's work have shown that dietary supplementation with antioxidants
such as vitamin C can have significant beneficial effects on health.
Pauling's ideas about molecular balance and health are increasingly
important to a health-conscious public, as well as to a growing number of
health professionals [1].
Rasayana is considered as one of the Angas (part) of the
Ashtanga Ayurveda. Acharya Charaka had described Rasayanachikitsa to
fulfill the aim of the Ayurveda i.e. Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshanam.
Rasayana drugs acts by preventing the old age and diseases in the healthy
person. E.g Haritaki, Guggulu and Shilajatu [2]. Acharya Sushruta quoted
about Rasayana as the drug having potential for Vayasthapana (Anti-
Sushama B Bhuvad, K Nishteswar, Anti-Oxidant Activity perspectives in Rasayana Karma, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 69-81
ageing), Ayushyakara (Invigorating), Medhya Chakshushya drugs, 11 drugs are having Brihmana
(Memory booster), Balakara (Strength promoting) Karma, 29 are Balya drugs, 15 are Medhya drugs and
and Rogahara (cure of disease) activities [3]. Acharya 4 are Jeenvaniya drugs. Apart from these actions,
Bhavamishra defines Rasayana as the medicine which other actions like Deepana (Digestive stimulant),
prevents old age, cures diseases, acts as Vayasthapana Pachana (promotes digestion), Keshya (Hair tonic),
(retards ageing), Chakshushya (eye tonic), Swarya (beneficial to voice) and Hridya
Brihmaneeya (increases bulkiness of the body) and (Cardioprotective) are also found to be attributed to
Vrishya (aphrodisiac) [4]. these drugs.(see the tabulations)
On scientific basis, Rasayana Karma can be There are 12 drugs mentioned in Rasayana
analogous with Anti-oxidant, Anti-ageing, chikitsa which possess Chakshushya property.
Adaptogenic, Nootropic and cognitive, 1. Ajaaji,
immunomodulatory activities. The anti-oxidant agent 2. Haritaki,
decreases the cell destruction activity of free radical 3. Draksha,
4. Lodhra,
and promotes cell longevity. Adaptogenic drugs help
5. Madhuka,
to adopt the body for various types of stress
6. Mudgaparni,
(environmental, physical, mental etc.). The drugs
7. Lashuna,
supplements, nutraceuticals and functional foods that
8. Mudga,
enhance attention, control and memory are called as 9. Nimbapatra,
cognitive enhancers. Immunomodulatory drugs 10. Nirgundi,
modulate the immune system. Anti-ageing drugs slow 11. Shatavari,
down the ageing process in the body. 12. Aparajita
By taking into considerations the different views about
Rasayana drugs attributed with Deepaniya activity are as
the definition of Rasayana, the review of the drugs was
follows:
done considering 11 activities i.e. Vrishya, 1. Agnimantha
Chakshushya, Brihmana, Deepana, Pachana, Keshya, 2. Ajaji
Swarya, Hridya, Balya, Medhya- Smritida, Jeevaniya 3. Ajamoda
with regard to Rasayana activity. 4. Apamarga
Material and Method: 5. Ativisha
Rasayana drugs were compiled from the 6. Bijapura
7. Bhallataka
Charaka samhita, Sushruta samhita, Ashtanga hridaya,
8. Bharangi
Ashtanga samgraha, Harita samita, Bhavaprakasha,
9. Danti
Sarangadhara, and Gadanigraha. Drugs were 10. Dhanyaka
identified with the help of commentaries of these 11. Ela
classical texts, and “Glossary of Vegetable drug in 12. Gokshura
Bruhattrayi” by Thakur Balawant Singh. The actions 13. Guduchi
of drugs are compiled from Bhavaprakasha nighatu, 14. Guggulu
Kaiyadeva nighantu, Raja nighantu and Rasatarangini. 15. Haritaki
The research activities reported about these drugs has 16. Hribera
been collected from 'Selection of Prime Ayurvedic 17. Indrayava
18. Krishnajeeraka
Plant Drugs' by Sukh Dev as well as relevant articles
19. Kantakari
have been downloaded from Google scholar.
20. Karchoora
Observation and Result: 21. Katuki
Upon screening the above mentioned 22. Maricha
Ayurvedic compendia a total of 158 drugs possessed 23. Musta
Rasayana property which were categorized according 24. Patola
their actions. In total 20 drugs having Rasayana 25. Pippali
karma, 29 drugs are having Vrishya karma, 12 are 26. Saptaparna
27. Shatavari

28. Shyonaka Shunthi

29. Surana
Vasa
30. Surasa
Yava
31. Vacha In total 29 drugs listed for their Rasayana and Balya
32. Varahi activity.And they are as follows:
33. Vidanga Ajaji
34. Yava Ajamoda
35. Yavani Ashwagandha
The drugs attributed with Pachana property are as follows: Atibala
1. Apamarga Bala
2. Ativisha
3. Bharangi Bhringaraja
4. Bilva Bilva
5. Brihati Guduchi
6. Chitraka Guggulu
7. Dhanyaka
Kapikachu
8. Hingu
9. Hribera Kharjura
10. Krishnajeeraka Krishnajeeraka
11. Kantakari Krishnatila
12. Lashuna
Lashuna
13. Musta
14. Nagakesara Madhooka
15. Ushira Madhuka
16. Patola Mahashatavari
17. Shunthi
Masha
18. Yavani
Mashaparni
In total 11 drugs having Rasayana along with Brihmana
Nagabala
property. They are listed below: Bhallataka
Palandu
Kadali
Priyangu
Kapikachhu
Shali
Lashuna
Shankhpushpi
Madhooka
Shatavari
Masha
Tugakshiri
Mushali
Varahi
Shaali
Vidari
Shalaparni
Yava
Talamuli
VidariThere are total 10 Rasayana drugs attributed with Chakrapani interprets that the word 'Jivaniya'
Keshya property ad they are as follows: Asana means 'Ayu' and the drug/diet that it Hitakara
Bakuchi (Conductive for sustenance of life) is Jivaniyanam
Bhallataka [56]. Bhadanta Nagarjuna described that Jivaniya
Bhringaraja drug usually constituted by Prithvi and
Bibhitaka Jalamahabhuta. Doctrine of Ayurvedic physiology
Gambhari attributed Jivanam as main Karma of Rakta dhatu.
Krishna Tila Basing on this concept, the mode of action of Jivaniya
Madhuka drugs can be explained on Raktadhatu. Site of action
Nilika (Adhikarana) of Jivaniya drugs usually is Raktadhatu
Nirgundi and the drugs may help to improve the total
In total seven drugs are possessing Kanthya property, they
are mentioned below: constituents of Rakta. There are only 4 drugs namely
Guggulu Haritaki, Varahi, vidari and Kshiravidari attributed
Kakamachi for their Rasayana and Jeevaniya property.
Madhuka Discussion:
Shali
In the Ayurvedic pharmacology, Rasayana
Karma may include in total 11 activities which are result in improvement or increase in life span of
discussed sequentially as according to modern human being. (Table 2)
pharmacology, Rasayana Karma may be correlated It is generally stated that Hridya refers to
with antioxidant, adaptogenic, anti-stress, anti-ageing group of drug which promotes the strength of the
activities etc. heart [61]. But Gangadhar, commentator on Charaka
The part of activity of Rasayana Karma may be samhita, expressed it as the drugs which can be good
interpreted with antioxidant activity or free radical for mind or which also act at psychic level [62].
scavenging activity. Antioxidants are reducing agents, Mostly Amlarasa is attributed with Hridya karma.
and limit oxidative damage to biological structures by There are 15 drugs, reported for their antioxidant
passivating them from free radicals. Free radicals activity and possess Hridya activity too. Among
accumulate in the cell as the age progresses. They are them only 5 drugs are proven for their
highly unstable and reactive in nature and cause cardioprotective activity. (Table 3)
oxidative chain reaction. The free radical oxidation A drug which increases the Budhhi
moves from molecule to molecule, cell to cell and (intelligence) is known as Medhya [63]. This word is
causes immense damage to human body [57]. Among interpreted as intellect promoting or brain tonic by
20 drugs, 18 are already reported for their antioxidant Acharya Priyavrat Sharma [64]. Acharya Nagarjuna
activity. Bakuchi and Mahashatavari are yet to be opines that Medhya Karma may be attributed to
validated for their antioxidant or free radical Prabhava [65]. Medha faculty includes power of
scavenging activity. (Table 1) Drugs like Shatavari, acquisition, retention and recollection (memory).
Ashwagandha, Mushali increases libido and may be There are 10 drugs, reported for their nootropic and
called as Vajikara or Vrishya dravya. About the mode cognitive, anti-amnesic activities. (Table 4)
of action aphrodisiac drugs Bhavamishra states that The drug which is good to eye sight is called
these drugs act by their Prabhava (specific potency) as Chakshushya. Pitta (Alochaka pitta) does the
just like Virechana dravyas (Purgative drugs). E.g. function of maintenance of eye sight and Kapha is
Dugdha, Masha, Bhallataka and Amalaki are said to responsible to strengthen the eye. Therefore vitiation
be producer and expellers of Shukra (Semen) [58]. of Pitta and Kapha Dosha can cause various eye
Among the 29 drugs, 11 drugs like Pippali, diseases. The drugs which alleviate vitiation of
Shankhpushi, Shali are not validated for their Kapha and Pitta Dosha and strengthen the eye sight
aphrodisiac activity though they possess Vrishya should be administered. The drugs containing
property. According to modern phytochemistry, tannins, flavonoids, Vit.A, B, C, and zinc contents
flavonoids and others phenolics compounds; can improve the eye sight. Tannin containing drugs
alkaloids, xanthins and others amines; and saponins like Haritaki can be used in inflammatory conditions
may responsible for the aphrodisiac activity [59]. e.g. conjunctivitis etc., flavonoids can perform
T h e s e d r u g s i m p r o v e s e x u a l b e h a v i o r, antioxidant activity and drugs like Cuminum
spermatogenesis; increase sperm count and cyminum which contains zinc can help in normal
testosterone level. functioning of lens, retina to stop diseases like night
Some drugs like Krishnajeerka, Padma seed blindness and macular degeneration [66].
and Patola seed show anti-fertility activity. The use of In total 35 drugs having Rasayana as well as
anti-fertility agent or Contraceptive pills in Deepana property. Deepana drugs stimulate Agni
developing countries is estimated to have decreased (digestive fire). Agni can be Jatharagni, Dhatvagni
the number of maternal deaths by 40% (about 270,000 or Bhutagni. Hence, to exercise Rasayana property,
deaths prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% of the drug should act not only on Jatharagni but also at
deaths if the full demand for birth control were met Dhatvagni level to generate normal dhatus. Sushruta
[60]. These benefits are achieved by reducing the considered Agni predominant dravya as Deepaniya
number of unplanned pregnancies that subsequently [67]. Therefore drugs having Amla and Katurasa
result in unsafe abortions and by preventing may possess Deepaniya activity e.g. Bijapuraka,
pregnancies in those at high risk, which ultimately Ajaji, ajamoda, Yavani, Vidanga, Maricha etc.
The drug which digests Ama but does not these drugs is to improve voice. The drug should act
directly stimulate the Agni is Pachaniya [68]. on Majja Dhatu for improvisation of voice. As
Arunadatta quoted that which increases the digestive “Snigdha Swara” and “Prasanna Swara” are
power of Agni is known as Pachana. The drugs should symptoms of Majjadhatusara and Shukradhatusara
be of Akasha, Vayu and Agni mahabhuta dominance. individuals respectively [72]. Ultimately these drugs
Therefore Tikta, Katu Rasa can cause digestion of show their action up to Shukra dhatu therefore they
undigested material due to their Sukshma (Subtle), would act as Rasayana.
Tikshna (Penetrating), Ushna (Hot), Laghu (easy to Kapha is normal state imparts Bala [73]
digest) properties. There are in total 18 drugs (strength) to the body which is also referred by the
mentioned in Rasayana chikitsa having Pachana name Shaishmika ojas. Bala is measured by physical
property too. exercise. Bala is also interpreted as immunity. Five
Measures that increases bulkiness of the body dhatus are belonging to Kapha varga.i.e. Rasa,
is referred as Brihmaneeya. In a way Brihmaneeya Mamsa, Meda, Majja and Shukra may serve as site
drug promotes body weight and it possess the Gunas for action of Balya drugs. Balya dravyas are often
like Guru, Mridu, Snigdha, Sandra, Sthula, Picchila, interpreted as tonics and strength promoters or
Manda, sthira and Shlakshna [69]. Brihmaneeya immune enhancers. Charaka samhita's Vidyotini
Dravyas are mainly constituted by Prithvi mahabhuta. commentator classifies Balya drugs into two groups
Sushruta opines that Brihmaneeya drug is constituted 1. General drugs- promote the general strength. E.g.
by Prithvi and Jala Mahabhutas [70]. Site of action of Kapikachhu, Shatavari. 2. Specific drugs- Certain
Brihmaneeya drugs is predominantly on Mamsadhatu drugs specifically increase the strength of the organ or
and if it happens to be Kaphakara drugs it may exert its toned up the organ. E.g. Hridaya- Arjuna; Amashaya-
action on rests of the dhatus like Rasa, Meda, Majja Shatavari ; Nadisamsthana- Lashuna, Garbha
and Shukradhatu. sthapana: Kapikachhu, Vidari etc.
Keshya drugs act to fulfill both the purposes Conclusion:
i.e. Growth of hairs and color of the hair. Loss of the In total 158 herbal drugs are enumerated
hairs can occur in skin diseases like Indralupta, from the Rasayana therapy basing on eight important
Khalitya, Darunaka and also due to endocrinal Samhita and Yogasamgraha granthas and classified
diseases like hypothyroidism. In such conditions, Vata, them further into different groups like Vrishya,
Pitta, Kapha as well as Rakta also get vitiated. Vitiated Chakshushya, Brihamana etc. basing on the
Vata, Pitta causes hair fall and Kapha causes definition furnished by Bhavamishra to Rasayana
obstruction at opening of hair follicle which further Karma. A critical analysis to data clearly indicates
stops their growth. Therefore the drugs having Ushna, that maximum number of drugs is attributed with
Tikshna , Snigdha, Sukshma attributes can be Deepana, Vrishya and Balya activities. In total 142
administered. E.g. Asana, Bibhitaka, Bhallataka, drugs have exhibited antioxidant activity, which is
Nirgundi. Another burning problem i.e. greying of preferred as one of the pharmacological expression of
hairs at early age can be overcome by natural coloring Rasayana Karma. It appears that Rasayana Karma is
agents like Bhringaraja, Nili, Krishna tila etc. Site of exhibited by influencing the Agni (Jatharagni,
action of the drug should be Meda, Asthi dhatu because Dhatwagni, and Bhutagni) and Bala (contributed by
Kesha is mala of Asthi dhatu [71]. Kapha with its five dhatus namely Rasa, Mamsa,
The drug which acts on voice is called as Meda, Majja and Shukra) simultaneously.
Kanthya or Swarya. The diseases related to Kantha are Vrishya, Chakshushya, Brihmana, Deepana,
mainly due to vitiation of Vata, Kapha and Rakta Pachana, Keshya, Swarya, Hridya, Balya, Medhya-
doshas. The drugs having Tikta, Katu rasa, Ushna, Smritida, Jeevaniya activities are attributed to drugs
Tikshna Guna can be used in Vata-kaphaja conditions. included in the Rasayana therapy. These can be
E.g. Shunthi, Guggulu. But in case of vitiation of categorized as General Rasayana like Balya,
Rakta, drugs having Sheeta potency should be Brihmana, Deepana, Pachana, Jeevaniya; and
administered. E.g. Vasa, Madhuka. Another feature of
specific organ wise Rasayana like Keshya, Swarya, Nusrat Fatima, Taslima Nahar, Borhan Uddin. Anti-
Hridya, Medhya, Smritida, Vrishya, Chakshushya. oxidant activity of Centella asiatica (Linn). Urban; Impact
of extraction Solvent polarity, Journal of Pharmacognosy
Certain activities like Hridya, Vrishya, Medhya can be
and Phytochemistry, 2013;Vol 6(1):27-32
interpreted as Cardioprotective activity, Aphrodisiac, [15] Mehdi Farshad Ashraf, Maheran Abd Aziz, Johnson
Nootropic and Cognitive activities respectively. But Stanslas, Ismanizan Ismail and Mihdzar Abdul Kadir.
other activities like Chakshushya, Keshya, Brihmana, Assessment of Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activities of
Saponin and Crude Extracts of Chlorophytum
Balya etc. require methods to evaluate it scientifically. borivilianum, The Scientific World Journal, 2013; Vol
Degenerative changes in different organs due to 2013:1-7
oxidative stress may be controlled by Rasayana drugs [16] Joy Beena, Sandhya C P and Remitha K R.
Comparison and Bio evaluation of Piper longum fruit
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Table 1 showing list of drugs having Rasayana property with antioxidant activity
No. Rasayana Botanical source Part Used Research study
1. Amalaki Emblica Seed Free radical scavenging activity by DPPH
officinalis Gaertn. and reducing power method [5]
Methanolic extract Anti-oxidant activity by DPPH radical,
of Fruit hydroxyl radical, Superoxide anion radical,
Reducing power, inhibition capability of Fe
2. Asana Pterocarpus Heartwood Radical scavenging by DPPH reduction,
marsupium Roxb Nitric oxide [6]
3. Bakuchi Psoralea - -
corylifolia Linn
4. Bhringaraja Eclipta alba Methanolic extract Radical scavenging by DPPH [7]
(Linn.) Hassk. of leaves
5. Brahmi Bacopa monnieri Ethanolic extract of Free radical scavenging by Nitric oxide,
(Linn.) Penn. aerial part Superoxide radical, and reducing power [8]
6. Gambhari Gmelina arborea Ethanolic, ethyl Reducing power assay, Radical scavenging
Roxb. acetate, petroleum by DPPH [9]
ether extract of Fruit
7. Guduchi Tinospora Total reducing sugar, lipid peroxidation,
Five different
cordifolia DPPH & superoxide radical scavenging
extracts of leaves
method [10]
8. Guggulu Balsamodendron Guggulu extract Hydroxyl radical scavenging, lipid
mukul Hook. ex peroxidation inhibition activity [11]
Stocks
9. Kshiravidari Ipomoea digitata Methanolic extract Nitric oxide, Total anti-oxidant activity [12]
Linn. of root
10. Lashuna Allium sativum Ethanolic and Radical scavenging by DPPH, Nitric oxide,
Linn aqueous extract of Reducing power, Total phenolic content [13]
bulb
11. Mahashatavari Asparagus - -
adscendens Roxb.
12. Mandookaparni Centella asiatica Ethanolic extract of Reducing potential, radical scavenging by
(Linn.) Urban leaves DPPH [14]
13. Mushali Asparagus Methanolic extract Ferrous ion chelating assay, Beta carotene
adscendens Roxb. of tuber bleaching assay, radical scavenging DPPH
Chlorophytum [15]
arundinaceum
Baker
14. Pippali Piper longum Extract of fruit Total phenolic content, Radical scavenging
Linn. by DPPH, ABTS [16]
15. Shalaparni Desmodium Superoxide dismutase, glutathione and
Total alcoholic
gangeticum DC catalase increases with lipid peroxide
extract
decrease [17]
16. Shankhapushpi Convolvulus Methanolic extract By DPPH method [18]
pluricaulis of whole plant
Choisy.
17. Shatavari Asparagus
Root extract Free radical by DPPH method [19]
racemosus willd
18. Talamuli Curculigo Methanolic extract Lipid peroxidation, activity of antioxidant
orchioides Gaertn of rhizome enzyme SOD, CAT, GPX,GRD [20]
19. Varahi Dioscorea Ethyl acetate extract Scavenging activity by DPPH, ABTS, total
bulbifera Linn of bulb phenolic content [21]
20. Vidari Pueraria tuberosa ABTS assay, lipid peroxidation, superoxide,
Tuber
DC. hydroxyl radical scavenging activity [22]
[SOD- Superoxide dismutase, CAT- catalase, GPX-Glutathione peroxidase, ABTS- 2,2'-azino-bis(3-

ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, DPPH- 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, GRD- Glutathione reductase]

Table 2 showing list of drugs having Rasayana vis a vis Vrishya property
No. Vrishya Botanical Part used Research activity
source
1. Ajaji Cuminum --
cyminum Linn.
2. Ajamoda Trachyspermum --
roxburghianum
(DC.) Craib
3. Amalaki Emblica Fruit Sexual behavior in Drosophila melanogaster [23]
officinalis
Gaertn
4. Bhallataka Semecarpus Ether, Mounting behavior test, assessment of mating
anacardium chloroform, performance [24]
Linn. f. ethanolic
extract of
Seed
5. Bharadwaji Gossypium -- --
herbaceum
Linn.
6. Draksha Vitis vinifera -- --
Linn.
7. Gambhari Gmelina -- --
arborea Roxb
8. Gokshura Tribulus Aqueous Sexual behavior, Testosterone level, sperm count [25]
terrestris Linn. extract of
Fruit
9. Ikshu Saccharum Stem Policosanol/ PPG derived from sugarcane enhance
officinarum sexual function [26]
Linn.
10. Krishnajeeraka Carum carvi Seed Anti-fertility, Anti-oxidant, Adaptogenic, Nootropic
Linn. activity [27]
11. Kadali Musa Aqueous Stimulate testicular function and exhibit both
paradisiaca extract of androgenic and anabolic function [28]
Linn root
12. Kapikachhu Mucuna prurita Seed powder Sixty infertile subjects treated with 5g/day seed powder
Hook. of Kapikachhu improves sperm count and motility [29]
13. Kshirini Euphorbia - -
thymifolia Linn
14. Lashuna Allium sativum Aqueous Significant increase in the weight of seminal vesicles
Linn extract of and epididymis of male animals as compared to
rhizome controls and the sperm count was significantly elevated
[30]
15. Mahashatavari Asparagus Root powder It is used as Safed musali. More popular in industry for
adscendens increasing sperm count and sexual behavior.
Roxb
16. Mushali Chlorophytum Ethanolic Sexual behavior and spermatogenesis [31]
arundinaceum extract of
Baker root &
sapogenin
isolates
17. Padmakesara, Nelumbo Flower Male sexual profile and testosterone level [32]
Mrinala nucifera
Seed Anti-fertility activity [33]
Gaertn.
18. Palasha Butea Methanolic The effect of Methanolic extract of B.frondosa
monosperma extract of treatment on sexual behavior of both young (5 month)

Table 2 continued - showing list of drugs having Rasayana vis a vis Vrishya property
No. Vrishya Botanical Part used Research activity
source
1. Patalagaarudi Cocculus Methanolic The significant increase in the weight of reproductive
hirsutus (Linn.) extract of organs is also indirectly supports the increase
Diels whole plant availability of androgens. Increased weight and high
protein concentration of the testis indicates the
enhancement of testicular growth [35]
2. Patola Trichosanthes Seed The roots also contain an abortifacient protein,
dioica Roxb. trichosanthin, which is a ribosome-inactivating protein
(RIP), a similar RIP, trichokirin, was also found in the
seeds of Trichosanthes [36].
3. Pippali Piper longum -
Linn.
4. Prishniparni Uraria picta -
Desv.
5. Shaali Oryza sativa -
Linn.
6. Shankhapushpi Convolvulus -
pluricaulis
Choisy
7. Shara Saccharum -
munja Roxb
8. Shunthi Zingiber Aqueous Androgenic activity [37]
officinale Rosc extract of
rhizome
9. Talamuli Curculigo Ethanolic Sexual behavior and spermatogenesis in rats [38]
orchioides extract of
Gaertn Rhizome
10. Tugakshiri Bambusa Ethanolic The number of spermatozoa in the caput and cauda
bambos (L.) extract of epididymis was decreased with concomitant decrease in
Voss tender shoot the motility of spermatozoa collected from the cauda
epididymis. Also the weight of testes, epididymis, vas
deferens and prostate were significantly decreased [39].
11. Vridhhadaru Argyreia Root, flower, Study was carried out on sexual behavior in rats [40].
speciosa Sweet. leaves
. .

Table 3 showing list of drugs having Rasayana vis a vis Hridya property
No. Hridya Botanical Source Part used Experimental activity
1. Ajamoda Trachyspermum - -
roxburghianum (DC.)
Craib.
2. Bakuchi Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Aqueous extract Cardioprotective activity,
of whole plant Serum levels of CK-MB,
LDH and SGPT enzymes
[41]
3. Bijapura Citrus medica Linn. Ethanolic and ACE inhibitor activity
aqueous extract [42]
of peel
4. Brihati Solanum indicum Linn --
5. Chakramarda Cassia tora Linn. Extract of Cardioprotective activity
leaves [43]
6. Katuki Picrorhiza kurroa Royle Root extract Cardioprotective activity
ex Benth [44]
7. Kharjura Phoenix dactylifera Linn. -
8. Mahashatavar Asparagus adscendens -
i Roxb
9. Patalapushpa Stereospermum -
personatum (Hassk.) D.
Chatterjee.
10. Patola Trichosanthes dioica -
Roxb
11. Shaileya Parmelia perlata (Huds.) --
Ach.
12. Shyonaka Oroxylum indicum Vent. --
13. Surasa Ocimum sanctum Linn. Extract of The long term feeding of
whole plant OS offers significant
protection against
isoproterenol-induced
myocardial necrosis in
Wistar rats through
enhancement of
endogenous antioxidant
[45]
14. Vasa Adhatoda vasica Nees. --
15. Yuthika Jasminum auriculatum --
Vahl

Table 4 showing list of drugs having Rasayana vis a vis Medhya property
No. Medhya, Botanical source Part used Experimental activity
Smritida
1. Ajaji Cuminum cyminum Seed extract The cognition was observed to
Linn. be dose-dependent as
determined by the acquisition,
retention, and recovery in rats
[46].
2. Gambhari Gmelina arborea Alcohol and Memory enhancing effect in
Roxb. aqueous electroshock induced amnesia
Extract of in rats [47]
fruit
3. Haritaki Terminalia chebula Ethanolic Learning and memory capacity
Retz. extract of fruit in albino rats [48]
4. Krishnajeeraka Carum carvi Linn. Aqueous Nootropic activity [49]
extract of seed
5. Lashuna Allium sativum Linn. - -
6. Mahashatavari Asparagus - -
adscendens Roxb.
7. Mahashravani Sphaeranthus - -
africanus Linn
8. Mundi Sphaeranthus indicus - -
Linn. (Also auct. non
L.)
9. Shankhapushpi Convolvulus Ethanolic Learning and memory power
pluricaulis Choisy. extract of in mice [50]
whole plant
10. Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Aqueous Nootropic activity [51]
willd extract of root
11. Aparajita Clitoria ternatea Ethanolic Neuroprotective and Nootropic
Linn. extract of activity [52]
leaves
12. Yava Hordeum vulgare - -
Linn.
13. Brahmi Bacopa monnieri Methanolic Memory enhancing activity
(Linn.) Penn extract of [53]
whole plant
14. Mandookaparni Centella asiatica Aqueous, Cognitive function [54]
(Linn.) Urban methanolic
chloroform
extracts of
whole plant
15. Nirgundi Vitex negundo Linn Extracts of Anti-amnesic activity [55]
whole plant

System of Medicine
Dhupakalpadhyaya of Kashyapa Samhita
Sagar Bhinde, Sunil Joshi
Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID032RA150303

Concept of disease prevention is becoming a global concern and Submitted Date: 03-03-2015
Ayurveda provides comprehensive understanding for the same. Ayurveda Approved Date: 20-07-2015
classics have described many preventive methods in context of Sadvrutta Corresponding Author:
Sagar Bhinde, Lecturer, Dept of
(Code and conducts), Rutucharya (Seasonal regimen), Dincharya (Daily
Kaumarbhritya, , G J Patel Institute
regimen). Dhupana (Fumigation) is one among such preventive methods, of Ayurvedic Studies and Research
incorporated in Sutikagar (Labour room), Kumaragar (Pediatric ward), Email: [email protected]
Vranitagar (Trauma center) etc. Ancient scholars have mentioned Dhupana Co-author (s):
in scattered manner but Kashyapacharya has given the utmost importance Sunil Joshi, Reader, Dept of
to it and created a separate chapter named Dhupakalpadhyaya. In which, Swasthvritta
Dhupana Yogas (Fumigatory preparations) has been listed with its specific
effect. In many countries formaldehyde has been used for fumigation, but Ethical Clearance: NA
safety and efficacy concerns have highlighted the need for alternative Registered to: NA
methods. Even some consider formaldehyde as a potential human Acknowledgment: NIL
carcinogen, hence since 2007 formaldehyde production and sales How to cite the article:
completely banned in some European countries. Review of Sagar Bhinde, Sunil Joshi,
Dhupakalpadhyaya has been done to find effective, easy to prepare and Dhupakalpadhyaya of Kashyapa
Samhita, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 82-
easy to use Dhupana Yoga. In classics, different materials were used for 86
different disease conditions, but all the materials are not easily available in
present era. So, a broad spectrum Dhupana Yoga has been searched from
Samhita which can be easily prepared and utilized as per need.
Keywords: Dhupana, Fumigation, Kashyapa Samhita
Introduction:
The decontamination of enclosed environments is an important
consideration for the control or remediation of pathogens and
environmental contaminants in industrial, research and healthcare facilities
[1]. One cannot deny that, the chemicals like formaldehyde, which kills
microorganisms or insects, are toxic to human beings. So the challenge is
always there to find better alternatives, so that the target organisms could be
eliminated without adversely affecting human being.
In such condition, information hidden in our ancient Samhita
becomes handy. Principle of fumigation was known to ancient Ayurveda
and has been described in various classics during the treatment of Jwara
(fevers) [2], insanity [3], obstructed labor and retention of placenta [4].
Kashyapa Samhita has a separate and detail chapter on fumigation called
Dhupakalpadhyaya, which is original contribution of Kashyapa. Hence by
keeping these things in mind objectives were set to collect various classical
Dhupana Dravya from Kashyapa Samhita and to search an easy and
Sagar Bhinde, Sunil Joshi, Dhupakalpadhyaya of Kashyapa Samhita, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 82-86
effective Dhupana Yoga for present era. Table 1 show that Sarshapa, Vacha, Laksha, Hingu,
Methods: Nimba, Guggulu, Vrihi, Tagara, Devadaru and
Present study is based on information which Akshata were used three or more times in the chapter.
was collected through various authentic books, journals It shows the importance of these drugs in the
and research works. A compilation followed by critical formation of Dhupana Yoga. Most of the drugs are
review has been done address need of the hour. easily available in market and possess volatile oil as
Observations: their active principles. Table 2 depicts that all the
animal excretory products. Material mentioned in
There are many preventive methods,
Table 3 might be used to increase the fumes and as a
mentioned in Ayurveda like Sadvrutta (Ideal regimen),
vehicle for main drug compound. In current time, it
Dincharya & Rutucharya (Seasonal regimen), Homa
could be replaced with cow dung or coal. Dhupana
Havan , Rasayana (Rejuvenation) and Dhupana. Out of
Yoga mentioned in Table 4 can be utilized to achieve
all above, Dhupana should be specially carried out by
specific benefit in certain medical condition. But
healthcare worker to prevent nosocomial diseases to
currently it is very tough to avail all the mentioned
society. As per Dhupakalpadhyaya, fumigations are
raw material and this could be the main reason that
illustrated to give success to physician, progeny to
why Dhupana in not in daily practice now a day.
human beings and to cure all diseases [5].
Discussion:
Thus Aaturagara (Indoor patient department),
Panchakarma procedure room, Vranitagara (operation The concept of Rakshasa and Bhuta are
theator), Kumaragar (pediatric care unit) and closely linked with Hindu mythology. In modern
Ayurvedic Pharmacy should also be fumigated time to view, this can be compared with infectious agents
time, to ensure the zero contamination during who have impact on health due to known and
procedure and drug preparation. The physician should unknown cause. The mythological origin of Dhupana
also fumigate the clothes, bed and sitting-place of the and importance given to Rakshoghna Vidhi (like
patient [6]. fumigations) in classics reveals the scientific sense of
ancient scholars regarding the infections.
Origin of Dhupana is said to be from Fire god
Agni, who blessed sages with unique technique of After observing the repeated use of certain
fumigation to get rid of Rakshasa (Micro-organisms) [7]. drugs in the Dhupakalpa, a broad spectrum product
could be prepared by the combination of those drugs.
There are three types of fumigations, on the
Anti infective property of the fumes of those drugs
basis of action, i.e. Dhupa (Fumigation), Anudhupa
should also be confirmed by enough researches. As
(Subsequent Fumigation) and Pratidhupa
per shown in Table 2, many of Jangama material
(Antifumigation) [8]. Strong fumigation is advocated
could be collected without hampering the rules and
in some disease condition called as Dhupa. Such strong
regulations of animal rights. But due to rapid decline
fumigation may cause side effects, so it should be
in animal kingdom, some materials could not be
followed by subsequent fumigation known as
collected easily. So in present era, certain Jangama
Anudhupa and if any side effect occurs, to counteract
materials like ghee, honey, goat milk, eggs of hen
Antifumigation Pratidhupa should be performed.
could be used due to easy availability and rest of
The physician should collect the material of
material can be exempted from the pharmaceutical
fumigation during auspicious day like Pushya or
preparation of fumigation. Hair (including wool),
Maitra Nakshatra (Constellation), from south-east
nails, horns, scales, claws, shells, feathers and beak
quarter or northward direction with recitation the
contains Keratin as a key structural component [9].
Mantras and performing sacrifice. Specialized worker
Keratins have intra- and intermolecular hydrogen
should pound this fumigation material cautiously and
bonds and large amounts of the sulfur-containing
then be fill in new earthen pot and keep in protected
amino acid cysteine. Human hair is approximately
place. In this form the material is ready for use for
14% cysteine. The pungent smells of burning hair are
specified conditions. After sanctifying with
due to the sulfur compounds. This sulfur might play
“Vidhoorasi” section, it should be used for protection
the key role in the disinfection.
of children and a special hymn should be recited.

Table 1. Sthavara material used for fumigation in Dhupakalpadhyaya of Kashyapa Samhita

Materials Frequency of
utilization
Sarshapa (Brassica campestris var. sarson Prain) 16
Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) 11
Laksha (Laccifer lacca (Kerr) 6
Hingu (Ferula narthex Boiss.), Nimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Gugglu (Commiphoramukul 4
Hook.), Akshata (Oryza sativa Linn.),
Tagara (Valeriana wallichii Dc.), Devadaru (Cedrus deodara Roxb. Loud.), Balaka (Pavonia 3
odorata Willd.), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke), Surasa (Ocimum sanctum Linn.)
Pippali (Piper longum Linn.), Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f.), Bilva (Aegle marmelos 2
Corr.), Both Haridra (Curcuma longa Linn. &Berberis species), Padmaka (Prunus puddum Roxb.),
Nameru (Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth & Hook. F.), Yava (Hordeum vulgare Linn.), Paripelava
(Cyperus platystilis Br.), Jati (Myristica fragrans Houtt), Ela (Elletaria cardamomum Maton.),
Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.), Jatamasi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC.), Sarjarasa (Resina of
Shorea robusta Gaertn.)
Vidanga (Embelia ribes Burm. F.), Patra (Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm), Shileyaka 1
(Parmelia perlata Ach.), Bhurjavarta (Betula utilis D. Don.), Choraka (Angelica glauca Edgw),
Sukari (Dioscorea bulbifera), Shriveshtaka (Oleo resin of Pinus longifolia), Chandana (Santalum
album Linn.), Shala (Shorea robusta Gaertn.),Musta (Cyperus rotundus), Shatapushpa(Anethum
graveolens Linn.), Harenuka (Amomum subulatum ROXB.), Laja (Lathyrus japonicus Willd.),
Kusha (Eragrostis cynosuroides Beauv.), Brahmi (Bacopa monnieraLinn.), Vasuka (Calotropis
gigantea Linn.), Svadamshtra (Tribulus Terrestris Linn.), Bhargi (Clerodendrum serratum), Keshara
(Hibiscus abelmoschus Linn.), Shallaki (Boswellia serrata Roxb.), Putika (Pongamia glabra Vent),
Aswagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal), Shirish(Albizzia lebbeck Benth.), Trunamula (roots of
Panchatruna), Kalaguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb), Haratal (Orpiment), Manahshila (Realgar)
Table 2. Jangama material used for fumigation in Dhupakalpadhyaya

Materials Frequency of
utilization
Ghee 32 times
Slough of snake, Body hair of monkey, Hair of cow 3 time
Honey, Body-hair of goat, sheep and goat, Horn of sheep 2 time
Body hair of peacock, Hair of horse, donkey and camel, Urine and hair of donkey, Feces, body hair 1 time
and hide of Tarakshu (bear), Scalp-hair of women, Feces of Prasaha
Feces of Bhasa (a kind of vulture) and owl, Urine and feces of dog, Urine of donkey, Feces of
Grudhra (vulture) and Kaushika (owl), Horn of cow, Hoofs of horse and elephant, Shalyaka (specific
deer), Mongoose, Available nails of quadrupeds, Marrow, Fat, Milk of goat, Ivory, Egg of hen
Table No. 3 Other Materials used for fumigation in Dhupakalpadhyaya

Materials Frequency of utilization in this chapter
Samghati (a piece of monk’s rob), 1 time
Garland left-over from sacrificed for god

Table no. 4 Special Dhupana Yoga mentioned in Dhupakalpadhyaya

Name of Dhupa Dhupana Dravya Benefit
Kaumara Ghee, Sarjarasa, Krishnaa, Bhallataka, Shileyaka, both Increases progeny
Haridras, Jatu, Usheera, Sarshapa, flowers of Arjaka,
Vidanga, Tagara, Patra, Vachaa, Hingu and Balaka,
Maheshwara Ghee, Guggulu, Bilva, Devadaru and Nameru mixed with Eradicates Grahas
Yava
Agneya Body-hair of cows mixed with Ghee All the diseases specially of
Brahamana
Rakshoghna Ghee, Siddharthaka, Hingu, garland left-over from sacrificed Capable of killing the demons
for God, pieces of rice, slough of snake, a piece of monk’s
rob
Uttama Ghee, Siddharthaka, honey, horn of sheep, milk of goat, Eradication of Preta and
urine and hair of donkey and Soma Putana
Dashanga Ghee, white Siddharthaka, Kushtha, Bhallataka, Vacha, In all the diseases specially in
body-hair of goat, Tagara, bark of Bhoorja tree and Guggulu epilepsy, Grahas and
Upagrahas
Moha Ghee, white Siddharthaka, Choraka, Palamkasha, Sukari Unconsciousness
and Jatila
Varuna Shriveshtaka, Laksha, Padmaka, Chandana along, Beneficial during summer
Devadaru, Surasa and Shalaja season, (and also in seizure of)
Shakuni, Pundarika, Revati
and in aggravation of Kapha
Chaturangika Ghee, marrow, fat and Laksha Used in the less vitiation of
Doshas, in emaciated person,
in child and in disease caused
by Graha
Nandaka Ghee, Vacha, feces, body hair and hide of bear, feces of the Provides pleasure
birds of prey
Kana Ghee, Kana, husk of Vrihi, body hair and hide of monkey, Eradicates Grahas
Vacha, Sarshapa, Kushtha and Ela
Shridhupa Ghee, slough of snake, Bilva, Sara, Siddharthaka and Jatu Used in desire of glory and
luster
Grahaghna Urine and feces of dog, body hair of peacock, Vacha, Ghee EradicatesGraha
and Sarshapa
Virtuous (Punya) Ghee, ivory, body hair of goat and sheep and horn of cow For virtuous persons
Shishuka Ghee, Siddharthaka, Jatamansi, Tagara, Paripelava, All the diseases and Grahas.
Hribera, Shatapushpa, Haritala, Manahshila, Musta, This should be used in the
Harenuka and Ela form of principal, associated
and subsequent fumigation.
Brahma Ghee, Siddharthaka, Laja, Kusha, Brahmi In all the diseases of
Brahmana, Kshatriyaand
Vaishya
Subsequent (Prati) Ghee, Padmaka, Ushira, Balaka, Keshara and Rasa Beneficial in all the diseases
Arishta Ghee, leaves-roots-flowers-fruits and bark of Nimba It brings good fortune
immediately
Ganadhoopa Ghee, Akshata, flower of Jati, honey, Siddharthaka and It removes pain of all living
Vacha beings

As per Table 3, some additive materials should [2] Acharya Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Chakrapani,
Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 3/269-307-309-341
also be there to work as vehicle, anti infective material
Yadavji trikamji, Ayurveda Dipika, Chaukhamba
and fumigator. Cow dung could be the option for this Prakashana, Varanasi 2007; 423-426
purpose. Research work shows that cow dung extract Acharya Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Uttara Tantra,
possess potential antibacterial activity against some of 39/262-263.1, Yadavaji Trikamji, Chaukhamba Sanskrit
Sansthana, Varanasi, 2012; 691
the tested bacteria like Cyanobacteria, Staphylococcus Acharya Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, Chikitsa Sthana
aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli [10]. 1/143-162-164, Yadunandan Upadhyaya, Chaukhamba
Sanskrita Samsthan, Varanasi, 2003; 295
Out of all Dhupana material, Ghee could be the
[3] Acharya Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Chakrapani,
identical component of all Dhupana Yoga. Ghee helps Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 9/75, Yadavji trikamji,
in rapid combustion of cellulose of herbs and keeps the Ayurveda Dipika, Chaukhamba Prakashana, Varanasi
fire alight. Fatty acids volatilize easily. The combustion 2007; 473
Acharya Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Uttara Tantra, 62/16,
of glycerol portion gives acetone bodies, pyruvic Yadavaji Trikamji, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana,
aldehyde and glyoxal etc. The hydrocarbons produced Varanasi, 2012; 804
in the reactions again undergo slow combustion and as Acharya Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, Uttara Tantra,6/43-
44, Yadunandan Upadhyaya, Chaukhamba Sanskrita
a result methyl and ethyl alcohols, formaldehyde, Samsthan, Varanasi, 2003; 474
acetaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acids are formed [4] Acharya Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Chakrapani,
[11]. Along with above mentioned classical Dhupana Charaka Samhita, Sharir Sthana, 8/41, Yadavji trikamji,
Ayurveda Dipika, Chaukhamba Prakashana, Varanasi
Yoga, Guggulu is widely used in folklore practices in 2007; 348
India. Guggulu is an oleogum resin that exudes Acharya Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthana,
spontaneously as a result of injury from the bark of 10/11-21, Yadavaji Trikamji, Chaukhamba Sanskrit
Sansthana, Varanasi, 2012; 388-390
Commiphora Mukul Hook. Guggulu is described as Acharya Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, Sharira
Agni Sthana and used for Dhupa in Vedas. In Atharva Sthana,1/83, Yadunandan Upadhyaya, Chaukhamba
Veda, it is mentioned that Yakshma and other diseases Sanskrita Samsthan, Varanasi, 2003; 177
[5] AacharyaVruddha Jivaka, Kashyapa Samhita, Kalpa
will not spread to the areas fumigated by Guggulu. Sthana, Dhupakalpadhyaya - 40, by P V Tewari, By
Sayana introduced it as a well-known Dhupana Dravya Chokhambha Vishvabharti, Varanasi; Reprint 2008; 322
[12]. It was used for the treatment of diseases of cattle [6] AacharyaVruddha Jivaka, Kashyapa Samhita, Kalpa
Sthana, Dhupakalpadhyaya, by Nepal Rajaguru Pandit
[13][14]. The materials used for Dhupana are not easily Hemaraja Sharma , By Chokhambha Sanskrita Sansthana ,
available in present era. So, a broad spectrum Dhupana 2009; 172
Yoga has been found from Samhita for easy to prepare [7] AacharyaVruddha Jivaka, Kashyapa Samhita, Kalpa
Sthana, Dhupakalpadhyaya, by Nepal RajaguruPandit
and easy to use purpose. Universal Dhupana Dravyas Hemaraja Sharma , By Chokhambha Sanskrita Sansthana ,
could be Ghee, Sarshapa, Vacha, Laksha, Hingu, 2009; 173
Nimba, Guggulu, Vrihi, Tagara, Devadaru and [8] AacharyaVruddha Jivaka, Kashyapa Samhita, Kalpa
Sthana, Dhupakalpadhyaya - 47, by P V Tewari, By
Akshata, as these drugs were repeatedly used in
Chokhambha Vishvabharti, Varanasi; Reprint 2008; 323
Dhupakalpadhyaya. Along with these classical herbs, [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin
some binding agent and fragrance can be added for its [10] M. Waziri and J. S. Suleiman, Journal of scientific
pleasant smell along with effective action. research, Vol 5, Issue 1, Analysis of Some Elements and
Antimicrobial Activity of Evaporated Extract of Cow
Conclusion: DungAgainst Some Pathogens, 2013; 135-141
Dhupana is very helpful to prevent diseases by [11] Shri Rama Sharma Acharya, The Integrated Science
Of Yagna, Publisher: Shantikunj, Haridwar (U.A), India,
disinfection of desired place. Universal Dhupana First Edition 200; 9
Dravyas are Ghee, Sarshapa, Vacha, Laksha, Hingu, [12] Shastry V.V.S., History of Guggulu-Based on
Nimba, Guggulu, Vrihi, Tagara, Devadaru and Ayurvedic litrature, Bull India Inst History Med 1997;
6:102-116.
Akshata. Binding agent and aroma can be added for its [13] Dwivedi A et al. PhD thesis, Study of Gugglu, Dept. of
pleasant smell along with effective action. Rasa Shastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi;
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[1] J. E. Meszaros, K. Antloga, C. Justi, C. Plesnicher, and G. [14] Anurekha J, Gupta V B. Chemistry and
McDonnell; Area Fumigation with Hydrogen Peroxide Pharmacological profile of Guggulu-A review, Indian
Vapor; STERIS Corporation, © ABSA 2005, Mentor, Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2006; 5(4) 778-783
Ohio,Applied Biosafety, 10(2); 91-100

System of Medicine
Jirnashan - A definite way to overcome the

Obesity (Sthaulya)
Amol Kadu, Nitesh Shambharkar, Punam Mohokar
Abstract:
Sthaulya (obesity) is major increasing problem all over the world Joinsysmed ID: JID039RA141111
which is very prevalent in younger generation too. Drugs such as Submitted Date: 11-11-2014
serotonergic & catecholaminergic are used in modern medicine in spite of
their side effects. Bariatric surgery, sauna bath which reduces the size of Amol Kadu, Asst. Professor, Dept.
abdomen but it is all transitional. Sthaulya Chikitsa (obesity treatment) is Of Agadtantra, MGACH&RC,
elaborated in ancient text, under the context of Shodhan Chikitsa (body Salod (H) Wardha, Maharashtra.
purificatory procedure) and Shaman Chikitsa (Palliative treatment). Email: [email protected]
Shodhan therapy, Vaman/Virechan/Lekhan Basti and Shaman Chikitsa Co-author (s):
Nitesh Shambharkar, Asst.Professor,
including various Medoghna Aushadhis (Lipid pacifying medicines) are
Dept. of Dravyaguna
also proven to be effective. All these treatment are considered under Punam Mohokar, PG Scholar, Dept
Apatarpan Chikitsa (reduction therapy) which has its own importance in of Agadtantra
reducing obesity. But still the problem persists because of sedentary life Conflict of Interest: NIL
style and wrong food habits. If the management of obesity is carried out with Source of Support: NA
Apatarpan Chikitsa along with adopting healthy eating habits such as Jirna- Ethical Clearance: NA
ashan (After digestion of previously consumed food). The result would be Registered to: NA
Acknowledgment: NIL
much more encouraging with minimal relapse. Charaka emphasizes on
How to cite the article:
Jirnashana as a line of treatment in Santarpanjanya Vyadhi (diseases due to
Amol Kadu, et.al., Jirnashan - A
over consumption of food and sedentary life style) including Sthaulya definite way to overcome the Obesity
indirectly suggesting that Ajirnashana is one of the important but most (Sthaulya), Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp
neglected cause for the same. 87-90
Key words- Sthaulya, Obesity,Ayurveda, Jirnashan
Introduction:
Obesity is a major health threat. People with obesity are at high risk
for so many diseases such as osteoarthritis, coronary heart disease,
dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc. [1] More ever the report
shows that obesity is killing about 2, 20,000 men and women a year in the
United States of America and Canada alone, and about 3,20,000 in 20
countries of Western Europe.[2] There are two major reasons causing
obesity which have been globally accepted, one is an increased intake of
energy-dense foods that are high in fat, salt and sugars but low in vitamins,
minerals and other micronutrients; and, another one is decrease in physical
activity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work,
changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization[3]
In Ayurveda, Sthaulya (Obesity) has been described since very
early days in various Samhitas, Sangraha Granthas etc. Charaka has
described Sthaulya among the eight undesirable physical constitutions. [4]
It has also been described as Santarpanajanita Roga as well as a Kaphaj

Amol Kadu, et.al., Jirnashan - A definite way to overcome the Obesity (Sthaulya), Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 87-90
Nanatmaj Vikara (disease due to vitiation of Kapha). Karshyata (under weight), & Madhyasharirtvam
[5][6] Although various drugs & management have (healthy built) should be ascribed to changes in the
been suggested for obesity. Besides dietary restrictions condition of Samyak Rasa Dhatu (Proper formation
& exercise, use of drug has been considered to provide of first bodily tissue after food metabolism) [10]
an answer to this grave problem. Now a day, in modern which depends on Aharavidhi Viheshatayana
medicine, drugs prescribed for weight reduction (Food consumed by observing the rules and the
includes anorectics, oral hypoglycemic agents, procedures of taking food). [11] Adhyashana
metabolic stimulators, laxatives, diuretics & few (Overconsumption) is one of the cause for Sthaulya
hormones. Though these drugs have beneficial effect mentioned by Sushruta on which Dalhana has
up to limited extent but they are liable to produce side commented that, Adhyashana is habit of
effects such as nervousness, restlessness, insomnia, pampering one's belly before digestion of previous
dizziness, palpitation & gastric irritation etc which meal i.e. Ajirnabhojana Abhyas. [12] Continuous
restrict their use. [7] InAyurveda, Sthaulya is treated by Ajirnabhojana Abhyas leads to Grahani Dushti (
Shodhana Chikitsa such as Vaman (therapeutic duodenum derangement) [13] after which not only
emesis), Virechana (Therapeutic purgation), Lekhan Kaphamedovardhak (heavy diet) but also Laghu
Basti (Lipid pacifying medicated enema) & Shaman Bhojana (light diet) cannot be digested resulting in
Chikitsa including various Medoghna Aushadhis. It is Aama Rasa (undigested material in the body)
clear that all these treatment modalities are coming which is overall end cause of Sthaulya. Hence
under Apatarpan Chikitsa which has its own Adhyashan means Ajirna-bhojanabhyas which is
importance in reducing obesity. But if such line of the most important cause of obesity and is always
treatment would be done along with Jirna-ashan may neglected.
produce encouraging results & chance of relapse may Concept of Adhyashan:
be minimized. Hence the present review is carried out Word Adhyashana is made of two words
to understand the concept of Jirnashan which may be Adhi and Ashana. The collective meaning of both
helpful while treating the Sthaulya. the terms is to eat after eating. The definition of the
Material and Methods: word Adhyashana is given by various classics of
Classical texts of Ayurveda were studied for Ayurveda, which in a nut shell means eating before
references regarding Sthaulya. These references were the digestion of previous food.
compiled, analyzed, and discussed for a thorough and According to the principles of Ayurveda,
in-depth understanding of role of Jirnashan in treating one should take food only after complete digestion
Sthaulya. of previous food. [14-16] Adhyashana therefore is
Observations: described as a wrong habit of eating and also
Etiological factors: mentioned as the causative factor of many diseases
Sthaulya is caused by over saturation of food; including Sthaulya. There is no direct reference
intake of heavy, sweet, cold & fatty diet, excessive available that show how Adhyashana produces a
consumption of new cereals, fresh wine, meat of hazardous effect. But it can be understood on the
marshy and aquatic animals, milk and its products, basis of Aamavisha Samprapti. (Pathogenesis of
jaggery and flour preparations. At the same time formation of undigested material in the body which
abstains from physical movements including day acts as poison) [18] Charaka in the description of
sleep, comfortable beds and seats, abstinence from Aaharavidhi Vishesha Aayatana stated that
sexual intercourse, cheerfulness, lack of mental Adhyashan immediately provokes all the three
exercise, heredity.etc all these are responsible for Doshas (humors) which ultimately cause acute as
provocation of Kapha (End product of water well as chronic diseases.[19]
metabolism)-Meda (Lipid) [8][9] By considering all references, it can be
Ajirnashan underestimated cause in Sthaulya: stated that, Adhyashan is not only excessive eating
According to Acharya Sushruta, Sthulata of food or taking food after completing lunch or
dinner but beyond this Ajirnabhojanabhyas is also

one form of Adhyashan which is also a definite but of emotions), when Doshas (urine, feaces, sweat) are
always neglected cause in many obese people. If moving in their natural paths (functioning normally),
person taking Kaph-Medovardhak Ahar without when belching is pure (without any foul smell or taste),
doing any exercise continuously, will be responsible when hunger is well manifest, When flatus is moving
for Agnidushti (vitiation of digestive power) as Kaph downward easily, when digestive activity is keen,
Medovardhak Aahar (diet) is predominantly with when the sense organs are clear (functioning), when
Prithvi & Jala Mahabhuta (basic element i.e. earth the body is light.[25] Food should be consumed
and water) which is against of Tejomahabhut (basic observing above said signs and symptoms following
element i.e. fire) of Jatharagni (digestive power). If the rules and the procedures of taking food which is
this process is going on continuously it is manifested ideal time.
as Grahanidushti (vitiation of duodenum which is Discussion
place of Jatharagni i.e bioenergy) which induce Sthaulya, is prevalent in all the age group and
assimilation disorders. [20] Vitiated Jatharagni especially in younger population. It is due to changes
cannot digest even small amount of food, which in life style including wrong dietary habits and
ultimately produce Aam ras (undigested material) sedentary work. As most of the obese people are very
having poisonous like property: [21] Dushta Ras conscious about their big shape & do take all the efforts
which is produced due to Adhyashan is responsible to lose their weight except Jirnashana. This may be
for the Sthaulya pathogenesis as Sthaulya is due to lack of knowledge and its good effects regarding
“Rasanimitameva cha”. the same among discard community. Sushruta
Jirnashan underestimated treatment in Sthualya: mentioned various causative factors for Sthaulya
The first line of treatment in any disease is including Adhyshana. Term Adhyashana has various
Nidan Pariwarjan (Avoiding causative factors). As shades of wrong eating habits like excessive eating of
previously observed that, Ajirnashan and food / further pampering of belly by foodstuff after
Adhyashan are underestimated causes for Sthaulya completing lunch / dinner or taking of food before
hence avoiding Ajirnashan and adopting Jirnashan digestion of prior meal. Such a wrong dietary habits
may be an ideal approach in managing Sthaulya. routinely practiced by the obese people. If it would be
This is substantiated by the Charaka in context of going on continuously, it disturbs the function of
Sthaulya treatment emphasizing on Jirnashan which Grahani resulting in Jathargnimandya (Hypoactivity
is considered as a part of treatment of Sthaulya of digestive power) which ultimately produce
reflecting that Ajiranshan is the main cause for all Amarasa. Rasa which is mixed with Ama, root cause of
Santarpanjanya diseases like Sthaulya. Sthaulya resulted due to wrong eating habits, which is
Role of Jirnashan in Sthaulya as treatment: always neglected in a clinical practice. Charaka, while
C h a r a k a m e n t i o n e d “ Vy a y a m n i t y o describing the treatment of Sthaulya, emphasizes on
Jirnashi” in context of Sthaulya Chikitsa Jirnashana along with Apatarpan Chikitsa suggesting
emphasizing on Jirnashan which is considered as the importance of healthy eating habits. Nidan
part of treatment of Sthaulya. As Ajirnashan is main pariwarjan is the first and supreme treatment which is
cause for all Santarpanjanya diseases like in not adopting these days as it requires detail knowledge
Sthaulya. about nidana (Causative factors) and its role in various
Exact time for taking food: diseases. Wrong dietary habits such as Ajirnashana,
If Jirnashan treatment has to be implement Adhyashan etc plays as important role in various
into Sthaulya chikitsa. It is prime importance to disease pathologies which is reflected in various
understand the symptoms of Jirna ahar (digested chapters of samhita. Hence, by observing the
food) to avoid the Ajirnashan. This has been greatly importance of Jirnahar, it can be used as an important
elaborated by Vagbhata. He has mentioned some treatment modality and be successfully implemented
indicator to demonstrate the ideal time for taking to deal Sthaulya.
meal. Person consumes the food after the elimination
of feaces, and urine, when the mind is clean (devoid
Conclusion: [8] Ibid [4] pp 116 (Ch. Su. 21/4)

[9] Ibid [4] pp 122 (Ch. Su.23/3-4)
While dealing with any Santarpanjanya [10] Ambikadatta Shastri, Sushrut samhita Sutra 15/37 , 12
Vyadhi including Sthaulya, identification of causative th
edition, 2001, Chaukhamba publication, New Delhi, 26 ;
factors is very essential. Obesity is lifestyle disorder pp 81
where, obese person always neglect to adopt healthy [11] Ibid [4] pp 235 (Ch.Vi.1/21)
[12] Priyavat sharma, Sushrut samhita Sutra 15/32-
eating habits Jirnashan. If it is implicated with other Dalhan, 9th edition 2007: Chaukhmba oriantalia
treatment modality it will surely be boon for obese Publication. pp 73
person. [13] Ibid [4] pp 132 (Ch.Su.25/40)
[13] Ibid [4] pp 525 (Ch.Chi.15/236)
[14] Hari Sadasiva Sastri Paradakara ed., Ashtang Hridaya
References: Sutra 8/33- Arundatta & Hemadri. Reprint 2009. Varanasi:
[1] Scheen J, “From Obesity to Diabetes: Why, When and Chaukhamba Publications, pp 155
Who?” Acta Clinica Belgica, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2002, pp. 9- [15] Ibid [12] (Su.Su.Cha.46/508) pp 251
15. [16] Ibid [4] pp 239 Samhita-Vi. 4/13.
[2] World Health Organization, “Obesity. Preventing and [17] Ibid [4] pp 237 Charaka Samhita-Vi.1/24(4)
Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Con- [18] Ibid [4] pp 517 Charaka Samhita-chi. 15/44
sultation (WHO Technical Report Series 894),” WHO, [19] Bhisagacarya Pandit Hari Sadasiva Sastri Paradakara.,
2000. editor. Sarvangasundara of Arundatta and Ayurveda
[3] Centre for Public Health Excellence at NICE (UK), rasayana of Hemadri. Reprint 2009. Varanasi: Chaukhamba
National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (UK), Publications; Vagbhatta. Ashtang Hridaya with the
“Obesity: The Prevention, Identification, Assessment and commentaries.A.Hr. Su 8/32, pp 155
Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults and [20] Ibid [12] pp 81 (Su.Su. 15/37)
Children,” National Institute for Health and Clinical [21] Ibid [4] pp 117 Charaka Samhita-Su. 21/21-27
Excellence (UK) (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 43), [22] Ibid [4] pp 123 Charaka Samhita-Su. 23/25
2006. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63696/ [23] Ibid [14] ppA.Hr. Su.8/55, pp 160
[4] Yadavaji Trikamji ed.,Charaka Samhita Sutra 21/3-
Cakrapanidatta. Re-print ed. 236. Vol. 15. Varanasi, India:
Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashana; 2008, pp 116
[5] Ibid [4] pp (Ch. Su. 23/6), pp 122
[6] Ibid [4] pp (Ch.Su.20/17), pp 115
[7] World Health Organization, “Obesity. Preventing and
Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Con-
sultation (WHO Technical Report Series 894),” WHO,
2000.http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/
WHO_TRS_894/en/

Current Trends Journal of Indian
System of Medicine
Aspects of preformulation in Bhasma Kalpa

(Incinerated metallic drug or medicines)
Dhirajsingh S Rajput, Rohit Gokarn, Anita Wanjari, Bharat Rathi
1Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID036CT150703

Preformulation is the stage of drug development in which the Submitted Date: 03-07-2015
physicochemical properties are characterized by some parameters such as Approved Date: 20-07-2015
organoleptic properties, purity, particle size, shape and surface area,
Dhirajsingh S Rajput, Asst. Prof,
solubility, temperature, pH, co-solvency, solid dispersion, crystal
Dept of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya
properties, polymorphism, preformulation stability studies, pKa Kalpana, MGACH & RC, Salod (H),
determination (Dissolution constant), partition coefficient, Chemical Wardha (MH)
stability profile etc. Bhasma (Incinerated metallic drugs or medicines) are Email: [email protected]
highly potent formulations frequently used in Ayurveda. In the context of Co-author (s):
Rohit Gokarn, Asst. Prof, RSBK
Bhasma, Ayurveda has mentioned many parameters such as Varitaratva,
Anita Wanjari, Aso. Prof, RSBK
Rekhapurnatva, Apunarbhava, Niruttha, Niswadu etc which are equivalent
Bharat Rathi, Prof, RSBK
to some physicochemical testing parameters described in modern science. Conflict of Interest: NIL
To ensure the safety and efficacy profile of these formulations is the need of Source of Support: NA
hour to know their physic-chemical properties with respect to both Ethical Clearance: NA
Ayurvedic and modern tests such as Apunarbhav, Niruttha, Varitar, TGA, Registered to: NA
FTIR, XRD, ICP-AES etc. In present work an attempt has been made to Acknowledgment: NIL
study the significance of preformulation studies and co-relation between How to cite the article:
Dhirajsingh S Rajput et.al.,Aspects
various parameters mentioned in Ayurveda and modern science with special
of preformulation in Bhasma Kalpa
reference to Bhasma. The review indicates that Ayurvedic testing (Incinerated metallic drug or
parameters can be correlated with modern testing parameters and medicines) , Joinsysmed vol 3(2),
establishing their correlation will create a new path for understanding pp91-96
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ayurvedic medicines as well
as in developing advanced dosage forms. It is clear from the review that
Ayurvedic testing methods are preliminary tests before utilizing Bhasma for
therapeutic purposes and advanced analytical techniques can be utilized for
standardization, characterization and for accessing safety and efficacy of
Ayurvedic medicines.
Key words: Preformulation,Ayurveda, Bhasma
Introduction:
Preformulation is branch of pharmaceutical science that utilizes
biopharmaceutical principles in the determination of physicochemical
properties of the drug substance [1]. It is the first step in the rational
development of dosage forms of a drug substance. It can be defined as an
investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone
and when combined with excipients [2]. During pre-formulation phase of
product development, characterization of the drug molecule is very
important step. Prior to the development of any dosage form of new drug, it
is essential that certain fundamental physical & chemical properties of drug
Dhirajsingh S Rajput et.al.,Aspects of preformulation in Bhasma Kalpa (Incinerated metallic drug or medicines) , Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp91-96
should be determined. Preformulation studies Observation and results:-

generally include accelerated stability (stress) studies, Organoleptic properties : This includes the
stability-indicating analytical method development, characteristics which can be examined merely by
and other physico-chemical characterization designed sense organs such as color, odor, taste and touch.
to pinpoint stability problems and enable formulation Color is closely related with the chemical
optimization. Characterization of drug molecule is a composition of every element i.e. crystal structure
very important step at the preformulation phase of [5]. Although, different compounds may have similar
product development [3]. In preformulation, relevant color and vice versa. Diamond, graphite and coal
physico-chemical properties of drug substances are have only carbon atoms but are different in color and
determined, for example solubility and stability that is physico-chemical properties [6]. Cinnabar and
important criteria to select the right substances for Rasasindoor have same red color but they are too
development. After oral administration, only the showing difference in color and physico-chemical
substances with sufficient solubility can be absorbed by properties. Such exemptions are countable and hence
the digestive tract and into the body, where they color is important to identify various compounds.
become effective. Stability is important, as a drug Some compound have specific odor although
substance must remain stable during handling, Bhasma do not have any odor but their odor can be
formulation, storage and administration of the drug sensed only after subjecting in fire. Bhasma prepared
product [4]. with sulfur gives unpleasant odor of sulfur after
It is clearly understood that ancient seers of burning. Similarly, taste and touch are correlated with
Ayurveda were well aware of preformulation studies. chemical nature. Presence of metallic particles in
Inspite lack of advanced instruments, they have Bhasma gives specific metallic taste. Such Bhasma
established many simple but valuable parameters to test are considered as unripe or incompletely incinerated
raw materials, prepared formulations, their shelf life and able to cause nausea, vomiting, gastric irritation,
and therapeutic properties. This is evident from various skin diseases and major harm to vital organs if
Ayurvedic literature that such guidelines are administered internally for longer duration. Hence
predominantly described in detail in context of Niswadu test is mentioned for Bhasma which means
Rasoushadhis (herbo-metallic preparations). As metals tastelessness.
are indigestible in their natural form and need to be Purity: The purity of drug substance plays the most
converted into suitable digestible and absorbable form significant role in all studies carried out on it. For
before administration hence great care was taken while every new compound, depending on its dose and
preparing metallic formulations which are clearly toxicity, the limit of impurity is defined. Until and
highlighted in Bhasma Kalpa (Incinerated metallic unless the purity of the drug is assured other studies
formulations). These dosage forms are highly effective like stability, degradation and toxicity cannot be
even at minimal dose. performed [7]. Various parameters which are
Material and methods:- considered to find the purity of the drug substance, are
The co-relation, limitations and advantages of melting point, UV absorption, IR spectra, TLC. Now
preformulation parameters and Ayurvedic parameters a day these are used for identification and
with special reference to Bhasma Kalpa can be quantification of impurities, which are often very
discussed based on following points. closely related in structure to the main compound of
1) Organoleptic properties interest. Ayurveda consider every metal as impure in
2) Purity its natural state and prefer its purification before using
3) Particle size, shape and surface area it for therapeutic purpose [8]. All poisonous herbs,
4) Solubility highly potent drugs and all metals-minerals are
5) Temperature, pH and solid dispersion system advised to use only after proper purification.
6) Crystal Properties and Polymorphism According to chemical point of view, Ayurvedic
7) Preformulation stability studies purification methods may result in depletion of
8) pKa determination (Dissolution constant) percent purity but according to therapeutic point of
9) Partition coefficient view, these purification methods removes some
toxins and make the metals-minerals suitable for further bioavailability of the drug, the rate of drug release
processing. Thus the concept of purity is not completely into the dissolution medium, and consequently, the
applicable to Ayurvedic mineralo-metallic preparations therapeutic efficacy of the pharmaceutical product
as Ayurvedic definition of purification (Shodhan) is [11]. Solubility of a molecule in various solvents is
related with removal of unwanted properties, making determined as a first step. This information is
metal/mineral suitable for assimilation in body and valuable in developing a formulation. Solubility is
making suitable for Bhasma preparation rather than usually determined in a variety of commonly used
attaining pure molecules of same element. For this, solvents and some oils if the molecule is lipophilic
Ayurvedic criteria mentioned for selecting drugs i.e. [12]. Common solvents used for solubility
Grahyagrahyatva and characteristics after Shodhana determination are: water, polyethylene Glycols,
can be considered as parameters. propylene Glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol,
Particle size, shape and surface area: Bulk flow, methanol, benzyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, tweens,
formulation homogeneity and surface-area controlled polysorbates, castor oil, peanut oil, sesame oil,
processes such as dissolution and chemical reactivity buffers at various pHs etc [13]. Solubility data of
are directly affected by size, shape and surface Bhasma is not available yet and any classical test cant
morphology of the drug particles [9]. In general, each be correlated with accessing solubility of Bhasma.
new drug candidate should be tested during Advanced research regarding the solubility of
preformulation with the smallest particle size as is Bhasma with specific vehicle is expected as all
practical to facilitate preparation of homogeneous Bhasma are mentioned to be administered with
samples and maximize the drug's surface area for specific vehicle.
interactions. Temperature, pH and solid dispersion system:
Various chemical and physical properties of Factor effecting chemical stability critical in rational
drug substances are affected by their particle size dosage form design include temperature, pH and
distribution and shapes. The effect is not only on the dosage form diluents [14]. Solubility of a solute in a
10
physical properties of solid drugs but also, in some solvent is dependent on temperature, nature of solute
instances, on their biopharmaceutical behavior. and nature of solvent. For some substances, an
Bhasma Parikshas such as Varitaratva (particles of increase in temperature results in an increase in
bhasma should float when sprinkled on the surface of solubility [15]. Bhasmas are the product of repeated
water), Rekhapurnatva (particles of bhasma should incineration cycles which involve repeatedly
have micro-fineness to fit into the lines of the hand and subjecting metallic particles to high temperature.
should not glitter) Apunarbhav (bhasma should not Hence the possibility of significantly affecting
regain its metallic nature after intense heating) and environmental temperature changes to chemical
Unnam (they should be able to take the weight of a rice properties of Bhasma is negligible provided that
grain) are related with particle size, shape and surface Bhasma should be stored in airtight glass bottles.
area. It is clear that Varitar Bhasma can be achieved Although many Ayurvedic formulations contain
only after obtaining desired fine particle size having Bhasma in combined form with herbal powders
specific surface area. Finer the particle size more will be which are prone to changes in temperature. It is
absorption of drug and hence more will be bio- difficult to interpret effect of change in temperature
availability of bhasma. This fact suggests the on Bhasma or Bhasma containing formulations.
importance of Varitar test. Today with advancement in Research is needed to establish association between
the instrumental technologies, more reliable tests are temperature changes and chemical properties of
accessible such as XRD, ICE-AES, XRF etc. these tests Bhasma.
are time consuming, costly and leads to many Weak electrolytes undergo ionization and are
difficulties to practitioners of Ayurveda. Hence it is more soluble when in ionized form [16]. The degree
advisable to perform Varitar, Rekhapurna and Unnam of ionization depends on dissociation constant (pKa)
test before utilizing Bhasma in clinical practice. and the pH of the medium. If the substance is brought
Solubility: The solubility of drug is an important outside its pKa, i.e. the pH value where half the
physicochemical property because it affects the substance is ionized and half is not, then solubility
will be changed because it leads to introducing new absorption of a drug in dissolution rate is limited, a
intermolecular forces, mainly ionic attraction. Bhavana more soluble and faster-dissolving form may be
(levigation with herbal juice) is an important procedure utilized to improve the rate and extent of
performed in pharmaceutics of Ayurveda. While bioavailability [20]. Various techniques are available
preparing Bhasma, repeated Bhavana of specific herbal for the investigation of the solid state. These include
juice such as Alo vera juice, lemon juice etc are microscopy (including hot-stage microscopy),
performed which help in impregnating organic infrared spectrophotometry, single-crystal X-ray and
molecules in metallic particles. This effect has X-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis, and
elaborated by using FTIR studies. dilatometry. It is interesting to mention that in classical
Solid dispersion system can be determined by texts, there are many methods mentioned to prepare
thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction method, microscopic Bhasma of single metal/mineral which may creates
method, spectroscopic method, thin layer their polymorphic forms. It can't be neglected that
chromatography and solubility determination. Thermal different batches of Bhasma prepared by adopting
analysis is used to study the physico-chemical similar method can also creates different polymorphic
interactions of two or more components. X-ray forms as the materials utilized for purification and
diffraction method helps to know chemical herbal juice for Bhavana may slightly differ in
composition and structural arrangement of compound chemical composition. The pressure applied during
[17]. Microscopic method has been used to study Bhavana may have direct effect on space lattice
polymorphism and morphology of solid dispersion. In arrangements. Variation in the physico-chemical
spectroscopic method, the spectra of pure drug and the properties of herbs with respect to seasonal and
dispersed drug are scanned. In thin layer geographical changes is another reason which may
chromatography characteristics of pure and dispersed create different polymorphic forms of Bhasma. Hence
drugs are studied to test whether the drugs are elaborating best form of particular Bhasma among its
decomposed by process. Solubility determination various polymorphic forms will be valuable
results from aqueous solubility studies of drug in contribution in the development ofAyurveda.
various concentrations of carrier would indicate Preformulation stability studies :- The drug
interactions between drug and carrier [18]. Thus substance characterization and stability is usually
dispersion system is applied to obtain a homogenous determined as part of preformulation studies. Before
distribution of small amount of drugs at solid state, to any new compound is taken up for clinical trials,
stabilize unstable drugs, to dispense liquid or gaseous stability profile of new drug substance is very much
compounds, to formulate a faster release priming dose needed to proceed further to enter into product
in a sustained release dosage form and to formulate development, as stability testing is the primary tool
sustained release dosage or prolonged release regimens used to assess expiration dating and storage conditions
of soluble drugs by using poorly soluble or insoluble for pharmaceutical products [21]. Stability studies are
carriers. Solid dispersion system is an advanced linked to the establishment and assurance of safety,
technology which should be applied to study quality and efficacy of the drug product from early
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Bhasma phase development through the lifecycle of the drug
with different vehicles, after levigating with different product. Regarding Bhasma classical texts have
herbal juice and in combination with other herbal drugs. narrated that Asava-Arishta, Dhatubhasma and
Crystal properties and polymorphism: Many drug Rasabhasma didn't have expiratory dates and much
substances can exist in more than one crystalline form older the formulation better will be its potency and
with different space lattice arrangements. This property efficacy. It seems that the mentioned classical claim
is known as polymorphism [19]. Polymorphs generally have some limitations as bhasma are the product of
have different melting points, x-ray diffraction patterns, metals/minerals which mostly have tendency to react
and solubilities, even though they are chemically with environmental humidity, oxygen from air and can
identical. Differences in the dissolution rates and be contaminated if not handled properly (e.g. Tanmra
solubilities of different polymorphic forms of a given bhasma, Kasisa bhasma, Swarnamakshika bhasma
drug are very commonly observed. When the etc). Hence Bhasma are stored in airtight, amber

colored glass bottles. Attempt can be made to major role in increasing the significance of
scientifically elaborate the classical claim. preformulation studies. It is understood that seeds of
pKa determination (Dissolution constant): For a science of preformulation studies were planted far
compound containing basic or acidic functional before the origin of medical science as separate
groups, solubility at a given pH is influenced by the branch. In classical texts of Ayurveda, description of
compound's ionization characteristics. The solubility acceptable good qualities of herbs, metals, minerals,
of a compound in aqueous media is greater in the their types, and effect on body both in impure,
ionized state than in the neutral state [22]. Thus, purified and processed form represent moderate
solubility of ionizable compounds is dependent on the development of preformulation studies. Ayurveda is
pH of the solution. Determination of the dissociation science of life and centered on therapeutic aspect.
constant for Bhasma capable of ionization within a pH This may be a reason why the properties of all drugs in
range of 1 to 10 is important since solubility and Ayurveda are narrated upto therapeutic point of view
consequently absorption, can be altered by orders of and very little attention is given towards chemical
magnitude with changing pH. properties. However there are many similarities
Partition coefficient: Partition coefficient (oil/water) between the preformulation parameters and
is a measure of a drug's lipophilicity and an indication Ayurvedic perception in the context of medicinal
of its ability to cross cell membranes. It is defined as preparations such as Bhasma.
the ratio of un-ionized drug distributed between the Preformulation parameters such as purity,
organic and aqueous phases at equilibrium [23]. Drugs particle size, shape and surface area, solubility,
having values of partition coefficient much greater temperature, pH and solid dispersion system, crystal
than one are classified as lipophilic, whereas those properties and polymorphism have common
with partition coefficients much less than one are association with classical tests which has been
indicative of a hydrophilic drug [24]. Although it discussed earlier. However the parameters such as
appears that the partition coefficient may be the best preformulation stability studies, pka determination
predictor of absorption rate, the effect of dissolution (dissolution constant), partition coefficient etc have
rate, pKa, and solubility on absorption must not be their unique importance and should be applied for
neglected. For Ayurvedic medicines especially research on Ayurvedic medicines specially Bhasma
Bhasma, partition coefficient can provide an empiric and Bhasma containing formulations (herbo-metallic
handle in screening for some biologic properties. For formulations). Conducting research on Bhamma and
drug delivery, the lipophilic/hydrophilic balance has herbo-metallic formulations is a very difficult task as
been shown to be a contributing factor for the rate and there are hundreds of methods for preparation of
extent of drug absorption [25]. Although partition single Bhasma and over 10,000 herbo-metallic
coefficient data alone does not provide understanding formulations. The central authorities of Indian system
of in vivo absorption, it does provide a means of of medicine and many Ayurvedic institutes are
characterizing the lipophilic/hydrophilic nature of the engaged in research and development of Ayurvedic
drug. Since biological membranes are lipoidal in medicines. Hope so, present work may prove a torch
nature, the rate of drug transfer for passively absorbed bearer for preformulation studies of Ayurvedic
drugs is directly related to the lipophilicity of the medicines.
moleucle. Conclusions: Preformulation stability studies are
Discussion:- usually the first quantitative assessment of accessing
Every medical science has its own view physico-chemical properties of a new drug. These
regarding preparation of medicine and method of its studies include both solution and solid state
utilization. The awareness towards safety and efficacy experiments under conditions typical for the
of medicines has been increasing which resulted in handling, formulation, storage, dispensing and
discovery of more and more advanced methods of administration of a drug candidate as well as stability
testing medicines. Rapid augmentation in in presence of other excipients. Ayurvedic seers have
industrialization of medical pharmaceutics is playing also performed preformulation studies to maintain

safety and efficacy of medicinal formulations. [14] Kulkarni S, Sharma SB, Agrawal A. Preformulation a
Ayurvedic methods are simple and enough informative foundation for formulation development. IJPCBS 2015,
to access safety and efficacy but insufficient to provide 5(2), 403-406
complete information of physico-chemical properties [15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility, last accessed
on 27 June 2015 at 8.33 pm
of Bhasma. It is advisable to use Ayurvedic tests as
[16] http://chem-guide.blogspot.in/2010/04/ionic-
preliminary tests before utilizing Bhasma for
equillibrium.html, last accessed on 27 June 2015 at 8.44
therapeutic purposes and advanced analytical pm
techniques can be utilized for research and [17] Sharma R, Bisen DP, Shukla U, Sharma BG. X-ray
development of new dosage forms. diffraction: a powerful method of characterizing
References:- nanomaterials. Recent Research in Sci and Technology
[1]http://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/preformulatio 2012, 4(8): 77-79
n-is-a-branch-of-pharmaceuti cal - sciences-biology- [18] Changdeo JS, Musale V, Kuchekar BS, Chabukswar
essay.php last accessed on 27 June 2015 at 7.17 pm Anuruddha Rajaram. Physicochemical characterization
[2] Pandey A, Rath B, Dwivedi A K. Pharmaceutical and solubility enhancement studies of allopurinol solid
preformulation studies with special emphasis on excipients dispersions. Brazilian J Pharmac Scie July-Sept-2011;
compatibility. IJPT-June 2011; 3(2): 1029-48 47(3): 513-23
[3] Gopinath R, Naidu RAS, Pharmaceutical preformulation [19]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_%28ma
studies current review. Interna J Pharmace Bio Archives terials_science%29, last accessed on 27 June 2015 at
2011; 2(5):1391-1400 9.22 pm
[4] Ammann C, Stability studies needed to define the [20] Ibid [2]
handling and transport conditions of sensitive [21] Ibid [ 2]
pharmaceutical or biotechnological products. AAPS Pharm [22] Huang LF, Tong WQ. Impact of solid state properties
Sci Tech Dec-2011; 12(4): 126475. on developability assessment of drug candidates.
[5]http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/eleme Advanced Drug Delivery Review 2004; 56: 321-334
nt-properties-elements.html, last accessed on 27 June 2015 [23] Singh SP, Kushwah V, Rathore P, Jain P, Jaiswal S.
at 7.38 pm Determinination of partition coefficient of salicylic acid
[6] Rossi M. How can graphite and diamond be so different if between n-octanol and distilled water. WJPPS 2014; (3)2:
they are both composed of pure carbon? Available at 2145-50
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-can- [24] http://www.slideshare.net/manoj2205/solubility-
graphite-and-diam/ last accessed on 27 June 2015 at 7.45 pm and-partition-coefficient, last accessed on 27 June 2015
[7] Ibidem 2 at 9.48 pm
[8] Rajput DS, Patgiri BJ. Ayurvedic View on Heavy Metal [25] Ibid [9]
Poisoning with Special Reference to Naga bhasma
(Incinerated Lead) - A literary study. IJPBA 2013; 4(1):41-
45
[9] Sahitya G, Krishnamoorthy B, Muthukumaran M,
Importance of preformulation studies in designing
formulations for sustained release dosage forms. IJPT Jan-
2013; 4(4): 2311-31
[10]http://www.slideshare.net/boreddysunilkumarreddy/pr
eformulation-26810466, last accessed on 27 June 2015 at
8.01 pm
[11] Baker RW, Heller J. Material selection for transdermal
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Research Initiatives. New York, Marcel Dekker Inc. 1989;
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[12] Preechagoon D, Sumyai V, Tontisirin K, Nonthaburi P.
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[13] Ibid [ 2]

Current Trends Journal of Indian
System of Medicine
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles through

Medicinal Plants
Meena Shamrao Deogade, KSR Prasad, Sunita V. Magar
Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID037CT150712

Nanotechnology is foreseen to significantly influence science,
economy and everyday life in 21st century. Development of new, easy,
reliable and eco-friendly technologies helps in endorsing extra interest in Meena Shamrao Deogade, Asso.
the synthesis and application of nanoparticles, which are good and Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna,
beneficial for mankind. Although, nanoparticles are considered as the Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College
discovery of modern science, they actually have a very long history. Hospital and Research Centre, salod
(H), Wardha (M.S.),India
Ayurvedic metallic preparations, treated with herbal juices or decoction,
Email: [email protected]
and exposed for certain quantum of heat as per puta (heating grade) system Co-author (s):
are known in Indian subcontinent since seventh century AD and widely KSR Prasad, Vice Dean (PG) &
recommended for treatment of a variety of ailments. Such metallic HOD Department of Panchakarma
preparations are known as Bhasma and are recently proved as nanoparticles. Sunita V. Magar, HOD Department
of Shalakyatantra
Today medicinal plants are commonly utilized for the synthesis of
nanoparticles. Herbs have shown the ability to interact with metal ions and
reduce them to form metallic nanoparticles. The medicinal plant sources for Ethical Clearance: NA
the synthesis of nanoparticle offers several advantages such as best in cost- Registered to: NA
effectiveness, non-toxic and eco-friendly agent. Biosynthesis of Acknowledgment: NIL
nanoparticles by medicinal plant extracts is currently under exploitation. How to cite the article:
This synthesis method is more convenient for pharmaceuticals and Meena Shamrao Deogade et.al.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
biomedical applications. Biosynthetic processes of nanoparticles would be
through Medicinal Plants,
more useful, if nanoparticles produced in vitro using plants or their extracts Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 97-102
in a controlled method according to their size, shape and dispersity. The
utilization of medicinal plants for nanoparticles synthesis is notable
alternative in advanced multifaceted approaches.
Key word: nanoparticles, biosynthesis, bhasmas,
Introduction:
Nanotechnology is now creating a growing sense of excitement in
the life sciences especially biomedical devices and biotechnology [1].
Modern metal based nanomedicine is a western concept which utilizes
metals in very fine particulate forms < 100nm for several purposes
including treatment of various sever diseases. This study has revealed some
interesting and pertinent information regarding metal based nanomedicines
evolving in the present day laboratories which utilize modern biomolecular
and biochemical techniques. Nanoparticles exhibit completely new or
improved properties based on specific characteristics such as size,
distribution and morphology [2]. Concept of reduction in particle size of
metals is prevailing since Charaka Samhita (1500 BC). A metallic
preparation, Lauhadi Rasayana (a rejuvenating formulation in which iron is
first ingredient) has been mentioned in Charaka Samhita which is advised to
Meena Shamrao Deogade et.al. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles through Medicinal Plants, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 97-102
prepare by heating iron up to red hot and quenching organization [4]. Bhasmas (Incinerated metallic
immediately in some liquid media until flakes of iron preparation) which are unique Ayurvedic
become in fine powder form [3]. It can be interpreted that, metallic/mineral preparations, treated with herbal
this procedure helps in impregnating bio-molecules of juices or decoction, and exposed for certain
herbal media on the surface of fine metal particles and thus quantum of heat as per Puta system ofAyurveda are
creates nanoparticles of iron. Nanoparticles are present known in Indian subcontinent since seventh
abundantly in human body even at cellular level and thus it century AD and widely recommended for
is assumed that nanoparticles may cure sever diseases, treatment of a variety of ailments . Bhasmas are
chronic diseases and even genetic disorders. On the basis claimed to be biologically produced nanoparticles
of researches performed uptill today, it can be claimed that prescribed with several other medicines of
Nanotechnology has ability to work at these subtle levels, Ayurveda.[5]
to generate new structures with new molecular
Table no.1:- Different medicinal plants used for the synthesis of nanoparticles of metals
Medicinal plants Nanoparticles Size References
produced
Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Leaf Gold (Au) 10.74 nm Das R K et al., 2012
Gloriosa superba Linn. Copper (CuO) 5–10 nm HR Naika et al., 2015
Cinnamomum camphora Nees. & Palladium (Pd) 3.2 to 6.0 nm Xin yang et al., 2009
Eberm. Leaf
Fusarium oxysporum Silica (SiF62- ) and - V Bansal et al., 2005
Titania (TiF62- )
Ocimum sanctum Linn. Leaf Platinum 2-12 nm Soundarrajan C et al., 2012
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Root Zinc oxide (ZnO) 30-50nm L. F. A. Anand Raj et al., 2015
Ocimum sanctum Linn. Leaf Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 47 nm Balamurughan M G et al., 2014
Ocimum sanctum Linn. Leaf platinum (Pt) 23 nm Soundarrajan C et al., 2012
Vitus vinifera Linn. Lead (Pb) 661nm Pavani et al., 2012
Table no.2:- Different medicinal plants used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Medicinal plants Nanoparticles produced Size References
Cinnamomum camphora Nees. Silver (Ag) 55 to 80 nm Huang et al., 2007
& Eberm. Leaf
Piper longum Linn. fruit Ag 46 nm NJ Reddy et al., 2014
Allium sativum Linn. Ag 4 .4 ± 1.5nm White II et al. 2011
Achyranthus aspera Linn. Ag 20-30nm Daniel et al. 2012
Carica papaya Linn. Ag 15nm Jain et al. 2009
Coleus aromaticus Lour. Ag 40–50 nm Vanaja et al.2012

Citrullus colocynthis Linn. Ag 31nm Satyavani et al. 2011
Datura metel Linn. Ag 16 to 40 nm Kesharwani et al 2009
Desmodium triflorum (L) DC. Ag 5–20 nm Ahmed et al.2011
Glycyrrhiza Glabra Linn. Ag 20 nm Dinesh et al.2012
Hibiscus cannabinus Linn. Ag 9 nm Bindhu et al.2012

Piper betle Linn. Ag 3-37 nm Mallikarjuna et al.2012
Piper nigrum Linn. Ag 5 - 50 nm Garg, S. 2012
Solanum xanthocarpum Linn. Ag 10 nm Amin et al.2012
Emblica Officinalis Gaertn. Ag 10 to 20 nm Ankamwar et al., 2005
Aloe vera (L) Burm.F. Ag 15.2 nm ± 4.2 nm Chandran et al., 2006
Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels. Ag 92 nm Kumar et al 2010
seed

Methods and methods: wavelength. The absorbance can be used to measure

Research papers published on nanoparticles the concentration of a solution by using Beer-
were collected from internet. Selected information was Lamberts Law. The examination of nanoparticles
interpreted regarding the methods for the synthesis of shows that the optical properties are much more
nanoparticles, characterization and uses at different complicated. For instance, the measured absorbance
fields. Biological sources such as bacteria, fungi, spectrum does not necessarily show the actual
yeasts, algae and plants are used for the synthesis of absorbance but the extinction of the light is both the
nanoparticles. But now a day's plants are very absorbed and the scattered light from the particles.
commonly used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The These wave lengths arise due to the surface Plasmon
most important application of silver and silver resonance of the particle. Figure 2 shows the UV-VIS
nanoparticles in the medical industry includes spectra recorded; broadening of peak indicated that
preparation of topical ointments to prevent infection the particles are polydispersed.
against burnt and open wounds. These particles have Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
diverse applications both in vitro and in vivo [10]. A analysis is employed in characterization of size, shape
number of medicinal plants are being currently & morphologies of formed nanoparticles. SEM gives
investigated for their role in the synthesis of high-resolution images of the desired surface of a
nanoparticles. For general understanding, synthesis of sample. Scanning electron microscope works on same
silver nanoparticles has been given below. principle as an optical microscope, but it measures the
1. Preparation of medicinal plant extract electrons scattered from the sample rather than
(aqueous): photon. Because electrons can be accelerated by an
Collect fresh plant material (leaves/ root/bark etc.) of electric potential, the wavelength can be made shorter
selected medicinal plant. The plant material should be than the one of photons. This makes the SEM capable
mature, undamaged and diseased free. Wash the plant of magnifying images up to 200.000 times. At the
material thoroughly with sterile distilled water. Take same time it is possible to achieve high resolution
the 25 gm of sterilized plant material cut into small pictures of the surface, making the instrument very
pieces and put in a 500 ml conical flask containing 100 useful in determining the size distribution of
ml sterile distilled water, boiled it for 5 min and then nanoparticles. (Figure 3)
0
filter. The filtrate should be stored at 4 C for uses.[11] AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) is an
2. Synthesis of nanoparticles (silver): instrument capable of measuring the topography of a
given sample. A nano-sized tip attached on a
Add 1 mM silver nitrate to the plant extract in a
cantilever is traded over the sample and a 3D image of
conical flask and centrifuged at 18000 rpm for 25 min.
0 the sample topography is generated on a computer.
Heat the supernatants at 50-95 C. Changes will occur
The advantage of the AFM over SEM is the ability to
in the colour of the solution during heating process
make topographical measurements for detection and
within 10-15 minutes. The colour changes indicate the
investigation of the size and shape of silver
formation of silver nanoparticles.[12] Figure 1 shows
nanoparticles in three dimensions. The AFM
that silver nanoparticles exhibit yellowish brown
generally measure the height of silver nanoparticles.
colour in aqueous solution due to excitation of surface
(Figure 4)
Plasmon vibrations. As the extract was mixed in the
DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) technique
aqueous solution of the silver ion complex, it started to
uses light to determine the size of particles in a
change the colour from colourless to yellowish brown
solution. Light at a given frequency is sent through the
due to reduction of silver ion which indicated
solution from a laser. When the light interacts with the
formation of silver nanoparticles.
moving particles in the solution and is scattered, the
3. Characterization of nanoparticles:
frequency of the light is also changed. This change of
Absorbance spectroscopy is used to determine light frequency is directly related to the size of the
the optical properties of a solution. A ray of light is sent particles in the solution; the smaller the particles, the
through the sample solution and the amount of greater the shift in the light frequency. This difference
absorbed light is measured. When the wavelength is in the light shift is used to determine the size of the
varied and the absorbance is measured at each
particles in the solution. DLS is capable of measuring oxide is fully destroyed while rendering the metal
particles in the size range from a few nanometers to a oxide with high medicinal value. [13] Before
few micrometers. It is therefore applicable for Bhasmikarana metals/minerals are advised for
determining the size of silver nanoparticles. (Figure 5) subjecting some procedures known as Shodhan.
FTIR (Fourier Transmission infrared During Shodhana process metals are repeatedly
spectroscopy) is a chemical analytical method which subjected for heating with herbal juices which make
measures infrared intensity v/s wavelength or wave them brittle, removes some unwanted properties and
number of light. It used to analysis of possible bio helps to impregnate molecules of herbal media on the
molecule and also bonding interaction between surface of metal/mineral. The second step includes
themselves. IR spectroscopy detects the vibration mixing the transformed metal with herbal decoction
characteristics of chemical functional groups of the and introducing it to fire to turn it to ashes, a process
sample. When an infrared light interacts with matter, called incineration. In this process, the metallic drug is
chemical bonds will shows stretch, contract and bend converted from a heavy, hard and rough structure to
form. This chemical functional group tends to adsorb light, soft and smooth powder and the macro size
infrared radiation in a specific wave number range of particles are reduced to their 'nano' form (usually 10-
the structure of the rest of the molecule. The silver 50 nm) [14]. The metal is combined with herbs which
nanoparticles synthesis, FTIR data measures help in assimilation and delivery of the ingredients
interaction between Ag salts and proteins molecules, into the human body [15].
which accurate for the reduction of silver ions and Discussion:
stabilization ofAg NPS formed. (Figure 6) In biologically created nanoparticles, metals
XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) is a technique to are combined with herbs which help in assimilation
used go study phase composition of a sample, crystal and delivery of the ingredients into the human body
structure, texture or orientation. The principle of XRD [16][17]. Counterparts are stable over longer period of
is that the X-rays are passed through a material and the time, require lower dosages, are easy to store and have
pattern produced give information of size and shape of sustainable availability [18]. Synthesis of
the unit cell. The atoms are crystal in structure arranged nanoparticles using biological entities has great
in a periodic array and thus can diffracted light at interest due to their unusual optical [19],
different angle. When X-ray passing through a crystal chemical[20], photoelectro-chemical[21] and
it produces a diffraction pattern, that diffraction gives electronic properties[22]. The synthesis and assembly
the information about the atomic arrangement within of nanoparticles would benefit from the development
the crystals. In silver nanoparticle XRD gives phase of clean, nontoxic and environmentally acceptable
structure and purity of the particle. Figure 7 shows the 'green chemistry' procedure [23-24]. Due to distinct
broadening of peak indicates uniform distribution of properties of silver nanoparticles such as good
silver nanoparticles reveals that these particles would conductivity, chemically stable, catalytic activity,
help for the availability of the drugs throughout the surface enhanced Raman scattering and antimicrobial
system (body). The biosynthesis of silver activity have attracted and demandable research of
nanostructure by employing medicinal plant extract interest in the field of nanotechnology. In this era
was further demonstrated and confirmed by silver is use as antimicrobial agent. Recent focuses
characteristic peaks observed in the XRD image. towards silver nanoparticle synthesis for increasing
Nanoparticles as perAyurveda point of view: the treat of antibiotic resistance, caused by the misuse
Ayurveda recommended metallic preparation of antibiotic.
with extracts of herbal juices known as bhasma for the Herbal substances are act as chelating for
treatment of so many diseases. These metal based biosynthesized nanoparticles and because of such
drugs are found highly effective than their original property the drug gets easily absorbed in the body and
metallic forms. Bhasmikarana is a very systematic and they are target drug delivery and easily eliminated out
elaborate step-wise procedure to convert metal form its of body. Herb reduces the toxicity of metal,
zero valent state to a form with higher oxidation state. converting it to herbo-metallic form, enhancing its
During this process the toxic nature of the metal and its therapeutic quality so that it is effectively used by the
Fig. 2: UV-Vis Spectra of reduction of

Fig 1: Formation of silver nanoparticles Ag ions to Ag nanoparticles
Fig. 3: SEM shows high-resolution images Fig. 4: Topographical measurements by AFM
Fig. 6: FTIR measures infrared intensity v/s wave

Fig. 5: DLS determining the size of silver
number
nanoparticles

2006; 61; 1027 - 1040.

[7] Nair R et al., Nanoparticulate material delivery to
plants, Plant Science 2010; 179(3); 154163
[8] Sharma V K et al., Silver nanoparticles: Green
synthesis and their antimicrobial activities, Advances in
Colloid and Interface Science 2009; 145: 8396.
[9] Jong et al, Drug delivery and nanoparticles:
Applications and hazards; Int J Nanomedicine. Jun 2008;
3(2): 133149
[10] Sermakkani M et al., Biological Synthesis of silver
nanoparticles using medicinal plants (cassia italica) leaves,
Fig. 7. XRD shows uniform distribution of silver International Journal of Current Research, 2012;4(10); 53-
58
body. Acharya Charaka says ' Samskaram
[11] Ibid 10
gunanthardhanam' by this the quality of herbal drugs
[12] Ibid 2
is attributed to mineral drugs. [13] Wadekar M P, et. al., Preparation and characterisation
Conclusion: of a copper based Indian traditional drug: Tamrabhasma, J
Form above study its concluded that green Pharm BiomedAnal. Oct 2005;39(5):951-5.
synthesis provides advancement over chemical and [14] Sanjeeta Paul and Archana Chugh, Assessing the Roll
of Ayurvedic Bhasma as Ethno-nanomedicine in the Metal
physical method as it is cost effective, environment
Based Nanomedicine Patent Regime, Journal of
friendly, easily scaled up for large scale synthesis as in Intellectual property rights, 2011(16);509-515
this method there is no need to use high pressure, [15] Sarkar P K et al. Ayurvedic Bhasma: The most ancient
energy, temperature and toxic chemicals. Applications application of nanomedicine, journal of scientific and
of such eco-friendly nanoparticles in bactericidal, industrial research, 69(12); 2010;901-905
wound healing and other medical and electronic field [16] Chaudhary AK, Ayurvedic bhasma: Nanomedicine of
ancient India- Its global contemporary perspective, journal
will make revolutionary growth in discoveries in of biomedicalnanotechnology, 2011; 7(5);68-69
related filed. The characterization analysis proved that [17] Paul S, Chugh A. Assessing the Roll of Ayurvedic
the particle so produced in nano dimensions would be Bhasma as Ethno-nanomedicine in the Metal Based
equally effective as that of antibiotics and other drugs Nanomedicine Patent Regime, J Intellectual property
in pharmaceutical applications. It is a new and rights, 2011;16;509-515
emerging area of research in the scientific world, [18] Kumar A et al. Availability of essential elements in
bhasmas: Analysis of Ayurvedic metallic preparations by
where day-by-day developments is noted in permitting INAA, Journal of radio analytical and nuclear chemistry,
a bright future for this field. 2006;173-180
References: [19] Lin SM et al. Surface states induced
[1] Prabhu N et al. Synthesis of silver phyto nanoparticles photoluminescence from Mn2+ doped Cds nanoparticles.
and their antibacterial efficacy.Digest.J. Nanomater. Solid State Common, 2000; 115:615-618,
Biostruct, 2010;5; p185-189 [20] Krolikowska A et al. SERS studies on the structure of
[2] N. Savithramma et al. Antimicrobial activity of silver thioglycolic acid monolayers pn silver and gold. Surf Sci,
nanoparticles Synthesized by using Medicinal plants, 2003; 532:227-232
International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2011;3;1394- [21] Ahmad A et al. Extracellular biosynthesis of
1402 monodisperse gold nanoparticles by a novel extremophilic
[3] Sharma R K, Dash B, Charaka Samhita, Vol III, actinomycete, Thermomonospora sp. Langmuir,
Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi; 2000; p43- 2003;19:3350- 3553.
44. [22] Chandrasekharan N, Kamat PV. Improving the
[4] Roco M C, Natural Science and Technology Council, photoelectrochemical performance of nanostructured
Committee on Technology, in WGN Workshop Report TiO2 films by adsorption of gold nanoparticles. J Phys
(National Science Foun-dation, USA) September 1999;1- Chem B,2000; 104:10851-10857,
12 [23] Roh Y et al. Microbiol synthesis and the
[5] Sarkar P K et al. Ayurvedic Bhasma the most ancient characterization of metal substituted magnetites. Solid
application of nanomedicine, J sci & Industrial Res, State Commun, 2001;118:529-534.
2010;69(9:901-905 [24] Bhattacharya D and Rajinder G, Nanotechnology and
[6] Xu ZP et al., Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers for potential of microorganisms. Crit Rev, 2005, Biotechnol,
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efficient cellular delivery, Chemical Engineering Science
Journal of Indian
Case Report System of Medicine
Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Gunja beej

lepa- A case series
Nilima Wadnerwar, K.S.R. Prasad
Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID046CR141121

Today's modern life style and changed dietary habits among the
people has led them to suffer from number of joint diseases which even
hamper their routine activities. In Ayurveda, various toxic herbal drugs are Nilima Wadnerwar, Asst. Professor,
mentioned to have medicinal properties in number of diseases when they are Dept. of Agadtantra, Mahatma
utilized wisely in proper dose and sufficient care. Gunja (Abrus Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital &
precatorius), one of the poisonous plants which is very beneficial as anti- Research Center, Salod(H), Wardha.
Email:
inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fertility, anti-tumor etc. Paste of Gunja
[email protected]
seeds can be used as rubraficient in Sciatica, stiff shoulders, paralysis and Co-author (s):
other nervous and arthritic conditions. Hence a clinical study “Role of Gunja K.S.R. Prasad, Professor,
Beej Lepa on inflammatory conditions of arthritis” was conducted to Department of Panchakarma,
provide a potent and efficient drug to manage the acute local inflammatory Conflict of Interest: NIL
condition. Thus leading to recognition of anti-inflammatory drug used for Source of Support: NA
Ethical Clearance: NA
the purpose of practice. The result of this study was significant. During the
Registered to: NA
course of the study, some patients showed beneficial results along with some
Acknowledgment: NIL
adverse effects such as rash, itching, redness etc. Relief observed in How to cite the article:
symptoms such as pain and swelling was considerable and the untoward Nilima Wadnerwar et.al., Efficacy
effects were minimal and manageable. So the toxic drugs like Gunja can be and Adverse Effects of Gunja beej
used wisely with precautions. lepa- A case series, Joinsysmed vol
3(2), pp 103-106
Key: Gunja beej, anti-inflammatory, arthritic conditions.
Introduction:
The excellence of Ayurvedic pharmacology is glorified with the use
of toxic metals/minerals and herbal drugs for preparation of medicines.
Poisons are harmful and dangerous for life but they are highly potent, readily
get absorbed in blood stream, able to act on subtle parts of body and hence
can be cautiously utilized at very low dose level. Ayurveda has mentioned
therapeutic uses of poisonous drugs after specific shodhana (purification)
procedure which helps in reducing toxic constitute and make them better for
internal administration. It is stated that strong poisons can prove best
medicine when used properly in correct therapeutics dose and with proper
combination. On the other hand a good medicine may create sever adverse
effects if not used properly [1]. Ayurveda has utilized many toxic drugs
sometime as single remedy and mostly in combination with other drugs to
increase the efficacy and potency of other ingredients.
Altered dietary habits and sedentary life style have led people to
suffer from various life style disorders which includes painful and
inflammatory diseases of joints. Inflammatory conditions of joints result in
difficulty in movements and hence patients expect urgent relief. This can be
Nilima Wadnerwar et.al., Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Gunja beej lepa- A case series, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 103-106
done with the help of highly potent drugs which will separated well before powdering the seed. Freshly
cure the symptoms quickly. There are several grinded paste of Gunja beej churna made with
Ayurvedic herbal and mineral preparations claimed to water was used for local application at inflamed
have high efficacy in inflammatory conditions. Such part.
formulation includes some toxic drugs either as mono- Posology: Ardhanguli (Approx.10 mm to 1cm
drug or as multidrug combination. Purifies toxic herbal thick) or sufficient quantity of Gunja beej kalka
or metallic/mineral drugs are mixed to increase the according to the affected area.
potency and absorption of the drug as toxic drugs are
Duration of application of Lepa: Till drying i.e.
get absorbed from gastrointestinal tract without
approximately 10-15min. [6]. Paste of Gunja seeds
passing through first pass metabolism.
was applied till the relief in pain and swelling or
Gunja (Abrus precatorius), a Vanaspatic Visha upto 7 days. Withdrawal of the drug was done after
(toxic herb) is described and classified as Upavisha 7 days of treatment.
(mild poisons) [2,3]. Both red and white types of Gunja
Follow up: Follow up was advised after 3, 5 and 7
are beneficial in hairs loss, cures diseases of vitiated
days.
Vata and Pitta, fever, dryness of mouth, giddiness,
Case Series:
difficulty in breathing, thirst, diseases of eyes, improve
Case no. 1: 20 years male patient was came for
sex vigor, body strength, useful in pruritus, ulcer,
treatment of pain and burning sensation in back
infection of worms and similar parasites, alopecia and
along the left side of vertebral column which was
many skin diseases [4]. Other uses of Gunja include
radiating to left lumber region and persistent since 1
treatment of atrophied ear lobule, dandruff, sciatica,
½ yrs. Burning sensation was increased since 6
erysepalous and few other dermatoses, blindness,
days. On examination, swelling was observed over
diseases of head, dental caries, etc [5].
the left side of T1-T3 vertebrae (44cm x 6cm area).
There are many potent and quick reacting
CBC, KFT, USG abdomen and MRI were normal.
remedies prepared from toxic herbs but their use in
After conducting sensitivity test, patient was
general practice is limited due to the risk of adverse
advised for local application of Gunja beej lepa. On
effects and lack of necessary information regarding
first day, 60% of pain and burning sensation was
precautions while using toxic drugs and management
relieved. On second day, patient developed pink
of adverse effect if occurred. Unwanted effects of
colored rash at the area where Gunja beej lepa was
poisonous drugs can be prevented by proper
applied (Fig.1). However the rash was without pain
purification of the drug and by following few
and itching. Considering appearance of rash as
precautions during use. This study aims at the use of
adverse effects of Gunja beej lepa, application of
Gunja beej lepa as representative of toxic herbal drugs
lepa was discontinued and patient was advised to
in the management of inflammatory joint disease.
apply coconut oil. Rash disappeared itself within
Finding of this work suggest some precautions which
next two days. Local application of Gunja beej lepa
are helpful to avoid the untoward effects of Gunja beej
was started again from fourth day and 98% relief in
lepa and similar effects appeared from the use of other
pain and burning sensation was observed within
poisonous drugs.
next two days.
Material and Methods:
Source of data: Patients suffering from transient mono
or bi-arthropathies are randomly selected from O.P.D.
Trial drug: Gunja (Abrus precatorius) in the form of
paste.
Part used: Rakta Beej (red variety of Gunja seed)
Method of Preparation: Gunja seeds were collected
and authenticated by pharmacognostic study in
Dravyaguna department. Physical impurities were
Fig. 1: Rash over abdomen
was admitted in the hospital for application of Gunja

beej lepa . Hematological and biochemical
investigations of this case were found normal. Lumber,
acetabular, knee and ankle joints were tender and
swelling was observed on knee and ankle joints. The
disease activity score (DAS) was 3.53. Gunja beej lepa
was applied on the lumber and gluteal region for 7
days. After due course DAS was 2.45 and patient felt
good relief in pain and tingling sensation. Patient was
able to walk within 7 days from starting of Gunja beej
lepa application.
Case no. 4:
A 38 years male patient was suffering from
Fig. 2: Rash at lumber region pain at lumber region. Patient had gone to local
physician and had taken painkiller intramuscular
Case no. 2: injection in left buttock. Within 24 hrs patient had
37 years female patient was suffering from severe pain in both lower limbs, swelling and tingling
degenerative changes in the spinal cord along with numbness. He was unable to stand and walk. There
rd th
bulging of spinal cord at 3 & 4 lumbar vertebrae. was pain in the muscles from gluteal to thigh region.
Patient was having recurrent continuous type of pain Calf muscle was flaccid. Patient had lost the muscle
in the lumber region. On the first day, Gunja beej lepa tone in that leg. Planter and knee reflexes were absent.
was applied for 15 minutes. Lepa started stretching Patient consulted in the medical hospital and was
sensation along the nerve route and patient was diagnosed as Injection Induced Neuroparalysis. When
feeling better. Patient had chronic pain at cervical patient was admitted in the Ayurved college hospital, it
region too, hence on second day; patient was willing was decided to treat this case by local application of
to apply lepa on cervical region too as patient felt Gunja beej lepa. Lepa was applied from lumber region
significant relief in lumbar pain. Lepa was applied upto the calf muscle. No improvement in symptoms
along the spinal cord from cervical to lumbar was observed in first four days, but from fifth day
vertebrae. Patient insisted to maintain the lepa for half patient was able to move little finger of affected leg.
an hour as she was feeling better with the effect of On the sixth day planter reflexes were seen positive.
lepa. At evening, mild itching started at back side of Precautions to be taken during the use of toxic
patient where lepa was applied (Fig 2). Local drugs:
application of coconut oil was advised. On the third Though the toxic drugs have untoward effects,
day, application of lepa was continued as patient had they should be used in therapy with certain precautions
acute pain. After 2 hours of lepa application skin went such as toxic drug should be used in proper therapeutic
reddish colour with rash and severe itching for which dose for appropriate duration and under the
th
Choulai lepa was applied. From 4 day, lepa was supervision of the physician, Shodhan should be done
discontinued and Choulai lepa was continued for next for both internal and external use to avoid untoward
two days. effects and sensitivity test must be carried out before
Case no. 3: external use.
A 28 years male patient came for the Discussion:
treatment of radiating pain from left lumbar vertebrae Gunja a toxic herb, is included under
to right foot and tingling sensation since four months. "Upavisha" category as [7]. In various Ayurvedic
It was diagnosed as Gridhrasi (sciatica) and patient texts, Rasatarangini has specifically mentioned toxic
had already taken some allopathic and Ayurvedic symptoms produced by consumption of crude drug. Its
medicines. Still he was not able to walk. After pharmacological properties act as a Visha and vitiates
discontinuation of all the medicines for one month, he Kapha and Pitta dosha, causes vomiting, diarrhea and

local irritation. Gunja was accepted as a mono-drug Khushwah, Charak Samhita, Chikitsthan 23/24,
therapy for various diseased conditions and also Chokhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Reprint 2012, p.
utilized as ingredient in different formulations e.g. 580.
Gunjabhadra Rasa. It is advisable to use Gunja beej [2] Sharma GM. Ayurved Prakash, Chapter 6/108,
only after following proper Shodhana procedure Varanasi: Choukhamba Bharti Academy, Reprint
which not only purifies the drug but also minimizes its 2007; p. 500.
untoward effects [8]. [3] Shastri K. Sadanand Sharma (editor)
Gunjalepa, a folklore remedy is, a species of Rasatarangini. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas
leguminosae family. By the various complex Publication; 1979, 24/163-164, p.702
analytical procedures carried out worldwide, it is [4] Pandey G. Chunekar Krushnachari, Bhavprakash
reported to contain number of active ingredients with Nighantu, Purvardha/ 124-128, Chokhamba
predominant toxicity of seeds by virtue of an nd
Orientalia, Varanasi, 2 Ed, 1998, p. 354-355
albuminoid substance "Abrin"[9]. Though Gunja beej
[5] Sharma P. Kaidev Nighantu, Aushadhi varga/795-
is an irritant poison [10], it is used in many conditions
796, Chokhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, p.148.
such as rubraficient in Sciatica, stiff shoulders,
[6] Murthy S. Sharangdhar Samhita, Uttarakhanda
paralysis and other nervous and arthritic conditions
chapter 11/2, Chokhamba Orientalia, Varanasi,
[11]. Visha have ten properties out of them Sukshma
Edition, 2007, p.236.
(ability to enter in subtle cellular parts) & Vyavayi
[7] Shastri K, Sanghagupta Sanushri, Sadanand
(increase the permeability of every body tissue)
Sharma (editor) Rasatarangini. Delhi: Motilal
property is basically responsible for affecting all three
Banarasidas Publication;1979, 24/163-164, pg.702.
Dosha & seven Dhatu & three Malas [12]. By Apaki
property (get absorbed without first pass metabolism), [8] Sharma GM. Ayurved Prakash, Choukhamba
it need not to undergo digestion before absorption BhartiAcademy, Varanasi, reprint 2007; 6/47, p. 497.
[13]. These properties are very helpful in therapy for [9] Modi's Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology,
immediate response. So it was decided to use Gunja edited by Mathiharan K & Patnaik Amrit, Chapter 5,
rd
beej lepa in inflammatory conditions of arthritis. By Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa, Nagpur, 23
observing the significant results of Gunja beej kalka edition, p.223.
on inflammatory conditions of arthritis in the series of [10] Modi's Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology,
cases, it was recommended to use in arthritis. Gunja is edited by Mathiharan K & Patnaik Amrit, Chapter 5,
rd
even indicated in Ghridhrasi (Sciatica) and Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa, Nagpur, 23
Pakshaghat (Paralysis) [14] but the response was edition, p.223.
quick in the third and fourth cases. [11] Dwivedi V. Raj Nighantu with commentary by
Conclusion: Indradev Tripathi, Chokhamba Orientalia Varanasi,
As it is an irritant poison, it can produce some Reprint 1982.p.52.
rash and itching on application such as in first case [12] Sharma P V, Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthana,
th
which may be self limiting. In the second case the rash 23/24, Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi, 7 edition,
appeared because the lepa was applied for more than 2005, p.366.
the prescribed time i.e. 15 minutes. It should be [13] Sharma P V, Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthana,
th
applied only on the affected area for 15 minutes. 23/24, Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi, 7 edition,
Toxic herbal drugs such as Gunja, have good 2005, p.366.
and effective medicinal properties. But they should be [14] Dwivedi V. Raj Nighantu with commentary by
used in accurate prescribed dose for appropriate Indradev Tripathi, Chokhamba Orientalia Varanasi,
period under the supervision of physician along with reprint 1982.p.52.
enough precautions so as to avoid the adverse effects.
References:
[1] Mishra S. commentary by Harishchandra Sinha

Journal of Indian
Short Communication System of Medicine
Sarvadoshahara Karma and Dravya
Nitesh Shambharkar, Mohan Lal Jaiswal , Awantika Jaiswal
Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID031SC150520

Ayurveda, the main traditional system of Indian subcontinent has
two objectives: to maintain healthy status of body and in the event of disease,
to bring about healing. This is achieved through a threefold plan i.e. good Nitesh Shambharkar, Asst. Prof.,
lifestyle, proper diet and use of drugs whenever needed. In Ayurvedic Dept. of Dravyaguna, MGACH &
literature Dravyas (drugs) have been classified on different basis. There are RC, Salod(H), Wardha
few very useful drugs in compendia which are mentioned as Sarvadoshahara Email:
[email protected]
(capable to maintain equilibrium of all three humours). Sarvadoshahara
Co-author (s):
Dravya can be used in many diseases conditions at the same time they are
Mohan Lal Jaiswal, Asso.Prof.,
capable of Shodhana (elimination) of Doshas and Prashamana (suppression) Dept. of Dravyaguna, National
of different Vyadhi (diseases). It can be understood that Sarvadoshahara Institute of Ayurved, Jaipur
dravyas possesses Antioxident, Immunomodulatory, Anti-bacterial and Awantika Jaiswal, MD Scholar,
many pharmacological activities. In the present context Sarvadoshahara Dept. of Dravyaguna vigyana, Lalit
Hari Post Graduate Ayurved College
dravyas described in Ayurveda has been highlighted with their properties, and Hospital, Pilibhit
action and indications substantiated by modern researches. Conflict of Interest: NIL
Key word- Dosha, Dravya, diseases, Shodhana, Shamana Source of Support: NA
Ethical Clearance: NA
Registered to: NA
Introduction:
Acknowledgment: NIL
In Charaka, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtang Samgraha, Dravya How to cite the article:
(drugs) have been classified on different basis as Karyakaranabheda (Cause Nitesh Shambharkar et.al.,
and effect) i.e. Karya dravya e.g. Panchtanmatra, Atma etc and Karana Sarvadoshahara Karma and Dravya,
Dravya e.g.Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Willd Miers ex Hook f. & Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 107-111
Thomas), Vacha ( Acorus calamus) etc 1. On the basis of Utpattibheda
(Evolution) viz. Akashiya, Vayaviya, Agneya, Apya and Parthiva 2, on the
basis of Yonibheda (Source) i.e. Jangam (animal origin) e.g. Kasturi and
Mukta, Oudbhida (originate through penetration soil) e.g. various herbs and
Parthiva e.g. minerals, metals 3, on the basis of Prayogabheda (Utility) i.e.
Aushadha Dravya e.g. Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.), Gudchi etc. and
Ahara dravya e.g. Shali (Oryza sativa Linn), Mudga (Phaseolus mungo Linn)
etc. 4, on the basis of Rasabheda (Taste) i.e. Madhuraskandha e.g.
Yashtimadhu, Draksha (Vitis vinifera Linn) etc, Amlaskandha e.g. Nimbuka
(Citrus limon (Linn) Burm.f.), Dadima (Punica granathum Linn) etc,
Lavanaskandha e.g. Saindhava Lavana (Rock salt), Katukaskandha e.g.
Sunthi (Zingiber officinale Roxb.), Pippali (Piper longum Linn) etc,
Tiktaskandha e.g. Neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss), Patol (Trichosanthus
dioica Roxb.) etc, Kashayaskandha e.g. Bibhitaka (Terminalia belerica
Roxb.), Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna(Roxb.)W.&A.) etc 5, on the basis of
Veeryabheda (Potency) i.e. Sheetaveerya Dravya e.g. Amalaki (Embelica
officinalis Gaertn), Katuka (Picrorhiza kurroa Royal ex Benth) etc,
Nitesh Shambharkar et.al., Sarvadoshahara Karma and Dravya, Joinsysmed vol 3(2), pp 107-111
Ushnaveerya dravya e.g. Agaru(Aquilaria agallocha useful drugs which are mentioned as Sarva
Roxb), Pippali etc 6, on the basis of Vipaka (Post doshahara in Samhitas but they are not classified in
digestive changes) 7, on the basis of Effect on Dosha separate category.
(Humours) 8. Material & Method-
Acoording to effect on humours Dravya are Ayurvedic literature was collected from all
classified into three types viz. Doshashamaka Samhitas and commentaries. Contemporary
(Pacifying), Prakopaka (Aggravating), and information was collected from modern books,
Swasthahitkara (Maintaining)[9]. Accordingly the journals and internet. All information was studied,
drugs have been classified in to three groups each i.e. analyzed and interpreted.
a) drugs pacifying vitiated Dosha 1. as pacifying Observation & Result-
Vata e.g. Devadaru (Cedrus deodara(Roxb) Loud) , Sarvadoshahara is a very broad term used
Shallaki (Boswellia serrata Roxb) etc., 2. pacifying only for few Dravyas mentioned in Samhita.
Pitta e.g. Chandana (Santalum album Linn), Ushira Different commentators had given different views
(Vetiveria zizanoidis (Linn) Nash) etc., 3. pacifying over it which are as follows: Chakrapanidutta
Kapha e.g. Aguru, Haridra (Curcuma longa Linn) includes Vata , Pitta and Kapha as Sharira (Somatic)
etc. b) Drugs which vitiate Dosha as 1. vitiating Vata Dosha and Raja and Tama as Manasika (Psychic)
e.g Shushkashaka (dried green vegetables), Dosha in Sarvadoshahara [11]. According to
Shushkamansa (dried flesh) etc., 2. vitiating Pitta e.g. Dalhana Sarvadoshahara includes all Doshas i.e.
Kulattha, Srashapa etc., 3. vitiating Kapha e.g. Vata , Pita, Kapha and Rakta. Other Acharyas
Masha (Vigna mungo Linn), Anupa Mansa etc. c) proposed that Sarvadoshahara drugs neither vitiate
Drugs capable of maintaining normal health e.g. nor pacifies Doshas [12]. Dalhana mentioned
Raktashali, Mudga etc [10]. There are few very Sarvadoshahara drugs as pacifier of all vitiated
Table no.1:- Sarvadoshahara dravyas and their pharmacological properties

Sr.No. Sarvadoshahar Botanical name Pharmacological Activities Prabhava
a drug
1 Ativisha Aconitum Immuno-modulatory[25], -

heterophylum Anti-oxidant[26], Anti-bacterial [27]
2 Shalaparni Desmodium Anti-inflammatory,Anti-nociceptive, -
gangeticum [28] Anti-ulcer[29],Anti-
hypertrophic[30]
3 Kushmanda Benincasa hispida Anti-ulcerogenic and Medhya
Antioxidant[31],Anti-diabetic[32],
Anti-compulsive [33],
Antioxidant[34], Anti-ageing [35].
4 Amalaki Emblica officinalis Anti-cancers[36], Anti-oxidant, Anti- -
proliferative[37], Antiglycemic
activity[38], Nootropic activity [39].
5 Jivanti Leptadenia Anti-bacterial [40], Hepatoprotective -
reticulate activity[41], Anti-asthamatic[42],
Anti-anaphylactic[43], Anti-
diabetic[44], Immunomodulatory and
antioxidant[45].
6 Mulaka Raphanus sativus Anti-inflammatory and
Linn. Antitumor[46], Antioxidant &
Hepatoprotective[47]
7 Vastuka Chenopodium Vasoactive & antioxidant [48],
murale Linn Antifungal[49], Antibacterial and
cytotoxic[50]

Dosha [13] and claimed their utility in treating but can not be explained completely. It is clear from
numerous diseases [14,15]. the fact that many drugs have similar properties to
Sarvadoshahara dravya mentioned inAyurveda: Sarvadoshahara drugs but have limited therapeutic
1)Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.) It is best efficacy. Sarvadoshahara drugs can be used in
among Deepaniya (appetizer), Pachaniya (digestive), complex as well as multiple disease conditions. Few
Samgrahika, Sarvadoshahara [16]. Sarvadoshahara dravyas can used as regularly e.g.
2)Vidarigandha (Desmodium gangeticum DC.) It is Kushmanda, Jivanti, Mulaka, etc. while remaining are
b e s t a m o n g Vr i s h y a ( a p h r o d i s i a c ) a n d used in specific condition for specific purpose e.g.
Sarvadoshahara [17]. Vidarigandha for aphrodisiac purpose. It is
understood from the pharmacological properties
3)Ripe fruit of Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida
given in table no.1, that Sarvadoshahara dravyas
Thunb.) - It is Kshariya (alkaline), Madhura (sweet),
possesses Immuno-modulatory activity, Anti-oxidant
Amla (sour), eliminative of Mutra (urine) and Purisha
property, Anti-bacterial property, Anti-cancerous
(stool) as well as Sarvadoshahara [18]. Unripen fruit
activity andAnti-hyperglyacemic activity.
of Kushmanda pacifies Pitta while middle aged one
increases Kapha, white ripen fruit is Laghu (light), Conclusion-
Ushna (hot), Kshariya (alkaline), Dipana (appetizer), From the above discussion it can be concluded
that Sarvadoshahara Dravyas, are the drug which acts on
Bastishodhana (diuretic), Sarvadoshahara, Hridya
all the Sharirik , Manasik & other Doshas . In the modern
and wholesome for mental disorders [19]. perspective drugs having Antioxident, Immuno-
4)Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) fruit It is modulatory, Anticancerous, Antibacterial, Anti-
Amla (Sour) with Madhura (sweet), Tikta (bitter), hyperglycemic avtivities can be said as Sarvadoshahara.
Kashaya (astringent) and Katu (pungent) in taste, Hence multi dimensional researches are required to
establish their properties and actions in present scenario.
Sara (laxative), Cakshushya (wholesome for eyes),
Vrishya (aphrodisiac) and Sarvadoshahara [20]. References:
5)Young tender Mulaka (Raphanus sativus Linn.) [1] Agnivesha, Charaka samhita, Sutra Sthana 1/48, Pandey
It is Katu (pungent) and Tikta (bitter) in taste, Hridya, K & Chaturvedi G (editor), (elaborated Vidyotini Hindi
Rochana (relishing), Agnidipana (appetizer), commentary) Part-I, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy,
Varanasi, India, reprint-2008, p. 19
Sarvadoshahara, Laghu (light), Kanthya (beneficial
[2] Sushruta, Sushurta Samhita Sutrasthana, 41/5 , Shastri
for throat) [21].
Ambikadatt (editor), (Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika)
6)Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulata W. & A.) It is Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, India, ed. 2010,
Sarvadoshahara and Cakshushya (wholesome for p. 198.
eyes) [22], Madhura (sweet) and Hima (cold in [3] Ibid 1, 1/68, p. 41
potency) [23]. [4] Ibid 1, 2/17, p. 55
[5] Agnivesha, Charaka samhita, Viman Sthana 8/138,
7) Vastuka (Chenopodium murale Linn) It is Katu
Pandey K & Chaturvedi G (editor), (elaborated Vidyotini
(pungent) in Vipaka, Krmighna (antelmenthic), Hindi commentary) Part-I, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy,
Medhavardhana (promotes intellect) and Varanasi, India, reprint-2008: p. 788
Agnivardhana (promotes digestive power), Kshariya [6] Agnivesha, Charaka, Charaka samhita Chikitsa 3/258-
(alkaline), Sarvadoshahara, Rocana (relishing) and 267, Pandey K & Chaturvedi G (editor), (elaborated
Sara (laxative) [24]. Vidyotini Hindi commentary) Part-II, Chaukhamba Bharti
Academy, Varanasi, India,reprint-2009, p.157,160.
Discussion- [7] Sharma P.V, Dravyaguna vigyana Vol.I, Chaukhamba
On the basis of observed properties and bharati academy, Varanasi, revised ed.-2007: p. 241
Rasapanchaka of all Sarvadoshahara Dravya it can [8] Ibid 1, 1/68, p. 40
be claimed that Sarvadoshahara dravyas are having [9] Agnivesha, Charaka samhita, Sutra Sthana 1/67,
Madhura, Tikta Rasa, Madhura Vipaka and Sheeta as Acharya Y.T.(editor), Ayurveda-dipika commentary,
Chaukhamba Bharti Academy, Varanasi, India, print-2008:
well as Ushna Veerya. It can be interpreted that along
p. 10
with above mentioned properties Sarvadoshahara [10] Shastri J.L.N., Dravyaguna vigyana Vol I,
drugs have complex actions which can be experienced Chaukhamba orientalia, Varanasi, Reprint 2012: p. 33-34
[11] Chakrapanidutta, Commentator. Charaka Samhita,

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[22] Ibid 9, 46/252, p. 232
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[23] Vagbhat, Ashtanga Hridaya, Sutrasthana,
[38] Perera HKI, Handuwalage CS. Analysis of glycation
Annasvarupa Viddhnyaniya Adhyaya, 6/86, Paradakar
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[24] Ibid 9, 46/260, p. 233
[39] Malve HO, Raut SB, Marathe PA, Rege NN, Effect of
[25] Atal CK., Sharma M.L,Kaul A, Khajuria A, combination of Phyllanthus emblica, Tinospora cordifolia,
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Dhupakalpadhyaya of Kashyapa Samhita

Article · July 2015

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April - June 2015 Volume 3 Issue 2 ISSN-2320-4419

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Dilip Gode Vedprakash Mishra

Editorial Advisory Board

Official publication of the

87-90 Jirnashan - A definite way to

Journal of Indian system of Medicine (A Quarterly Peer Reviewed International Journal of

57 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

59 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Rohit Gokarn, Dhirajsingh Rajput, Anita Wanjari,Bharat Rathi

Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID028OA150603

61 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Table no.3: Average result of physico-chemical parameters of Shatavari granules

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 62

Excessive frothing was observed after adding sugar to

same in all three batches. This value is related with Conclusions:

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 64

Clinical study to evaluate the role of Virechana

Abstract Joinsysmed ID: JID029OA150617

depending upon Avara, Madhyama and Pravara Observations and Result

Serum Cholesterol 240.84±32.73 199.87±27.21 <0.001**

Serum Triglycerides 256.89±82.27 152.78±15.05 <0.001**

Serum HDL 51.71±7.43 56.87±6.50 <0.001**

Serum LDL 131.07±33.27 113.28±29.90 0.018*

Serum VLDL 51.39±16.53 30.46±3.07 <0.001**

** Highly Significant * Significant

As in Virechana Karma deleterious substances Conclusion

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 68

Anti-Oxidant Activity perspectives in

Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID027RA150330

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 70

28. Shyonaka Shunthi

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 74

75 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 76

[SOD- Superoxide dismutase, CAT- catalase, GPX-Glutathione peroxidase, ABTS- 2,2'-azino-bis(3-

77 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 78

79 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 80

81 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Dhupakalpadhyaya of Kashyapa Samhita

Sagar Bhinde, Sunil Joshi

Abstract: Joinsysmed ID: JID032RA150303

83 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Table 1. Sthavara material used for fumigation in Dhupakalpadhyaya of Kashyapa Samhita

Table 2. Jangama material used for fumigation in Dhupakalpadhyaya

Table No. 3 Other Materials used for fumigation in Dhupakalpadhyaya

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 84

Table no. 4 Special Dhupana Yoga mentioned in Dhupakalpadhyaya

85 Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015

Joinsysmed Vol.3 (2), Apr-June 2015 86

Jirnashan - A definite way to overcome the