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    Near-Far Effect

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    teshome
    One of the key challenges for cellular communication systems like CDMA is the near-far effect. This occurs when signals from transmitters close to the receiver overwhelm more distant signals, degrading quality. The near-far effect arises because signals decay faster with distance than an inverse square law in cellular environments. To address this, CDMA uses dynamic power control where closer transmitters lower output power to equalize signal strengths at the receiver. Other solutions include increasing receiver dynamic range or using TDMA to avoid simultaneous transmissions. Addressing the near-far effect was important for enabling CDMA technology.

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    Near-Far Effect

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    teshome
    136 views3 pages
    One of the key challenges for cellular communication systems like CDMA is the near-far effect. This occurs when signals from transmitters close to the receiver overwhelm more distant signals, degrading quality. The near-far effect arises because signals decay faster with distance than an inverse square law in cellular environments. To address this, CDMA uses dynamic power control where closer transmitters lower output power to equalize signal strengths at the receiver. Other solutions include increasing receiver dynamic range or using TDMA to avoid simultaneous transmissions. Addressing the near-far effect was important for enabling CDMA technology.

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    One of the key challenges for cellular communication systems like CDMA is the near-far effect. This occurs when signals from transmitters close to the receiver overwhelm more distant signals, degrading quality. The near-far effect arises because signals decay faster with distance than an inverse square law in cellular environments. To address this, CDMA uses dynamic power control where closer transmitters lower output power to equalize signal strengths at the receiver. Other solutions include increasing receiver dynamic range or using TDMA to avoid simultaneous transmissions. Addressing the near-far effect was important for enabling CDMA technology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    136 views3 pages

    Near-Far Effect

    Uploaded by

    teshome
    One of the key challenges for cellular communication systems like CDMA is the near-far effect. This occurs when signals from transmitters close to the receiver overwhelm more distant signals, degrading quality. The near-far effect arises because signals decay faster with distance than an inverse square law in cellular environments. To address this, CDMA uses dynamic power control where closer transmitters lower output power to equalize signal strengths at the receiver. Other solutions include increasing receiver dynamic range or using TDMA to avoid simultaneous transmissions. Addressing the near-far effect was important for enabling CDMA technology.

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    NEAR- FAR EFFECT

    By: Submitted to:


    Name: Teshome Yemer Bitew Dr. Yihenew Wondie
    ID No: ATR/1235/08
    Communication Stream, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
    Addis Ababa University
    Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Abstract: One of the problems encountered with cellular communication is known as the "Near Far"
    effect. This near far problem is a key element in CDMA and as a result, close control of the power within
    CDMA handsets is required. The provision of a satisfactory solution of the CDMA near far problem was
    a key element in enabling CDMA to become a viable technology for providing a multiple access scheme
    for users within cellular and other radio based communications systems.

    Key Words: CDMA, Cellular communication, Base Station.

    Introduction
    The near–far effect or hear ability problem is the effect of a strong signal from a near signal source in
    making it hard for a receiver to hear a weaker signal from a further source due to adjacent-channel
    interference, co-channel interference, distortion, capture effect, dynamic range limitation, or the like.
    Such a situation is common in wireless communication systems, in particular CDMA. In some signal
    jamming techniques, the near–far problem is exploited to disrupt ("jam") communications.
    The adjacent channel interference is particularly serious. This occurs when an interferer close to the Base
    Station, radiates in the adjacent channel, while the subscriber is far away from the Base Station. The Base
    Station may not discriminate the desired mobile user from the “bleed over” caused by the close adjacent
    channel mobile. An interferer that is in close range to the subscriber’s receiver is transmitting while the
    receiver receives from the Base Station.

    Near- Far Effect 1 12/04/2020


    Near- Far Effect Basics
    Near-far effect is one of the major problems that hurts mobile communications badly. In a CDMA
    system, mutual interference will determine the majority of SN ratio of each user.
    The following illustration shows how near-far problem affects communication.

    As shown in the illustration, user A is far away from the receiver and user B is close to the receiver, there
    will be big difference between desired signal power and interfered signal power. Desired signal power
    will be much higher than the interfered signal power and hence SN ratio of user A will be smaller and
    communication quality of user A will be severely degraded.
    The CDMA near far effect arises because handsets may be anywhere within the particular cell
    boundaries. Some handsets will be close to the base station, whereas others will be much further away. In
    a free space scenario, signals decay according an inverse square law - in other words double the distance
    and the strength falls away to a quarter.
    k
    Signal= Where:
    d2
    k = a constant
      d = distance
    In cellular communications, this situation may be worse. The effects of objects and other obstructions in
    the signal propagation path mean that in reality a signal decays at a greater rate than the simple inverse
    square law. It is somewhere between a law that follows a curve of an inverse of the distance to the power
    three or four. Many system planners may use a law of around 1 / d 3.4.
    The result of this is that signals within a cell will have a huge variation in signal strengths. However, for
    CDMA to operate correctly the receiver must be able to receive all the required signals within the same
    channel bandwidth and it must be able to decode them. For the receiver to be able to decode all the

    Near- Far Effect 2 12/04/2020


    signals in the channel, they should ideally all be at the same signal strength - giving the CDMA near far
    problem.

    Near- Far Effect Solutions


    In CDMA systems and similar cellular phone-like networks, the problem is commonly solved by dynamic
    output power adjustment of the transmitters. That is, the closer transmitters use less power so that the
    SNR for all transmitters at the receiver is roughly the same. This sometimes can have a noticeable impact
    on battery life, which can be dramatically different depending on distance from the base station.

    In high-noise situations, however, closer transmitters may boost their output power, which forces distant
    transmitters to boost their output to maintain a good SNR. Other transmitters react to the rising noise floor
    by increasing their output. This process continues, and eventually distant transmitters lose their ability to
    maintain a usable SNR and drop from the network. This process is called power control runaway. This
    principle may be used to explain why an area with low signal is perfectly usable when the cell is not
    heavily loaded, but when load is higher, service quality degrades significantly, sometimes to the point of
    unusability.

    Other possible solutions to the near–far problem:

    1. Increased receiver dynamic range - Use a higher resolution ADC. Increase the dynamic range of
    receiver stages that are saturating.
    2. Dynamic output power control – Nearby transmitters decrease their output power so that all
    signals arrive at the receiver with similar signal strengths.
    3. TDMA – Transmitters use some scheme to avoid transmitting at the same time

    Near- Far Effect 3 12/04/2020

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