-tIcf k¿°m¿

IrjnhIp∏v

sNdp-tX-\o®bpw
sNdp-tX\pw

-^mw C≥^¿ta-j≥ _yqtdm

sNdp-tX-\o®bpw sNdp-tX\pw
No^v FUn-‰¿ : F. Fw. kp\n¬Ip-am¿
{]n≥kn-∏¬ C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm^o-k¿
FUn-‰¿ : {ioaXn Fen-k-_Øv tPm¿Pv
te Hu´v : Zo]Iv auØm-´n¬

^mw C≥^¿ta-j≥ _yqtdm {]kn-≤o-I-cWw

sNdp-tX-\o®bpw
sNdp-tX\pw
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

sNdptX\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw
tX\p-ev]m-Z-I-cmb tX\o®Ifpw sNdp-tX-\o-®-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂
KW-amWv ssla-t\m-]v‰nd. CXn¬ tX\o-®I - f
- psS IpSpw-_a- mb G∏nsU
IpSpw-_-Ønse saen-t]m-Wns\ D]-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ jUv]-Z-ß-fmWv
sNdp-tX-\o®Iƒ AYhm ÃnwKvekv _okv. sNdptX\o-®-IfmWv hnin-
jvS-amb sNdp-tX≥ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xv. Cu A¤pX {]Xn-`-Iƒ DXv]m-
Zn-∏n-°p∂ tX-\n\v Ah¿Æ-\o-b-amb al-Xz-am-Wp-≈-Xv. sNdp-tX-\o-®-
Iƒ kky-ß-fnse DØ-a-]-cm-KW klm-bn-I-fpamWv. Cu P\p-kp-I-
fpsS sNdnb icocw, CXc tX\o-®I - ƒ°v {]th-in-°m≥ Ign-bmØ sNdp-
]p-jv]-ß-fn¬t]mepw kµ¿in®v a[phpw/ ]qsºmSnbpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-
Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Wv. `mc-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw {]tXy-In®pw ]›n-a-L-´-Ønepw
]q¿∆-L-´-Ønepw hS°v Ing-°≥ ae-{º-tZ-i-ß-fnepw {SntKmW kv]ojn-
kn¬s∏-Sp∂ sNdptX\o-®I - ƒ I≠p-hc
- p∂p. Chn-Sß- f- n¬ \n∂pw I≠p-
]n-Sn-°s
- ∏-´n-´p≈ hnhn-[b - n\w sNdptX\o-®I
- sf ]cm-KW tkh-\Ø - n\pw
Huj-[-aq-eyap≈ tX\p-ev]m-Z-\-Øn\pw D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. -h-\m-¥-c-
߃ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p-t]mepw Ch tX\pw ]qsºm-Snbpw
tiJ-cn®p Pohn-°p-∂p.
tIc-fØ
- n-ep-S\
- ofw ImWp∂ sNdp-tX-\o-®b - psS P\p v {SntKmW
Cdn-Un-s∏-∂nkv BsW∂v Ata-cn-
°bnse kvanØvtkmWn- b ≥
t{Sm∏n- ° ¬ dnk¿®v sk‚- d nse
imkv{X-⁄-\mb tUm. tUhnUv
dq_n°ns‚ klm- b - t ØmsS
ÿnco-I-cn-®p. hep-∏-Øn¬ hfsc
sNdpXpw IdpØ \nd-tØm-Sp-Iq-S-
nb- X p- a mb Cu P\p-   ns\
s]mXpsh Uma¿ _okv F∂pw
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
F∏nkv C\Ønepff
tX\o®Iƒ°v i{Xp°fn¬ \n∂v
c£s∏Sphm≥ hnjkqNnbp≠v. F∂m¬ sNdp tX\o®bv°v hnjkqNn
]q¿Æambn cq]s∏´n´n√. AXpsIm≠mWv hnjkqNnbn√mØ tX\o®
AYhm ÃnwKvse v _okv F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. ChbpsS
hZ\`mKØp≈ am≥Un_nƒ D]tbmKn®v ISn®mWv i{Xp°sf

4
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

t\cnSp∂Xv. temIsaºmSpw sNdptX\o®bpsS 500¬∏cw PmXnIƒ

CXn\Iw Is≠Ønbn´p≠v.
C≥Uy≥ Im¿jnI Kth-jW Iu¨kn-ens‚ klm-b-tØmsS
tIc-f-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ sNdp-tX-\o-®-Isf°pdn®v hni-Z-amb ]T\w
tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS sh≈m-b-Wn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂
AJn-te¥ym kwtbm-PnX tX\o® ]cm-KW Kth-jW tI{µ-Ønse
{]n≥kn-∏¬ kb‚ n-Ãmb tUm. Fkv. tZh-t\-is‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-
Øp- I - b p- ≠ m- b n. XpS- ° - Ø n¬ sNdp- t X- \ o- ® - b n¬ ]T\w \S- Ø nb
ankv cmJn taml≥, \nj Fw.-Fw. F∂o t]mÃv {Km‰p-th‰v hnZym¿∞n-
\nIfpw XpS¿∂v tUm. sI.-F-kv. {]ao-f, sI.sI. ssjeP F∂n-hcpw
Kth-jW \nco-£W - ß
- f
- n¬ ]¶ptN¿∂p. sNdp-tX-\o-®I - sf {]IrXnZØ-
amb IqSp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn®v a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb IqSp-I-fn-em°n
sacp°n hmWn-P ym-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ imkv{Xo-ba- mbn hf¿Øm-\p≈ kmt¶-
XnI hnZybpw, hnhn-[-Xcw IqSp-Iƒ, A\m-bmkw- hn`-P\w \S-Øm-\p≈
hnZy-Iƒ, tX≥ ip≤-ambn kw`-cn-°m-\p≈ coXn F∂nhbpw DcpØn-cn-
s®-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. `mc-X-Øn¬ CZw-{]-Y-a-ambn Cu tI{µ-Øn¬ \S-Ønb
sNdp-tX-\o-®-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Kth-jW ^e-߃ CXn-\Iw Im¿jnI Kth-
jW Iu¨kn-ens‚ klm-b-tØmsS ""Ãm‰kv t]∏¿ Hm¨ ÃnwKv-
e v _okv ˛ {SntKmW Cdn-Un-s∏-∂nkv '' F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-
I-bp-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Øn¬ sNdp-tX-\o® hf¿Ø-ens‚ (saen-t∏mWnIƒ®-
¿) A\-¥-km-[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn I¿j-I¿°v a\ n-em-I-
Ø-°-hn[w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ""sNdp-tX-\o® hf¿Ø¬'' F∂ ]pkvXIw
CXn-\Iw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n´p≠v.
sNdp-tX-\ns‚ h¿≤n® Huj[-KpWw, Iym≥k¿t]mep≈ tcmK-
߃°v Bbp¿thZ acp-∂p-Iƒ Nmen®p -I-gn-°m≥ sNdp-tX≥ IqSntb
Xocp F∂p h∂- t XmsS sNdp- t X- \ ns‚ Bh- i y- ° m- ¿ IqSn. Hcp
Intem{Kmw sNdptX\n\v Bbncw cq]bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hne-bp-≠v. Bbq-
cm-tcm-Ky-Øn\v sNdp-tX≥ A\n-hm-cy-amb kml-NcyØn¬ Hmtcm
ho´nepw Hcp sNdp-tX-\o-®°- qSv e`y-am-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IpØmØ sNdp-
tX-\o-®I
- sf ho´-Ωa- m¿°pw hf¿Øn hnP-bn-∏n-°m-\m-hpw. sNdp-tX-\o-®sb
IqSp-I-fn-em°n hmWn-P ym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hf¿Øm-\p≈ hnZy, Pohn-X-N-
{Iw, ]cn-]m-e-\-ap-d-Iƒ, ip≤-amb tX≥ kw`-c-Ww, Chbv°v tX\pw
]qsºm-Snbpw \¬Ip∂ kky-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh
I¿j-I¿°v e`y-am-°-∂Xv hmWn-P ym-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønep≈ sNdp-tX-\o®
hf¿Ø-en\v t{]m’m-l\-am--Ipw. Hmtcm ho´nepw Hcp sNdp-tX-\o-®-°q-
sS-¶nepw e`y-am-°-Ww.

5
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

sNdptX-\o®-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
a‰p tX\o-®-Isft∏mse kmaply PohnXw \bn-°p-∂ sNdp-tX-\o-
®-bpsS Blm-chpw tX\pw ]qsºm-Sn-bpamWv. sNdp-tX-\o® tImf-\n-
bnepw Hcp dmWn-bo-®, Ipsd BWo-®-Iƒ, At\Iw the-°mcn Cu®-
Iƒ F∂nh ImWp∂p. G∏nkv C\-Øn-epff CXc tX\o-®- P\p- p-I-
fn¬ ImWp∂ hnj-kq-Nnbpw hnj-{K-ŸnbpwsNdp-tX-\o-®-bn¬ cq]s∏-
´n- ´ n√. Ccp´v Gsd
CjvSs∏Sp∂ sNdp-tX-
\o-®-bpsS {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-
amb IqSpIƒ aXn-ep-I-
fpsS hnS-hp-If - nepw I√n-
S-p°p-Ifnepw ac-s∏-mØp-
Ifnepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
the- ° mcn Cu®- I ƒ
Ah-bpsS sagpIv {KŸn-
I-fn¬ \n∂v DXv]m-Zn-∏n-
°p∂ sagpIpw amhv, aXnen-\p-≈nse sNdp-tX-\o-®-°qSv
πmhv XpSßnb kky-
ß-fn¬ \n∂p tiJ-cn-°p∂ ]ibpw (sdkn≥) tN¿∂ an{inXamb skdp-
sa≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv IqSv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ hnc¬sXm´m¬ H´n-
∏n-Sn®v \qep-t]mse henbpw.
IqSv \n¿Ωm-Ww, IqSns‚ LS-
\, ]pgp hf¿Ø¬ co-Xn, tX≥
]qsºmSn tiJ-cWw Ch F∏n-
kv C\-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-
amWv . sNdp- t X- \ o- ® - b psS
icoc{]IrXw sNdnb Zf- ß -
fp≈ Xpfkn XpSßn At\Iw
Huj[ sNSn-I-ƒ, IfsNSn-Iƒ
Ch kµ¿in®v tX≥/ ]qsºmSn
kw`cWw km[y- a m- ° pw..
Aßs\ Cu sNSnIfn¬ ]cmKWw \S°m\pw hnfhv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn\pw klmbn°p∂p. N´n-bnepw apf-¶q-´nepw XSn-s∏-´n-bnepw Nnc-´b - nepw
Hs° hnhn-[c - o-Xn-bn¬ I¿j-I¿ sNdp-tX-\o® hf¿Øn-hc - p-∂p. F∂m¬
tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb imkv{Xo-b-ambn
sNdp-tX-\o® hf¿Øm-\p≈ kmt¶-XnI hnZy {]tbm-P-\-s]-Sp-tØ-≠n-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
6
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

apf¶qSv a¨Iew

XSn s]´n ]n.-hn.-kn. ss]∏v

Nnc´
sNdptX\o®Isf imkv{Xobambn hf¿Øp∂ coXnsb
saent∏mWnIƒ®¿ F∂p ]dbpw. kz¥ambn Irjn`qanbn√mØ h¿°pw
kv{XoIƒ°pw sXmgn¬ clnXcmb bphm°ƒ°pw hfsc em`Icambn
sNømhp∂ Hcp hyhkmbamWv sNdptX\o® hf¿Ø¬.
7
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

sNdptX\o® tImf-\n
sNdp-tX-\o-®-bpsS {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp∂
tImf-\n-Isf s^d¬ tImf\n F∂p-]d- b - p-∂p. a‰v
iey- ß ƒ H∂pw C√
F¶n¬, sNdp-tX-\o-®-
t°m- f - \ n- I ƒ Htc
ÿe-Øp-Xs∂ Gsd-
°mew \ne-\n¬°p-∂-
Xm-bmWv I≠n-´p-≈Xv.
IqSns‚ {][m\ `mK-
߬ {]th-i-\-I-hmSw, ap´, ]pgp Ad-Iƒ , tX\-d-Iƒ ]qsºmSn Ad-
Iƒ Ch tN¿∂-XmWv. sagpIv XqWp-Iƒ dkn≥ Iqºmcw, amen\y
Iqºmcw F∂n-hbpw Iq´n¬ ImWmw
{]th-i\ Ihm-Sw
{]th-i\ Ihm-S-Øn¬ km[m-cWbmbn sagpIv sIm≠p-≠m-°nb
Hcp Ipg¬ D≠m-bn-cn°pw. aW¬ Xcn-Itfm, s]mSn-Itfm H´n-®p≠m°n-
bn-cn-°p∂ Ipg¬ hnhn[ BIr-Xn-bnepw \of-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ipg-
ens‚ A{K-`m-K-Ømbn 5-˛13 the-°mcn
Cu®-Iƒ (Km¿Uv _okv) Imh-en-\mbn
D≠m-bn-cn°pw. cm{Xn Ime-ß-fn¬ Cu
IhmSw sagpIv sIm≠v AS-bv°p-Ibpw
{]`m-XØ- n¬ Xpd-°p-∂X - mbpw I≠p-h-
cp-∂p. Ddpºv, a‰p i{Xp-°ƒ F∂nh
IqSn- \ p- ≈ n¬ {]th- i n- ° msX kwc-
£Ww \evIp- ∂ - X n\v Cu IhmSw
klm-bn-°p-∂p.
ap´ ˛ ]pgp Ad-Iƒ
G∏nkv C\-Ønep≈ , s]cp-
t¥- \ o- ® , tIm¬tX- \ o®, sRmSn-
b¬tX\o® C‰m- e n- b ≥ tX\o®
F∂n-h-bpsS IqSv AYhm AS-Iƒ
Bdp hi-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb \nc-h[n
Ad-Iƒ tN¿∂-XmWv. ap´-bnSp∂-
Xn\pw ]pgp-hf - ¿-Øp-∂X
- n\pw tX≥/
C¥y≥ tX\o-®-bpsS AS

8
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

]qsºmSn tiJ-cn®p hbv°p∂Xn\pw CtX

Ad-Iƒ Xs∂ Bh¿Øn®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
F∂m¬ sNdptX\o- ® - b psS ]pgp- A - d - I ƒ
AWvUm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈h
- b
- m-Wv. ]pgp hf¿Øp∂
AdIƒ ho≠pw D]tbmKn°mdn√ .

]pgp Ad-Iƒ sI´p-∂X- n\v the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ Iq´n-\p-≈n¬ BZyw

skdp-a≥ sIm≠v i‡-amb sagpIv XqWpIƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂p. CXn¬
\nc-h[n imJ-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn°pw. IqSns‚ ASn`mKØv \n∂pw apI-fn-
te-°mWv Ch \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv. sagpIv XqWp-I-fpsS apI-fn-embn skdp-
a≥ sIm≠v Xs∂ AWvUm-Ir-
Xn-bn-ep≈ I∏p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂p.
I∏p-Iƒ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e[ - nIw ]WnXp
Ign-™m¬ the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ
AXn¬ ]pgp-°ƒ°v hf-cm-\m-h-
iy-amb Blmcw \nd-bv°p-∂p.
Cu {]{In-bsb "s{]mhn-j\nwKv'
F∂mWv]d-bp-∂Xv.
AXn\ptijw dmWo- b o® Cu
Ad kµ¿in-°p-∂p. 4 apX¬ -5
hsc the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ dmWn-bo-®sb A\p-[m-h\w sNøp-∂p.
Blmcw \nd® Ad-I-fn¬ dmWnbo® ap´-bn-Sp-∂p. Hcp Ad-bn¬ Hcp
ap´ am{Xta CSm-dp-≈p. ap´-bn´-Xn\ptijw dmWn-bo® sXm´-Sp-Øp≈
Ad-bpsS `mKtØ-bv°v \oßp-tºmƒ ap´-bn´ Ad Hcp the-°mcn Cu®-
am{Xambn sagpIv sIm≠v AS-bv°p-∂p. Hmtcm Ad-I-fpw sagpIv
sIm≠p≈ sNdnb X≠p-Iƒ sIm≠v tN¿Øv ]c-kv]cw _‘n-®n-cn°pw.
CXv hfsc arZp-hmb ]pgp Ad-Iƒ°v _e-ta-Ip-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-
∂p. ]pgp Ad-Iƒ°v BZyw \√ Xhn-´p-\n-d-amWv. Znh-k-߃ Ign-
bpt¥mdpw Ad-I-fpsS apI-fn¬ \ n ∂ p w s a g p I v { I t a W \ o ° w
s N øp-∂p. Cßs\ Ah Cfw Nµ-\-\n-d-Øn-embn amdp-∂p. CXv kam[n-
bpsS Bh-c-W-am-bn-cn°pw. D≈n-ep≈ hncn™ndßmdmb Cu®-bpsS
Nph∂ \nd-Øn-ep≈ IÆp-Iƒ ]pdta hy‡-ambn ImWm-hp-∂-XmW.v
Htc {]mb-Øn-ep≈ ]pgp Ad-Iƒ Hcp Iq´-ambn ImWp-∂p. Ah
hncnbpw aptº Xs∂ thsdmcpIq´w ]pgp-Ad-Iƒ ]g-b-Xn\p apI-fn-
embn \n¿Ωn-®ncn°pw. dmWn BIm-\p≈ Ad-Iƒ the-°mcn Cu®-I-
fpsS Ad-Isf°mƒ hep∏w D≈-h-bm-Wv.

9
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

tX≥ ˛ ]qsºmSn Ad-Iƒ

]pgp AS-bpsS hi-ß-fn-embn Aev]w Zqsc-bm-bn-´mWv `£-W -
A-d-Iƒ ImWp-∂Xv. tX≥ tiJ-
cn®p kq£n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn \n¿Ωn-
°p∂ Ad-Iƒ°v ]pgp Ad-I-tf-
°mƒ hep∏w IqSp- X - e mWv.
]qsºm-Snbpw tX\pw kq£n-®n-
cn-°p∂ Ad-Iƒ CS-I-e¿t∂m
{]tXy-I-amtbm ImW-s∏-Sp∂p.
F∂m¬ Ch ]pgp Ad-I-tfmSv
tN¿∂v ImWm-dn-√. Hcp tX\d
as‰m-∂n-t\mSv tN¿∂m-Wn-cn-°p-
∂Xv. tX≥ \nd® Ad-Iƒ ap¥n-
tX\dIƒ
cn-°p-e t]mse ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
tX\-d-I-sf-s∏mse Xs∂
hep-∏-ta-dn-b-h-bmWv ]qsºm-Sn-
A-d-Ifpw. Hcp Ad-bn¬ Xs∂
hnhn-[-Xcw sNSn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-
≈Xpw ]e-\n-dß - t- fmSpIq-Sn-bX
- p-
amb ]qsºmSn tiJ- c n®p
hbv°m-dp-≠v. ]qsºmSn Ad-
Ifpw H∂v as‰m-∂n-t\mSv tN¿∂v
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]qsºm-Sn AdIƒ
sNdp-tX-\o-®-tIm-f-\n-bnse PmXn-Iƒ
CXc tX\o-®-Isf t]mse kmaqly PohnXw \bn-°p∂ sNdp-tX-
\o® tImf-\n-bnepw dmWobo®, BWo-®, the-°m-cn-bo® G∂o aq∂v v
PmXn-I-fp-≠v. Hcp dmWn-bo® Ipd®v BWo-®-Iƒ Gsd the-°mcn Cu®-
Iƒ Ch tN¿∂-XmWv Hcp tImf\n AYhm IpSpw-_w.
dmWn-bo®
Hcp tImf-\n-bn¬ km[-c-W-bmbn Hcp dmWn-bo-®-bp-≠mIpw.tImf-
\n-bnse F√m {]h¿Øn-Ifpw \bn-°p-∂Xv dmWn-bo-®-bm-Wv. the-°mcn
/ BWo® Ch-sb-°mƒ hep-∏-ta-dn-b-XmWv dmWnbo®. the-°mcn
Cu®bv°pw BWo-®bv°pw \mev an.-an. \of-ap-≈-t∏mƒ dmWn-bpsS icm-
icn \ofw ]Øv an.-an-‰-dmWv. Xe-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ irwKn-Iƒ°v

10
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

(B‚n\) the-°m-cn-If - n-te-°mƒ \ofw IqSp-Xe - m-Wv. DZ-c`- mKw ho¿ØXpw

Dcp-≠-Xp-am-Wv. DZcm{Kw Iq¿Øn-cn°pw. apIƒ `m-KØv ISpw Xhn-´p-
\n-d-Øn-ep≈ hc-Iƒ ImWmw.
DS-en-t\mSp tN¿∂p≈ NndIp-
Iƒ DZc `mKsØ apgp-h≥ aqSn-
bn-cn-°n√. X∑qew dmWn-bv°v
s]mXpsh ]d-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-
√. the- ° m- c n- C u®- I - f n¬
ImWp∂ sagpIv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-
\p≈ {KŸnbpw dmWn-bv°n-√.
IqSmsX the-°mcn bo®-bpsS
]n≥Im- e n¬ ImWp∂
]qsºmSn hln-°m-\p≈ k©n
(t]mf≥ _mkv°‰v ) dmWn-bv°n-√. hZ-\-`m-K-Ønse s{]mt_m-kn-kn\v
\ofw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. am≥Un-_n-fp-Iƒ sNdpXpw i‡n Ipd-™-Xp-am-
Wv. ap´-bn-Sp-I- F-∂-XmWv dmWn-bpsS G‰hpw {][m\ [¿Ωw. Hcp
dmWn hncn-™n-d-ßm≥ GI-tZiw 65-˛70 Znhkw th≠nh-cpw.
dmWn Ad-bn¬ \n∂pw ]pXp-Xmbn hncn™nd-ßp∂ CWtN¿∂n-
´n-√m-Ø dmWnbo-®I - f
- mWv ssK\n AYhm sh¿Pn≥ Iyq≥. {]mb-]q¿Øn-
bmb ssK\n-bo-® "\]vjy¬ ^vssf‰ v' (a[phn[p ]d-°¬) \S-Øp-Ibpw
ssK\nsb A\p-[m-h\w sNøp∂ BWo-®-bp-ambn CW-tN-cp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ e`n-°p∂ _oP-߃ kvs]¿am-Øo° F∂ k©n-
bn¬ kam-l-cn-°pw. _oP-k-¶-e\w \S-Øm-\mbn Cu _oP-amWv dmWn-
bo® D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. XpS¿∂v AWvUmib߃ (Hmh-dn-Iƒ) hep-
Xmbn ap´-Iƒ sIm≠v \nd-bp-Ibpw DZcw ho¿Øv hen-∏t- a-dp-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-tXmsS dmWn-bo-®bv°v ]d-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p. CW-tN¿∂v
]Øv Znhkw Ign-bp∂-tXmsS dmWn ap´-bn´p XpS-ßpw.
F∏nkv C\-Øn¬s∏´ tX\o-®I - f- psS dmWn Cu®sbt∏mse Xs∂
_oP-k-¶-e\w \S-Ønbpw \S-Øm-sXbpw ap´ CSm-\p≈ Ignhv sNdp-
tX-\o-®b- psS dmWn-°p-ap≠v. _oP-k¶ - e- \w \S∂ ap´-Ifn¬ \n∂pw the-
°mcn Cu®-Ifpw dmWn-bo-®bpw D≠m-Ip-w. _oP-k-¶-e\w \S-°m-Ø-h-
bn¬ \n∂pw BWo-®bpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. Hcp dmWn-bo-®bpsS Pohn-X-
ssZ¿Lyw A©v h¿j-amWv. F∂m¬ {]mbw IqSp-tºmƒ ap´-bn-Sm-\p-
≈- I-gnhpw Ipd™p -h-cpw.
Hcp Iq´n¬ dmWnbo® \jvS-am-bm¬ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn dmWnsb
krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ffp-∏-a-√. ImcWw `£Ww \nd® Ad-I-fn¬ dmWn ap´-

11
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

bn-´m-ep-S≥ Xs∂ the-°mcnbo® Ad AS-bv°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXym-h-iy-

L-´-ß-fn¬ dmWnsb krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bmsX hcpw. AXn-\m¬
km[m-cW - b
- mbn Iq´n-\p-≈n¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw Hcp ssK\n F¶nepw D≠m-
bn-cn-°pw GsX-¶nepw Imc-WØ - m¬ dmWn \jvSs- ∏-´m¬ ssK\n ]pXnb
dmWn-bmbn Npa-X-e-tbev°pw. G∏nkv C\-Øn-ep≈ tX\o-®-I-fn¬ Iq´w
]ncn-bp-tºmƒ ]gb dmWn-bo-®-bmWv the-°m-cn-I-tfm-sSm∏w ]d∂p
t]mIp-∂Xv F∂m¬ sNdp-tX-\o-®bn¬ hwi-h¿≤-\-hn-\mbn tImf\n
]ncn-bp-tºmƒ the-°m-cn-I-tfmsSm∏w ssK\nbmWv t]mIp-∂pXv.
CS-bv°nsS ]pXp-Xmbn ssK\n-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-sa-¶nepw F√m-bvt∏mgpw
]pXnb tImf\n D≠m-°-W-sa-∂n-√. A[n-I-ambn D≠m-Ip∂ ssK\n-Isf
tImf-\n-I-fnse the°m-cn-Iƒ sIm∂pIfbpw. ssK\n-Iƒ°v `£Ww
\¬Im-Xn-cn-°pbpw ]n∂oSv Iq´-ambn B{I-an®v sIm√p-I-bp-amWv sNøp-
∂-Xv.
BWo-®Iƒ
_oPk¶e\w \S-°mØ ap´-hn-cn-™mWv BWo® D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.
hf¿®-°m-e-am-Ip-∂-tXmsS IqSp-I-fn¬ BWo-®-IfpsS km∂n-≤y-ap-≠m-
Ipw. F∏nkv h¿§-Ønse tX\o® P\p- p-If - n¬ BWo-®Iƒ, the-°mcn
Cu®-If- n¬ \n∂pw dmWn-bo-®b - n¬ \n∂pw
cq]-Øn¬ Gsd hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn°pw.
F∂m¬ sNdp-tX-\o-®-bn¬ BWo-®-Isf
the-°mcn Cu®-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Xncn-®-dn-
bm≥ {]bm-k-am-Wv. cq]-Ønepw hen-∏-
Ønepw Chbv°v Gsd kmay-ap≠v . hen∏w
IqSnb IÆp-Iƒ \ofw IqSn apt∂´v
hf™ irwKnIƒ, hen-∏w- Ip-d™ am‚ n-
_nƒ , ]q¿Æ hf¿®-sb-ØmØ ]qsºmSn
k©n Ch BWo-®sb Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
klm-bn-°pw. DZ-c-`mKw Aa¿Øn-bm¬
]pd- Ø p- h - c p∂ B¨ P\t\{µnbw
BWo-®-bm-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øpw. BWo®bpsS DZ-c-`mKw Aev]w
hep∏w IqSn-bXpw Cfw Nµ\\nd-Øn-ep-≈XpamWv. CXn¬ Idp∏v (Xhn´v)
\nd-Øn-ep≈ hc-Iƒ ImWmw. CW-tN-cp-∂-sXm-gn®v BWo-®-Iƒ {]tXy-
I-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw tPmen-If- n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂X - mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n√.
the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ \√ Idp∏p \nd-ap-≈-hbpw DZ-c-`mKw hfsc sNdp-
Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

12
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ
_oP-k¶- e
- \w \SØn dmWn-bn-Sp∂ ap´-If
- n¬ \n∂v hncn-™n-dß
- p∂
s]Æo-®-I-fm-Wnh. dmWnbnSp∂ aq´Iƒ hncnbp∂Xn\v icmicn 4.7
Znhkw th≠n hcpw. ]pgp Zibn¬ 18.5 Znhkhpw kam[n Zibn¬ 21.3
Znhkhpw Ign™v icmicn 44.5 Znhk߃ sIm≠v Hcp ap´ ]q¿Æ
hf¿®sbØn the°mcn Cu®bmbn hncn™v ]pdØp hcp∂p. Cu
ka- b Øp≈ Cfw {Iow \ndw
]o∂oSv Idp-∏mbnamdpw.
the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ FÆ-
Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ D≠v. Iq´nse
tPmen-Iƒ F√mw Xs∂ \n¿∆-ln-
°p-∂Xv the-°mcn Cu®-I-fm-Wv.
hncn-™n-dßp-∂X - p-ap-X¬ ]e-hn-[-
Øn- e p≈ tPmen- I - f n¬ Ah
G¿s∏-´n-cn-°pw. hncn-™n-d-ßp∂
Ip™v Cu®-Iƒ, ]pgp Ad-Iƒ
hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xnepw ]n∂oSv ap´-
bn-Sm-\p≈ Ad-If - n¬ Blmcw \nd-bv°p∂ tPmenIfpw sNøp-∂p. IqSp-
≠m-°p-I, Ad-Iƒ AS-bv°pI, tX≥/]qsºmSn tiJcw kq£n-°p-I,
IqSv hrØn-bm-°pI XpSßn Ht´sd tPmen-Iƒ the-°m-cn-Iƒ sNøp-
∂p. XpS¿∂v {]mbw IqSp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v ]qsºm-Sn, tX≥, s{]mt∏m-fn-
kv, sdkn≥, Pew Ch tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw t{kmXkv Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-
\p-ambn IqSn\p ]pd-tØbv°v t]mIp-∂p. Ipd®v Cu®-Iƒ IqSns‚ {]th-
i\ Ihm-SØ - n¬ Imh¬°m-cmbn kZm {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. the-°mcn Cu®
GI-tZiw 80 Znhkw Pohn-®n-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
{]Xntcm[w
F∏nkv KW-Ønse tX\o-®-Iƒ hnj-kq-Nn- D-]-tbm-Kn®v i{Xp-°sf
t\cn-Sp-tºmƒ the-°mcn sNdp-tX-
\o-®I
- ƒ Ah-bpsS hZ\ `mK-Øp≈
am≥Un_nƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ISn-°p-I-
bmWv sNøp-∂X - v.sNdptX\o®bn¬
CXn\mbn am≥Un_nƒ hfsc
i‡amWv. ISn- ° p- t ºmƒ
am≥Un_pem¿ {KŸn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
Hcp {khw (Aemw ^ndtam¨)

13
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°s
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw AXv IqSp-X¬ the-°mcn Cu®-Isf i{Xp-hns\
B{I-an-°p-∂n-S-tØbv°v BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. i{Xp-hns‚
ssIønepw aq°nepw IÆnepw sNhn-bnepw Xe-bnepw Ch ISn-°p-Ibpw
i{Xp-hns\ Xpc-Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
sNdp-tX-\o-®-bpsS IqSv Xpd-°p-tºmgpw tXs\-Sp-°p-tºmgpw
Ch-bpsS B{I-aWw D≠m-Im-dp≠v. CXp-aqew [mcmfw the-°mcn Cu®-
Iƒ NØp-t]m-Im-dp-≠v. IqSmsX Cu®-Iƒ XΩn¬ ISn®pw the-°mcn
Cu®-Iƒ°v \miw hcpw. F∂m¬ CXv Hgn-hm-°m-\mbn IqSp-Iƒ
ssIImcyw sNøp-tºmƒ apJ kwc-£Wn(_osh-bn¬) D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xpw Hcp \\-hp≈ XpWntbm tXm¿tØm Xe-bn-epsS ico-c-tØbv°v
aqSp-∂Xpw Cu®-I-fpsS ]c-kv]c B{I-a-Ww Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu®-
Iƒ NØp-\-in-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw klm-bn°p∂p. IqSmsX the-
°mcn Cu®-Isf Hgn™ πmkv‰nIv t_m´n-ep-I-fn-tebv°v am‰n-b-tijw
IqSp-Xp-d-°p-∂Xpw DØ-a-am-Wv.
sNdp-tX-\o-®-bpsS Blmcw
a‰v tX\o-®-Isft∏mse Xs∂ sNdp-tX-\o-®-bpsS Blm-chpw
tX\pw ]qsºm-Sn-bp-amWv. ]pjv]߃ IqSmsX a[p-c-ap≈ ]Zm¿∞-
ßfn¬ F√mw Xs∂ sNdptX\o® kµ¿in°p∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. AXm-
bXv ap¥n-cn, ssIX-®-°, N° XpS-ßnb ]g-ß-fn¬ Chsb [mcm-f-
ambn ImWmw. sshhn-[y-am¿∂
At\Iw sNSn-Iƒ Ch k-µ¿in-
°m-dp-≠v.a‰v tX\o® P\p- p-I-
sf-t∏mse hfsc Zqsc ÿe-
tØbv°v tX≥-˛] - q-sºmSn tiJ-
cn-°m≥ sNdp-tX-\o® t]mIm-dn√
. IqSn\v G‰hpw ASpØ Np‰-f-
hn¬ (1 In. ao.) D≈ sNSn-Iƒ
Ch kµ¿in-°p-∂p. Huj-[-s®-
Sn-Iƒ, `£yhn-f-Iƒ, \mWy-hn-f-
Iƒ, kpK-‘-hn-f-Iƒ, ]®-°-dn-
Iƒ, Ae-¶m-c-s®-Sn-Iƒ XpSßn
At\Iw If-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS an° kky-ßf - n¬ \n∂pw sNdp-tX-\o® tX\pw
]qsºm-Snbpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂p. {]`m-XØ
- n¬ Xs∂ sNdp-tX-\o® Ah-bpsS
{]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n°pw. 12 aWn°pw aq∂v aWn°pw Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø-
\-Øns‚ tXmXv IqSp-X-em-Wv. sshIp-t∂cw 6 aWn°p tijw IqSn\v
]pd-Øp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿Øp-∂p. ]I¬ kabw apgp-h\pw the-
14
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

°mcnIƒ sNSn- I - f nse ]i

tiJ-cn-°m-dp-≠v. sNdp-tX-\o®
kµ¿in- ° p∂ 77 sNSn- I sf
sh≈m- b Wn AJn- t e¥ym
kwtbm-PnXtX\o®˛]m-cm-KW
Kth-jW tI{µ-Øn¬ \S-Ønb
]T-\-Øn¬ Xn-cn-®-dn-™n-´p≠v.
Ch-bn¬ 21 FÆw tX\pw 37
FÆw ]qsºm-Snbpw 19 FÆw
tX\pw ]qsºm-Snbpw \¬Ip-∂-
h-bm-Wv.
Huj-[-sN-Sn-Ifmb \oe Aa-cn, sXm´m-hm-Sn, sX‰n, Iogm-s\√n,
Bh-W° - v, _en-∏q-hv, \mK-K‘n, ihw-\m-dn, Xgp-Xm-a, ]pfn-bm-dne, ssaem-
©n, Xpfkn F∂n-hbpw tXm´-hn-f-I-fn¬ d∫¿, sXßv, Iip-amhv, Im∏n
F∂n-hbpw sNdp-tX-\o® kµ¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. kpK‘ hyPvR-\-ß-fn¬
apf-Iv, ]pfn, Idp-h-∏-´, ISp-Iv, Gew, F∂n-hbpw ]®-°-dn-I-fn¬ ]o®-ß,
apcn-ß, ssN\o-kv Imt_-Pv, D≈n, hgp-X-\, ]bdph¿§ßƒ, sh≈cn
C\߃, ]mh¬, ]Shew, Dgp∂v XpS-ßn-b-hbpw sNdp-tX-\o® kµ¿in-
°p-∂hbn¬ -Nn-eh am{Xw. kqcy-Im-¥n, _Pvd, F≈v XpS-ßn-b-hbpw
Ae-¶m-c-s®-Sn-I-fn¬ _mƒkw, tdmkv, B‚-K¨, B¥q-dn-bw, _¥n,
cmP-a-√n, tKmƒUv kvt]m´v, •mUntbme-kv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ChbpsS
tX≥/]qsºmSn t{kmX- p-I-fmWv. I¿jI¿ CØcw sNSn-I-sf-°p-dn®v
Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. ImcWw sNdp-tX-\o® hf¿Øp∂
I¿j-I≥ Cu kky-߃ G∏n-b-dn-epw ]cnkc{]tZiØpw \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-
°p-∂Xv tX\o-®-Iƒ°v Gsd D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw.
{]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb tImf-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ hn[w
ac-s∏m-Øp-I-fnepw aXn-ep-I-fnepw Nph-cp-I-fnepw sshZypXn ao‰¿
t_m¿Un-\p-≈n-epw. [mcmfw {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb sNdp-tX-\o® tImf-\n-Iƒ
ImWmw. Nph-cp-Iƒ s]mfn®v tXs\-Sp-°p-∂-Xnt\m tImf-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-
-°p-∂-Xnt\m {]bm-k-am-Wv.
s]mfn°m≥ km[n°p∂ Npacntem, aXnentem acs∏mØntem
ImWp∂ sNdptX\o® tImf\nIfn¬ \n∂pw Cu®Isf
tiJcn°mhp∂XmWv. Cu IqSpIfn¬ \n∂pw dmWnbS°w Cu®bpw
ap´bpw ]qsºmSnbpw Ipd®v tX\dbpw ]pXnb Iq´nte°v am‰Ww. ]p
Xnb IqSv k‘ybmIpw hsc ]gb tImf\n Ccp∂ ÿeØv Xs∂

15
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

hbv°pI. tX≥/]qsºmSn tiJcn°p∂Xn\v ]pdØpt]mb

Cu®IƒIq´n¬ Ibdp∂Xn\mWv Cßs\ sNøp∂Xv.
]n∂oSv ]pXnb IqSv kpc-£n-X-ambn am‰n ÿm]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Nph-cp-Iƒ s]m´n-°msX tImf-\n-Iƒ Ie-ß-fn-tebv°v am‰n-sb-Sp-
°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv. CXn-\mbn sNdn-b-hm-h-´-ap≈ Hcp a¨Iew Nph-
cnse tImf-\n-bpsS {]th-i-\-I-hm-S-Øn¬ h®v Ifn-a-Æv sIm≠v Nph-
tcmSv tN¿Øv Dd- ∏ n- ° p- I . Iew Xmsg hogm- Ø - h n[w
Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ CjvSn-Itbm It√m- h®v Xmßv \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv. Ie-
Øns‚ ]n≥h-iØv
Hcp sNdnb kpjncw
C´-Xn\v tijw sNdp-
tX≥ sagpIv ]pc-´pI.
XpS¿∂v the- ° mcn
Cu®- I ƒ Ie- Ø nse
kpjn-c-Øn-eqsS ]pd-
tØbv°v t]mhp-Ibpw
hcp- I bpw sNøpw.
Iew kpc-£n-X-ambn
kq£n-°m≥ {]tXyIw
{i≤n- t °- ≠ - X m- W v.
Dt±iw 6 amk-߃°p
tijw Iew ]cn-tim-
[n°mw. Nph-cn-\p-≈nse sNdp-tX-\o® aqgp-h\pw Nph-cn¬ LSn-∏n® Ie-
Øn-te°v am‰n-bn-cn°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. CXv Nph-cn¬ \n∂pw FSp-Øp-
am‰n Hcp AS∏v h®v sI´n ]pXn-sbmcp tImf-\n-bm°n am‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
F∂m¬ Cu coXn-bn-ep-ff tImf\n tiJ-cW - Ø
- n\v Nne \yq\-XI - ƒ D≠v.
tImf\n Ie-Øn-tebv°v hcm≥ Ipd-™Xv Bdp-am-k-ß-sf-¶nepw Bh-
iy-am-Wv. C{X-bpw- Imew Iew Dd-∏n®v kq£n-°pI {]bm-k-am-Wv. Nne
Ah-kc - ß
- f
- n¬ tX\o-®I - ƒ `nØn-bnse ]gb {]th-i\
- I
- h
- m-SØ
- n¬ \n∂v
sagpIv sIm≠p-≠m-°nb Hcp SW¬ Ie-Øns‚ Dƒh-i-Øp-IqSn Ie-
Ønse {]th-i\ Zzmcw hsc \n¿Ωn®v ]pd-tØbv°v t]mIp-∂p. Cu
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tImf\n `nØn-°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw Ie-
Øn-tebv°v tImf\n am‰-s∏-SmsX hcp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CsXm-gn-hm-
°m≥ `nØn-bnse {]th-i\ Zzmc-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcn©v \of-hpw Acbn©v
hymk-hp-ap≈ Hcp ]n.hn.kn. ss]∏v Dd-∏n-°p-I. ss]∏v Ie-Øn-\p-≈n-
tebv°v \n¬°p∂-Xn-\m¬ Ie-Øn-ep-≈n-eqsS SW¬ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ Ign-
bm-sX-h-cpw. Aßs\ Npcp-ßnb ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Ie-Øn-\p-≈n¬
16
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

tImf\n am‰-s∏-Spw.
Cu coXn-bn¬ s^d¬tIm-f-
\n-Iƒ Ie-Øn-\p-≈n-em-°p-∂Xv
G√m-bn-S-Øpw km≤y-am-Im-dn-√.
`nØn-bpsS aqe, sshZypXn ao‰¿
t_m¿Uv ss]∏p- I ƒ X≈n
\n¬°p∂ Nphcp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb
ÿe-ß-fn¬ a¨Iew tN¿Øp-h-
bv°m≥ {]bm-k-am-Wv. CØcw
ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sNdp-tX-\o-
®sb tiJ-cn-°m≥ hnhn[ \of-Øn-
ep≈ ]n.-hn.-kn. ss]∏p-Ifpw s_‚vIfpw D]-tbm-Kn°Ww. Ie-Øn\v
]Icw XSn-s∏´n D]-tbm-Kn°mw. s]´n-bpsS Ipdp-Inb c≠p-h-i-ß-fnepw
Htcm Zzmc-an´v s^d¬ tImf-\n-bpsS kao-]Øv Dd-∏n-°pI. ]n.-hn.-kn.
ss]∏ns‚ Hc‰w s^d¬tIm-f\ - n-bpsS {]th-i\
- I
- h
- m-SØ
- nepw atdd A‰w
XSn-s∏-´n-bpsS Hcp hi-Øp≈ Zzmc-Ønepw Dd-∏n-°p-I. s^d¬ tImf-\n-
bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ s]´n-°p-≈n-¬ IS∂v
adp-h-i-Øp≈ Zzmc-Øn-eqsS ]pd-tØbv°v t]mIp-∂p. {ItaW s]´n-°p-
≈n¬ ]pXnb tImf\n cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. k¿∆-I-e-mime cq]s∏Sp-Ønb
XSn-s∏´n D]tbmKn-°p-tºmƒ s]´n-bpsS Hcp `mKw Xpd∂v Cu® F{X-
tØmfw am‰s∏-Sp-sa∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw Ignbpw.
sNdp-tX-\o-®-°q-Sp-Iƒ
km[m-c-W-bmbn apf-¶p-Sv, a¨N-´n, a¨Iew, Nnc-´, XSn-s]´n, ]n.-
hn.-kn. ss]∏v F∂n-h-bn-se√mw sNdptX\o®sb I¿j-I¿ hf¿Øn hcp-
∂p-≠v. hymhkmbnIambn hf¿Øm≥ D]tbmKn°mhp∂ hnhn[ Xcw
IqSpIsf°pdn®v hniZamb ]T\w tX\o® ]cm-KW KthjWtI{µw
\SØpIbp≠mbn. hyXykvX hym]vXw hcp∂ XSns∏´nIƒ, a¨Ie߃,
apfw IqSpIƒ F∂nh ]T\ hnt[bam°n. CXn¬ 1960 kn.-kn. hym]vX-
ap≈ apf-¶q-Sp-I-fmWv G‰hpw DØ-a-sa∂v Is≠-Ønb-Xv. G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬ ]pgp-h-f¿Øepw tX≥˛ ]qsºmSn tiJ-chpw Cu hep-∏-Øn-ep≈
apf-¶q-Sp-I-fnemsW∂v Is≠ Ønbn´p≠v. tXs\-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw G‰hpw
Ffp-∏-am-bp-≈Xv apf-¶q-Sp-I-fm-Wv. tX≥ ˛ ]qsºmSn Ad-Iƒ apf-bpsS
hi-ß-fn-embncn°pw tiJ-cn-®p-h-bv°p-∂Xv. ]pgp AS-Iƒ°v tISv H´pw-
Xs∂ kw`-hn-°msX tXs\-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv klm-bn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬
Ie-Øn¬ \nt∂m XSn-s∏-´n-bn¬ \nt∂m tX≥ FSp-°m≥ hfsc {]bm-

17
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

k-am-Wv. ]pgp AS-Iƒ°pw

Cu®- I ƒ°pw Gsd \jvSw
kw`- h n- ° pI- b pw- sNøpw.
IqSmsX tX\pw \jvSs∏Spw.
apf-¶q-Sp-Iƒ kpe-`-a-√. AXn-
\m¬ CtX hep∏hpw
hym]vXhpw hcp∂ XSn-s∏-´n-
Iƒ \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. ap-f-¥≠v kam-¥-c-ambn
\of-Øn- ¬ apdn-°p∂Xpt]mse
XSn-s∏-´nbv°pw c≠v Xpey `mK-߃ hc-Ø-°-hn[w NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-
°p∂ Af-hn¬ \n¿Ωn°mw. ]IpXn `mK-Øns‚ Dƒh-isØ Afhv
(\ofw˛35 sk.-ao., hoXn˛7 sk.-ao., s]m°w˛4 sk.-ao.) IqSns‚ ]pd-sa-
bp≈ Af-hp-Iƒ (\ofw˛37 sk.-ao., hoXn˛9 sk.-ao., s]m°w˛10 sk.-ao.),
IqSns‚ AI-sa-bp≈ Af-hp-Iƒ (\ofw˛35 sk.-ao., hoXn˛7 sk.-ao.,
s]m°w˛8 sk.-ao.), c≠v `mK-ßfpw Iq´n-t®¿Øv Iºntbm Ibtdm D]-
tbm-Kn®v sI´n IqSm°mhp ∂XmWv.
tImf\n ]cn-]m-e\w
sNdp-tX-\o-®-Iƒ Ccp´v Gsd CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. tImf-\n-Iƒ shbn¬
ag Ch-tb¬°msX {]tXyIw {i≤n-°Ww. IqSp-X¬ NqtS‰m¬]pgp
Ad-IfsSbpw tX≥˛]qsºmSn Ad-IfpsSbpw sagpIv DcpIn tImf\n
\in°p-∂p. ag -\-\-™m¬ IqSn\p≈nse Cu¿∏w h¿≤n®v Ipanƒ
(^wKkv) _m[bpw aWvU-cn-I-fpsS B{I-a-Whpw D≠m-Ipw. ag-bn¬
\n∂pw t\cn-´p≈ NqSn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£Ww e`n-°m≥ hoSns‚ k¨j-
bnUns‚ ASn-bntem hoSn-t\mSp tN¿∂p≈ sI´n-S-ß-fntem IqSp-Iƒ
ÿm]n-°p-I. Ddp-ºv, Nne-¥n, aWvU-cn F∂nhbpsS B{I-a-W-Øn¬
\n∂pw IqSp-Isf kwc-£n-°m≥ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°Ww. C¥y≥ tX\o-
®-Iƒs°-∂-t]mse Hmtcm BgvNbpw IqSv Xpd∂v ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠
Bh-iy-an-√. hf¿®-°m-e-amb HIvtSm-_¿˛\hw-_¿ amk-߃ hn`-P-\-
Øn-\mbpw am¿®v-˛G{]n¬ amk-߃ tX≥ kw`-cn-°m-\mbpw IqSv Xpd-
∂m¬ aXn-bmIpw.
tXs\Sp°¬
a¨kq¨ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv am¿®v ˛G-{]n¬ amk-ß-fn-emWv
sNdp-tX≥ tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xv. h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ am{Xsa tXs\-Sp-°m-
\mhq. tXs\-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Iq´nse apgp-h≥ tX\pw FSp-°mXncn-°p-∂-

18
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

XmWv DØaw. ImcWw tX\o-®bv°v £ma-I-emØv Bh-iy-amb Blm-

c-ti-Jcw Dd∏p-h-cp-Øm-\m-Wn-Xv. \√-sX-fn™ {]k-∂-amb Ime-h-ÿ-
bn¬ thWw tXs\-Sp-°m≥. IqSns‚ `mcw t\m°n D≈n-ep≈ tX\ns‚
Afhv a\-kn-em°n tXs\-Sp°mw. Xosc `mcw Ipd™ IqSp-Iƒ Xpd-
t°-≠X - n-√.
sNdptX\o®bpsS IqSp-If - n¬ \n∂pw sNdp-tX≥ tiJ-cn-°p∂ coXn
CXc tX\o-®-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. CXn-\mbn tXs\Sp-°¬
b{¥ßtfm a‰p]IcWßtfm H∂pw cq]s∏SpØnbn´n√. tX\pw
]qsºm-Snbpw tN¿∂ Ad-Iƒ apdn-s®-SpØv sR°n-∏n-gn-™mWv km[m-
c-W-bmbn I¿j-I¿ tX≥ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXv hf-sc-b-[nIw
the-°mcn Cu®bpw ]pgp-°fpw \jvS-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw tX\o® tImf\n
Xs∂ \in®p t]mIp-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p,
tX\o-®t- °m-f\n tXs\-Sp-°m-\mbn Xpd-°p-tºmƒ [mcmfw the-°mcn
Cu®-Iƒ am≥Un-_nƒ sIm≠v \ΩpsS Xe-bnepw ssIbnepw ISn-°p-
∂p. X∑qew Cu® NØp-t]mIpw. Cu ka-bØp the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ
XΩn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ t]mcm´waqehpw the-°m-cn-Iƒ NsØm-Sp-ßp-∂p.-tX≥
tiJ-cn-°p-∂-bmfn\v ISn G¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ icn-bmbn tXs\-Sp-°¬
]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. CXn\v ]cn-lm-ca- mbn sNdp-tX-\o®°q´nse
the-°mcn Cu®-Isf kpc-£n-X-ambn Hcp Ip∏n-bn¬ {]th-in-∏n®p
A{Xbpw kabw kq£n®p sh®m¬ ISn-bn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm\pw
Ignbpw. Hcp tX\o®bv°pw \jvS-ap-≠m-Ip-∂pan√. CXn-\mbn NphsS
tN¿°p∂ coXn A\p-h¿Øn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
IpSn-sh≈w hcp∂ Ht∂m H∂-c-en-‰tdm hym]vX-ap≈Xpw Cu¿∏-
an-√m-Ø-Xp-amb Hcp Hgn™ Ip∏n FSpØv ]m¿iz-ß-fn¬ Hcp sNdnb
BWn-sIm≠v kpjn-c-߃ CSpI. Ip∏n-bpsS AS∏v Xpd∂v tXs\-Sp-
°m≥ Xpd- t °≠ IqSns‚
{]th- i \ Ihm- S - t ØmSv
tN¿Øp hbv°p-I. tX\o-®-s∏-
´n-bpsS ]pd-Ømbn sNdnb Hcp
XSn IjvWw sIm≠v sas√
X´pI. D≈nse the- ° mcn
Cu®-Iƒ {]th-i\ IhmSw hgn
]pd-Øp-h-∂v Iq∏n-bv°p-≈n¬
{]th-in°pw. Ip∏n \nd-bp∂
apdbv°v AS-∏p- sIm≠v AS®v
am‰n kpc-£n-Xa- mbn h®-tijw

19
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

c≠m-as- Ø-Ip∏n D]-tbm-Kn®v CXp t]mse XpS-cp-I. apgp-h≥ the-°mcn

Cu®-Ifpw Ip∏n-bn¬ {]-th-in®p F∂v Dd-∏mb tijw s]´n-Xp-d∂v tX≥
tiJ-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Hcp hrØnbp≈ kv]q¨ D]-tbm-Kn®v ]pgpAdIƒ°v tISp
]‰msX tX\- d - I ƒ am{Xw
\o°n- s b- S pØv Hcp ]c∂
Ão¬ ]m{XØn¬ hbv°p-I.
Iq´n-\p-≈n¬ s]m´n-°n-S-°p∂
tX≥ Ign-bp-∂-{Xbpw tImcn-
sb-Sp-°Ww. _m°n kvt]m©v
AYhm XpWn D]- t bm- K n®v
XpS-s®-Sp-°Ww. Iq´n\p≈n¬
tX≥ Hgp-In-In-S-∂m¬ Ddpºv,
^wKvkv B{I-aW - Ø
- n\v CS-bm-
Ipw. IqSmsX the-°mcn Cu®-
Ifpw Nne-t∏mƒ dmWnbpw tX\n¬ AI-s∏´v \in-s®∂pw hcmw.
apdn-s®-SpØ tX\-d-Iƒ -h®n-cn-°p∂ Ão¬ ]m{Xw Hcp hrØn-
bp≈ Ão¬ Ncp-h-Øn\v apI-
fn¬ akn-en≥ XpWn sI´n-h®
tijw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ Ncn®p
hbv°Ww. CXns\ \√ kqcy-
{]-Imiw e`n°Ø° hn[Øn¬
hbv°pI. kqcy{]Imiw
G¬°ptºmƒ sagpIv DcpIn
\√ ip≤-amb tX≥ ]p-dØp
hcp-∂p. Cg-bSp-∏-ap≈ ip≤-
amb XpWn-bn-eqsS Acn®v \√
hrØn- b p≈ Ip∏n- I - f n- e m°n
kq£n-°mw. sRmSn-b¬ tX≥
NqSm-°p-∂Xp-t]mse sNdptX≥ NqSm-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√.
tX≥ tiJ-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-bm¬ tX\o-®s - ∏-´n-bpsS hmXn-en-\S- pØv
Ip∏n-bpsS AS-∏p-Xp-d∂v hbv°p-I. apgp-h≥ Cu®bpw kpc-£n-X-ambn
IqSn-\p-≈n¬ {]th-in°pw.
hf¿®-°me ]cn-N-cWw
ka-tbm-PnX-amb hf¿®°me ]cn-Nc
- Ww \¬Ip∂Xv tImf-\n-Isf

20
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

hn`-Pn®v IqSp-I-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-

∏n-°m≥ klm-bn-°pw. CXv sNdp-
tX-\o-®-Irjn hmWn-P ym-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ hym]n-∏n-°m≥ AXy-¥m-t]-
£n-Xa- m-Wv. sNdp-tX-\o-®b
- psS {]P-
\\ ImeØv dmWnbo® [mcmfw
ap´-bn-Sp-∂p. IqSp-I-fn¬ At\Iw
tdmb¬ sk¬ AY- h m- dmWn
sk√p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kabw. Cu
ka- b Øv tImf\n aq∂v \mep
{]mhiyw kzta-[bm IqSp-]n-cn™p t]mIp-∂-Xmbn I≠n-´p-≠v. Cu
Iq´nse \nco-£-I-cmb the-°m-cn-Iƒ ]ncn™p t]mIp∂ Cu®-Iƒ°v
hmk-ÿew At\z-jn-®p- I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p∂p. sNdp-tX-\o-®- hf¿Øm≥ cq]-
I¬]\ sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ Xpey-]-Ip-Xn-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂ XSn-
s∏´nbpsS {]th-i\Zzmc-Øn\p Np‰nepw sNdp-tX-\o-®-bpsS sagp-Iv te-
]\w sNbvXp ho´n\p Np‰pw Xq°n-bn-´m¬ Iq´w ]ncn™p t]mIp∂
tImf\n Cu IqSp-I-fn¬ {]th-in°p∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°pw. Ch ]n∂oSv
hf¿∂p hep-Xm-Ip-∂p.
Iq´w ]ncnb¬
sNdptX\o-®t- °m-f\
- n-Iƒ h¿j-Øn¬ 3-˛4 XhW Iq´w ]ncn-bm-dp≠v.
CXv Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI {]Ir-Xym-bp≈ hn`-P-\-am-Wv. {]IrXnbn¬
IpSpX¬ tX\pw, ]qsºmSnbpw e`yamIp∂ kabØv AXmbXv
\hw_¿, Unkw_¿ amkØn¬ Iq´n¬ C®-I-fpsS FÆw IqSp-Ibpw
BWo-®-Iƒ D≠m-IpIbpw sNøpw. IqSmsX Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam
dmWn-b-d-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cn°pw. Cu kabw "kvIu´v _okv' F∂ the-
°mcn Cu®-Iƒ IqSp-Iq-´p-∂X - n\v A\p-tbm-P y-amb ]pXn-bÿ
- ew Is≠-
Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. Ah ]pXnb ÿeØv D≠m-tb-°mhp∂ kpjn-c-
ßfpw hnS-hp-Ifpw {]th-i-\-I-hm-S-Øn\v Np‰pw sagpIv sIm≠v AS®v
`{Z-am°pw. ]gb Iq´n¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn-°p∂ sagpIv FSpØv ]pXnb
ÿeØv IqSv sI´p-∂-Xn\v Bcw-`n-°pw. BZyw sagpIv XqWp-Iƒ sI´n
D≠m-°p∂p. ]o∂oS,v tX≥ ]qsºmSn Ad-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-® tijw tX\pw
]qsºm-Snbpw tiJ-cn-®p-h®p XpS-ßp-∂p. XpS¿∂v ]pgp Ad-IfpsS
\n¿ΩmWw Bcw`n°pIbpw AXn¬ ]pgphn\p≈ Blmcw
\ndbv°pIbpw sNøpw. Cu kabw ]g-b-Iq-´n¬ \n∂pw ]pXnb dmWn-
bo® (ssK\n) Ipd®v the-°mcn Cu®-I-fpambn ]d∂v ]pXn-b-Iq-´n-se-
Øp-∂p. ASpØ Znh-khpw the-°mcn Cu®-Iƒ IqSv sI´m-\m-h-iy-
21
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

amb sagpIpw,- ]-ibpw a‰pw ]g-b-Iq-´n¬ \n∂pw FSpØv sIm≠v hcp-

∂p. Cu kabw {]thi\ IhmSØn¬ Np‰n∏d°p∂ BWo-®I - ƒ ]pXnb
dmWn-bp-ambn IqSn\p ]pdØp h®v CW-tN-cp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v dmWnbo®
ap´-bn-Sp-hm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNøpw. Iq´w ]ncn™v t]mIp-∂Xv I¿j-I-
s\ kw_-‘n®v \jvSw Xs∂-bmWv. AXn-\m¬ IrXy-amb ka-bØv
IqSp-Iƒ \nco-£n®v hn`-Pn-t°≠t∏mƒ hn`-Pn®v ]pXnb tImf-\n-Iƒ D≠m-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
tImf\n hn`-P\w
tImf\n Iq´w ]ncn™v \jvS-ap-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ bYm-k-abw
tImf\n hn`-Pnt°≠-Xm-Wv. HIvtSm-_¿, \hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿ amk-ß-
fmWv sNdp-tX-\o® IqSv hn`-
Pn-°m\pØaw. [mcmfw the-
°mcn Cu®bpw ap´bpw
]pgphpw D≈ tImf- \ n- I ƒ
Xnsc-s™-SpØv sXfn-hp≈
kmbm”-ß-fn¬ hn`-P\w \S-
Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. dmWn Ad-
Iƒ D≈ IqSp- t hWw
hn`- P - \ - Ø n\v sXc- s ™-
Sp°m≥. BZyw the- ° mcn
Cu®Isf Iq´n¬ \n∂pw am‰n,
ap≥]v {]kvXm-hn-®-Xp-t]mse Ip∏n-I-fn¬ kpc-£n-X-ambn kq£n-°p-I.
XpS¿∂p amXr-tX-\o-®-s∏´n Hcp Dfn-sIm≠v X p d ∂ v, ] I p X n
] p g p ASbpw ]qsºmSn
tiJ-chpw Ipd®v tX≥ tiJ-
chpw ]pXn-bI - q-´n-tebv°v am‰p-
I. F√m- { ]m- b - Ø n- e p≈
ASbpw Ds≠∂v Dd-∏m-°Ww.
tX≥ tiJcw s]m´n Hgp-Im-
Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n-°p-∂Xv Ddp-
ºns‚ B{I- a - W - Ø n- ¬
\n∂pw kwc-£Ww \¬Ipw.
]ncn-°m-\p-]t- bm-Kn® tImf-\n-
bn¬ dmWn- b psS
km∂n≤yhpw ]pXn-b-Iq-´n¬ dmWn Ad{Km^v‰v
dmWn-ap-´-bpsS km∂n-≤yhpw
22
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

Dd-∏m-°p-I. dmWn Ad C√m-sb-¶n¬ AXn¬ Hcp dmWn Ad {Km^v‰v

sNbvXp \¬tI-≠-Xpam-Wv. c≠p-IqSpw AS®v kpc-£n-X-am°n ]p-
Xnb IqSv ]g-b-Iq-Sns‚ ÿm\Øv {]th-i\Zzmcw AtX-Zn-i-bn¬ hc-
Ø-°-hn[w Xq°n-bn-SpI. \mev Ip-∏n-bn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ the-°mcn
Cu®-bn¬ cs≠Æw Ip∏n-bpsS hmXn¬ Xpd∂v tX\o-®-s]-´n-bpsS
ASpØv shbv°p-I. cs≠Æw ]pXnb s]´n-bpsS hmXn-¬°epw. apgp-
h≥ Cu®bpw {]kvXpX IqSp-I-fn¬ {]th-in°pw. ]g-b-IqSv AS®v Ign-
bp-∂{X AI-e-tØbv°v am‰n ÿm]n-°pI.
Xpey- I - j vW- ß - f mbn \of- Ø n¬ ]nf¿∂Xpw 1960 kn.- k n.
hep∏Ønepw hym]vXØnepw D≠m-°p∂ XSn-s∏-´n-bn¬ tImf-\n-bpsS
hn`-P\w hfsc Ffp-∏a- mW.v hf¿®-°m-eØv s]´n-Xp-d∂v Hmtcm Hgn™
`mKØpw ]mfn-Iƒ tN¿Øv LSn-∏n®v ]pXn-b- tIm-f-\n-I-fm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. ]pXnb ]mfn \¬In IqSv -Xq-°nbn-Sp-tºmƒ BZysØ IqSn\v apI-
fnepw c≠m-asØ IqSn\v Xmsgbpw Bbncn°Ww ]pXnb Hgn™ ]mfn-
bpsS ÿm\w. CXv ]pgp ASIƒt°m Cu®-Iƒt°m bmsXm-cp-hn[
Ønep≈ \mihpw D≠m-Ip-∂n√ F∂Xv G‰hpw {it≤-b-amWv. Cu
coXnbnep≈ tImf\n hn`P\w kv{XoIƒ°pw Iq´nIƒ°pw hsc
Bbmkw IqSmsX sNømhp∂XmWv.
£ma-Im-e- ]-cn-N-cWw
{]IrXn-bnep≈ sNSn-I-fpsS ]q°ƒ a[p sNmcn-bmØ ka-bhpw
ag-°m-eh - p-amWv tX\o-®bv°v £ma-Imew. C¥y≥ tX\o-®b
- vs°∂ t]mse
sNdp-tX-\o-®bv°p £ma-Im-
eØv Ir{Xn- a m- l mcambn
t\¿Ø-tX≥ emb-\n \¬Ip-
∂Xv tImf\n hf¿®- Xz-cn-X-
s∏- S p- Ø p- I bpw IqSp- I sf
imkv{Xo-b-ambn hn`-P\w \S-
Øp-∂X - n\v klm-bn-°pIbpw
sNøpw. IqSmsX Iq´w ]ncn-
bp- ∂ Xpw IqSp- t ]- £ n®v
t]mIp- ∂ Xpamb {]h- W X
Ipd-bv°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v ]T-
\-߃ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v.
CXn-\mbn ]g-h¿§ßƒ
tISp-Iq-SmsX kq£n-°p∂ Ir{Xnam-lmcw \¬I¬

23
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

πmÃnIv sIm≠p-≠m-°nb Zo¿LNXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]m{X-Øn¬ ip≤-

amb ]™n-sIm≠v Hcp ]mfn-\n-cØn AXn¬ hmjv t_m´n-ens‚ klm-
b-tØmsS t\¿Ø tX≥ emb\n Hgn®v sNdp-tX-\o-®-bpsS Iq-Sn-\-SpØv
hbv°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw πmÃnIv ]m{X-߃ Hcp aqSn sIm≠v AS-
bvt°-≠X - m-Wv. hmbp kº¿°w D≠m-Im-\mbn ]m{X-Øn-\v Np-‰pw ]m¿iz-
ß-fn-embn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ sNdnb Zzmc-ßf
- n-eqsS sNdp-tX-\o-®I
- ƒ Iq´-
tØmsS ]m{X-Øn-\p-≈n¬ {]th-in®v Ir{Xn-am-lm-c-ambn \¬Inb tX≥/
emb\n IpSn®v h‰n-°p-∂p. ct≠m aqt∂m CØcw ]m{X-߃ H∂n\v
apI-fn¬ H∂mbn hbv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Iq´-tØmsS sNdp-tX-\o-®-Iƒ h∂v tX≥ IpSn-°p-tºmƒ Ah- X-
Ωn¬ ISn-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bmW.v IqSmsX ]m{X-Ønse
Zzmc-߃ sNdp-Xm-b-Xp-sIm≠v a‰n\w tX\o-®-Iƒ°v ]m{X-Øn-\p-≈n¬
IS-°m-\m-hn√ F∂Xpw {it≤-b-amWv. £maIm-eØv C{]-Imcw Ir{Xn-
am-lmcw \¬Inb IqSp-Ifn¬ h¿≤n® tXmXn¬ hf¿®-bp-≈-Xmbn
Is≠Øn. hmWn-P ym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sNdp-tX-\o® hf¿Øm≥ th≠p∂
tImf\n hnI-kn-∏n-s®Sp-°m\pw, Htcm ho´nepw Hcp sNdp-tX-\o-®-°qSv
e`y-am-°m\pw CXv klm-bn°pw.
sNdp-tX-\o-®-bpsS i{XpIoS߃
{]IrXnbpambn CgpInt®¿∂
P\p mb sNdptX\o®bv°v
Imcyambn IoStcmK_m[Iƒ
D≈Xmbn ImWp∂n√. hnhn[Xcw
Cu®Iƒ, aWvUcn, Nne¥nIƒ,
DdpºpIƒ, Iq´n¬ ]Xnbncn°p∂
]√nIƒ F∂nh sNdptX\o®Isf
B{Ian°p∂p≠v. F¶nepw Gsd
\jvSw hcpØmdn√. tcmK- ß ƒ
H∂pw Xs∂ tcJ-s∏SpØn-bn-´n-√. sl¿aojy C√psk≥kv
sl¿aojy C√psk≥kv F∂
imkv{X\maØn¬ Adnb s∏Sp∂ Cu®Iƒ, sNdp-tX-\o-®-bpsS
timjn® IqSpI-sf B{I-an-°p-∂-Xmbn I≠p-h-cp-∂p. Ch CØcw IqSp-
I-fn¬ ap´-bn-Sp-Ibpw ap´-hn-cn™ndßp∂ ]pgp-°ƒ Iq´n-\p-≈nse tX\pw
]qsºm-Snbpw sagpIpw `£n®v hf-cp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS kam[n Zi-bm-
Ip-tºm-tgbv°pw IqSp-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn \in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IqSp-
I- f n¬ \n∂pw sagpIp tamjvSn®p Pohn- ° p∂ Cu®- I - f mWv

24
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

saKmssIenUv C\-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂X - v.

Awªojykv kv]ojokn¬s∏´
Hcp Xcw aWvUcn sNdp-tX-\o-®b
- psS
i{Xp-hm-Wv. Iq´nse ]qsºmSn tiJ-
c-Øn¬ B{I-an-°p∂ aWvU-cn-Iƒ
apgp-h≥ ]qsºm-Sn-tbbpw a™ \nd-
Øn-ep≈ D]-tbmKiq\y-amb s]mSn-
bm-°n-am-‰p-∂p. XpS¿∂v Cu® IqSp-
t]£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
aWvUcn
sXman- k kv set_m- k kv,
B¿Pn-tbm∏ B≥kqPm, s]¿ko-
enb kmhn≥Pnbm XpS-ßnb Nne-¥n-
Iƒ sNdp-tX-\o-®sb ]nSn®p `£n-°p-
∂-h-bmWv IqSns‚ {]th-i-\-I-hm-S-
Ønepw ]q°- f n¬ \n∂pw tX\pw
]qsºm-Sn-bpw FSp-°p∂ ka-bØpw
Ch-bpsS B{IaWw D≠m-Im-dp≠v.
tkmfn- t \m- ] vknkv sPan- t \‰
F∂ imkv{X-\ - m-aap≈ sNdnb IdpØ
Ddp-ºp-Iƒ hn`-P\w \S-Ønb IqSp-Isf B{I-an-°m-dp≠v. i‡-amb
tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Ddp-ºp-ieyw D≠m-Im-dn-√.
sNdptX≥
{]IrXn I\n™v \evInb AarXv Xpey-amb Huj-[a- mWv sNdp-tX≥.
\nc-h[n tcmK-߃°v {]Xn-hn-[n-bmbpw \nc-h[n Bbp¿hZ Huj-[-߃
tN¿Øp Ign-°p-∂-Xn\pw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv sNdp-tX-\m-Wv. CXns‚
Huj-[-aqeyw Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xnepw D]-cn-bm-Wv.
{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jy\v e`n-°p∂ G‰hpw henb Huj-[hpw,
sImgp∏v cln-Xhpw Du¿÷-Zm-bI - h
- p-amb `£-Wh - pamWv tX≥. B[p-
\nI imkv{Xw Iym≥k¿ Nn-In’bn¬t∏mepw Huj-[-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
sNdp-tX-\n\v Gsd {]m[m\yw I¬]n-°p-∂p-≠v. sNdp-tX-\o® \nc-h[n
Huj[ kky-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw tX\pw ]qsºm-Snbpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xmhmw
CXns‚ Huj-[-ta-∑-bv°m-[mcw.
a‰v tX\o-®-Isf At]-£n®v sNdp tX\o®Iƒ hfsc°pd®v tX≥
am{Xta tiJ-cn-°m-dp≈p. Hcp Iq´n¬ \n∂pw 200˛850 an.-en. tX≥ hsc
e`n-°pw.
25
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

AæXzw IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-\m¬ ]pfn-ckw IqSp-X-em-Wv. \ndhpw

aWhpw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°pw. Cfw a™ \ndw apX¬ ISpw Xhn-´p-\ndw
hsc-bp≈ tX≥ D≠v. CXv sNSn-I-fpsS t{kmX-kns\ B{i-bn-®n-cn-
°pw. sNdp-tX-\n¬ Pemwiw Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ CXv C¥y≥ tX\o-®-bp-
sStbm C‰m-en-b≥ tX\o-®-bp-sStbm tX≥ kwkv°-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse
kwkv°-cn-t°-≠-Xn-√. shbn-eØv NqSm°p-∂Xv Gsd-°mew sNdp-tX≥
tISp-Iq-SmsXbncn°p∂Xn\v klm-bn-°pw.
s]m≈¬, t\{XtcmK߃, Npa, PetZmjw, I^s°´v, Xz°vtcmK߃,
BkvXa, Aƒk¿, A¿»kv, Kymkv{S_nƒ, hbdnf°w, hbdpISn,
A]kvamcw, IpSense c‡{kmhw, aq{XmibtcmK߃, Iym≥k¿,
Ip´nIfnse DZckw_‘amb tcmK߃ XpSßn At\Iw AkpJ߃°v
sNdptX≥ {]Xnhn[nbmWv. apJsØ ]mSpIƒ am‰p∂Xn\pw, N¿Ω kuµcyw
h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\pw, Zp¿tΩZ v C√mXm°n AanXhÆw Ipdbv°p∂Xn\pw
sNdptX≥ klmbn°pw. sNdptX\ns‚ ]Xnhmb D]tbmKw tXP pw
HmP pw h¿≤n∏n°p∂ Xn\pw k¿t∆m]cn Bbp-cm-tcm-Kyhpw kuµcyhpw
\ne\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw DØ-a-amWv
sNdptX\ns‚ LS-I-߃
hfsc k¶o¿Æ-amb cmk-L-S-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]Zm¿∞-amWv tX≥.
Pew˛ 19-˛20%, •qt°mkv ˛ 34.8%, {^Ivt‰mkv ˛ 38.7%,kqt{Imkv˛ 1.4%,
Aant\mAæ߃ -˛ 2.0% F∂n-h-sN-dp-tX-\n¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
IqSmsX [mXp-°ƒ, Aæ-߃, e-h-W-߃, F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ hnhn-[-Xcw
hn‰an-\p-Iƒ F∂nh tX\os‚ KpW-ta∑ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. s]m´mkyw,
Im’yw, a·ojyw, Ccpºv, sNºv, am≥K\okv, kƒ^¿, t{Imanbw, \n°¬.
Sn≥, sh≈n, kz¿Æw F∂n-h-bmWv sNdp-tX-\nse [mXp°ƒ. Ak‰nIv
BknUv, _yq´ncnIvBknUv, kn{SnIv BknUv, t^m¿anIv BknUv,
•qt°mWnIv BknUv, emIvSnIv BknUv, amenIv BknUv, kIvk\nIv
BknUvv, Sm¿SmdnIv BknUv F∂o Aæ- ß ƒ sNdp- t X- \ o- e p- ≠ v.
s{]meo≥, ^oss\¬ Assa≥, Akv]m¿´nIv BknUv, Akv]m¿Pn\n≥
,sFtkmeqkn≥, eqkn≥, ^oss\¬ Aem\n≥, hmen≥, F∂n-h-bmWv
sNdp-tX-\nse hnhn-[-Xcw Aant\m Aæ-ßfpw. F≥sskapIfmb
C≥sh¿t´kv, Assatekv, UbmtÃkv, •qt°mkv HmIvkntUkv,
Im‰tekv, BknUv t^mkvt^‰pIƒ F∂nh sNdp-tX-\o-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. hn‰an≥ _n1, _n 2, \nbmkn≥, \nt°m´n\nIv BUnkv, _n 6,
]mt‚msX\nIv BknUv, hn‰man≥ kn F∂o hn‰m-an-\p-Ifpw CXn-ep-≠v.
sNdptX\ns‚ Huj[KpW߃
Bbq¿thZ {KŸamb NcIkwlnXbn¬ F´phn[Ønep≈

26
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

tX\ns\°pdn®v {]Xn]mZn®n´p≠v. amjnIw, {`macw, £u{Zw, NuØnIw,

B¿[yw, Om{XIw, HuZmeIw, Zmew F∂nhbmWv F´v Xcw tX≥.
tX\ns‚ `uXnI KpWßsf Bkv]Zam°nbmWv Cu XcwXncn°¬.
Chbn¬ {`macw F∂bn\w tX\mWv hninjvSw F∂v IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv.
CXv sNdptX\mWv. Bbp¿thZw, bp\m\n, tlmantbm∏Xn, kn≤
sshZyw, \mS≥sshZyw XpSßnb NnIn’mcoXnIfpsS acp∂pIfnse
AhiyLSIamWv sNdptX≥. Iym≥k¿ t]mep≈ tcmK߃°v
Bbp¿thZ acp∂v sNdptX\n¬ Nmen®v Ign°m≥ \n¿t±in°p∂Xv
sNdptX\ns‚ {]m[m\yw h¿≤n∏n®n´p≠v. a\pjys\ Ae-´p∂ NphsS
tN¿°p∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃°v sNdp-tX≥ ]cn-lm-c-am-Wv.
PetZmjw, sXm≠thZ\, Npa, I^w F∂n-h-b°v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂
coXn-bn¬ sNdp-tX≥ Ign-°p-∂Xv DØ-a-am-Wv.
sNdptX≥ Xn∏ens∏mSnbn¬ Nmen®v Ign°pI, Xpf-kn-bn-ebn´p Xnf-
∏n-®m-dnb Hcp-•mkv shffØn¬ 2 kv]q¨ sNdptX≥ tN¿Øv Ign-
®m¬ ia\w hcpw. BS-tem-S-I-Øns‚ Ce ]ngn™ \ocn¬ 10 Ipcp-ap-f-
Ip- s]m-Sn-®Xpw sNdptX\pw tN¿Øv Ign-®m¬ hn´p-am-dmØ Npa ian°pw.
Np-h∂p≈n kaw sNdptX\n¬ tN¿Øv Ign-®m¬ I^-Øns‚ ieyw
HgnhmIpw. Npabv°v ia\w hcpw. ]Xn- \ mdv tS_nƒ kv]q¨
sNdptX\n¬ Im¬ Sokv]q¨ Idp-I∏ - ´ s]mSn tN¿Øv Hcp t\cw hoXw
aq∂v Znhkw Ign-°p-I. Xpf-kn, C©n, Nph∂p≈n, F∂n-h-bpsS \ocv
kaw sNdptX\n¬ tN¿Øv Ign-°p-I. Hcp Sokv]q¨ C©n \ocn¬
kaw sNdptX≥ tN¿Øv Ign-°p-I. hbºv sNdp-tX-\n¬ Ac®v c≠p
t\cw tkhn-°p-I. sNdptX\pw s\øpw Ipcp-ap-f-Iv s]mSn-®Xpw tN¿Øv
Ign-®m¬ Npabv°v Bizmkw e`n-°pw. Np°pw Poc-Ihpw kaw DW-°n-
s∏m-Sn®v sNdptX\n¬ tN¿Øv Ign-°pI. ISp° sNdptX\n¬ Nmen®v
Ign-°p-I. Deph Ijmbw sh®v sNdptX\n¬ tN¿Øv Ign-°p-I. Ch-
sb√mw Npabv°pw I^-Øn\pw DØ-a-am-Wv.
sNdptX\pw, i¿°cbpw tN¿∂ an{inXØn¬ F≈v, IpcpapfIv
Ch s]mSn®v tN¿Øv Ign°p∂Xpw sNdptX\n¬ (Hcp tS_nƒ kv]q¨)
IdpI∏´s∏mSn (Hcp So kv]q¨) tN¿Øv Ign°p∂Xpw BkvXabv°v
ia\w hcpØpw. BS-tem-S-I-Øn-s‚ Ce hm´n-]n-gn™ \ocv kaw
sNdptX≥ tN¿Øv 15 apX¬ 30 hsc an√n en‰¿ c≠p-t\cw Ign-bv°p-
∂Xv I^sØ Cf°n Xp∏n-°f - b
- m\pw ho≠pw I^w D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m\pw
klm-bn-°p-∂p. sXm´m-hmSn CSn®v ]ngn™v \osc-Sp-Øv -sNdptX≥
tN¿Øv tkhn-®m¬ BkvXa ian-°pw.
{Xn^ew (s\√n-°, Xm∂n-°, ISp°) s]mSn®v sNdptX\n¬ tN¿Øv

27
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

Ign°p∂Xv t\{X tcmK߃°v \√-Xm-Wv. sN¶Æv ian-°p-∂-Xn\v

Iogms\√n\ocpw, sNdptX\pw tN¿Øv Ign°pI. {]talw Ipd-bm≥
]® s\√n°, a™ƒ tN¿Øc®v sNdptX\n¬ tN¿Øv Ign°pI.
{]talw hcmXncn°m≥ DW° s\√n°bpw a™fpw s]mSn®v
sNdptX\n¬ tN¿Øv Ign°pI. sImfkvt{Smƒ sNdptX\pw,
IdpI∏´s∏mSnbpw ISpw Nmbbn¬ tN¿Øv Ign°p∂Xpw c≠v tS_nƒ
kv]q¨ sNdptX\pw aq∂v Sokv]q¨ Idp-I-∏-´ s]mSnbpw tN¿Øv ]Xn-
\mdv Hu¨kv tXbne sh≈-Øn¬ Ign-°p-∂Xpw c‡-Ønse sImf-
kvt{Sm-fns‚ Afhv Ipd-bv°pw. aWn-Ø-°mfn \ocv, tX≥, IrjvW-Xp-
fkn \ocv F∂nh Iym≥kdn\v DØ-a-am-Wv. ]Xn-hmbn Ch F√mtam
GsX-¶n-eptam tkhn-°p-I. \mc-ßm-\ocpw sNdptX\pw NqSp-sh-≈Ø- n¬
tkhn-°p-∂Xv Iym≥k¿ tcmK {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn°v DØ-a-am-Wv. \mep
I‰m¿ hmg-t∏m-f-bpsS \ocpw 500 {Kmw tX\pw 4 kv]q¨ {_m≠nbpw
tbmPn-∏n®v cmhn-sebpw sshIp-t∂chpw `£-W-Øn\p apºv 10 an.
hoXw 10 Znhkw XpS-scbpw, 10 Znh-k-Øn\p tijw ho≠pw 10 Znhkw
XpS¿®-bmbn Ign-°p-I. lrt{Zm-K-a-I-‰m≥ sNdptX≥ ]Xn-hmbn Ign-
®m¬ ico-c-Øn¬ sImf-kvt{Smƒ ASn-bp-∂Xv XSbpw. Znh-khpw
cmhnse \mev CXƒ shfp-Øp≈n Nh-®-c®v sNdptX\n-t\m-sSm∏w Ign-
®m¬ lrt{ZmKw hcm-Xn-cn°pw lrZ-b-t]-in-Iƒ°v _ew e`n-°p∂Xn\pw
DØ-a-amWv.
hb-‰nse Akp-J-߃°v sNdptX≥ Ign-°p∂Xv hfsc \√-Xm-
Wv. DZ-c-∏pÆv (Aƒk¿) D≈-h¿ sNdptX\pw tXßm-∏mepw ssXcpw
kaw tN¿Øv Ign-°p-I. Zl-\t- °-Sn\v X°m-fn-\o-cn¬ sNdptX≥ tN¿Øv
Ign-°p∂Xv ^e-{]Zw BWv. hb-‰nse AkpJ-Øn\v sNdptX\pw C©n-
\ocpw ka-A-f-hn-se-SpØv \∂mbn Cf°ntN¿Øv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. hb-
dn-f-°-tcm-K-Øn\v C©n-\ocpw Xn∏en s]mSn-®Xpw sNdptX\pw tN¿Øv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. sh‰ne \ocv sNdptX≥Iq´n Ign-®m¬ Zl\ kw_-‘-
amb tcmK-߃ amdpw.
Hm¿Ωi‡n h¿≤n°p-∂X - n\v {_“n DW°ns∏mSn®v tX\n¬ Nmen®v
Ign°pI.
sNdp-tX≥ N¿Ωkuµ-cy-Øn\v hfsc DØ-a-amWv. Hcp Sokv]q¨
tX\n¬ Hcp tImgn-ap-´-bpsS sh≈-°cp \∂mbn tbmPn-∏n-°pI. apJw
hrØn-bm-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw Cu an{inXw I´n-bmbn apJØpw Igp-Ønepw
]pc-´p-I. ]Øv an\n-‰n\v tijw XWpØv shff-Øn¬ Igp-In-I-f-bp-I.
sNdptX≥ ˛1 Sokv]q¨, Hmd©v \ocv˛ 15 Xp≈n, ^pt≈gvkv
F¿Øv (apƒ´mWn an´n)˛1 Sokv]q¨ ]\n-\o¿ ˛1 Sokv]q¨ F∂o tNcp-

28
sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

h-Iƒ \∂mbn tbmPn-∏n-s®-SpØ an{inXw apJ-Ønepw Igp-Ønepw t^kv

]m°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. 15 an\n-‰n\p tijw XWpØ sh≈-Øn¬ IgpIn
If-bp-I. Hcp tImgn ap´-bn¬ Aev]w tX\pw c≠v kv]q¨ ]ip-
hn≥ ]mepw tN¿Øv \∂mbn ebn-∏n-°p-I. Cu an{inXw apJØpw Igp-
Ønepw tX®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-I. Ac aWn-°q-dn\v tijw IgpIn If-bpI.
Ac So kv]q¨ IS-e-amhpw Im¬ Sokv]q¨ tX\pw, Ac-So-kv]q¨
]pfn® ssXcpw tdmkv hm´-dn¬ tN¿Øv Ipg-ºp-cq-]-Øn-em°n apJ-Øn-
Sp-I. hc≠ N¿Ω-°m-cpsS apJ-Øn\v Im¥nbpw kv\n-Kv[X - bpw \¬Ip∂
Hcp t^kv]m-°m-Wn-Xv. shf-fc - n° Ac®v Ipgºv ]cp-hØ
- n-em-°n-bX- n¬
Aev]w IS-e-amhv, tX≥ Ch \∂mbn tbmPn-∏n®v apJØv tX®p ]nSn-∏n-
°p-I. Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ Ign™v Igp-In-I-f-bpI. apJ-N¿Ωw hc-fp-∂-Xns\
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ CXv DØ-a-am-Wv. Ac-kv]q¨ X°m-fn-®mdpw Aev]w-
tX\pw Ipd®v boÃpw tN¿Øv Ipg®v apJØv tXbv°p-I. 15 an\n-´n-\p-
tijw Igp-In-°-f-bp-I. Hcp kv]q¨ IS-e-amhv tX\n¬ Nmen®v Xøm-
dm-°nb Ab-hp≈ an{inXw apJØpw Igp-Ønepw ssIIm-ep-If - nepw ]qin
Ac-aW - n-°q-dn\v ti£w Igp-In-If - b
- Ww ÿnc-ambn Cßs\ sNbvXm¬
N¿Ω-Im¥n h¿≤n°pw. Hcp X°m-fn-bpsS \osc-SpØv Hcp-So-kv]q¨
tX≥ tN¿Øv an{io-X-ap-≠m°n apJØpw Igp-Ønepw ]pc-´n-bm¬ N¿Ω-
Im¥n h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw arZp-Xz-ta-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw.
apJ-°pcp, Imc, ]mSpIƒ F∂nh amdp∂Xn\v Hmd©v \ocpw
kaw sNdp-tX\pw tbmPn-∏n®v apJØv ]pc-´p-I. Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ Ign™v
apJw hrØn-bm-°p-I. c‡ Nµ\w Ac®v sNdp-tX-\n¬ Nmen®v
apJØv ]pc´n Ac-a-Wn-°qdn\v tijw Igp-In-I-f-bp-I. Hmd©v \ocpw
kaw sNdp-tX\pw tbmPn-∏n®v apJØv ]pc-´n Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ Ign™v
XWpØ shf-f-Øn¬ Igp-Ip-I. apJsØ ]mSp-Iƒ amdp-hm≥ sh≈-
cn° \ocv, ]m¬∏m-S, tX≥ F∂nh kaw tN¿Øv apJØv ]pc´n Ac-a-
Wn-°q-dn\v tijw IgpIn- °-f-bp-I.
apJsØ Idp∏v \ndw amdp-hm≥ \ne-∏-\-°ngßv B´n≥ ]men¬
Acs®SpØv tX\n¬ Nmen®v apJØv ]pc-´p-I. Hcp •mkv Imc‰v \ocn¬
Hcp kv]q¨ sh≈cn \ocv, Hcp-kv]q¨ tX≥ F∂nh tN¿Øv Znh-
khpw Dd-ßp-∂-Xn\v apºv IpSn-°p-∂Xv ico-c-ku-µcyw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\v
\√-Xm-Wv.
amºg®mdn¬ tX≥ tN¿Øv ]pc´pI. Ip¶p-a∏q ]®-sh-≈-Øn¬
Acs®SpØv sNdp-tX-\n¬ Nmen®v apJØv ]pc-´p-I. apJsØ Icp-hm-
fn∏pw IdpØ ]mSp-Ifpw amdpw. cma®w s]mSn-s®-SpØv tX\n¬ Nmen®v
apJØv ]pc-´p-I. Aca-Wn-°qdn\p-tijw XWpØ sh≈-Øn¬ apJw

29
 sNdp-tX-\o-®bpw sNdp-tX\pw

Igp-Ip-I. apJw kpµ-ca- mIpw . tX\pw a™ƒs]-mSnbpw tN¿Øpw, tX\pw

c‡ Nµ-\hpw tN¿Øpw D≠m°p∂ te]\w kuµcy h¿≤-\h - n\v H∂m-
¥cw. apJsØ Idp-Ø-]m-Sp-Iƒ am‰n apJ-Im¥n h¿≤n-∏n°pw. tjhv
sNbvX-tijw tX≥ B^v‰¿ tjhmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
hmbv \m‰w AI‰m≥ sh‰nes°m-Sn-bpsS Xncn DW-°n-s∏m-Sn-s®-
SpØv tX\n¬ Nmen®v hmbv°p≈n¬ tX®v ]nSn-∏n®v Iptd t\cw Ccn-°p-
I. It®m-e-In-gßv sNdp-tX-\n¬ Dcs®SpØv Iptd Znhkw apS-ßmsX
{]`m-X-Øn¬ Ign-®m¬ hmbv\m‰w C√m-XmIpw
Np≠p-Iƒ shSn-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw IqSp-X¬ t\¿Ω e`n-°m\pw s]t{Sm-
fnbw sP√nbpw tX\pw an{in-X-am°n InS-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Np≠pIfn¬
]pc-´p-I. IÆp-Iƒ Xnf-ßm≥ B¬a≠v Hmbnepw tX\pw ]pXn-\m-bn-
ebpw tN¿Ø-c®v cm{Xn IÆn\p Xmsg ]pc-´p-I. ico-c-Øn\v \nd-ap-≠m-
Ip-hm≥ Hcp •mkv Imc‰v \ocn¬ Hcp Sokv]q¨ tX≥, Hcp Sokv]q¨
DW-°-ap-¥ncn \ocv, Hcp tS_nƒ kv]q¨ sh≈-cn° \ocv Aev]w
Iev°≠w F∂nh tN¿Øv Dd-ßp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v ]Xn-hmbn Ign-°p-I.
sNdptX\ns‚ ]Xnhmb D]tbmKw tXP pw HmP pw
h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\pw k¿t∆m]cn Bbp- c m- t cm- K yhpw kuµcyhpw
\ne\n¿Øp∂Xn\pw DØaamWv. Huj[-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Gsd {]m[m-\y-
ap≈ sNdp-tX≥ tIc-fØ - n¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p≈ A\¥ km[yX {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-ØWw sNdp-tX-\o®sb hmWn-P ym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hf¿Øm-
\p≈ \qX\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy sh≈m-bWn Im¿jnI tImtf-Pnse AJn-
te¥y kwtbm-PnX tX\o® ]cm-KW Kth-jW tI{µw Dcp-Øn-cn-s®-Sp-
Øn-´p-≠v.

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