LIBRARY RESEARCH IN MC3 NO.

2
TOPIC: MEDICAL PATHOGENIC FUNGI
Instruction: Give at least 3 or more genus specie in each medical pathogenic fungi and from there insert an
image for each genus specie with a label on it.

MEDICAL PATHOGENIC MORPHOLOGICAL ENTRY ROUTES DISEASES

FUNGI FEATURES
YEASTS OR YEAST-LIKE:
On media like modified This naturally occurring  Although
A. Malassezia Dixon’s agar, colonies are yeast gets into hair follicles Malassezia are a part of the
cream to yellowish, on your skin and causes normal human skin flora,
smooth or lightly breakouts to erupt on your they may also cause or
wrinkled, glistening or skin's surface exacerbate several skin
dull, and with the margin diseases, including tinea
being either entire or versicolor, Pityrosporum
lobate. Malassezia is folliculitis, and seborrheic
characterised by globose, dermatitis.
oblong-ellipsoidal to
cylindrical yeast cells.
Reproduction is by
budding on a broad base
and from the same site at
one pole (unipolar).

B. Candida Albicans
Vulvovaginal candidiasis or
Small, oval, measuring 2-4 The overgrowth of C. a “yeast infection” is the
µm in diameter. Yeast albicans leads to symptoms overgrowth of C. albicans in
form, unicellular, of disease, and it occurs the vagina, and results in
reproduce by budding. ... when there are imbalances – rash, itchiness, and
Both yeast and for example, changes in the discharge from the genital
pseudo-hyphae are gram normal acidity of the vagina. region. Lastly, invasive
positive. Encapsulated and C. albicans infections very candidiasis occurs when the
diploid, also form true rarely spread through sexual fungal pathogen enters the
hyphae. 80-90% of cell intercourse. bloodstream and can easily
wall is carbohydrate spread to organs
throughout the body.

C. Cryptococcus Infection starts in lungs,

Neoformans It may appear either as disseminates via blood to Can cause a systemic
round cells with meninges and then to other infection, including fatal
Gram-positive granular parts of the body. meningitis known as
inclusions impressed upon In human infection, C. meningoencephalitis in
a pale lavender neoformans is spread by normal, diabetic and
cytoplasmic background inhalation of aerosolized immunocompromised
or as Gram-negative lipoid basidiospores, and can hosts. The infection from C.
bodies. When grown as a disseminate to the central neoformans in the brain can
yeast, C. neoformans has a nervous system. be fatal if untreated. CNS
prominent capsule (central nervous system)
composed mostly of infection may also be
polysaccharides. Under present as a brain abscess
the microscope, the India known as cryptococcomas,
ink stain is used for easy subdural effusion,
visualization of the dementia, isolated cranial
capsule in cerebral spinal nerve lesion, spinal cord
fluid.[7] The particles of lesion, and ischemic stroke.
 ink pigment do not enter If cryptococcal meningitis
the capsule that surrounds occurs, mortality rate is
the spherical yeast cell, between 10–30%.
resulting in a zone of
clearance or "halo" around
the cells.

SYSTEMIC FUNGI:

A. Coccidioides Coccidioides Coccidioides spores circulate Valley fever is a

immitis/posadasii in the air after contaminated fungal infection caused by
colonies grow rapidly. The soil and dust are disturbed coccidioides
macroscopic morphology by humans, animals, (kok-sid-e-OY-deze)
may be very variable. At or the weather. The spores organisms. It can cause
25 or 37°C and on are too small to see fever, chest pain and
Sabouraud dextrose agar, without a microscope. ... coughing, among other
the colonies are moist, After the spores enter signs and symptoms. Two
glabrous, membranous, the lungs, the person's body species of coccidioides fungi
and grayish initially, later temperature cause valley fever. These
producing white and allows the spores to change fungi are commonly found
cottony aerial mycelium. shape and grow into in soil in specific regions
With age, colonies become spherules.
tan to brown in color.

Histoplasma
B. Histoplasma capsulatum produces Histoplasmosis is an The most severe variety of
hyphae-like conidiophores infection caused by histoplasmosis occurs
which arise at right angles breathing in spores of a primarily in infants and in
to the parent hyphae. It fungus often found in bird people with compromised
has both macro- and and bat droppings. The immune systems. Called
microconidia. infection is most commonly disseminated
Macroconidia are spread when these spores histoplasmosis, it can affect
tuberculate, thick-walled, are inhaled after taking to nearly any part of your
round, unicellular, hyaline, the air, such as during body, including your mouth,
large and often have demolition or cleanup liver, central nervous
fingerlike projections on projects. system, skin and adrenal
the surface. glands. If untreated,
disseminated
histoplasmosis is usually
fatal.

C. Blastomyces
They are solitary and
pyriform to globose in You can Blastomycosis is a fungal
shape. After incubation at get blastomycosis by contact infection caused by
37°C on an enriched with moist soil, most inhaling Blastomyces derma
medium or in infected commonly where there is titidis spores. If it involves
tissue sections, rotting wood and only the lungs, it is called
the fungus appears as leaves. The fungus enters the pulmonary blastomycosis.
budding yeast cells body through the lungs, Only about half of people
where the infection with the disease have
starts. The fungus can then symptoms, which can
spread to other parts of the include fever, cough, night
body. The disease may affect sweats, muscle pains,
the skin, bones and joints, weight loss, chest pain, and
and other areas. feeling tired.
SUBCUTANEOUS FUNGI:

A. Mycetoma Mycetoma is characterized Mycetoma is a disease Mycetoma is a chronic,

by a combination of caused by certain types of progressively destructive
painless ‎ subcutaneous bacteria and fungi found in infectious disease of the
mass, multiple sinuses and soil and water. These subcutaneous tissues,
discharge ‎ containing bacteria and fungi may enter affecting skin, muscle and
grains. the body through a break in bone.
the skin, often on the
person's
foot. ... Mycetoma can be
caused by bacteria
(actinomycetoma)
or fungi (eumycetoma).
Rhinosporidiosis is
B. Rhinosporidiosis characterized Transmission is thought to Rhinosporidiosis is a
histologically by the occur by water or dust from chronic infectious disease
presence of mucosal and which the endospore of the upper respiratory
submucosal cysts penetrates the nasal tract characterized by the
(sporangia) ranging from cavity mucosa and matures formation of polypoid
10 to 300 µm in diameter into sporangium within the masses and caused by the
(Fig. 10-30). Sporangia submucosal compartment; fungus Rhinosporidium
contain innumerable after maturation, the seeberi.
endospores seen with sporangia burst, releasing
hematoxylin-eosin; endospores into
organisms also stain with surrounding tissue.
periodic acid–Schiff and
mucicarmine.

Lacazia loboi is
C. Lobomycosis Infection most commonly
characterized by long Lobomycosis is
chains of spherical cells develops after minor a blastomycosis, a fungal
interconnected by scratches or insect bites, but infection of
tubules. The cells appear many patients cannot recall the skin caused by Lacazia
to be yeast-like with a any skin trauma. loboi (formerly
diameter of 5 to 12 μm. Human-to-human named Loboa loboi), and
transmission does not occur, discovered
and the disease is only by Brazilian dermatologist
acquired from the
Jorge Lobo.
environment.[6] The
appearances are of
a chronic keloidal nodular
lesions occur on
the face, ears, or extremities.
SUPERFICIAL FUNGI:

A. Trichophyton The genus Trichophyton is Trichophyton is Trichophyton is a genus

characterised morphologic a dermatophytic fungus, of fungi, which includes the
ally by the development of which is often responsible parasitic varieties that
both smooth-walled for nail, hair follicle, and cause tinea, including
macro- and microconidia. superficial skin infections [1, athlete's foot, ringworm,
Macroconidia are mostly 2]. In rare cases, jock itch, and similar
borne laterally directly on it can cause a dermatophyte infections of the nail,
the hyphae or on short abscess in deeper skin layers beard, skin and scalp.
pedicels, and are thin- or or even disseminate to Trichophyton fungi are
thick-walled, clavate to internal organs, molds characterized by the
fusiform, and range from including the lymph nodes, development of both
4-8 x 8-50 μm in size. brain, liver, muscle, and smooth-walled macro- and
bone microconidia.

Microsporum canis
B. Microsporum produces septate hyphae, Microsporum canis is Microsporum is a genus of
macroconidia, and a pathogenic, asexual fungus fungi that causes tinea
microconidia. in the capitis, tinea corporis,
Macroconidia are phylum Ascomycota that ringworm, and other
spindle-shaped, with an infects the upper, dead dermatophytoses (fungal
asymmetrical apical knob. layers of skin on infections of the skin).
They are 6- to 15-celled, domesticated cats, and
long, rough and have thick occasionally dogs and
outer cell walls. The septal humans
walls are thin.

Morphological Description
C. Epidermophyton : Epidermophyton Epidermophyton floccosum
A deep yellowish-brown has the ability to is a filamentous fungus that
reverse pigment is usually utilise keratin, grow in the causes skin and nail
present. non-living tissues of hair, infections in humans. It can
Microscopic morphology s nails, and skin, in the region lead to diseases such as
hows characteristic above the layers where tinea pedis (athlete's foot),
smooth, thin-walled keratin is deposited tinea cruris, and
macroconidia which are onychomycosis.
often produced in clusters
growing directly from the
hyphae. Numerous
chlamydospores are
formed in older cultures.
Microconidia are not
formed.