DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTI-

PURPOSE MACHINE

ABSTRACT

The aim of our project is to design and fabricate a multipurpose device.

With this device a number of operations can be performed. They are as

follows:

1. Drilling

2. Grinding

3. Boring

By means of this machine various operations can be performed using same

power. So this multipurpose device is used for various operations with a

less amount of investment.

INTRODUCTION

The project work subject is one, in which actually we are leaning the

theoretical concepts in practical way. Also the practical experience is one

of the aims of this subject. For a developing industry these operating

performed and the parts or components produced should have its minimum

possible production cost, then only the industry runs profitably. There are

a number of units having used in industries for various purposes.

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of

circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool,

often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at

rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the

cutting edge against the workpiece, cutting off chips from what will

become the hole being drilled.

Exceptionally, specially-shaped bits can cut holes of non-circular cross-

section; a square cross-section is possible.

Process

Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge on the entrance side and

the presence of burrs on the exit side (unless they have been removed).

Also, the inside of the hole usually has helical feed marks.

Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the workpiece by creating

low residual stresses around the hole opening and a very thin layer of

highly stressed and disturbed material on the newly formed surface. This

causes the workpiece to become more susceptible to corrosion at the

stressed surface.A finish operation may be done to avoid the corrosion.Zinc

plating or any other standard finish opertion of 14 to 20 microns can be

done which helps to avoid any sort of corrosion.

For fluted drill bits, any chips are removed via the flutes. Chips may be

long spirals or small flakes, depending on the material, and process

parameters.[3] The type of chips formed can be an indicator of

the machinability of the material, with long gummy chips reducing

machinability.

When possible drilled holes should be located perpendicular to the

workpiece surface. This minimizes the drill bit's tendency to "walk", that is,

to be deflected, which causes the hole to be misplaced. The higher the

length-to-diameter ratio of the drill bit, the higher the tendency to walk.

The tendency to walk is also preempted in various other ways, which

include:

 Establishing a centering mark or feature before drilling, such as by:

 Casting, molding, or forging a mark into the workpiece

 Center punching

 Spot drilling (i.e., center drilling)

  Spot facing, which is facing a certain area on a rough casting

or forging to establish, essentially, an island of precisely known

surface in a sea of imprecisely known surface

 Constraining the position of the drill bit using a drill jig with drill

bushings

Surface finish in drilling may range from 32 to 500 microinches. Finish

cuts will generate surfaces near 32 microinches, and roughing will be near

500 microinches.

Cutting fluid is commonly used to cool the drill bit, increase tool life,

increase speeds and feeds, increase the surface finish, and aid in ejecting

chips. Application of these fluids is usually done by flooding the workpiece

or by applying a spray mist.

In deciding which drill(s) to use it is important to consider the task at hand

and evaluate which drill would best accomplish the task. There are a

variety of drill styles that each serve a different purpose. The subland drill

is capable of drilling more than one diameter. The spade drill is used to

drill larger hole sizes. The indexable drill is useful in managing chips.
Spot drilling

The purpose of spot drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a guide for

drilling the final hole. The hole is only drilled part way into the workpiece

because it is only used to guide the beginning of the next drilling process.

Center drilling

The purpose of center drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a center of

rotation for possible following operations. Center drilling is typically

performed using a drill with a special shape, known as a center drill.

Deep hole drilling

Deep hole drilling is defined as a hole depth greater than five times the

diameter of the hole. These types of holes require special equipment to

maintain the straightness and tolerances. Other considerations are

roundness and surface finish.

Deep hole drilling is generally achievable with a few tooling methods,

usually gun drilling or BTA drilling. These are differentiated due to the

coolant entry method (internal or external) and chip removal method

(internal or external). Using methods such as a rotating tool and counter-

rotating workpiece are common techniques to achieve required straightness

tolerances. Secondary tooling methods include trepanning, skiving and

burnishing, pull boring, or bottle boring. Finally a new kind of drilling

technology is available to face this issue: the vibration drilling. This

technology consists in fractionating chips by a small controlled axial

vibration of the drill. Therefore the small chips are easily removed by the

flutes of the drill.

A high tech monitoring system is used to control force, torque, vibrations,

and acoustic emission. The vibration is considered a major defect in deep

hole drilling which can often cause the drill to break. Special coolant is

usually used to aid in this type of drilling.

Gun drilling

Another type of drilling operation is called gun drilling. This method was

originally developed to drill out gun barrels and is used commonly for

drilling smaller diameter deep holes. This depth-to-diameter ratio can be

even more than 300:1. The key feature of gun drilling is that the bits are

self-centering; this is what allows for such deep accurate holes. The bits
use a rotary motion similar to a twist drill; however, the bits are designed

with bearing pads that slide along the surface of the hole keeping the drill

bit on center. Gun drilling is usually done at high speeds and low feed

rates.

Trepanning

Trepanning is commonly used for creating larger diameter holes (up to

915 mm (36.0 in)) where a standard drill bit is not feasible or economical.

Trepanning removes the desired diameter by cutting out a solid disk similar

to the workings of a drafting compass. Trepanning is performed on flat

products such as sheet metal, granite (curling stone), plates, or structural

members like I-beams. Trepanning can also be useful to make grooves for

inserting seals, such as O-rings.

Microdrilling

Microdrilling refers to the drilling of holes less than 0.5 mm (0.020 in).

Drilling of holes at this small diameter presents greater problems since

coolant fed drills cannot be used and high spindle speeds are required. High
spindle speeds that exceed 10,000 RPM also require the use of balanced

tool holders.

Vibration drilling of an aluminum-CFRP multi-material stack with MITIS

technology

The main principle consists in generating axial vibrations or oscillations in

addition to the feed movement of the drill so that chips could be

fractionated and easily removed from the cutting zone.

One can find two main technologies of vibration drilling: self-maintained

vibrations systems and forced vibrations systems. Most of vibrations

drilling technologies are still at a research stage. It is the case of the self-

maintained vibrations drilling: the eigen frequency of the tool is used in

order to make it naturally vibrate while cutting; vibrations are self-

maintained by a mass-spring system included in the tool holder. Other

works use a piezoelectric system to generate and control the vibrations.

These systems allow high vibration frequencies (up to 2 kHz) for small

magnitude (about a few microns); they particularly fit drilling of small

holes. Finally vibrations can be generated by mechanical systems the

frequency is given by the combination of the rotation speed and the number

of oscillation per rotation (a few oscillations per rotation), the magnitude is

about 0.1 mm.

This last technology is a fully industrial one (example: SineHoling®

technology of MITIS). Vibration drilling is a favoured solution in order to

face issues like deep hole drilling, multi-material stacks drilling

(aeronautics) or dry drilling (without lubrication). Generally it allows

increasing the reliability and the control of the drilling operation.

Material

Drilling in metal

High speed steel twist bit drilling into aluminium with methylated spirits

lubricant

Under normal usage, swarf is carried up and away from the tip of the drill

bit by the fluting of the drill bit. The cutting edges produce more chips

which continue the movement of the chips outwards from the hole. This is

successful until the chips pack too tightly, either because of deeper than

normal holes or insufficient backing off (removing the drill slightly or

totally from the hole while drilling). Cutting fluid is sometimes used to

ease this problem and to prolong the tool's life by cooling and lubricating

the tip and chip flow. Coolant may be introduced via holes through the drill

shank, which is common when using a gun drill. When

cutting aluminum in particular, cutting fluid helps ensure a smooth and

accurate hole while preventing the metal from grabbing the drill bit in the

process of drilling the hole.

For heavy feeds and comparatively deep holes oil-hole drills can be used,

with a lubricant pumped to the drill head through a small hole in the bit and

flowing out along the fluting. A conventional drill press arrangement can

be used in oil-hole drilling, but it is more commonly seen in automatic

drilling machinery in which it is the workpiece that rotates rather than the

drill bit.

In computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools a process called peck

drilling, or interrupted cut drilling, is used to keep swarf from detrimentally

building up when drilling deep holes (approximately when the depth of the

hole is three times greater than the drill diameter). Peck drilling involves

plunging the drill part way through the workpiece, no more than five times

the diameter of the drill, and then retracting it to the surface. This is

repeated until the hole is finished. A modified form of this process,

called high speed peck drilling or chip breaking, only retracts the drill

slightly. This process is faster, but is only used in moderately long holes

otherwise it will overheat the drill bit. It is also used when drilling stringy

material to break the chips.

Drilling in wood
Wood being softer than most metals, drilling in wood is considerably easier

and faster than drilling in metal. Cutting fluids are not used or needed. The

main issue in drilling wood is assuring clean entry and exit holes and

preventing burning. Avoiding burning is a question of using sharp bits and

the appropriate cutting speed. Drill bits can tear out chips of wood around

the top and bottom of the hole and this is undesirable in

fine woodworkingapplications.

The ubiquitous twist drill bits used in metalworking also work well in

wood, but they tend to chip wood out at the entry and exit of the hole. In

some cases, as in rough holes for carpentry, the quality of the hole does not

matter, and a number of bits for fast cutting in wood exist, including spade

bits and self-feeding auger bits. Many types of specialised drill bits for

boring clean holes in wood have been developed, including brad-point

bits, Forstner bits and hole saws. Chipping on exit can be minimized by

using a piece of wood as backing behind the work piece, and the same

technique is sometimes used to keep the hole entry neat.

Holes are easier to start in wood as the drill bit can be accurately positioned

by pushing it into the wood and creating a dimple. The bit will thus have

little tendency to wander.

Grinding Machines

Grinding Machines are also regarded as machine tools. A distinguishing

feature of grinding machines is the rotating abrasive tool. Grinding

machine is employed to obtain high accuracy along with very high class of

surface finish on the workpiece. However, advent of new generation of

grinding wheels and grinding machines, characterised by their rigidity,

power and speed enables one to go for high efficiency deep grinding (often

called as abrasive milling) of not only hardened material but also ductile

materials.

Conventional grinding machines can be broadly classified as:

(a) Surface grinding machine

(b) Cylindrical grinding machine

(c) Internal grinding machine

(d) Tool and cutter grinding machine

Surface grinding machine:

This machine may be similar to a milling machine used mainly to grind flat

surface. However, some types of surface grinders are also capable of

producing contour surface with formed grinding wheel.

Basically there are four different types of surface grinding machines

characterised by the movement of their tables and the orientation of

grinding wheel spindles as follows:

• Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table

• Vertical spindle and reciprocating table

• Horizontal spindle and rotary table

• Vertical spindle and rotary table

Horizontal spindle reciprocating table grinder

A disc type grinding wheel performs the grinding action with its peripheral

surface.
The grinding operation is similar to that of face milling on a vertical

milling machine. In this machine a cup shaped wheel grinds the workpiece

over its full width using end face of the wheel. This brings more grits in

action at the same time and consequently a higher material removal rate

may be attained than for grinding with a peripheral wheel.

In principle the operation is same as that for facing on the lathe. This

machine has a limitation in accommodation of workpiece and therefore

does not have wide spread use. However, by swivelling the worktable,

concave or convex or tapered surface can be produced on individual

Vertical spindle rotary table grinder

The machine is mostly suitable for small workpieces in large quantities.

This primarily production type machine often uses two or more grinding

heads thus enabling both roughing and finishing in one rotation of the work

table.

Creep feed grinding machine:

This machine enables single pass grinding of a surface with a larger down

feed but slower table speed than that adopted for multi-pass conventional

surface grinding. This machine is characterised by high stiffness, high

spindle power, recirculating ball screw drive for table movement and

adequate supply of grinding fluid. A further development in this field is the

creep feed grinding centre which carries more than one wheel with

provision of automatic wheel changing. A number of operations can be

performed on the workpiece. It is implied that such machines, in the view

of their size and complexity, are automated through CNC.

High efficiency deep grinding machine:

The concept of single pass deep grinding at a table speed much higher than

what is possible in a creep feed grinder has been technically realized in this

machine. This has been made possible mainly through significant increase

of wheel speed in this new generation grinding machine.

Cylindrical grinding machine

This machine is used to produce external cylindrical surface. The surfaces

may be straight, tapered, steps or profiled. Broadly there are three different

types of cylindrical grinding machine as follows:

1. Plain centre type cylindrical grinder

2. Universal cylindrical surface grinder

3. Centreless cylindrical surface grinder

Plain centre type cylindrical grinder

The machine is similar to a centre lathe in many respects. The workpiece is

held between head stock and tailstock centres. A disc type grinding wheel

performs the grinding action with its peripheral surface

Universal cylindrical surface grinder

Universal cylindrical grinder is similar to a plain cylindrical one except that

it is more versatile. In addition to small worktable swivel, this machine

provides large swivel of head stock, wheel head slide and wheel head

mount on the wheel head slide.

This allows grinding of any taper on the workpiece. Universal grinder is

also equipped with an additional head for internal grinding.

Roll grinding is a specific case of cylindrical grinding wherein large

workpieces such as shafts, spindles and rolls are ground.

Crankshaft or crank pin grinders also resemble cylindrical grinder but are

engaged to grind crank pins which are eccentric from the centre line of the

shaft

Cam and camshaft grinders are essentially subsets of cylindrical grinding

machine dedicated to finish various profiles on disc cams and cam shafts.

The desired contour on the workpiece is generated by varying the distance

between wheel and workpiece axes. The cradle carrying the head stock and

tail stock is provided with rocking motion derived from the rotation of a

master cam that rotates in synchronisation with the workpiece. Newer

machines however, use CNC in place of master cam to generate cam on the

workpiece.

External centreless grinder

This grinding machine is a production machine in which outside diameter

of the workpiece is ground. The workpiece is not held between centres but

by a work support blade. It is rotated by means of a regulating wheel and

ground by the grinding wheel.

In through-feed centreless grinding, the regulating wheel revolving at a

much lower surface speed than grinding wheel controls the rotation and

longitudinal motion of the workpiece. The regulating wheel is kept slightly

inclined to the axis of the grinding wheel and the workpiece is fed

longitudinally
Centreless through feed grinding
The grinding wheel or the regulating wheel or both require to be correctly

profiled to get the required taper on the workpiece.

Tool post grinder

A self powered grinding wheel is mounted on the tool post or compound

rest to provide the grinding action in a lathe. Rotation to the workpiece is

provided by the lathe spindle. The lathe carriage is used to reciprocate the

wheel head.

Internal grinding machine

This machine is used to produce internal cylindrical surface. The surface

may be straight, tapered, grooved or profiled.

Broadly there are three different types of internal grinding machine as

follows:

1. Chucking type internal grinder

2. Planetary internal grinder

3. Centreless internal grinder

Chucking type internal grinder

The workpiece is usually mounted in a chuck. A magnetic face plate can

also be used. A small grinding wheel performs the necessary grinding with

its peripheral surface

Planetary internal grinder

Planetary internal grinder is used where the workpiece is of irregular shape

and cannot be rotated conveniently does not rotate. Instead, the grinding

wheel orbits the axis of the hole in the workpiece.

Centreless internal grinder

This machine is used for grinding cylindrical and tapered holes in

cylindrical parts (e.g. cylindrical liners, various bushings etc). The

workpiece is rotated between supporting roll, pressure roll and regulating

wheel and is ground by the grinding

Tool and cutter grinder machine

Tool grinding may be divided into two subgroups: tool manufacturing and

tool resharpening. There are many types of tool and cutter grinding

machine to meet these requirements. Simple single point tools are

occasionally sharpened by hand on bench or pedestal grinder. However,

tools and cutters with complex geometry like milling cutter, drills, reamers
and hobs require sophisticated grinding machine commonly known as

universal tool and cutter grinder. Present trend is to use tool and cutter

grinder equipped with CNC to grind tool angles, concentricity, cutting

edges and dimensional size with high precision.

Boring

In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already

been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring

head containing several such tools), for example as in boring a gun

barrel or an engine cylinder. Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of

the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole. Boring can be

viewed as the internal-diameter counterpart to turning, which cuts external

diameters.

There are various types of boring. The boring bar may be supported on

both ends (which only works if the existing hole is a through hole), or it
may be supported at one end (which works for both through holes

and blind holes). Lineboring (line boring, line-boring) implies the

former. Backboring(back boring, back-boring) is the process of reaching

through an existing hole and then boring on the "back" side of the

workpiece (relative to the machine headstock).

Because of the limitations on tooling design imposed by the fact that the

workpiece mostly surrounds the tool, boring is inherently somewhat more

challenging than turning, in terms of decreased toolholding rigidity,

increased clearance angle requirements (limiting the amount of support that

can be given to the cutting edge), and difficulty of inspection of the

resulting surface (size, form, surface roughness). These are the reasons why

boring is viewed as an area of machining practice in its own right, separate

from turning, with its own tips, tricks, challenges, and body of expertise,

despite the fact that they are in some ways identical.

Boring and turning have abrasive counterparts in internal and

external cylindrical grinding. Each process is chosen based on the

requirements and parameter values of a particular application.

Machine tools used

A horizontal boring mill, showing the large boring head and the workpiece

sitting on the table.

Boring head on Morse taper shank. A small boring bar is inserted into one

of the holes. The head can be shifted left or right with fine gradation by a

screw, adjusting the diameter of the circle that the cutting tip swings
through, thus controlling the hole size, even down to within 10

micrometres if all machining conditions are good.

The boring process can be executed on various machine tools, including (1)

general-purpose or universal machines, such as lathes (/turning centers)

ormilling machines (/machining centers), and (2) machines designed to

specialize in boring as a primary function, such as jig borers and boring

machines or boring mills, which include vertical boring mills (workpiece

rotates around a vertical axis while boring bar/head moves linearly;

essentially a vertical lathe) and horizontal boring mills (workpiece sits on a

table while the boring bar rotates around a horizontal axis; essentially a

specialized horizontal milling machine).

Boring mills and milling machines

The dimensions between the piece and the tool bit can be changed about

two axes to cut both vertically and horizontally into the internal surface.

The cutting tool is usually single point, made of M2 and M3 high-speed

steel or P10 and P01 carbide. A tapered hole can also be made by swiveling

the head.
Boring machines come in a large variety of sizes and styles. Boring

operations on small workpieces can be carried out on a lathe while larger

workpieces are machined on boring mills. Workpieces are commonly 1 to 4

metres (3 ft 3 in to 13 ft 1 in) in diameter, but can be as large as 20 m

(66 ft). Power requirements can be as much as 200 horsepower (150 kW).

Cooling of the bores is done through a hollow passageway through the

boring bar where coolant can flow freely. Tungsten-alloy disks are sealed

in the bar to counteract vibration and chatter during boring. The control

systems can be computer-based, allowing for automation and increased

consistency.

Because boring is meant to decrease the product tolerances on pre-existing

holes, several design considerations apply. First, large length-to-bore-

diameters are not preferred due to cutting tool deflection. Next, through

holes are preferred over blind holes (holes that do not traverse the thickness

of the work piece). Interrupted internal working surfaces—where the

cutting tool and surface have discontinuous contact—are preferably

avoided. The boring bar is the protruding arm of the machine that holds

cutting tool(s), and must be very rigid.

Because of the factors just mentioned, deep-hole drilling and deep-hole

boring are inherently challenging areas of practice that demand special

tooling and techniques. Nevertheless, technologies have been developed

that produce deep holes with impressive accuracy. In most cases they

involve multiple cutting points, diametrically opposed, whose deflection

forces cancel each other out. They also usually involve delivery of cutting

fluid pumped under pressure through the tool to orifices near the cutting

edges. Gun drilling and cannon boring are classic examples. First

developed to make the barrels of firearms and artillery, these machining

techniques find wide use today for manufacturing in many industries.

Various fixed cycles for boring are available in CNC controls. These are

preprogrammed subroutines that move the tool through successive passes

of cut, retract, advance, cut again, retract again, return to the initial

position, and so on. These are called using G-codes such as G76, G85,

G86, G87, G88, G89; and also by other less common codes specific to

particular control builders or machine tool builders.

Lathes
Lathe boring is a cutting operation that uses a single-point cutting tool or a

boring head to produce conical or cylindrical surfaces by enlarging an

existing opening in a workpiece. For nontapered holes, the cutting tool

moves parallel to the axis of rotation. For tapered holes, the cutting tool

moves at an angle to the axis of rotation. Geometries ranging from simple

to extremely complex in a variety of diameters can be produced using

boring applications. Boring is one of the most basic lathe operations next to

turning and drilling.

Lathe boring usually requires that the workpiece be held in the chuck and

rotated. As the workpiece is rotated, a boring bar with an insert attached to

the tip of the bar is fed into an existing hole. When the cutting tool engages

the workpiece, a chip is formed. Depending on the type of tool used, the

material, and the feed rate, the chip may be continuous or segmented. The

surface produced is called a bore.

The geometry produced by lathe boring is usually of two types: straight

holes and tapered holes. Several diameters can also be added to each shape

hole if required. To produce a taper, the tool may be fed at an angle to the

axis of rotation or both feed and axial motions may be concurrent. Straight
holes and counterbores are produced by moving the tool parallel to the axis

of workpiece rotation.

The four most commonly used workholding devices are the three-jaw

chuck, the four-jaw chuck, the collet, and the faceplate. The three-jaw

chuck is used to hold round or hex workpieces because the work is

automatically centered. On these chucks the runout faces limitations; on

late-model CNCs, it can be quite low if all conditions are excellent, but

traditionally it is usually at least .001-.003 in (0.025-0.075 mm). The four-

jaw chuck is used either to hold irregular shapes or to hold round or hex to

extremely low runout (with time spent indicating and clamping each piece),

in both cases because of its independent action on each jaw. The face plate

is also used for irregular shapes. Collets combine self-centering chucking

with low runout, but they involve higher costs.

For most lathe boring applications, tolerances greater than ±0.010 in

(±0.25 mm) are easily held. Tolerances from there down to ±0.005 in

(±0.13 mm) are usually held without especial difficulty or expense, even in

deep holes. Tolerances between ±0.004 in (±0.10 mm) and ±0.001 in

(±0.025 mm) are where the challenge begins rising. In deep holes with
tolerances this tight, the limiting factor is just as often

the geometric constraint as the size constraint. In other words, it may be

easy to hold the diameter within .002" at any diametrical measurement

point, but difficult to hold the cylindricity of the hole to within a zone

delimited by the .002" constraint, across more than 5 diameters of hole

depth (depth measured in terms of diameter:depth aspect ratio). For

highest-precision applications, tolerances can generally be held within

±0.0005 in (±0.013 mm) only for shallow holes. In some cases tolerances

as tight as ±0.0001 in (±0.0038 mm) can be held in shallow holes, but it is

expensive, with 100% inspection and loss of nonconforming parts adding

to the cost. Grinding, honing, and lapping are the recourse for when the

limits of boring repeatability and accuracy have been met.

Surface finish (roughness) in boring may range from 8 to 250 microinches,

with a typical range between 32 and 125 microinches.

Sometimes a part may require higher accuracy of form and size than can be

provided by boring. For example, even in optimized boring, the amount

that the diameter varies on different portions of the bore is seldom less than

3 micrometre (.0001 inches, "a tenth"), and it may easily be 5 to 20

micrometre (.0002-.0008 inches, "2 to 8 tenths"). Taper, roundness error,

and cylindricity error of such a hole, although they would be considered

negligible in most other parts, may be unacceptable for a few applications.

For such parts, internal cylindrical grinding is a typical follow-up

operation. Often a part will be roughed and semifinished in the machining

operation, then heat treated, and finally, finished by internal cylindrical

grinding.

The limitations of boring in terms of its geometric accuracy (form,

position) and the hardness of the workpiece have been shrinking in recent

decades as machining technology continues to advance. For example, new

grades of carbide and ceramic cutting inserts have increased the accuracy

and surface quality that can be achieved without grinding, and have

increased the range of workpiece hardness values that are workable.

However, working to tolerances of only a few microns (a few tenths) forces

the manufacturing process to rationally confront, and compensate for, the

fact that no actual workpiece is ideally rigid and immobile. Each time a cut

is taken (no matter how small), or a temperature change of a few hundred

degrees takes place (no matter how temporary), the workpiece, or a portion
of it, is likely to spring into a new shape, even if the movement is

extremely small. In some cases a movement of a fraction of a micron in

one area is amplified in lever fashion to create a positional error of several

microns for a feature of the workpiece several decimetres away. It is

factors such as these that sometimes preclude finishing by boring

and turning as opposed to internal and external cylindrical grinding. At the

extreme, no perfection of machining or grinding may be enough when,

despite the part being within tolerance when it is made, it warps out of

tolerance in following days or months. When engineers are confronted with

such a case, it drives the quest to find other workpiece materials, or

alternate designs that avoid relying so heavily on the immobility of part

features on the micro or nano scales.

 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MULTIPURPOSE MACHINE

AC Power
supply

AC Motor

Spindle

Boring operation Counter shaft Grinding operation

Drilling operation

workpiece
 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

S.No Components Quantity Material

1. Grinding wheel 100 mm Carborandum

2. Drill bit 15 mm HSS

3. Cutter 1 Mild steel

5. Belt and pulley 1 Mild steel

arrangement

6. Base plate 1 Mild steel

7. Electric motor 1 (900 RPM) Cast iron

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 The multipurpose machine consists of an electric motor. Various

machine tools such as boring drilling and grinding tools are attached to the

motor spindle by means of pulley arrangement. When the motor gets

rotated the mechanical power is transmitted to the spindle and the pulley

arrangement and the grinding, boring and drilling tool also rotates. Thus by

means of the single power we can perform three different operations. The

shaft is supported in either and by bearings.

APPLICATIONS

This multipurpose device has a numerous applications in various

fields. In industries, this is used in assembly section. The required

pressure is set and the operation is carried out. In automobile shops various

operations are required frequently Drilling, boring, reaming, grinding etc.

It is also used as a screw driver for tightening and loosening nuts and bolts.

It is used.

1. In automobile workshops

2. In small scale industries

3. In such places where frequent changes in operations are

required

4. In welding shops for grinding.

 5. For performing operations in huge parts which can not be

done in ordinary machines, since it is portable.

ADVANTAGES

The pneumatically operated multi purpose device has many

advantages. They are as follows:

Low cost, so it can be used in small scale industries.

Higher rate and quicker operations

A number of operations like (drilling), screw driving,

reaming etc., can be done.

The nuts and bolts can be tightened to a particular

pressure by operating the gate valve placed in the

control unit and the pressure gauge.

Both loosening and tightening is possible. Since there

is air flow in both directions.

The weight of the unit is less and can be easily handled.

Efficient operation. Since if does not require any

electricity for running.

The weight of the machine is concentrated towards the

machining head to facilitate easy manipulation of the

machining.

The design is simple and there is no maintenance

required. The control valve for allowing or restricting

air may be placed on handle to make easier to control

the speed of the machine.

The maximum rpm of the unit of the unit is 7000 rpm.

The speed provides a torque which is suitable for

machining. The maximum pressure that can be used is

7 kg km². The rpm and torque can be varied by varying

the pressure of the air inlet.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Initial cost is high

2. Spindle rotation is pneumatic power, so this machine

having low torque

3. Need a separate compressor

 CONCLUSION

With the idea on view, we have completed the project titled

“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE MACHINE”

By means of this machine various operations can be performed using same

power. So this multipurpose device is used for various operations with a

less amount of investment.

This is one of the most reliable and simple machine in the machine

shop in which many number of operations can be done.

 REFERENCES

1. Production technology by P.C. Sharma

2. Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K. Manufacturing Processes

Reference Guide
 3. Industrial Press Inc., ISBN 0-8311-3049-0,

4. Colvin, Fred H. (1947), Sixty Years with Men and

Machines, McGraw-Hill, 

5. Floud, Roderick C. (2006) 1976, The British Machine Tool

Industry,

6. Hounshell, David A. : The Development of Manufacturing

Technology in the United States,

7. Noble, David F. (1984), Forces of Production: A Social

History of Industrial Automation