Study Master Physical Sciences Grade 12 Teacher S Guide

Physical
Sciences
CAPS
Grade
12
Teacher’s Guide
Karin H Kelder • Derick Govender

Jagathesan Govender
SM_Physical Sciences_12_TG_CAPS_ENG .indd 1 2013/06/11 8:34 PM

Study & Master
Physical
Sciences
Grade 12
Teacher’s Guide
Karin H Kelder • Derick Govender

Jagathesan Govender
SM_Physical Sciences_12_TG_TP_CAPS_ENG.indd
••0-Prelims_CUP_PS_TF_Gr12.indd 1 1 2013/06/11 8:32
9:11 PM
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Contents
Section Title Contents Page

A Introduction General aims of the South African Curriculum A1
Physical Sciences A6
B Assessment Informal or daily assessment B1
Formal assessment B4
Assessment tools B5
Programme of Formal Assessment B5
Control tests and memos B10
CAPS Examplar exams and memos B14
C Planning Phase programme C1
Sample work schedule to use with this textbook C3
Example of lesson preparation grid C17
Updating your knowledge C18
D Teaching guidelines List of activities D1
Module 1: Mechanics – background information D5
Term 1 answers: Module 1 Units 1 and 2 D6
Module 2: Matter and materials – background information D16
Term 1 answers: Module 2 Unit 1 D17
Module 1: Mechanics (continued) D36
Module 3: Waves, sound and light – background information D42
Module 4: Chemical change – background information D46
Term 2 answers: Module 4 Units 1 to 3 D47
Module 5: Electricity and magnetism – background information D69
Term 3 answers: Module 5 Units 1 to 2 D70
Module 2: Matter and materials (continued) D83
Module 4: Chemical change (continued) D88
Module 6: Chemical systems – background information D98
E Photocopiable resources Lesson preparation grid E1
Periodic Table E2
Table of cations E3
Table of anions E4
Solubility table E5
Generic checklist for graphs E6
Teacher assessment grids E7
F Documents F1
CONTENTS iii

Welcome to Study & Master Physical Sciences Grade 12. This course includes a
Learner’s Book and Teacher’s Guide that provide the core material you need
to cover the contents required by the Curriculum and Assessment Policy
Statement for Grade 12 Physical Sciences.
In the Introduction you will find information about the core features
of the National Curriculum and detailed advice on the Physical Sciences
course in particular. Assessment is covered in Section B and explains how
and when assessment should be done. Section B also contains two control
tests with memoranda that can be used at the end of each term. Section C
(Planning) contains a detailed phase plan, work schedule and lesson plan. The
answers to all activities can be found in Section D. These include rubrics and
checklists for formal and informal assessment of prescribed practical work.
Section E contains photocopiable rubrics and sheets to record marks, and in
Section F you can file your copy of the Curriculum and Assessment Policy
Statement. You can also file your own documents in this section.
As a teacher at the Further Education and Training (FET) level, your two
main resources are:
• your expertise in the subject
• your teaching experience – knowing how to help learners master the
skills and knowledge of this subject.
The new Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) makes two
core demands on you as the teacher:
• to follow a learning programme that enables learners to develop all the
skills, knowledge, values and attitudes relevant to Physical Sciences
• to have a sound, up-to-date knowledge of the content and methods of
your subject, and a clear understanding of its social relevance, so that you
can act as a guide, facilitator and subject expert in the classroom.
This handbook helps you to meet these demands in the following ways:
• it provides a structure for your teaching programme for the year and a
work schedule that is in line with the CAPS requirements
• it provides solutions to all the activities in the Learner’s Book
• it explains all the assessment requirements of the curriculum and
provides practical activities with their rubrics and checklists that are
required by CAPS
• it contains examples of generic rubrics, checklists and assessment sheets
that you can use or adapt for your assessment work throughout the year.
iv

SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
General aims of the South African Curriculum A1

The purpose of the National Curriculum
Statement Grades R to 12 A1
The principles of the National Curriculum
Statement Grades R to 12 A1
Qualities and skills of learners A3
Inclusivity A3
Time allocation A6
Physical Sciences A6
Specific aims of Physical Sciences A6
Developing language skills: Reading and writing A7
Time allocation of Physical Sciences in
the curriculum A7
Overview of topics A8
Overview of practical work A10
Overview of formal assessment and
recommended informal experiments A10
Weighting of topics (40 week programme) A11
••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

The National Curriculum Statement Grades R to 12 (NCS), which
stipulates policy on curriculum and assessment in the schooling sector, was
amended, and the amendments came into effect in January 2012. A single
comprehensive National Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement
(CAPS) was developed for each subject to replace the old Subject Statements,
Learning Programme Guidelines and Subject Assessment Guidelines in
Grades R to 12.
General aims of the South African Curriculum

The National Curriculum Statement Grades R to 12 gives expression to
knowledge, skills and values that are regarded to be worth learning. This
statement will ensure that children acquire and apply knowledge and skills
in ways that are meaningful to their own lives. In this regard, the curriculum
promotes the idea of grounding knowledge in local context, while being
sensitive to global imperatives.
The purpose of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R to 12

The National Curriculum Statement aims to:
• equip learners, irrespective of their socio-economic background, race,
gender, physical ability or intellectual ability, with the knowledge, skills
and values necessary for self-fulfilment and meaningful participation in
society as citizens of a free country
• provide access to higher education
• facilitate the transition of learners from education institutions to
the workplace
• provide employers with a sufficient profile of a learner’s competences.
The principles of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R to 12

The principles of the National Curriculum Statement are:
• social transformation
• active and critical learning
• high knowledge and high skills
• progression
• human rights, inclusivity, environmental and social justice
• valuing indigenous knowledge systems
• credibility, quality and efficiency.
These principles can be applied to your school context in the following way.
Social transformation
What does this mean in your classroom? Your learners will come from
families and communities that have been affected in diverse ways by South
Africa’s past. They will have many different ideas about the kind of future
career they want and the kind of society they want to live in. In the learning
programme that you plan for the year, you need to provide opportunities for
the learners to analyse, research and come to understand the role that this
particular subject plays in shaping the kind of society we want to create in
South Africa and in offering them possibilities for their future.
For example: Create opportunities for learners to research and discuss
questions, such as how many people in their families have studied Physical
Sciences, and to what levels. How does access to Physical Sciences education
relate to access to different kinds of employment? What factors influence
people’s access to and success in the subject?
SECTION A • INTRODUCTION A1

Active and critical learning
What does this mean in your classroom? Many of the laws and principles
in Physical Sciences have been developed and formulated over centuries.
You need to explain the background of how these laws and principles were
developed and the meaning and application of their formulation. Make the
learners aware that scientific models are man-made ideas to explain scientific
phenomena. These models can change when new discoveries are made.
For example: Newton’s Laws makes more sense when it is explained in
terms of the forces that act on the occupant of a car wearing a seatbelt.
High knowledge and high skills

What does this mean in your classroom? You, as a subject expert, should
inspire your learners with relevant knowledge and activities that will
encourage them to want to explore science in depth. Encourage them to
relate what they learn to their lives outside school, and to possible future
career paths. Strive to develop a high level of knowledge and skills in this
subject in all your learners.
For example: Relate the study of particular Physical Sciences topics to
future career paths such as electrical, chemical, and mechanical engineering;
astronomy; medical sciences; electrical and telecommunications technology
and agriculture. Where possible, create opportunities for learners to meet
professional practitioners in these and other relevant fields. Set projects that
challenge learners to apply their science skills outside the school context.
Inform them about what they can expect to learn if they enrol for higher
education in related scientific subjects.
Progression
What should this mean in your classroom? This Physical Sciences course
contains material at the appropriate level to meet the criteria required for
Grade 12. If you plan a learning programme using this course, you will
ensure that your learners progress appropriately through the levels of
knowledge and skills that the curriculum requires.
Human rights, inclusivity, environmental and social justice

What should this mean in your classroom? In all activities that you organise
and facilitate, create opportunities to relate Physical Sciences to the broader
social goal of promoting human rights, inclusivity, and environmental and
social justice. Take into account that some of your learners might grapple
with issues such as poverty, language and disability in their daily lives.
Encourage them to explore these issues in ways that relate to this subject.
For example: Identify a social issue of relevance in the learners’
community and help them design a small research project to gather and
analyse information about this issue. This could relate to the availability of
safe commuter transport (Newton’s Laws) or the plastics pollution (Matter
and materials).
Valuing indigenous knowledge systems

What should this mean in your classroom? This Physical Sciences course
contains material that draws on indigenous knowledge systems and
encourages learners to take these systems into account in their research
and practical work. You should also draw on the expertise in your subject
that may be available in your local community. Compile information about
individuals and organisations in your region that can support your classroom
work by means of relevant indigenous knowledge to which they have access.
A2 SECTION A • INTRODUCTION

Encourage learners to recognise sources of relevant indigenous knowledge
in their own communities, and to include these sources in their research and
practical project work.
For example: People from indigenous cultures have found ways to make
beer and porridge from sorghum wheat.
Credibility, quality and efficiency

What should this mean in your classroom? The content of the Physical
Sciences course has been reviewed by experts in their fields of chemistry and
physics and covers all facets required to prepare learners to go on to study
science at university and compete with the best in the world.
Qualities and skills of learners

The National Curriculum Statement aims to produce learners who are
able to:
• identify and solve problems and make decisions using critical and
creative thinking
• work effectively as individuals and with others as members of a team
• organise and manage themselves and their activities responsibly
and effectively
• collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information
• communicate effectively using visual, symbolic and/or language skills in
various modes
• use science and technology effectively and critically, showing
responsibility towards the environment and the health of others
• demonstrate an understanding of the world as a set of related systems by
recognising that problem-solving contexts do not exist in isolation.
Inclusivity
Inclusivity should become a central part of the organisation, planning and
teaching at each school. This can only happen if all teachers have a sound
understanding of how to recognise and address barriers to learning and
how to plan for diversity. We have included some guidelines below on how
teachers can achieve the above.
Inclusive education and training should:

• acknowledge that all children and youth can learn, and that all children
and youth need support
• accept and respect the fact that all learners are different and have different
learning needs, which are equally valued
• enable education structures, systems and learning methodologies to meet
the needs of the learner
• acknowledge and respect differences in children, whether due to age,
gender, ethnicity, language, class, disability, HIV status, or any other
reason.
• maximise the participation of all learners in the culture and the
curriculum of educational institutions, and uncover and minimise
barriers to learning.
What should this mean in your classroom? In this series of books the learners
work together in groups and pairs, which gives them the opportunity to learn
from each other, as well as at their own pace. The learning methodologies cater
for learners with different learning abilities. Gender is also addressed as both

boys and girls are able to participate in all the activities. Learners also have the
opportunity to learn about diversity within the subject matter covered.
Learners with physical barriers can work in groups or with a partner
so they can be assisted where necessary. The teacher must therefore group
learners with disabilities together with learners with other disabilities or no
disabilities so they can support each other.
Special needs
In many classrooms, learners with special needs require additional attention;
some learners require very little attention while others need more extensive
help. As a teacher, be especially sensitive towards these learners without
drawing too much attention to the learners’ possible barriers to learning.
Discretely make the fellow learners aware of the need to treat each other
with respect without exception. This vital life skill should be engrained in
all young people so that it becomes part of their personalities for the rest of
their lives. The information that follows will assist you in addressing some of
these special needs in your classroom in an inclusive way. Be aware of these
and other special needs of learners in your classroom.
Partial sight or blindness: For partially sighted learners who find it difficult
to read text, you could enlarge the text by using a photocopy machine. Also,
ensure that these learners sit in the middle at the front of the class so that
their poor eyesight does not become a barrier to their learning.
Alternatively – and especially in group work – read the text aloud to
these learners. Remind the learners to read loudly, clearly and slowly as
partially sighted and blind learners rely heavily on their memories. When
doing experiments, these learners might not be able to see results. Train a
few fellow learners with excellent social skills to convey results to their peers.
It is also a good idea to let these learners stay in the groups where there are
learners you have trained specially to help their challenged classmates.
Hard of hearing: Once again, these learners should sit in the front of the
class. When giving instructions, or when reading text to these learners,
the speaker or reader should face the learner directly and speak loudly and
clearly, but without exaggerating. Learners who are hard of hearing learn to
lip-read very early in life.
Impaired social skills: The nature of these difficulties varies, but could, in
some cases, become a serious barrier to learning.
• Learners who are very shy or highly-strung might find class presentation
extremely stressful. Although you should encourage them to develop
this life skill, remember that you can never change someone’s nature
completely. Work gently with these learners – their shyness or
nervousness may be the result of negative circumstances at home. Let
them present their ‘class presentations’ in written form at first, and then
move slowly as the year progresses, at first letting them present their
work to one classmate only, then to a small group, and finally to the
whole class.
• Children with ADS (Attention Deficit Syndrome, also known as ADD
– Attention Deficit Disorder) will find it extremely difficult to work in
groups or to sit still and concentrate for very long – in some cases having
to listen for two minutes is too long. Learners with ADS could affect
the class atmosphere and class discipline in a negative way, and although

everyone will agree that the deficiency is no fault of their own, they
should not be allowed to ruin their fellow learners’ education.
The school should have a policy that parents must inform the school
confidentially if their child suffers from ADS. If learners have been
diagnosed, they could be on medication. It is essential that teachers are
informed; otherwise the learner could be branded as ‘extremely naughty’,
which would be unfair and result in inappropriate handling. Teachers should
be very careful not to judge a ‘naughty’ learner too soon. ADS is quite
common, and in some cases may not have been diagnosed.
Look out for a learner who:

• finds it difficult or even impossible to concentrate
• frequently interrupts the teacher with irrelevant or seemingly ‘stupid’
questions
• fidgets all the time to the point of irritating peers
• jumps up frequently and asks to go to the bathroom (or somewhere else)
at inappropriate times
• shouts out answers or remarks when the class has been asked to put up
their hands
• is unable to deal with group work or pair sessions – these periods are
interpreted as a ‘free for all’
• shows signs of aggression when fairly disciplined
• argues with the teacher when asked to keep quiet.
Please note that:

• the disorder is more prolific among boys than among girls
• diet could play role in controlling the disorder – fast foods and junk foods
should be kept to a minimum.
Extreme poverty: This barrier to learning requires extreme sensitivity from

the teacher. If you know that there are one or more learners in your class who
come from poverty-stricken backgrounds, you could handle the situation as
follows: Learners are often required to bring resources from home, especially in
practical learning areas like Physical Sciences. Some learners may be unable to
afford additional resource materials: magazines for research; rulers; calculators
and mathematical sets. Keep a supply of these items in your classroom without
informing your learners and unobtrusively give them to those learners you
know have difficulty in acquiring them. Be careful not to encourage ‘forgetters’
to make use of this offer! You could ask community groups in your area, such
as churches, to provide support in collecting supplies of materials for you to
keep in your classroom.
The key to managing inclusivity is ensuring that barriers are identified

and addressed by all the relevant support structures within the school
community, including teachers, District-based Support Teams, Institutional-
level Support Teams, parents and Special Schools as resource centres. To
address barriers in the classroom, teachers should use various curriculum
differentiation strategies such as those included in the Department of Basic
Education’s Guidelines for Inclusive Teaching and Learning (2010).

Time allocation
The instructional time in Grade 12 is shown in this table.
Subject Time allocation per week (hours)
I Home Language 4,5
II First Additional Language 4,5
III Mathematics 4,5
IV Life Orientation 2
V Three electives 12 (3 × 4 h)

The allocated time per week may only be used for the minimum required
NCS subjects as specified above. Should a learner wish to take additional
subjects, these will have to be done outside this time.
Physical Sciences
Physical Sciences investigate physical and chemical phenomena. This is done
through scientific inquiry, application of scientific models, theories, and laws
to explain and predict events in the physical environment.
This subject also deals with society’s need to understand how the
physical environment works to benefit from it and responsibly care for it.
All scientific and technological knowledge, including Indigenous Knowledge
Systems (IKS), is used to address challenges facing society. Indigenous
knowledge is knowledge that communities have held, have used or are still
using. This knowledge has helped protect the environment for millennia.
Physical Sciences examines and challenges aspects such as the safe disposal
of chemical waste, responsible utilisation of resources and the environment,
and addresses alternative energy sources.
Specific aims of Physical Sciences

Physical Sciences aims to equip learners with investigative skills that relate to
physical and chemical phenomena such as investigating friction or solubility.
Skills required for the study of Physical Sciences:

• classifying
• communicating
• measuring
• designing an investigation
• drawing and evaluating conclusions
• formulating models
• hypothesising
• identifying and controlling variables
• inferring
• observing and comparing
• interpreting
• predicting
• problem solving
• reflective skills.
Physical Sciences aims to promote knowledge and skills in these fields:

• scientific inquiry and problem solving
• the construction and application of scientific and technological
knowledge
• an understanding of the nature of science and its relationships to
technology, society and the environment.

These three specific aims are aligned to the three Physical Sciences Learning
Outcomes with which teachers are familiar. Within each aim, specific skills
or competences have been identified. It is not advisable to try to assess
each of the skills separately, nor is it possible to report on individual skills
separately. However, well-designed assessments must show evidence that, by
the end of the year, all of the skills have been assessed at a grade-appropriate
level. There must be a clear link between the aims and the outcomes of
learning. The processes of teaching, learning and assessment will provide the
links between the specific aims and the achievement of the outcomes.
Physical Sciences also prepares learners for future learning, specialist

learning, employment, citizenship, holistic development, socio-economic
development, and environmental management. Learners choosing Physical
Sciences as a subject in Grades 10 to 12 will have improved access to
academic courses in Higher Education, as well as to professional career paths
related to applied science courses and vocational career paths. The Physical
Sciences plays an increasingly important role in the lives of all South Africans
owing to their influence on scientific and technological development, which
are necessary for the country’s economic growth and the social well-being of
its people.
The six main knowledge areas in the subject Physical Sciences are:
• Mechanics
• Waves, sound and light
• Electricity and magnetism
• Matter and materials
• Chemical change
• Chemical systems.
Developing language skills: Reading and writing

Teachers of Physical Sciences should be aware that they are also engaged
in teaching language across the curriculum. This is particularly important
for learners for whom the language of learning and teaching is not their
home language. It is important to provide learners with opportunities to
develop and improve their language skills in the context of learning Physical
Sciences. It will therefore be critical to afford learners opportunities to read
scientific texts, to write reports, paragraphs and short essays as part of their
assessment, especially in the informal assessments for learning.
Assessment taxonomy
Application exercises should be done at all cognitive levels in all knowledge
areas. (The cognitive levels will be discussed in Section B: Assessment.)
Recommended informal assessment

• Give learners at least two problem-solving exercises on a frequent basis
(every day, as far as possible). These should collectively cover all cognitive
levels and could be done as homework and/or class work.
• Learners should do at least one practical activity per term.
• Learners should be given at least one informal test per term.
Time allocation of Physical Sciences in the curriculum

The teaching time for Physical Sciences in Grade 12 is 4 hours per week, with
40 weeks in total. The time allocated for teaching of the content, concepts
and skills includes the practical work. These are an integral part of the
teaching and learning process.

Number of weeks Content, concepts and Formal assessment
allocated skills (weeks) (weeks)
40 29 11
Overview of topics
Topic Grade Content
Mechanics Grade 10 Introduction to vectors and scalars. Motion in one
dimension (reference frame; position; displacement
and distance; average speed; average velocity;
acceleration; instantaneous velocity; instantaneous
speed). Description of motion (in words, diagrams,
graphs and equations). Energy (gravitational
potential energy; kinetic energy; mechanical energy;
conservation of mechanical energy (in the absence of
dissipative forces)) 30 hours
Grade 11 Vectors in two dimensions (resultant of
perpendicular vectors; resolution of a vector into its
parallel and perpendicular components). Newton’s
Laws and application of Newton’s Laws (Newton’s
First, Second and Third Laws and Newton’s Law
of Universal Gravitation; different kinds of forces:
weight, normal force, frictional force, applied (push,
pull), tension (strings or cables); force diagrams, free
body diagrams and application of Newton’s Laws
(equilibrium and non-equilibrium)) 27 hours
Grade 12 Momentum and impulse (momentum; Newton’s
Second Law expressed in terms of momentum;
conservation of momentum, and elastic and inelastic
collisions; impulse). Vertical projectile motion in
one dimension (1D) (vertical projectile motion
represented in words, diagrams, equations and
graphs). Work, energy and power (work; work-
energy theorem; conservation of energy with non-
conservative forces present; power).
28 hours
Waves, sound Grade 10 Transverse pulses on a string or spring (pulse;
and light amplitude; superposition of pulses). Transverse
waves (wavelength; frequency; amplitude; period;
wave speed). Longitudinal waves (on a spring;
wavelength; frequency; amplitude; period; wave
speed; sound waves). Sound (pitch; loudness; quality
(tone); ultrasound). Electromagnetic radiation
(dual (particle/wave) nature of electromagnetic
(EM) radiation; nature of EM radiation; EM spectrum;
nature of EM as particle; energy of a photon related to
frequency and wavelength). 16 hours
Grade 11 Geometrical optics (refraction; Snell’s Law; critical
angles and total internal reflection). 2D and 3D
Wavefronts (diffraction). 13 hours
Grade 12 The Doppler effect (either moving source or moving
observer) (with sound and ultrasound; with light – red
shifts in the universe). 6 hours

Topic Grade Content
Electricity and Grade 10 Magnetism (magnetic field of permanent magnets;
magnetism poles of permanent magnets; attraction and
repulsion; magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic
field; compass). Electrostatics (two kinds of charge;
force exerted by charges on each other (descriptive);
attraction between charged and uncharged
objects (polarisation); charge conservation; charge
quantisation). Electric circuits (emf; potential
difference (pd); current; measurement of voltage (pd)
and current; resistance; resistors in parallel). 14 hours
Grade 11 Electrostatics (Coulomb’s Law; electric field).
Electromagnetism (magnetic field associated with
current-carrying wires; Faraday’s Law). Electric circuits
(Ohm’s Law; energy; power). 20 hours
Grade 12 Electric circuits (internal resistance and series-parallel
networks). Electrodynamics (electrical machines
(generators, motors); alternating current). 12 hours
Matter and Grade 10 Revise matter and classification (materials;
materials heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures; pure
substances; names and formulas; metals and non-
metals; electrical and thermal conductors and
insulators; magnetic and non-magnetic materials).
States of matter and the Kinetic Molecular Theory.
The atom (the atomic model; atomic mass and
diameter; structure of the atom; isotopes; electron
configuration). Periodic Table (position of the
elements; similarities in chemical properties in
groups; electron configuration in groups). Chemical
bonding (covalent bonding; ionic bonding; metallic
bonding). Particles making up substances (atoms
and compounds; molecular, ionic and metallic
substances).
Grade 11 Molecular structure (a chemical bond; molecular
shape; electronegativity and bond polarity; bond
energy and bond length). Intermolecular forces
(chemical bonds revised; types of intermolecular
forces; states of matter; density; kinetic energy;
temperature; three phases of water (macroscopic
properties related to sub-microscopic structure)).
Ideal gases (motion and kinetic theory of gases; gas
laws; relationship between T and P). 24 hours
Grade 12 Optical phenomena and properties of materials
(photo-electric effect; emission and absorption
spectra). Organic chemistry (functional groups;
saturated and unsaturated structures; isomers;
naming and formulae; physical properties; chemical
reactions (substitution, addition and elimination).
Organic macromolecules (plastics and polymers).
16 hours

Topic Grade Content
Chemical Grade 10 Physical and chemical change (separation by physical
change means; separation by chemical means; conservation
of atoms and mass; Law of Constant Composition;
conservation of energy). Representing chemical
change (balanced chemical equations). Reactions
in aqueous solution (ions in aqueous solutions; ion
interaction; electrolytes; conductivity; precipitation;
chemical reaction types). Stoichiometry (mole
concept). 24 hours
Grade 11 Stoichiometry (molar volume of gases; concentration;
limiting reagents; volume relationships in gaseous
reactions). Energy and chemical change (energy
changes related to bond energy; exothermic and
endothermic reactions; activation energy). Types
of reactions (acid–base; redox reactions; oxidation
numbers). 28 hours
Grade 12 Reaction rate (factors affecting rate; measuring rate;
mechanism of reaction and of catalysis). Chemical
equilibrium (factors affecting equilibrium; equilibrium
constant; application of equilibrium principles). Acids
and bases (reactions; titrations; pH; salt hydrolysis).
Electrochemical reactions (electrolytic and galvanic
cells; relation of current and potential to rate and
equilibrium; standard electrode potentials; oxidation
and reduction half-reaction and cell reactions;
oxidation numbers; application of redox reactions).
28 hours
Chemical Grade 10 Hydrosphere. 8 hours
systems Grade 11 Lithosphere. (mining; energy resources). 8 hours
Grade 12 Chemical industry. (fertiliser industry). 6 hours
Skills for Grade 12 Skills for practical investigations in physics and
practical chemistry. 4 hours
investigations
Overview of practical work

Integrate practical work with theory to strengthen the concepts you are
teaching. These may take the form of simple practical demonstrations or
even an experiment or practical investigation. There are several practical
activities in the Learner’s Book. Some of these practical activities will be
done as part of formal assessment and others can be done as part of informal
assessment.
Overview of formal assessment and recommended informal

experiments
For Grade 12 three prescribed experiments are done as formal assessment
per year – there is one physics/chemistry experiment in Term 1 and one
chemistry/physics experiment in Term 3. In Term 2 there is a choice
between a chemistry or a physics experiment. Learners must also do three
practical activities for informal assessment, one in each term. There is a
choice between a chemistry and physics experiment in each term.
The table lists prescribed practical activities for formal assessment as
well as recommended practical activities for informal assessment.

Term Prescribed practical activities for Recommended practical activities
formal assessment for informal assessment
1 Experiment (Chemistry): Experiment (Physics)
Prepare different esters Investigate the conservation of
Experiment (Physics): momentum and energy using
Verify the conservation of linear Newton’s cradle
momentum OR
Investigate the motion of a falling
body
OR
Experiment (Chemistry)
Investigate saturated and
unsaturated molecules
OR
Make ‘slime’ and ‘Silly Putty’.
2 Experiment (Chemistry) Investigation (Physics):
Use acid–base titration in Determine the work done in climbing
neutralisation reactions up a flight of stairs.
OR
Experiment (Chemistry):
Determine the quantitative reaction
rate in the thiosulfate reaction
OR
Investigate reactions in equilibrium
3 Experiment (Physics) Investigation (Physics):
Part 1 Investigating short circuits and open
Determine the internal resistance of circuits in a series-parallel network of
a battery resistors
Part 2 OR
Determine the equivalent resistance Experiment (Chemistry):
of a series-parallel network with Investigate the electrolysis of water
known resistors using an ammeter OR
and a voltmeter and compare with Find the galvanic cell with the highest
the theoretical value potential
OR
Investigate the reduction of metal
ions and halogens
Weighting of topics (40 week programme)

Mechanics 17,50%
Waves, sound and light 3,75%
Electricity and magnetism 7,50%
Matter and materials 11,50% chemistry + 3,75% physics
Chemical change 17,50%
Chemical systems 3,50%
Total teaching time (Theory and practical work) 65,00%
Total time for examinations and control tests 35,00%


SECTION B
ASSESSMENT
Informal or daily assessment B1

Using group and pair work B2
Solving problems related to pair and group work B3
Formal assessment B4
Control tests and examinations B4
Requirements for Grade 12 practical work B4
Assessment tools B5
Checklists B5
Rubrics B5
Programme of Formal Assessment B5
Grade 12 external assessment B6
Recording and reporting B7
Moderation of assessment B7
Physical Sciences assessment taxonomy B8
Term 1: Control test B10
Answers for Term 1: Control test B12
Physical Sciences exemplar: Paper 1 (Physics) B14
Answers to exemplar: Paper 1 B22
Physical Sciences exemplar: Paper 2 (Chemistry) B27
Answers to exemplar: Paper 2 B34
••B-ASSESSMENT CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:13 PM

Assessment is a continuous planned process of identifying, gathering and
interpreting information about the performance of learners, using various
forms of assessment. It involves four steps.
1. Generating and collecting evidence of achievement.
2. Evaluating this evidence.
3. Recording the findings.
4. Using this information to understand and thereby assist the learner’s
development in order to improve the process of learning and teaching.
Assessment should be both informal (assessment for learning) and formal

(assessment of learning). In both cases regular feedback should be provided
to learners to enhance the learning experience.
Assessment is a process that measures individual learners’ attainment of
knowledge (content, concepts and skills) in a subject by collecting, analysing
and interpreting the data and information obtained from this process to:
• enable the teacher to make reliable judgements about a learner’s progress
• inform learners about their strengths, weaknesses and progress
• assist teachers, parents and other stakeholders in making decisions about
the learning process and the progress of the learners.
Assessment should be mapped against the content, concepts, skills and aims
specified for Physical Sciences and in both informal and formal assessments it
is important to ensure that in the course of a school year:
• all of the subject content is covered
• the full range of skills is included
• a variety of different forms of assessment are used.
Informal or daily assessment

Assessment for learning has the purpose of continuously collecting
information on learners’ achievements that can be used to improve their
learning. Informal assessment is a daily monitoring of the learners’ progress.
This is done through observations, discussions, practical demonstrations,
learner–teacher conferences, informal classroom interactions, etc. Informal
assessment may be as simple as stopping during the lesson to observe
learners or to discuss with learners how learning is progressing. Use
informal assessment to provide feedback to the learners and to inform
planning for teaching. Do not view informal assessment as separate from
learning activities taking place in the classroom. The results of the informal
daily assessment tasks are not formally recorded unless the teacher wishes
to do so. Learners or teachers can mark informal assessment tasks. Self-
assessment and peer assessment actively involves learners in assessment.
This is important as it allows learners to learn from and reflect on their own
performance. Informal assessment also helps learners to take responsibility
for their own learning and for the learning of their peers. In this way they
develop a sense of self-discipline and commitment to each other’s wellbeing.
The results of daily assessment tasks are not taken into account for
promotional and certificate purposes. Use informal, ongoing assessments to
structure the acquisition of knowledge and skills and as a precursor to formal
tasks in the Programme of Assessment.
SECTION B • assessment B1

Using group and pair work
Many teachers in South Africa work in overcrowded classrooms, which make
learning difficult. You can overcome some of these problems by getting a
class to work in groups. Practical work is normally done in groups, while
many activities lend themselves to work in pairs. Smaller groups are easier to
handle and learners will also start to feel more positive about themselves.
Teamwork is an important aspect of learning skills and constructing
knowledge. Sharing the workload and being aware of personal contributions
to the community is important for every learner. In a group, the different
roles and responsibilities people take on are essential to the success of the
activity. At the FET level, learners should become aware of the roles and
responsibilities that are likely to be combined in ‘professional’ teams working
in your particular subject areas in the real working world.
Setting up
Certain learning tasks are better approached through a whole class session;
others lend themselves to group work. Working in pairs and in groups of
three to six learners, learners have a chance to express themselves more often
than when they are part of a class of forty or more. They learn to work in
a team, helping each other freely when their knowledge or skill is strong,
and being helped when it is weak. Some learners might be too shy to ask
a question in front of a whole class, but feel at ease asking a small group
of friends.
Group work
There are many ways of organising learners into groups. Here are
some ideas.
• Language groups
If you have learners with different home languages, you can put the
speakers of each language into their own language group. Same-language
groups enable all the learners to develop their understanding of a new
concept in their own language. At other times you can create mixed-
language groups. Learners working in their second language or third
language can be helped with translation and have a greater chance to
contribute than they would in a large class.
• Ability groups
There are times when it is useful to divide learners into groups according
to how well they achieve in the learning area. The top achievers in the
class are grouped together, the average learners form a group, and the
slowest learners are grouped together. Top achievers can do enrichment
activities while you attend to the slower learners.
• Remediation groups
When you have finished assessing some aspects of the learners’ work,
you may often find a few learners from different groups with the same
problem. There may be a new concept they haven’t quite grasped, or
a few learners may have been absent at the same time while you were
dealing with new work. You can then group them together temporarily
while you help them sort out the problem.
B2 SECTION B • assessment

• Mixed-ability groups
These groups work well on their own while you circulate between them.
Vary the members of these groups so that learners have experience
in working with different classmates. For instance, new groups can be
formed each time a new unit of work is started.
Guidelines for using group work

• When planning group work, you should decide on the composition of
each group and not always leave it to learners to cluster together with
those they work with most easily.
• Divide tasks fairly among the members of each group and each member
must understand his role.
• Give the learners clear and concise instructions.
• Define the work to be done clearly so that the group can go ahead
without constantly referring to you.
• Learners must be settled and attentive when instructions are given.
• You must monitor progress at all times and should take into
consideration not only the end result, but also focus attention on how
the group has interacted and progressed through each step. This will be
possible if you circulate amongst the groups and give information and
guidance where and when it is required.
• Allow time for feedback so that learners have an opportunity to present
evidence of their progress at the end of a session.
• Regular reminders of time limits and what progress should have been
made at a particular stage are valuable when facilitating group work.
• Place groups as far apart as possible so that they enjoy a sense of privacy.
Allow a certain amount of interaction as this often assists learners in
solving problems or coping with complex areas.
Pair work
Pair work is easier to control than group work, particularly in large classes
where it is difficult to re-arrange the seating. It is a very useful strategy for
task-based teaching as it frees the teacher to be a facilitator, support guide
and evaluator.
Pair work also allows for differentiation: pairs that work faster can be
given extra tasks; some pairs can be given more challenging tasks; in mixed
ability pairing, one partner can assist the other.
Solving problems related to pair and group work

• Noise can become a problem. Differentiate between ‘good learning
noise’ and ‘disruptive chatter’. Firmly remind learners that they might
be disturbing neighbouring classes and that they should keep their
voices down.
• Certain learners dominate a group, while others are idle and not actively
involved. Each individual must understand his or her role or task, which
should be constantly monitored. Use the report-back to assess each
learner’s involvement and progress.
• Learners may not like the partners they are paired or grouped with.
There is no quick-fix solution to this problem. You must, however, use
your knowledge of the learners and avoid grouping personalities or
characters that are likely to clash.

Formal assessment
All assessment tasks that make up the formal programme of assessment
for the year are regarded as formal assessment. Formal assessment tasks
are marked and formally recorded by the teacher for progression and
certification purposes. All formal assessment tasks are subject to moderation
for the purpose of quality assurance and to ensure that appropriate standards
are maintained.
Formal assessment provides teachers with a systematic way of evaluating
how well learners are progressing in a grade and in a particular subject.
Examples of formal assessments include tests, examinations, practical tasks,
projects, oral presentations, demonstrations and performances. Formal
assessment tasks form part of a year-long formal Programme of Assessment
in each grade and subject.
Control tests and examinations

Control tests and examinations are written under controlled conditions
within a specified period of time. Questions in tests and examinations should
assess performance at different cognitive levels with an emphasis on process
skills, critical thinking, scientific reasoning and strategies to investigate and
solve problems in a variety of scientific, technological, environmental and
everyday contexts. Examination papers and control tests in the Physical
Sciences in Grade 12 should adhere to the weighting of cognitive levels given
in the table below. A detailed description of the cognitive levels follows on
page B8.
Cognitive Description Paper 1 Paper 2

level (Physics) (Chemistry)
1 Recall 15% 15%
2 Comprehension 35% 40%
3 Analysis, application 40% 35%
4 Evaluation, synthesis 10% 10%
Note: A control test and its memorandum can be found at the end of this
section.
Requirements for Grade 12 practical work

In Grade 12 learners will do three prescribed experiments for formal
assessment (one physics, one chemistry and a choice between a physics and
a chemistry experiment). This gives a total of three formal assessments in
practical work in Physical Sciences.
Learners must also do three experiments for informal assessment (two
physics and one chemistry experiment or two chemistry and one physics
experiment).
Practical work Physics Chemistry

Prescribed experiments (formal assessment) 2 1
OR Prescribed experiments (formal assessment) 1 2
Project (formal assessment) none
Experiments (informal assessment) 2 1
OR Experiments (informal assessment) 1 2
Total 6 practical activities = 3 physics +
3 chemistry

Assessment tools
Checklists
Checklists consist of separate statements describing how the teacher can
expect the learners to perform in a particular task. These statements are the
criteria that the learners must meet to succeed. When you observe that the
learner has satisfied each statement on the list by doing what it describes,
tick it off on the checklist. To work well, the statements on the list need to
describe in clear, concrete terms what the expected performance actions are
for the task.
Rubrics
Rubrics are a combination of rating codes and descriptions of standards –
that is what the learner must do, the level of competence, and so on – to be
rated with a particular code. The rubric describes the range of acceptable
performance in each band of the rating scale. Rubrics require teachers to
know exactly what the learner must achieve – the level of competence, and
so on – to meet the particular outcome being assessed.
To design a rubric, you need to decide on the following.

• What is the outcome that you are aiming at?
• What kind of evidence should be collected?
• What are the different parts of the performance that will be assessed?
• What different assessment instruments best suit each part of the task?
• What knowledge should the learners demonstrate?
• What skills should learners apply or what actions should they take?
It is crucial that you share the criteria in the rubric for the task with the
learners before they do the required task. The rubric clarifies both what the
learners should do and what they should be learning as they carry out the
task. It becomes a powerful tool for self-assessment.
When the learners have completed the task and you are assessing their
performance, you need to be sure that:
• each learner is assessed only once for each criterion within the rubric
• you add comprehensive comments where necessary for later moderation
purposes.
Programme of Formal Assessment

The Programme of Formal Assessment consists of two components: a
Programme of Assessment which makes up 25% of the total mark for
Physical Sciences and an external examination which makes up the remaining
75%. The Programme of Assessment for Physical Sciences comprises six
tasks that are internally assessed. Together the Programme of Assessment
and external assessment make up the annual assessment plan for Grade 12.
The table on the next page illustrates the assessment plan and weighting of
tasks in the Programme of Assessment for Physical Sciences Grade 12.

Programme of Formal Assessment for Grade 12 External assessment
Assessment tasks End-of-year assessment
(25%) 75%
Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Term 4
Type % Type % Type % Final examination
Experiment 15 Experiment 15 Experiment 15 (2 × 150 marks giving
Control test 10 Mid-year 20 Trial 25 a total of 300 marks for
examination examination papers 1 and 2)
Total: 25 marks Total: 35 marks Total: 40 marks Total: 300 marks

Total: 400 marks
Final mark = 25% (assessment tasks) + 75% (final exam) = 100%
Note: Rubrics and checklists for prescribed experiments and projects are in
Section D: Teaching guidelines
Grade 12 external assessment

The external examinations are set externally, administered at schools under
conditions specified in the National policy on the conduct, administration
and management of the National Senior Certificate: A qualification at Level 4
on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) and marked externally.
The core content outlined in the Physical Sciences Curriculum and
Assessment Policy (CAPS) document is compulsory and will be examined
through Papers 1 and 2. Note that all the topics in the Grade 12 curriculum
are examinable in the end of year examination plus selected topics from
Grade 10 and 11. Below is a list of selected content, outlined for Grade 10
and 11 in the CAPS document that is also examinable in the Grade 12 final
examination.
Selected examinable Grade 10 and 11 topics

Physics from Grade 11 Chemistry from Grade 10 and 11
• Newton’s Laws (Newton I, II, III and Newton’s Law of • Representing chemical change (Grade 10)
Universal Gravitation) and application of Newton’s Laws • Intermolecular forces (Grade 11)
• Electrostatics (Coulomb’s Law and electric field) • Stoichiometry (Grade 11)
• Electric circuits (Ohm’s Law, power and energy) • Energy and change (Grade 11)
The table shows the weighting of questions across cognitive levels and the
specification and suggested weighting of the content for the Grade 12 end-of-
year examinations (across the two papers).
Paper Content Marks Total Duration Weighting of questions across

marks/ cognitive levels
paper
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Paper 1: Mechanics 63
Physics
Waves, sound and light 17
focus
Electricity and 150 3 hours 15% 35% 40% 10%
55
magnetism
Matter and materials 15
Paper 2: Matter and materials 48

Chemistry
Chemical change 84 150 3 hours 15% 40% 35% 10%
focus
Chemical systems 18

Multiple-choice questions could be set in examination papers. However, such
questions should have a maximum weighting of 10%. The examination paper
may also consist of questions of a conceptual nature.
Recording and reporting

Recording is a process in which the teacher documents the level of a
learner’s performance in a specific assessment task. It indicates learner
progress towards the achievement of the knowledge and skills as prescribed
in the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements. Records of learner
performance should provide evidence of the learners’ conceptual progression
within a grade and their readiness to progress or be promoted to the next
grade. Records of learner performance should also be used to verify the
progress made by teachers and learners in the teaching and learning process.
Reporting is a process of communicating learner performance to
learners, parents, schools and other stakeholders. Learner performance
can be reported in a number of ways. These include report cards, parents’
meetings, school visitation days, parent-teacher conferences, phone calls,
letters, class or school newsletters, etc. Teachers in all grades report in
percentages for the subject. The various achievement levels and their
corresponding percentage bands are shown in the table below.
Note: The seven point scale should have clear descriptions that give detailed
information for each level. Teachers will record actual marks for the task by
using a record sheet and report percentages for the subject on the learner’s
report card.
Rating code Description of competence Percentage

7 Outstanding achievement 80–100
6 Meritorious achievement 70–79
5 Substantial achievement 60–69
4 Adequate achievement 50–59
3 Moderate achievement 40–49
2 Elementary achievement 30–39
1 Not achieved 0–29
Schools are required to provide quarterly feedback to parents on the

Programme of Assessment using a formal reporting tool, such as a report
card. The schedule and the report card should indicate the overall level of
performance of a learner.
Moderation of assessment
Moderation refers to the process that ensures that the assessment tasks
are fair, valid and reliable. Moderation should be implemented at school,
district, provincial and national levels. Comprehensive and appropriate
moderation practices must be in place for the quality assurance of all subject
assessments. All Grade 11 tasks are internally moderated. The subject head
or head of department for Physical Sciences at the school will generally
manage this process.
Physical Sciences assessment taxonomy

The table below provides a possible hierarchy of cognitive levels that the
teacher can use to ensure tasks include opportunities for learners to achieve
at various levels and tools for assessing the learners at various levels. The
verbs given in the fourth column could be useful when formulating questions
associated with the cognitive levels given in the first column.

Description of Level Explanation Skills demonstrated Action verbs
cognitive level
Evaluation 4 At the extended abstract • Compares and assess, decide, rank,
level, the learner makes discriminates grade, test, measure,
connections not only between ideas. recommend, convince,
within the given subject, • Assesses value select, judge, explain,
but also beyond it, and of theories, discriminate, support,
generalises and transfers presentations. conclude, compare,
the principles and ideas • Makes choices summarise, critique,
underlying the specific based on reasoned appraise, interpret, justify
instance. The learner works arguments.
with relationships and • Verifies value of
abstract ideas. evidence.
• Recognises
subjectivity.
Synthesis 4 The learner works at the • Uses old ideas to combine, integrate,
extended abstract level create new ones. modify, rearrange,
(see level 4 above) but • Generalises from substitute, plan, create,
makes errors because they given facts. design, invent, compose,
are insufficiently informed • Relates knowledge formulate, prepare,
at more modest levels. from several areas. generalise, rewrite,
• Predicts and draws categorise, combine,
conclusions. compile, reconstruct,
generate, organise,
revise, what if?
Analysis 3 The learner appreciates • Sees patterns and analyse, separate, order,
the significance of the the organisation of explain, connect, classify,
parts in relation to the parts. arrange, divide, compare,
whole. Various aspects • Recognises hidden select, infer, break down,
of the knowledge meaning. contrast, distinguish,
becomes integrated, the • Identifies diagram, illustrate,
learner acquires deeper components. identify, outline, point
understanding and the out, relate
ability to break down a
whole into its component
parts. Elements embedded
in the whole are identified
and the relations among
the elements are
recognised.
Application 3 The learner establishes a • Uses information, apply, demonstrate,
relational construct (see methods, concepts calculate, complete,
level 3 above) but which and theories in new illustrate, show, solve,
has errors. The learner has situations. examine, modify,
the ability to use (or apply) • Solves problems relate, change, classify,
knowledge and skills in using required skills experiment, discover,
new situations. or knowledge. construct, manipulate,
prepare, produce

Description of Level Explanation Skills demonstrated Action verbs
cognitive level
Comprehension 2 A number of connections • Understands summarise, describe,
may be made but the information and interpret, contrast,
meta-connections grasps meaning. predict, associate,
are missed, as is their • Translates knowledge distinguish, estimate,
significance for the whole. into new contexts differentiate, discuss,
The learner has first level and interprets facts. extend, comprehend,
understanding, recalls and • Compares, contrasts, convert, defend, explain,
understands information orders, groups generalise, give example,
and describes meaning. and infers causes rewrite, infer
and predicts
consequences.
Recall 1 Simple and obvious • Observes and recalls list, define, tell, describe,
connections are made. information. identify, show, know,
The learner recalls and label, collect, select,
remembers facts. reproduce, match,
recognise, examine,
tabulate, quote, name

Formal assessment task Control test
Term 1
Module 1: Mechanics: 26 marks

1 A golfer strikes a stationary golf ball of mass 100 g with his golf
club. The club exerts a horizontal force of 60 N on the ball, and
when the club strikes the ball it is in contact with the ball for 0,1 seconds.
a) Define impulse. (2)
b) Calculate the velocity of the ball after it is struck. (4)
c) Explain how the golfer can give the ball a greater initial
velocity, without changing the force that he exerts. (3)
[9]
2 The graph below (not drawn to scale) shows the momentum –
time relationship – for two objects, A and B. They collide between
the 3rd and 4th second.
Study the graph and answer the questions that follow.
A
10
Momentum (kg·m·s–1)
3
y
0
3 4 Time (s)
–5 B
a) Explain why the objects can be considered to be in a ‘closed

system’. (3)
b) Determine the value of y. (3)
c) Calculate the force that A exerts on B during the collision. (3)

[9]
3 A stone is thrown vertically downwards from the second floor of a
building at 3 m.s–1. Ignore the effects of friction.
a) The stone is said to be in free fall while it is in the air. Explain
what this means. (2)
b) If the stone takes 1,2 seconds to strike the ground below,
calculate the height of the building. (3)
c) Suppose that the stone was thrown upwards at 4 m.s–1. State
how each of the following values will be different when
compared to the original throw of the stone. Write down only
increases, decreases, or stays the same.
i) The acceleration of the stone. (1)
ii) The velocity of the stone when it strikes the ground. (1)
iii) The time taken for the stone to reach the ground. (1)
[8]
B10 T E R M 1 • control test

Formal assessment task Control test
Term 1
Module 2: Matter and materials: 24 marks

1 Millions of organic compounds are known to date. Four of these
compounds are illustrated below.
CH3 O
A CH3 C CH3 C H B pentan–2-ol
CH3
H O H H H H H O
C H C C C O H D H C C C O C H
H H H H H H
a) Write down the letter of the compound that represents a

i) ketone (1)
ii) ester (1)
b) Write down the IUPAC name of the following:
i) compound A (2)
ii) compound D (2)
c) Write down the name and structural formula of a functional
isomer for compound D. (3)
d) Write down the structural formula for compound B. (2)
e) Would you classify compound B as primary, secondary or
tertiary? (1)
[12]
2 In the flow diagram below P, Q and R represent different types of

organic reactions.
CH3 reaction CH3

P
CH3 CH2 C Br CH3 CH = C CH3
CH3
KOH(aq)/heat reaction
reaction R
Q Product
a) Name the type of reaction represented by P. (1)

b) State two reaction conditions needed for reaction P. (2)
c) Write down the IUPAC name and structural formula for the
product.(4)
d) Apart from the organic reactant, write down the name of the
other reactant needed in reaction R. (1)
e) Name the type of reactions represented by Q and R. (2)
f ) The product of reaction P is 2-methylbut-2-ene. If this
compound had to be polymerised, what would the
polymerisation process be called? (2)
[12]
Total mark: 50
T E R M 1 • control test B11

Answers to formal assessment task Control test
Term 1
Module 1: Mechanics: 26 marks

1 a) Impulse of an object is the product of the net force and the
time for which the net force acts on the object. (2)
→
b) Fnet∆t = ∆→ p = m→ vf – m→ vi
(60 N)(0,1 s) = 0,1 kg × → v f – 0,1 kg × 0 m.s–1
→ vf = 60 m.s–1 in the direction of the club. (4)
c) The golfer can increase the contact time between the club
and ball by following through after hitting the shot. This will
increase ∆→ p, and hence → vf. (3)
2 a) Before and after collision, they are travelling at constant
velocity so → a = 0 m.s–1
→
therefore Fnet = 0 (no external forces acting on system). (3)
b) →
ptot (before) = →ptot (after)
(10 +(−5)) kg·m·s–1 = (3 + y) kg·m·s–1
y = +2 kg·m·s–1 = 2 kg·m·s–1 in the original direction of A. (3)
→ ∆p (2 – (–5)) kg·m·s–1
c) FAB = __
∆t   = ___________

   1 s   
= + 7 N
= 7 N opposite to its original direction. (3)
3 a) The only force acting on the stone is the gravitational force. (2)
vi∆t + _ 12  →
b) ∆y = → a∆t2
= (3 m·s–1)(1,2 s) + _ 21   (9,8 m·s–2)(1,2 s)2
= 10,66 m
The height of the building is 10,66 m (3)
c) i) stays the same (1)
ii) increases (1)
iii) increases (1)
B12 T E R M 1 • control test answers

Answers to formal assessment task Control test
Term 1
Module 2: Matter and materials: 24 marks

1 a) i) C (1)
ii) D (1)
b) i) 2,2-dimethylbutanal (2)
ii) propylmethanoate (2)
c) butanoic acid
H H H O
H C C C C OH
H H H
(3)
butanoic acid
d) pentan-2-ol
H O H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H
(2)H H H
pentan-2-ol
e) secondary alcohol (1)

2 a) dehydrohalogenation (elimination) (1)
b) heat under reflux; concentrated solution of NaOH/KOH in
pure ethanol (2)
c) 2-methylbutan-2-ol
H
H H H C H H
H C C C C H
H H
(4)O H H
2-methylbutan-2-ol
d) water (1)
e) reaction Q: substitution reaction
reaction R: addition reaction/ hydration (2)
f ) addition polymerisation (2)
T E R M 1 • control test answers B13

PHYSICAL SCIENCES EXEMPLAR: PAPER 1 (PHYSICS)
GRADE 12
MARKS: 150
TIME: 3 hours
This question paper consists of 8 pages
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. This paper consists of TWO sections:
SECTION A (25)
SECTION B (125)
2. Answer ALL questions.
3. Non-programmable calculators may be used.
4. Appropriate mathematical instruments may be used.
5. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper.
6. Data sheets are attached for your use.
7. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.
SECTION A
QUESTION 1: ONE-WORD ITEMS
Give ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to
the question number (1.1–1.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.1 The SI unit for electric potential difference. (1)
1.2 The property of a sound that increases when the frequency increases. (1)
1.3 The rate at which energy is transferred. (1)
1.4 The type of electric field where a charge experiences the same force
throughout the field. (1)
1.5 The type of spectrum formed when white light is incident on an element in a low
energy gaseous state. (1)
[5]
QUESTION 2: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only
ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
number (2.1–2.10) in the ANSWER BOOK.
2.1 Car P is moving at a constant velocity of 20 m·s–1 east relative to the ground. Car X is
ahead of car P and is moving at a velocity of 5 m·s–1 west relative to car P. The velocity
of car X relative to the ground is:
A 15 m∙s–1 west
B 15 m∙s–1 east
C 25 m∙s–1 west
D 25 m∙s–1 east(2)
2.2 A ball of mass m falls vertically and strikes the ground with a speed of 2v. It rebounds
vertically up with a speed of v. The change in momentum of the ball is:
A mv downwards
B mv upwards
C 3mv downwards
D 3mv upwards (2)
2.3 A photon is:
A a light wave
B a light particle
C an electromagnetic wave

D a continuous stream of energy (2)
2.4 An electric motor will be less efficient if:
A a larger current is used.
B slip rings are used instead of split rings.
C a bigger force is used to turn the armature.
D a weaker magnetic field is used. (2)
2.5 A listener is travelling towards a stationary police car whose siren makes a sound with
a frequency f. If the speed of the listener is 0,1 times the speed of sound in the air, then
the frequency of the siren observed by the listener is:
A 1,10 f
B 0,90 f
C 1,11 f
D 0,91 f (2)
2.6 Blue light can eject electrons from a metal surface, but yellow light cannot. Another
colour that must cause the emission of electrons from the same metal surface is:
A red
B green
C violet
D orange (2)
2.7 A listener moves at constant velocity towards a stationary source of sound. The
frequency of sound heard by the listener is higher than the frequency of the sound
emitted by the source, because:
A the wavelength observed by the listener becomes shorter.
B more wave fronts reach the listener per second.
C less wave fronts reach the listener per second.
D the wavelength observed by the listener becomes longer. (2)
2.8 The atomic spectra of an element provides conclusive evidence that:
A electrons are negatively charged.
B electrons exist in fixed energy levels in the atoms of the element.
C electrons can absorb, but not emit energy.
D electrons can emit, but not absorb energy. (2)
2.9 A sphere Q has a charge of –4 μC. P is a point 3 m east of the sphere, as shown in the
diagram below.

3m
Q P

What is the electric field strength at point P due to the –4 μC charged sphere?
A 4 000 N·C–1 east
B 4 000 N·C–1 west
C 4 × 109 N·C–1 east
D 4 × 109 N∙C–1 west (2)
2.10 The circuit below shows a battery with an emf of 12 V (with negligible internal
resistance), an ammeter, a resistor (with resistance 3 Ω) with a voltmeter connected
across it, and a switch. The switch in the circuit is open.
S
A

What will the ammeter and voltmeter read immediately after the switch is closed?
A The ammeter reading will be 4 A and the voltmeter reading will be 12 V.
B The ammeter reading will be 3 A and the voltmeter reading will be 9 V.
C The ammeter will not show a reading and the voltmeter reading will be 12 V.
D The ammeter reading will be 12 A and the voltmeter will not show a reading. (2)
[20]
SECTION A TOTAL: [25]
SECTION B
1. Start each question on a NEW page.
2. Leave a line between two sub questions, for example between QUESTION 4.1 and
QUESTION 4.2.
3. The formulae and substitutions must be shown in ALL calculations.
4. Round off your answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places where applicable.
QUESTION 3
A helicopter is flying vertically up at an unknown constant velocity. An object is dropped from the
helicopter when it is exactly 88 m above the ground. The object takes 1,5 s to reach its maximum
height from the time it was released. Air friction is ignored.
3.1 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the object at the point of release. (3)
3.2 Calculate the maximum height, above the ground, reached by the object. (4)
3.3 Calculate the velocity of the object the instant it hits the ground. (4)
3.4 Using the ground as the zero position, and taking upward as the positive direction,
sketch a position-time graph for the object from the time it is released to the time it
hits the ground. (4)
[15]
QUESTION 4
The diagram shows two trolleys, A of mass 0,2 kg and B of mass 0,4 kg, moving to the left at
3 m·s–1. The trolleys are attached by a compressed spring. The spring is released and immediately
after this trolley A moves to the left at 4 m·s–1.
A B
4.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum. (3)

4.2 Calculate the velocity of trolley B immediately after the spring is released. (5)
4.3 Is the above collision elastic or inelastic?
Perform a calculation to justify your answer. (5)
[13]
QUESTION 5
A man skis down a 50 m snow slope which makes an angle of 20º with the horizontal. The total
mass of the skier and skis is 80 kg. A constant frictional force of 50 N acts on the skis as the skier
moves down the slope. The speed of the skier at the top of the slope is 5 m·s–1.
vi = 5 m·s–1
50 m
20º

5.1 Draw a free body diagram showing all the forces acting on the skier as
he skis down the incline. (3)
5.2 Use the work-energy theorem to calculate the speed of the skier at the bottom of
the slope. (7)
[10]
QUESTION 6
New cars have a crumple zone to help minimise injuries during accidents. In addition seat belts,
air bags and padded interiors can reduce the chance of death or serious injury.
6.1 Use principles in Physics to explain how air bags can reduce the chance of death or injury. (3)
6.2 In a crash test, a car of mass 1,2 × 103 kg collides with a wall and rebounds as
illustrated below. The initial and final velocities of the car are 12 m·s–1 to the left and
2 m·s–1 to the right respectively. The collision lasts 0,1 s.
12 m·s–1 2 m·s–1
Calculate the:
6.2.1 Impulse of the car during the accident. (4)
6.2.2 Average force exerted on the car. (3)
[10]
QUESTION 7
7.1 State Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation in words. (3)
7.2 A rocket of mass 2 000 kg is launched from the surface of Earth. When it reaches a
height equal to the radius of Earth, it expels a fuel tank of mass 200 kg vertically downwards.
7.2.1 Will the speed of the rocket increase, decrease or remain the same when the
tank is expelled? (2)
7.2.2 Determine the magnitude of the force exerted on the rocket tank immediately
after it is expelled. (5)
[10]
QUESTION 8
8.1 Using sound waves travelling through air, explain what is meant by the Doppler effect. (3)
8.2 One use of the Doppler effect is the Doppler flow meter. This is a device that can be
used to monitor the motion of the heart of a newly formed foetus in the womb of its
mother.
Ultrasonic waves of frequency 1,5 × 106 Hz and speed 2000 m.s–1 are directed at the
chest of the foetus to measure the heart rate of the foetus. Calculate the change in
frequency of the waves reflected by the chest, if the chest moves up and down at a
constant maximum speed of 0,02 m.s–1. (6)
8.3 State one other use of the Doppler effect (apart from the Doppler flow meter). (2)
[11]
QUESTION 9
9.1 Two spheres, P with a charge of –4 nC and Q with a charge of +6 nC, are a distance
of 4 m apart.

4m
P Q
Initial positions
9.1.1 Calculate the electrostatic force between the two spheres. (4)
9.1.2 The spheres are moved together and touch and are then placed 2 m apart.
Calculate the electric potential energy of sphere P in its final position. (5)
9.2 Two identical metal plates are fixed so that they are parallel to each other and 20 mm
apart in a vacuum, with the negative plate placed above the positive plate. The
potential difference across the plates is 24 V.
9.2.1 Draw a diagram to illustrate the electric field pattern between the plates. (3)
9.2.2 Determine the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates. (3)
A negatively charged particle is released from the negative plate in the region
between the plates.
9.2.3 Draw a free body diagram to show all the forces acting on the particle. (2)
9.2.4 Sketch a graph of acceleration against time for the particle as it moves
between the two plates. (3)
[20]
QUESTION 10
In the circuit below the voltmeter reading is 11 V when switch S is opened and 10 V when S is
closed. The battery has an internal resistance of 2 Ω. X is a resistor of unknown resistance.
Study the circuit below and then answer the questions that follow. The switch is kept closed.
16 Ω
6Ω
10.1 Explain why the voltmeter reading drops when the switch is closed. (2)
10.2 Calculate the resistance of the unknown resistor X. (9)
10.3 How will the reading on the voltmeter change if the branch with the
unknown resistor is removed from the circuit?
Write down only increase, decrease or stays the same. (1)
10.4 Explain your answer to 10.3 above. (3)
[15]
QUESTION 11
The average power of a light bulb is 15 W. The lamp can be used with either an AC supply or DC
supply. The graph on the next page shows the output of an AC generator.

12
potential difference time (s)
–12
11.1 Calculate the potential difference of a DC supply that will produce the same
brightness of the light bulb. (3)
11.2 Calculate the peak current through the light bulb when connected to a 12 V
AC supply. (4)
11.3 List TWO changes or additions you will make to the generator referred to in this question
in order to convert it to a DC motor. (2)
[9]
QUESTION 12
A learner wants to determine the relationship between the frequency (f ) of light striking a metal
surface, and the kinetic energy (K) of the emitted electrons. She shines red, green and blue light
on the metal, and is able to measure the velocity of electrons as they leave the metal surface.
12.1 Identify the independent variable in this investigation. (1)
12.2 Why does she use light of different colours? (1)
12.3 Why does she measure the velocity of the emitted electrons? (1)
The learner obtains the following average results after taking the reading several times.
COLOUR FREQUENCY KINETIC ENERGY OF EMITTED
(× 1014 Hz) ELECTRON (× 10–19 J)
Red 4,30 0,20
Green 5,60 1,10
Blue 5,70 1,20
12.4 Use the results to plot a graph of frequency against kinetic energy on the graph paper
provided. (5)
12.5 From the graph, determine the threshold frequency for the metal. (2)
12.6 State one application of the photoelectric effect. (2)
[12]
SECTION B TOTAL: [125]
Total mark: 150

DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES
PAPER 1 (PHYSICS)
TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

NAME SYMBOL VALUE
Acceleration due to gravity g 9,8 m·s–2
Speed of light in a vacuum c 3,0 × 108 m·s–1
Planck’s constant h 6,63 × 10–34 J·s
Coulomb’s constant k 9,0 × 109 N·m2·C–2
Charge on electron e –1,6 × 10–19 C
Electron mass me 9,11 × 10–31 kg
Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10–11 N·m2·kg–2
TABLE 2: FORMULAE
MOTION
vf = vi + a∆t ∆x = vi∆t + _ 12 a 2
i
1
  ∆t or ∆y = v ∆t +    a
_
2
  ∆t
2
vf + vi vf + vi
vf2 = vi2 + 2a∆x or vf2 = vi2 + 2a∆y ∆x = (____
2   ) ∆t or ∆y = (____
2  )  ∆t
FORCE
Fnet = ma p = mv
Fnet∆t = ∆p = mvf – mvi w = mg
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

W = F∆xcosθ U = Ep = mgh
K = Ek = _ 12 m
  v
2
Wnet = ∆K = ∆Ek = Ekf – Eki
W
P =  ∆t  
__
P = Fv
WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT

v = fλ or v = νλ T = 1_f   or T = _ 1v  
v±v
fL = ____
  L   
v ± v fs
  E = hf or E = hν or E = h  _λc  
s
hf = W0 + _ 12   mv2 = hf0 + _ 12   mv2
ELECTROSTATICS
kQ Q kQ
F = ____
r12  2 
  E = __
r2   
 dV  
E=_  qF  
E=_
W
V = __
q   
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
R = _VI     R1   = __
__
 R1   + __
 R1   + …
p 1 2
Rs = R1 + R2 + … EMF(ε) = I(R + r)
v ∆t 2
q = I∆t W = Vq = VI∆t = I2R∆t = ___
R    
W V 2
P = __
 ∆t  = VI = I2R = __
R   

ALTERNATING CURRENT
I
Irms = ___
max
__  
 
V2
2  
√
Vmax
Paverage = VrmsIrms = I2rmsR = ___
Rrms
    
Vrms = ___
__   
2  
√
QUESTION 12.4

ANSWERS TO EXEMPLAR PAPER: PAPER 1
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 volt ü
1.2 pitchü
1.3 power ü
1.4 uniform (electric field) ü
1.5 (line) absorption spectrum ü
[5]
QUESTION 2
2.1 B üü 2.2 D üü 2.3 B üü
2.4 D ü ü 2.5 A üü 2.6 C üü
2.7 A üü 2.8 B üü 2.9 B üü
2.10 A üü [20]
SECTION B
QUESTION 3
3.1 →vf = → aΔt ü
vi + →
0 m·s = vi + (–9,8 m·s–2)(1,5 s) ü
–1
vi = 14,7 m·s–1 ü
→
(3)
3.2 Δ→y=→ viΔt + _ 21   →
aΔt2 ü
= (14,7 m·s )(1,5 s) + _ 12   (–9,8 m·s–2)(1,5 s)2 ü
–1
= 11,03 m ü
Height = 88 m + 11,03 m = 99,03 m ü (4)
vf2 = →
3.3 → vi2 + 2→ y ü
aΔ→
= (14,7 m·s–1)2 + 2(–9,8 m·s–2)(–88 m) ü
vf = 44,06 m·s–1 ü down ü
→
(4)
3.4 y (m)
üüüü
0
t (s) (4)
[15]
QUESTION 4
4.1 In an isolated (closed) system, the total linear momentum is conserved. (3)
4.2 →
ptotal (before) = → ptotal (after)
(m1 + m2)→ vi = m1→ vf1 + m2→ vf2 ü
(0,2 kg + 0,4 kg)(3 m·s ) ü = (0,2 kg)(4 m·s–1) + (0,4 kg)vf2 ü
–1
vf = 2,5 m·s–1 ü to the left ü

→
(5)
4.3 Inelastic
Ek(TOT) before collision = _ 12   (m1 + m2)vi2
=  _12   (0,2 kg + 0,4 kg)(3 m·s–1)2 = 2,7 J
Ek(TOT) after collision = _ 12   m1vf12 + _ 12   m2vf22
= _ 12   (0,2 kg)(4 m·s–1)2 + _ 12   (0,4 kg)(2,5 m·s–1)2 = 2,85 J
Since Ek(TOT) before collision ≠ Ek(TOT) after collision, collision is inelastic. (5)
[13]


QUESTION 5
5.1 FN
FN
Ff
Ff
OR
θ
Fg||
20º Fg⊥
(3)
5.2 WNET = Ff Δx cos 180º + Fg// Δx cos 0º + FN Δx cos 90º + Fg⊥ Δx cos 270º ü
= 50 N(50 m) cos 180º + 80 N(9,8 m·s–2)(sin 20º)(50 N) cos 0⁰ ü+ 0 + 0
= 10 907,19 J ü
WNET = ΔK = _ 12   mvf2 – _ 12   mvi2
10 907,19 J =  _12   (80 kg) vf2 – _ 12   (80 kg)(5 m·s–1)2
vf = 17,25 m·s–1 ü (7)
OR
WNET = Ff Δx cos θ1 + Fg Δx cos θ2 + FN Δx cos θ3 ü
= 50 N(50 m) cos 180⁰ + 80 kg(9,8 m·s–2)(50 m) cos 290⁰ ü + 0
= 10 907,19 J ü
1 1
WNET = ΔK =  2   mvf –  2   mvi
_ 2 _ 2
10 907,19 J =  _12   (80 kg) vf2 – _ 12   (80 kg)(5 m·s–1)2

vf = 17,25 m·s–1 ü (7)
[10]
QUESTION 6
6.1 When the airbag inflates during a collision, the contact time of a passenger/driver
with an air bag ü is longer than without an airbag üand thus the force on the
∆p
passenger/driver is reduced according to Fnet = __ ∆t  ü (3)
6.2
6.2.1 Take to the right as negative
→
Fnet∆t = ∆→p = m→ vf – m→ vi ü
→
∴Fnet∆t = 1,2 × 10 kg (–2 m·s–1 – 12 m·s–1) ü = –1,68 × 104 N·s
3
∴Impulse = 1,68 × 104 N·s ü to the right or away from wall ü (4)
→
6.2.2 Fnet∆t = ∆p = –1,68 × 10 N·s
→ 4
→

∴Fnet(0,1 s) = –1,68 × 104 N·s ü
→
∴Fnet = – 1,68 × 105 N
→
∴Fnet = 1,68 × 105 N üto the rightü (3)
[10]
QUESTION 7
7.1 The force of attraction that two objects ü exert on each other is directly proportional
to the product of their masses, ü and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centres. ü(3)
7.2 7.2.1 Increase üü(2)
7.2.2 If m is the mass of the tank, M the mass of Earth and R the radius of Earth, then on
the surface of Earth:
GmM
R2    = 200 kg × 9,8 m·s–2 = 1 960 Nü
F = mgü = ____
At a height above the surface equal to radius of Earth: (5)
GmM
(2R)2 ü
Fnew = ____  14  × ____
  =_
 
GmM _1
R2    =  4 ü
  (1 960 N) = 490 Nü(5)
[10]

QUESTION 8
8.1 Whenever the source of a sound is moving relative to a listener, ü there is a change in
the frequency (or pitch) ü of the sound observed by the listenerü . This effect is called
the Doppler effect. (3)
v + vL
8.2 fL = ____
v – v    
 f ü heart is moving towards listener
s s
2 000 m·s – 0 –1
= ______________
 2 000 m·s
     –1
– 0,02 m·s–1
  (1,5 × 106 Hz) ü
= 1 500 015 Hz ü
v+v
v + vL   
fL = ____  fs ü heart is moving away from listener
s
2 000 m·s + 0 –1
=   
 2 000 m·s   (1,5 × 106 Hz) ü
______________
  
+ 0,02 m·s
–1 –1
= 1 499 985 Hz ü

Change = 1 500 015 Hz – 1 499 985 Hz = 30 Hz ü (6)
8.3
Speed trapping devices, or applications that detect movement of light sources in space.
(any one use üü). (2)
[11]
QUESTION 9
kQ Q 9 × 109 N·m2·C–2 (4 × 10–9 C)(6 × 10–9 C)
r21  2  ü= ________________________
9.1 9.1.1 F = ____
      
(4 m)2
  = 1,35 × 10–8 N attractionü (4)
Q +Q –4 × 10  C + 6 × 10  C
–9 –9
9.1.2 Qf = _____
1 2  2 
 =   
2  = 1 × 10–9 C
_______________
 
kQ Q 9 × 10  N·m ·C × 1 × 10  C × 1 × 10  C
9 2 –2 –9 –9
U = ____ r    =    
1 2

_________________________
 
2   = 4,5 × 10–9 J (5)
9.2 9.2.1 Field lines equidistant from, and parallel to each other, and perpendicular
to plates. ü
Direction of field lines: bottom to top. ü
Field lines curved at ends. ü(3)
24 V
9.2.2 E = V_d  ü = _____
 0,02 m ü= 1 200 V∙m–1 ü
    (3)
9.2.3
Fg FE
ü ü
9.2.4(2)
a a
(m∙s–2) (m∙s–2)
OR 0 t (s)

0 t (s) –a
a is constant, and a ≠ 0üü

axes correctly labeled. ü [20]
QUESTION 10
10.1 The battery has internal resistance. ü
Energy is transferred to the battery as charges flow through it. ü (2)
10.2 emf = I(R + r) ü
emf = IR + Ir
11 V = 10 V + I(2 Ω) ü
I = 0,5 A ü
10 V
total R = _VI    ü = ____  0,5 A   
= 20 Ωü
Rp = 20 – 16 ü= 4 Ω ü
1 1 1
 __ R     =   R     +   R    
__ __
p 1 2
 _14  = _ 16   + __
 R1   ü
x
RX = 12 Ω ü (9)

10.3 increase ü (1)
10.4 If resistor X is removed, total R increases. ü I total decreases, ü Ir decreases.
Because emf = Vext + Ir üthe voltmeter reading (Vext) increases. (3)
[15]
QUESTION 11
vmax
√__2     ü
11.1 vrms = ___
12 V
√__2      ü
= ___
= 8,49 V ü (3)
11.2 Pave = VrmsIrms ü
P = VR  R = __VI   
2
__
   
15 W = 8,49 V Irms
(8,49 V)
2
12 V
Irms = 1,77 A ü 15 W = R  4,81
 
  Ω = ___
______
I    
I
Irms = ___
 √max
__    ü R = 4,81 Ω I = 2,49 A
2  
I
1,77 A = ___
 √max
__  
2  
 ü
I
 ___ max
__  
√2  
 = 2,5 A ü (4)
11.3 Provide a source of potential difference ü (or connect a battery)
Replace slip rings with a split ring (commutator) ü (2)
[9]
QUESTION 12
12.1 frequency of light / colour of light ü (1)
12.2 To vary the frequency. ü Different colours have different frequencies. (1)
12.3 To calculate the kinetic energy of the electrons. ü (1)
12.4
1,2
0,8
0,4
kinetic energy (×10–19 J)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 frequency (×1014 Hz)
1 mark for correct labeling of axes. ü

1 mark for correct scale on both axes. ü
1 mark for plotting points correctly. ü
1 mark for correct shape. ü
1 mark for x-intercept being positive. ü(5)
12.5. Read off as per graph (point where graph cuts horizontal axis). üü (2)
12.6 Photocells OR Solar cells OR Photodiodes, etc. üü (2)
[12]
TOTAL: 150

PHYSICAL SCIENCES EXEMPLAR: PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)
GRADE 12
MARKS: 150
TIME: 3 hours
This question paper consists of 7 pages

1. This paper consists of TWO sections:
SECTION A (25)
SECTION B (125)
2. Answer ALL questions.
3. Non-programmable calculators may be used.
4. Appropriate mathematical instruments may be used.
5. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper.
6. Data sheets are attached for your use.
7. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.
SECTION A
QUESTION 1: ONE-WORD ITEMS
Give ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to
the question number on the answer sheet.
1.1 The IUPAC name for the simplest alkyne. (1)
1.2 The process of covering a less expensive metal with a more expensive metal using
electricity.(1)
1.3 The half-cell which is the standard against which the potentials of other half-cells are
measured.(1)
1.4 The point where equal molar amounts of an acid and a base have reacted according to
the molar ratio in a chemical equation. (1)
1.5 The industrial process that produces sulfuric acid. (1)
[5]
QUESTION 2
Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only
ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (2.1–2.10) in your
answer.
2.1 The major product formed during the hydration of propene is:
A propane
B propyne
C propan-1-ol
D propan-2-ol (2)
2.2 Which of the following is not a ketone?
A ethanone
B propanone
C butanone
D methylpentanone (2)
2.3 The correct name of the compound below is:
CH3
Cl CH2 CH CH CH3
CH2
CH3

A 1-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane
B 1-chloro-2,3-dimethylpentane
C 1-chloro-3-ehtyl-2-methylbutane
D 1-chloro-2-ethyl-3-methylpentane (2)
2.4 For hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms, the boiling points
of branched alkanes are lower than that of straight chain alkanes. This is because
branched alkanes have:
A larger molecular mass
B shorter chain length
C more electrons (2)
D smaller effective molecular surface area
2.5 Which of the following statements about strong acids is/are TRUE?
i) Strong acids are very concentrated acids.
ii) Strong acids ionise almost completely in water.
iii) The conjugate base of a strong acid is a weak base.
A (i) and (ii)
B (i) and (iii)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (ii) only (2)
2.6 The percentage of potassium in a bag of fertiliser labelled 3:4:2(26) is:
A 5,78%
B 8,67%
C 11,56%
D 22,22% (2)
2.7 The pH of a solution increases from 8,5 to 9,5 at 298 K when a base is added to it.
Which ONE of the statements below is TRUE for the original solution?
A Its [OH–] increases by 1 mol·dm–3.
B Its [H+] increases by 1 mol·dm–3.
C Its [OH–] increases by a factor of 10.
D Its [H+] increases by a factor of 10. (2)
2.8 Which one of the following graphs best represents the change in mass of a catalyst
during a chemical reaction?
A B
m m
t t
C D
m m
(2) t t
2.9 The graph below represents the relationship between the potential energy and course
of reaction for a certain chemical reaction.
5
Potential 4
energy (kJ) 3
2
1
Course of reaction
The activation energy for the forward reaction is:

A 1 kJ
B 2 kJ

C 3 kJ
D 4 kJ (2)
2.10 In the reversible reaction:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) � 2SO3(g) ∆H<0
which one of the following will increase the equilibrium constant?
A adding catalyst vanadium pentoxide
B cooling the mixture
C increasing the pressure
D heating the mixture (2)
[20]
SECTION A TOTAL: [25]
SECTION B
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Start each question on a NEW page.
2. Leave one line between two sub-questions (e.g. between 3.1 and 3.2)
3. Show the formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.
4. Round off all numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.
QUESTION 3
The table below shows the results obtained during a practical investigation. The experiment was
performed to determine the boiling points of compounds from three different homologous series
under the same conditions. Each letter A–C represents the organic compounds written in the
block next to it.
Experiment Organic compound Boiling point (oC)
A CH3(CH2)2COOH 163
B CH3(CH2)2CH2OH 137
C CH3(CH2)2CHO 103
3.1 Name the homologous series to which each of the following compounds belong:
3.1.1 A
3.1.2 B
3.1.3 C (3)
3.2 Write down the IUPAC name for:
3.2.1 B
3.2.2 C (2)
3.3 Explain briefly why compound A has a higher boiling point than compounds B and C. (3)
[8]
QUESTION 4
Many of the flavours and odours of fruit are esters. Ethyl methanoate is used to give foodstuffs a
strawberry flavour.
A learner wants to prepare ethyl methanoate in the school laboratory. She follows the instructions
below:
• Mix 1 cm3 methanoic acid and 1 cm3 ethanol in a test tube.
• Slowly add 4 drops of sulfuric acid while swirling the test tube.
• Soak a paper towel in cold water and fasten it around the test tube close to its mouth with an
elastic band.
• Place the test tube in a water bath and heat the water with a flame to a temperature of about
60 oC.
• Leave the test tube in the hot water bath for about 15 minutes.
• Cool the test tube by placing it in a beaker of cold water.
• Smell the vapour in the test tube after 10 minutes.

Paper towel soaked in cold water
Water bath
Thermometer
Ethanol, methanoic acid
+ 4 drops sulfuric acid

4.1 Use structural formulae to write a balanced equation for the reaction taking place in
the test tube. (5)
4.2 What is the function of the sulfuric acid in the above reaction? (1)
4.3 Why does the method use a water bath instead of direct heating over an open flame? (1)
4.4 State one function of the wet paper towel at the top of the test tube. (1)
4.5 The learner finds it difficult to detect the smell of the ester due to the presence of
sulfuric acid and unreacted methanoic acid. A friend suggests that she add 10 drops of
diluted sodium carbonate solution to the contents of the test tube. Briefly explain why
this suggestion might be a solution to the problem. (2)
4.6 Write down the molecular formula of ethyl methanoate. (1)
There are other organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae to ethyl methanoate.
4.7 What is the phenomenon described above called? (1)
4.8 Name two other organic compounds that have the same molecular formula as ethyl
methanoate, but are structurally different. (2)
[14]
QUESTION 5
Ethene is a gaseous hormone associated with ripening fruit. It also contributes to the ageing and
distortion of plants. In industry, the artificial fruit ripening takes place when ethene is passed over
the fruit in large rooms. After a while the ripening fruit releases its own ethene.
5.1 Write down the structural formula of ethene. (2)
5.2 Why is it not advisable to place a banana that has been artificially ripened next to a
cabbage or lettuce? (2)
In industry ethene is also used to synthesise a variety of organic compounds. The flow diagram
below illustrates some of the many reactions ethene undergoes.
ethane
A
E D
bromoethane ethene ethanol
F C

5.3 Write down the general formula for the homologous series to which ethene belongs. (1)
5.4 Name the type of reaction represented by each of the letters A, B, D and H. Write
down the letters A, B, D and H and next to each the type of reaction. (4)
5.5 Use structural formulae to write down a balanced equation for reaction B (3)
5.6 Apart from ethene, which other reactant is needed for reaction F? Write down the
formula only. (2)
5.7 Both reactions E and G occur in the presence of a base. Reaction E is an elimination
reaction and reaction G is a substitution reaction.
5.7.1 How is the base in reaction E different from the base in reaction G? (2)
5.7.2 Name the type of elimination reaction represented by E. (1)
5.8 Ethene is used as a monomer to manufacture polythene. Name the type of
polymerisation process that ethene undergoes. (1)
[18]
QUESTION 6
Sharon conducts an experiment to investigate the various factors that influence the rate of
chemical reactions. She places a sample of calcium carbonate in a beaker. The beaker is placed on
a sensitive balance and an excess of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added.
The following reaction occurs:
CaCO3 + HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Sharon repeats the experiment a number of times under different conditions always with the same
volume of HCl in excess.
The following table summarises the different experimental conditions of four of her experiments.
Experiment Mass of CaCO3 (g) Concentration of Temperature of State of CaCO3
HCl (mol·dm–3) HCl (oC)
1 10 2 25 granules
2 10 2 15 granules
3 20 2 25 granules
4 10 2 25 powder
During each experiment the mass of the beaker and its contents is recorded every minute. The
graphs below indicate the changes in mass of the beaker and its contents during the reaction, as a
function of time, for the four experiments.
Mass of beaker
and contents (g)
Graph A
Experiment 1
Graph B
Graph C
Time in minutes 5
6.1 What is meant by the rate of a chemical reaction? (2)

6.2 Name the quantity that was kept constant during all four experiments. (1)
6.3 Give a reason for the decrease in mass as each reaction progresses. (2)

6.4 Why are all the graphs horizontal lines after five minutes? (2)
6.5 Which one of the graphs A, B, or C, represents the results of:
6.5.1 Experiment 2 (1)
6.6 If a suitable catalyst is used in experiment 1, which of the graphs (A,B or C) will be
obtained? Explain your answer. (4)
[14]
QUESTION 7
The following is a balanced equation for the preparation of ammonia:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
2 moles of nitrogen and 3 moles of hydrogen are initially placed in a 500 cm3 container. The
container is sealed and the gases are allowed to react. When equilibrium is reached at 350 oC,
there are 1,6 moles of ammonia in the container.
7.1 Calculate the equilibrium constant at 350 oC.(6)
7.2 If the mixture is heated, the number of moles of ammonia in the container will
decrease. Use Le Chatelier’s principle to determine if the forward reaction is
endothermic or exothermic. (4)
7.3 In each of the following cases answer either INCREASE, DECREASE or STAYS THE
SAME. (Assume the temperature remains constant.)
DISTURBANCE MOLES OF NITROGEN
Iron catalyst is added 7.3.1
Volume of container is decreased 7.3.2
Water is added to the container 7.3.3

(3)
7.4 Name the above industrial process. (1)
7.5 In the industrial preparation of NH3, this reaction is usually carried out at
temperatures higher than 350 oC. Explain why. (3)
7.6 How is the reactant nitrogen obtained? (1)
Ammonia is then used to make another industrial product, as shown in the flow diagram:
O2 O2 H2O
NH3 NO NO2 X
H2O NO
7.7 Name the industrial product. (1)

7.8 Name the process. (1)
7.9 Name the catalyst used in the oxidation of ammonia. (1)
7.10 Name the fertiliser obtained from the industrial product. (1)
7.11 Would this fertiliser have the most impact on the roots, stems or leaves of the crops? (1)
7.12 Explain a negative impact of the over-use of the fertiliser. (2)
7.13 Name a suitable organic alternative to the inorganic fertiliser chosen in 7.10. (1)
[26]
QUESTION 8
A learner finds some sulfuric acid solution in a bottle labelled ‘dilute sulfuric acid’. He wishes
to determine the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution. To do this he decides to titrate the
sulfuric acid against a standard potassium hydroxide solution.
8.1 What is a standard solution? (1)
8.2 Calculate the mass of KOH which he must use to make 300 cm3 of a 0,2 mol·dm–3
KOH solution. (4)

8.3 Calculate the pH of the 0,2 mol·dm–3 KOH solution. (4)
8.4 Write a balanced equation for the reaction between H2SO4 and KOH. (2)
8.5 Which one of the indicators listed in the table should he use in this titration? Briefly
explain your answer. (3)
Indicator pH range
Methyl orange 2,9–4,0
Methyl red 4,4–6,0
Bromothymol blue 6,0–7,6
Phenolphthalein 8,3–10,0
8.6 During the titration he finds that 15 cm3 of the KOH solution neutralises 20 cm3 of the
H2SO4 solution. Calculate the concentration of the H2SO4 solution. (5)
[19]
QUESTION 9
A standard electrochemical cell is set up with zinc as the anode and metal X as the cathode.
The initial emf of the cell is 1,56 V.
9.1 State two standard conditions for this cell. (2)
9.2 Determine the Eo value of:
9.2.1 the cathode, when the cell is connected. (4)
9.2.2 the cell, when equilibrium is reached. (2)
9.3 Identify:
9.3.1 the cathode metal. (1)
9.3.2 the oxidising agent. (1)
9.4 Write down the cell notation. (3)
9.5 After equilibrium has been established, H2S is bubbled through the zinc half-cell.
How will the emf of the cell change? Explain briefly. (5)
[18]
QUESTION 10
The diagram below represents a cell that can be used to purify copper.
X Y
Impure Cu Pure Cu
10.1 Is X or Y the anode in this cell? (1)

10.2 Write down the formula of the oxidising agent. (1)
10.3 Name a suitable electrolyte. (2)
10.4 What will happen to each of the following over time? Write only INCREASE,
DECREASE or STAYS THE SAME.
10.4.1 the concentration of the electrolyte
10.4.2 the mass of Y (2)
10.5 Give the most likely use for Y. (1)
10.6 Give a probable use for the sludge formed below X. (1)
[8]
SECTION B TOTAL: 125
Total mark: 150

ANSWERS TO EXEMPLAR: PAPER 2
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 ethyneü
1.2 electroplatingü
1.3 hydrogen ü (half-cell)
1.4 equivalence point ü
1.5 Contact ü process [5]
QUESTION 2
2.1 Düü 2.2 Aüü
2.3 Büü 2.4 Düü
2.5 Cüü 2.6 Aüü
2.7 Cüü 2.8 Büü
2.9 Büü 2.10 Büü [20]
SECTION B
QUESTION 3
3.1.1 carboxylic acidü
3.1.2 alcoholü
3.1.3 aldehydeü (3)
3.2.1 butan-1-olü
3.2.2 butanalü (2)
3.3 Compound A has the strongest intermolecular forcesü – hydrogen bonding and also
dipole-dipole attraction. ü
Compound B has hydrogen bonding. Compound C has dipole-dipole attraction. ü (3)
[8]
QUESTION 4
4.1 H O ü H ü H O H üü ü
H C C O H + H O C H H C C O C H + O
H H H H H H (5)
4.2 Catalyst üOR dehydrating agent/ remove water (1)
4.3 Ethanol is flammableü (1)
4.4 Vapours are cooled down and condense/return to test tubeü
OR Prevents vapours from leaving the test tube
OR Functions as a condenser
OR Causes the mixture to reflux (1)
4.5 Na2CO3 is a baseü and will neutralise those acids. ü (2)
4.6 C3H6O2ü (1)
4.7 isomerismü (1)
4.8 methyl ethanoateü propanoic acidü (OR any cyclobutanediol) (2)
[14]
QUESTION 5
5.1 H H
C C üü
H H (2)
5.2 The ethene liberated by the banana ages the cabbage and lettuce. üü (2)
5.3 CnH2nü (1)
5.4 A: substitution (halogenation/bromination)ü

B: addition (hydrogenation) ü
D: addition (hydration) ü
H: substitutionü (4)
5.5 H H H H
C C ü + H Hü H C C H ü
H H
H H (3)
5.6 HBrüü (2)
5.7.1 E: concentrated ü
G: diluteü (2)
5.7.2 dehydrohalogenationü (1)
5.8 additionü (1)
[18]
QUESTION 6
6.1 The amount of product formed/reactant used upü per unit timeü (per second). (2)
6.2 concentration of HClü (1)
6.3 Product CO2 is a gasü and escapes from the beaker. ü (2)
6.4 Calcium carbonate is used upü and the reaction stops, no more CO2 formed to escape. ü(2)
6.5.1 graph Bü (slower reaction, same mass loss) (1)
6.5.2 graph A ü (same rate, greater initial mass) (1)
6.5.3 graph Cü (faster reaction, same mass loss) (1)
6.6 graph Cü Catalyst speeds up the rate of reactionü, therefore gradient üof graph will
be steepest for same initial mass. ü(4)
[14]
QUESTION 7
7.1 N2 + H2 NH

Molar ratio 1 3 2
Moles start 2 3 0
Moles change 0,8ü 2,4ü 1,6
Moles equilibrium 1,2 0,6 1,6
Conc equilibrium 2,4 1,2 3,2
[NH ]2 (all 3 equilibrium conc correct) ü

Kc = ______
 [N ][H3 ]  ü
3  
2 2
(3,2)
2
   ü
=  (2,4)(1,2)
______
3 
= 2,47 ü (6)
7.2 If the mixture is heated, then the reaction which uses up excess heat i.e. the
endothermic will be favoured. ü If the moles of ammonia decrease, then the reverse
reaction has been favoured. ü Therefore the reverse is endothermicü so the forward
is exothermic. ü (4)
7.3.1 STAYS THE SAMEü
7.3.2 DECREASE ü
7.3.3 DECREASE ü (NH3 will dissolve in water, equilibrium shift right) (3)
7.4 Haberü process (1)
7.5 Although yield of NH3 is lower at higher temperature, ü rate is faster. ü Higher
temperature compromises temperature. ü (3)
7.6 Fractional distillation of liquid air. ü (1)
7.7 nitric acidü (1)
7.8 Ostwaldü process (1)
7.9 platinumü (1)
7.10 ammonium nitrateü (1)

7.11 leavesü (1)
7.12 Eutrophicationü – too many nutrients in water, algal bloom, fish dieü
OR blue baby syndrome – excess nitrates in drinking water (2)
7.13 guano, manure, dried blood (any 1) ü (1)
[26]
QUESTION 8
8.1 The concentration of a standard solution is exactly known. ü (1)
8.2 M(KOH) = 56 g·mol–1ü
M = cMV ü= 0,2 mol·dm–3 × 56 g·mol–1 × 0,3 dm3 ü = 3,36 g ü (4)
8.3 0,2 mol KOH yield 0,2 mol OH–ü
Kw = [H+][OH–] = [H+][0,2] = 10–14ü
10–14
[H+] = [___  ] = 5 × 10–14 ü
0,2  
pH = –log[H+] = –log 5 × 10–14 = –(–13,3) = 13,3ü (4)
8.4 H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) üü (2)
8.5 Bromothymol blue; ü H2SO4 is a strong acid üand KOH is a strong base. ü The
equivalence point will be at approximately pH = 7 (3)
n caVa 1
c V   ] = [  2 ] ü
8.6 [  n   ] = [ ___
a
__ _
b b b
ca × 20 cm3 1
 0,2
    
mol·dm–3 × 15 cm3  =   2  üü
______________ _
0,2 × 15
ca = _____ = 0,075 mol·dm–3üü
2 × 20   
  (5)
[19]
QUESTION 9
9.1 Temperature = 298 Kü
Concentration of electrolytes = 1 mol·dm–3 ü (2)
9.2.1 Eocell = Eocathode – Eoanodeü
1,56 = X – (–0,76) ü
1,56 – 0,76 = Xü
X = +0,80 Vü (4)
9.2.2 zeroüü (or 0 V) (2)
9.3.1 silverü (1)
9.3.2 silver ionsü (1)
9.4 Zn|Zn (1mol·dm ) ü||Ag (1mol·dm )|Agüü
2+ –3 + –3
(3)
9.5 Zinc ionsü will react with H2S to form ZnSü. Concentration of Zn2+ will decrease. ü
More Zn will be oxidised and the anode potential increases.ü Voltage increases. ü (5)
[18]
QUESTION 10
10.1 Xü (1)
10.2 Cu2+ (accept: X2+)ü (1)
10.3 copper nitrate (any soluble copper(II) salt) üü (2)
10.4.1 STAYS THE SAMEü
10.4.2 INCREASEü (2)
10.5 Electrical conductors/plumbing pipes ü (1)
10.6 Valuable metals extracted and sold. ü (1)
[8]
TOTAL: 150

SECTION C
PLANNING
Phase programme C1
Sample work schedule to use with this textbook C3
Example of lesson preparation C17
Updating your knowledge C18
••C-PLANNING CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:14 PM

Teachers are involved in different levels of planning for each subject. These
different levels of planning make up the learning programme for that subject.
A learning programme consists of a subject framework, work schedules and
lesson preparations.
Phase programme and work schedule

The phase programme or subject framework specifies the scope of learning
and assessment for the three grades in a phase of the FET band. An overview
of the knowledge areas and topics for the Physical Sciences FET phase
appears in the work schedule on page C3 of this .
The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) specifies the
core knowledge and concepts to be covered during the FET phase, as well as
the amount of time in hours to be devoted to each topic.
Lesson preparation
A lesson preparation is a more detailed plan for a particular section of
work, a period of time during the year or a particular lesson. It describes
what learning is going to take place, and how it will take place. In addition
to the information in the work schedule, it explains how the activities
and assessment will take place as well as the use of resources. The lesson
preparation also refers to prior and future learning.
You will need to carry out your own lesson preparation for your class.
Your lesson preparation will indicate when and how you will introduce
each activity, each section of new knowledge, each assessment activity, and
so on, using and expanding the information from the work schedule. We
have included a blank lesson preparation grid in Section E: Photocopiable
resources, and an example of a completed lesson preparation in this section,
to help you with your planning.
Phase programme
Core Grades Percentage Knowledge concepts
knowledge of time (per
area grade)
Mechanics 10 18,75% 1. Vectors and scalars
2. Motion in one dimension
3. Description of motion
4. Energy
11 16,87% 1. Vectors in two dimensions
2. Newton’s Laws and their application
12 17,50% 1. Momentum and impulse
2. Vertical projectile motion in 1D
3. Work, energy and power
Waves, sound 10 10,00% 1. Transverse pulses on a string or spring
and light 2. Transverse waves
3. Longitudinal waves
4. Sound
5. Electromagnetic radiation
11 8,13% 1. Geometrical optics
2. 2D and 3D wavefronts
12 3,75% 1. The Doppler Effect
SECTION C • planning C1

Core Grades Percentage Knowledge concepts
knowledge of time (per
area grade)
Electricity and 10 8,75% 1. Magnetism
magnetism 2. Electrostatics
3. Electric circuits
11 12,50% 1. Electrostatics
2. Electric circuits
3. Electromagnetism
12 7,50% 1. Electric circuits
2. Electrodynamics
Matter and 10 17,50% 1. Classification of matter
materials 2. States of matter and the Kinetic
Molecular Theory
3. The atom
4. The Periodic Table
5. Chemical bonding
6. Particles making up substances
11 15,00% 1. Atomic combinations: molecular
structure
2. Intermolecular forces
3. Ideal gases and thermal properties
12 3,75% Physics
1. Optical phenomena and properties of
materials
11,50% Chemistry
2. Organic molecules
3. Organic macromolecules
Chemical 10 15,00% 1. Physical and chemical change
change 2. Representing chemical change
3. Reactions in aqueous solution
4. Quantitative aspects of chemical
change
11 17,50% 1. Quantitative aspects of chemical
change
2. Energy and chemical change
3. Types of reactions
12 17,50% 1. Reaction rate
2. Chemical equilibrium
3. Acids and bases
4. Electrochemical reactions
Chemical 10 5,00% The hydrosphere
systems 11 5,00% The lithosphere
12 3,50% The chemical industry
C2 SECTION C • planning

••C-PLANNING CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 3
Sample work schedule to use with this textbook
Hours Units Topics LB Content, concepts and skills Planned Completion
page date date
Term 1
Module 1: Mechanics
2 Unit 1: Momentum 31 • Define momentum. Calculate the momentum of a moving object using p = mv.
Momentum • Describe the vector nature of momentum and illustrate with some simple examples.
and impulse • Draw vector diagrams to illustrate the relationship between the initial momentum, the final
momentum and the change in momentum in each of the above cases.
2 Newton’s Second 35 • State Newton’s Second Law In terms of momentum.
Law expressed • Express Newton’s Second Law in symbols.
SECTION C • planning
in terms of • Explain the relationship between the net force and change in momentum for a variety of motions.
momentum • Calculate the change in momentum when a resultant force acts on an object and its velocity
increases in the direction of motion, decreases and reverses its direction of motion.
5 Conservation of 40, • Explain what is meant by a system (in physics). Explain (when working with systems) what is meant
momentum, and 44 by internal and external forces. Explain that an isolated system is one that has no net force (external)
Elastic and inelastic acting on it.
collisions • State the law of conservation of momentum.
• Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions. Know that kinetic energy is only conserved in
an elastic collision.
• Apply the conservation of momentum to collisions of two objects moving in one dimension (along
a straight line) with the aid of an appropriate sign convention.
• Verify the conservation of linear momentum experimentally.
• Investigate the conservation of momentum and energy using Newton’s cradle.
4 Impulse 47 • Define Impulse as the product of net force and the contact time. Know that impulse is a vector
quantity.
• Know that FnetΔt is a change in momentum i.e. FnetΔt = Δp. This relationship is referred to as the
impulse-momentum theorem.
• Use the impulse-momentum theorem to calculate the force exerted, time for which the force is
applied and change in momentum for a variety of situations involving the motion of an object In
one dimension.
C3
• Apply the concept of impulse to safety considerations in everyday life.
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C4
page date date
5 Unit 2: Vertical 52 • Explain that projectiles fall freely with gravitational acceleration ‘g’, which always acts downwards
Vertical projectile motion and is constant irrespective of whether the projectile is moving upward or downward or is at
projectile represented in maximum height.
motion in one words, diagrams, • Know that projectiles take the same time to reach their greatest height from the point of upward
dimension equations and launch as the time they take to fall back to the point of launch. This is known as time symmetry.
graphs. • Know that projectiles can have their motion described by a single set of equations for the upward
(Near the surface and downward motion.
of Earth and in the • Use equations of motion to determine the position, velocity and displacement of a projectile at any
absence of friction) given time.
• Draw position vs. time (x vs. t), velocity vs. time (v vs. t) and acceleration vs. time (a vs. t) graphs for
1D projectile motion.
• Give equations for position versus time and velocity versus time for the graphs of 1D projectile
motion.
• Given x vs. t, v vs. t or a vs. t graphs determine position, displacement, velocity or acceleration at any
time t.
• Given x vs. t, v vs. t or a vs. t graphs describe the motion of the object e.g. graphs showing a ball
bouncing, thrown vertically upwards, thrown vertically downward, and so on.
• Investigate the motion of a falling body.
• Draw a graph of position vs. time and velocity vs. time for a free falling object. Use the data to
determine the acceleration due to gravity.
Term 1
Module 2: Matter and materials
12 Unit 1: 75 • Define organic molecules as molecules containing carbon atoms.
Organic • Describe carbon as the basic building block of organic compounds that recycles through Earth’s air,
molecules water, soil, and living organisms including human beings.
3 Organic molecular 77 • Discuss the special properties of carbon that makes it possible to form a variety of bonds.
structures • Give condensed structural, structural and molecular formulae for alkanes and compounds
containing the following functional groups: double carbon-carbon bonds, triple carbon-carbon
bonds, alkyl halides, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, and ketones (up to 8 carbon
atoms).
• Explain the terms functional group, hydrocarbon and homologous series.
2013/06/11 9:14 PM
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• Explain the terms saturated, unsaturated and isomer.
• Identify compounds that are saturated, unsaturated and are isomers (up to 8 carbon atoms).
Isomers are restricted to structural isomers:
1. chain isomers (different chain)
2. positional isomers (different position of the same functional group)
3. functional isomers (different functional group).
3 IUPAC naming and 98 • Give the IUPAC name when given the formula.
formulae • Give the formula when given the IUPAC name.
• Naming is restricted to compounds with the functional groups alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl
halides, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters, up to a maximum of 8 carbon
atoms in the parent chain (i.e. the longest chain).
• Organic compounds are restricted to one type of functional group per compound and to a
maximum of two functional groups of the same type per compound.
• The only substituent chains that are allowed in naming and reactions are: methyl- and ethyl-
groups.
• A maximum of THREE substituent chains (alkyl substituents) are allowed on the parent chain.
1 Structure – 102 • Recognise and apply to given examples the relationship between:
physical property ūū physical properties and intermolecular forces (ethanol, dimethyl ether, ethanoic acid, ethane,
relationships chloro-ethane)
ūū physical properties and number and type of functional groups (ethanol, dimethyl ether, ethanoic
acid, ethane, chloro-ethane)
ūū physical properties and chain length (methane, ethane, propane, butane, hexane, octane)
ūū physical properties and branched chains (pentane, 2-methylbutane; 2,2-dimethylpropane).
1 Applications of 107 • Alkanes are our most important (fossil) fuels. The combustion of alkanes (oxidation) is highly
organic chemistry exothermic and carbon dioxide and water are produced: alkane + O2 H2O + CO2 with ΔH<0
• An ester is a product of an acid catalysed condensation between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
• Identify the alcohol and carboxylic acid used to prepare a given ester and vice versa, and write an
equation to present this preparation.
C5
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C6
page date date
3 Addition, 110 • Describe criteria to use to classify elimination, substitution or addition reactions according to
elimination and structural change.
substitution • Addition reactions: Unsaturated compounds (alkenes, cycloalkenes) undergo addition reactions:
ūū Hydrohalogenation: Addition of HX to an alkene e.g.
CH2 = CH2 + HCℓ → CH3 – CH2Cℓ
Reaction conditions: HX (X = Cℓ, Br, I) added to alkene; no water must be present (During addition
of HX to unsaturated hydrocarbons, the H atom attaches to the C atom already having the greater
number of H atoms. The X atom attaches to the more substituted C atom).
ūū Halogenation: Addition of X2 (X = Cℓ, Br) to alkenes e.g.
CH2 = CH2 + Cℓ2 → CH2Cℓ-CH2Cℓ
Reaction conditions: X2 (X = Cℓ, Br) added to alkene
ūū Hydration: Addition of H2O to alkenes e.g.
CH2 = CH2 + H2O → CH3 – CH2OH
ūū Reaction conditions: H2O in excess and a small amount of HX or other strong acid (H3PO4) as
catalyst (During addition of H2O to unsaturated hydrocarbons, the H atom attaches to the C atom
already having the greater number of H atoms. The OH group attaches to the more substituted
C-atom).
ūū Hydrogenation: Addition of H2 to alkenes e.g.
CH2 = CH2 + H2 → CH3 – CH3
ūū Reaction conditions: alkene dissolved in a non polar solvent with the catalyst (Pt, Pd or Ni) in a H2
atmosphere.
• Elimination reactions: Saturated compounds (haloalkanes, alcohols, alkanes) undergo elimination
reactions.
ūū Dehydrohalogenation: Elimination of HX from a haloalkane e.g.
CH2Cℓ-CH2Cℓ → CH2 = CHCℓ + HCℓ
Reaction conditions: heat under reflux (vapours condense and return to reaction vessel during
heating) in a concentrated solution of NaOH or KOH in pure ethanol as the solvent i.e. hot
ethanolic NaOH/KOH (If more than one elimination product is possible, the major product is the
one where the H atom is removed from the C atom with the least number of H atoms).
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ūū Dehydration of alcohols: Elimination of H2O from an alcohol e.g.
CH3 – CH2OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O
Reaction conditions: Acid catalysed dehydration – heating of alcohol with an excess of
concentrated H2SO4 (or H3PO4) (If more than one elimination product is possible, the major
product is the one where the H atom is removed from the C atom with the least number of H
atoms).
• Cracking of hydrocarbons: Breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful
bits.
• Reaction conditions: high pressures and temperatures without a catalyst (thermal cracking), or
lower temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst (catalytic cracking).
• Substitution reactions:
ūū Interconversion between alcohols and haloalkanes: Reactions of HX (X = Cℓ , Br) with alcohols to
produce haloalkanes.
Reaction conditions: Tertiary alcohols are converted into haloalkanes using HBr or HCℓ at room
temperature e.g.
C(CH3)3OH + HBr → C(CH3)3Br + H2O
ūū The reaction works best with tertiary alcohols. Primary and secondary alchohols react slowly and
at high temperatures.
ūū Reactions of bases with haloalkanes (Hydrolysis) to produce alcohols e.g.
C(CH3)3X + KOH → C(CH3)3OH + KBr
ūū Reaction conditions: Haloalkane dissolved in ethanol before treatment with aqueous sodium
hydroxide and warming the mixture; the same hydrolysis reaction occurs more slowly without
alkali, i.e. H2O added to the haloalkane dissolved in ethanol. (Strong based will cause elimination.)
ūū Reactions of bases with haloalkanes (hydrolysis) to produce alcohols e.g.
C(CH3)3X + KOH → C(CH3)3OH + KBr
Reaction conditions: Haloalkane dissolved in ethanol before treatment with aqueous sodium
hydroxide and warming of the mixture; the same hydrolysis reaction occurs more slowly without
alkali, i.e. H2O added to the haloalkane dissolved in ethanol.
ūū Haloalkanes from alkanes.
Reaction conditions: X2 (X = Br, Cℓ) added to alkane in the presence of light or heat.
• Describe addition reactions that are important in industry e.g. addition polymerisation reactions to
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4 Plastics and 119 • Describe the term polymer; macromolecule, chain, monomer, functional groups.
polymers • Illustrate the reaction to produce a polymer by an addition reaction using the polymerisation of
only ethene to produce polythene.
[nCH2=CH2 → (-CH2-CH2-)n ]
• What is the industrial use of polythene? (Make squeeze bottles, plastic bags, films, toys and
moulded objects, electric insulation. Polythene has the recycling number 4.)
• Illustrate the reaction to produce a polymer by condensation reaction with the reaction to produce
a polyester. Use only the reaction to make the polymer polyethylene.
• Illustrate the reaction to produce a polymer by condensation reaction with the reaction to produce
a polyester. Polylactic acid (PLA) is an interesting polymer because the monomer used for this
polymer comes from the biological fermentation of plant materials (as opposed to monomers
coming from petroleum) and the polymer is biodegradable. This polymer (PLA) is mostly used for
packaging material and because it is biodegradable it has the potential to alleviate land-fill disposal
problems.
• Identify the monomer used to produce a polymer from the structural formula of a section of a
chain. Use only the following polymers to identify monomers:
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC); polystyrene; polythene; polyvinyl acetate (PVA). (Limited to identification
of monomers.)
• Identify a polymer as the product of an addition or condensation polymerisation reaction, from its
structural formula (use only polythene and Polylactic acid).
• Identify a polymer as the product of an addition or condensation polymerisation reaction, from its
structural formula.
Term 2
Module 1: Mechanics
2 Unit 3: Definition of work 147 • Define the work done on an object by a force as : W=FΔxCosθ.
Work, energy • Know that work is a scalar quantity and is measured in joules (J).
and power • Calculate the net work done on an object by applying the definition of work to each force acting on
the object while it is being displaced, and then adding up (scalar) each contribution.
• Positive net work done on a system will increase the energy of the system and negative net work
done on the system will decrease the energy of the system.
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ALTERNATE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE NET WORK.
1. Draw a force diagram showing only forces that act along the plane. Ignore perpendicular forces.
2. Calculate the resultant force (along the plane).
3. Calculate the net work done on an object by taking the product of the resultant force (along the
plane) acting on the object and its displacement along the plane.
2 The Work-Energy 151 • Know that the net work done on an object causes a change in the object‘s kinetic energy – the
Theorem work-energy theorem: Wnet = Ekf – Eki
• Apply the work-energy theorem to objects on horizontal and inclined planes (frictionless and
rough).
3 Conservative and 154 • Define conservative forces and give an example.
non-conservative • Define non-conservative forces and give examples.
forces • Know that when only conservative forces are present, mechanical energy is conserved.
• Know that when non-conservative forces are present mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and
potential) is not conserved, but total energy (of the system) is still conserved.
• Solve conservation of energy problems (with dissipative forces present) using the equation:
Wnc = ΔEk + ΔEp
• Use the above relationship to show that in the absence of non-conservative forces, mechanical
energy is conserved.
3 Power 161 • Define power as the rate at which work is done.
• Calculate the power involved when work is done.
• Understand the average power required to keep an object moving at a constant speed along a
rough horizontal surface or a rough inclined plane and do calculations using the equation
Pav = Fvav.
• Calculate the minimum power required of an electric motor to pump water from a borehole of a
particular depth at a particular rate using
Wnc = ΔEk + ΔEp
• Calculate and understand minimum power.
• Perform simple experiments to determine the work done in walking up (or running up a flight of
stairs). By timing the run and walk (same flight of stairs) one can enrich the concept of power.
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Term 2
Module 3: Waves, sound and light
4 Unit 1: The With sound and 171 • State the Doppler Effect for sound and give everyday examples.
Doppler ultrasound • Explain (using appropriate illustrations) why a sound increases in pitch when the source of the
Effect sound travels towards a listener and decreases in pitch when it travels away.
v±v
• Use the equation fL = ____    
 v ± vL  fS to calculate the frequency of sound detected by a listener (L) when
S
either the source or the listener is moving.
• Describe applications of the Doppler Effect with ultrasound waves in medicine, e.g. to measure the
rate of blood flow or the heartbeat of a foetus in the womb.
2 With light – red 177 • State that light emitted from many stars is shifted toward the red, or longer wavelength/lower
shifts in the frequency, end of the spectrum due to movement of the source of light.
universe (evidence • Apply the Doppler Effect to these ‘red shifts’ to conclude that most stars are moving away from the
for the expanding Earth and therefore the universe is expanding.
universe)
Term 2
Module 4: Chemical change
2 Unit 1: Rate The rate of a 185 • Explain what is meant by reaction rate.
and extent of reaction and • List the factors which affect the rate of chemical reactions. (Surface area (solid), concentration
reaction factors affecting (solution), pressure (gas), temperature, and catalyst.)
rate • Explain in terms of collision theory how the various factors affect the rate of chemical reactions.
1 Measuring rates of 192 • Suggest suitable experimental techniques for measuring the rate of a given reaction including the
reaction measuring of gas volumes, turbidity (e.g. precipitate formation), change of colour and the change of
the mass of the reaction vessel.
1 Mechanism of 201 • Define activation energy – the minimum energy required for a reaction to take place. Colliding
reaction and of molecules must have, apart from the correct orientation, a kinetic energy equal to or bigger than
catalysis the activation energy of a reaction before the reaction can take place.
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• Use a graph showing the distribution of molecular energies (number of particles against their
kinetic energy) to explain why only some molecules have enough energy to react and hence how
adding a catalyst and heating the reactants affects the rate.
• Explain (in simple terms) how some catalysts function by reacting with the reactants in such a way
that the reaction follows an alternative path of lower activation energy.
2 Unit 2: Chemical 205 • Explain what is meant by:
Chemical equilibrium and ūū open and closed systems
equilibrium factors affecting ūū a reversible reaction
equilibrium ūū dynamic equilibrium.
• List the factors which influence the position of an equilibrium.
4 Equilibrium 210 • List the factors which influence the value of the equilibrium constant Kc.
constant, Kc • Write down an expression for the equilibrium constant having been given the equation for the
reaction.
• Perform calculations based on Kc values.
• Explain the significance of high and low values of the equilibrium constant.
2 Application of 213 • State Le Chatelier’s Principle. Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to identify and explain the effects of
equilibrium changes of pressure, temperature, and concentration (common ion effect) on the concentrations
principles and amounts of each substance in an equilibrium mixture. Explain the use of a catalyst and its
influence on an equilibrium mixture.
• Interpret only simple graphs of equilibrium.
• Apply the rate and equilibrium principles to important industrial applications e.g. Haber process.
8 Unit 3: Acids Acid-base 223 • Explain what is meant by acids and bases.
and bases reactions • State acid and base models (Arrhenius, Lowry- Brønsted).
• Write the reaction equations of aqueous solutions of acids and bases.
• Give conjugate acid-base pairs for given compounds.
• Determine the approximate pH of salts in salt hydrolysis.
• Give the neutralisation reactions of common laboratory acids and bases.
• How do indicators work? What is the range of methyl orange, bromo thymol blue and
phenolphthalein indicators?
• Do simple acid-base titrations.
• Do calculations based on titration reactions.
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• Name some common strong and weak acids and bases.
• Explain the pH scale.
• Calculate pH values of strong acids and strong bases.
• Define the concept of Kw.
• Distinguish between strong and concentrated acids.
• Distinguish between concentrated and dilute acids.
• Explain the auto-ionisation of water.
• Compare the Ka and Kb values of strong and weak acids and bases.
• Compare strong and weak acids by looking at pH, conductivity and reaction rate.
• Look at the application of acids and bases in the Chlor-alkali industry (chemical reactions only).
• Look at the application of acids and bases in the chemistry of hair. (What is the pH of hair? What
is permanent waving lotion and how does it work? What are hair relaxers and how do they work?
Discuss different ways of colouring hair.)
Term 3
Module 5: Electricity and Magnetism
4 Unit 1: Internal resistance, 262, • Solve problems involving current, voltage and resistance for circuits containing arrangements of
Electric and series and 265 resistors in series and in parallel.
circuits parallel networks • State that a real battery has internal resistance.
• The sum of the voltages across the external circuit plus the voltage across the internal resistance is
equal to the emf:
ε = Vcircuit + Vinternal resistance or ε = IRext + Ir
• Solve circuit problems in which the internal resistance of the battery must be considered.
• Solve circuit problems, with internal resistance, involving series-parallel networks of resistors.
4 Unit 2: Electrical machines 276 • State that generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and motors convert electrical
Electro- (generators, energy to mechanical energy.
dynamics motors) • Use Faraday’s Law to explain why a current is induced in a coil that is rotated in a magnetic field.
• Use words and pictures to explain the basic principle of an AC generator (alternator) in which a coil
is mechanically rotated in a magnetic field.
• Use words and pictures to explain how a DC generator works and how it differs from an AC
generator.
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• Explain why a current-carrying coil placed in a magnetic field (but not parallel to the field) will turn
by referring to the force exerted on moving charges by a magnetic field and the torque on the coil.
• Use words and pictures to explain the basic principle of an electric motor.
• Give examples of the use of AC and DC generators.
• Give examples of the use of motors.
Alternating current 293 • Explain the advantages of alternating current.
• Write expressions for the current and voltage in an AC circuit.
Imax Vmax
• Define the rms (root mean square) values for current and voltage as Irms = __ __   
__   en Vrms = ___
√2   √2  
respectively, and explain why these values are useful.
• Know that the average power is given by:
Pav = IrmsVrms = _ 12   ImaxVmax (for a purely resistive circuit).
• Draw a graph of voltage vs. time and current vs. time for an AC circuit.
• Solve problems using the concepts of
Irms, Vrms,Pav
Term 3
Module 2: Matter and materials
6 Unit 2: Optical The photoelectric 305 • Describe the photoelectric effect as the process that occurs when light shines on a metal and it
phenomena effect ejects electrons.
and • Give the significance of the photoelectric effect: it establishes the quantum theory and it illustrates
properties of the particle nature of light.
materials • Define cut-off frequency, fo.
• Define work function and know that the work function is material specific.
• Know that the cut-off frequency corresponds to a maximum wavelength.
• Apply the photoelectric equation:
E = Wo + KEmax, waar E = hf en Wo = hfo ; KEmax = _ 12   m(vmax)2
• Know that the number of electrons ejected per second increases with the intensity of the incident
radiation.
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• Know that if the frequency of the incident radiation is below the cut-off frequency, then increasing
the intensity of the radiation has no effect i.e. it does not cause electrons to be ejected.
• Understand that the photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light.
2 Emission and 314 • Explain the source of atomic emission spectra (of discharge tubes) and their unique relationship to
absorption spectra each element.
• Relate the lines on the atomic spectrum to electron transitions between energy levels.
• Explain the difference between of atomic absorption and emission spectra.
Term 3
Module 4: Chemical change
2 Unit 4: Electrolytic cells 323 • Define the galvanic cell in terms of: self-sustaining electrode reactions; conversion of chemical
Electro- and galvanic cells energy to electrical energy.
chemical • Define the electrolytic cell in terms of: electrode reactions that are sustained by a supply of
reactions electrical energy; conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy.
• Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer.
• Define oxidising agent and reducing agent in terms of oxidation and reduction.
• Define anode and cathode in terms of oxidation and reduction.
1 Relationship 328 • Give and explain the relationship between current in an electrochemical cell and the rate of the
of current and reaction.
potential to rate • State that the potential difference of the cell (Vcell) is related to the extent to which the spontaneous
and equilibrium cell reaction has reached equilibrium.
• State and use the qualitative relationship between Vcell and the concentration of product ions and
reactant ions for the spontaneous reaction viz. Vcell decreases as the concentration of product ions
increase and the concentration of reactant ions decrease until equilibrium is reached at which the
Vcell = 0 (the cell is ‘flat’).
2 Redox reaction in 329 • Describe the movement ions through the solutions the electron flow in the external circuit of the
cells cell; the half reactions at the electrodes; the function of the salt bridge in galvanic cells.
• Use cell notation or diagrams to represent a galvanic cell.
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Standard electrode 332 • Give the standard conditions under which standard electrode potentials are determined.
potentials • Describe the standard hydrogen electrode and explain its role as the reference electrode.
• Explain how standard electrode potentials can be determined using the reference electrode and
state the convention regarding positive and negative values.
• Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to calculate the emf of a standard galvanic cell.
• Use a positive value of the standard emf as an indication that the reaction is spontaneous under
standard conditions.
2 Equations 339 • Predict the half-cell in which oxidation will take place when connected to another half-cell.
representing redox • Predict the half-cell in which reduction will take place when connected to another half-cell.
reactions • Write equations for reactions taking place at the anode and cathode.
• Deduce the overall cell reaction by combining two half-reactions.
• Describe, using half equations and the equation for the overall cell reaction, the following
electrolytic processes: the decomposition of copper chloride; a simple example of electroplating
(e.g. the refining of copper).
1 Oxidation numbers 343 • Revise from Grade 11 and extend in Grade 12.
• Describe, using half equations and the equation for the overall cell reaction, the layout of the
particular cell using a schematic diagram and potential risks to the environment of the following
electrolytic processes used industrially:
ūū The production of chlorine (the chemical reactions of the chloroalkali-industry)
ūū The recovery of aluminium metal from bauxite. (South Africa uses bauxite from Australia.)
Term 3
Module 6: Chemical systems
6 Unit 1: The fertiliser 359 • List, for plants, three non-mineral nutrients, i.e. nutrients that are not obtained from the soil: C, H
Chemical industry and O and their sources i.e. the atmosphere (CO2) and rain (H2O); three primary nutrients N, P and K
industry and their source i.e. the soil. These nutrients are mineral nutrients that dissolve in water in the soil
and are absorbed by the roots of plants.
• Fertilisers are needed because there are not always enough of these nutrients in the soil for healthy
growth of plants.
• Explain the function of N, P and K in plants.
• Give the source of N (guano), P (bone meal) and K (German mines) before and after the first world
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• Interpret the N:P:K fertiliser ratio.
• Describe and explain (rates, yields, neutralisation, …), using chemical equations wherever
appropriate, these aspects of the industrial manufacture of fertilisers, given diagrams, flow charts
and so on.
ūū N2 – fractional distillation of air
ūū H2 – at Sasol from coal and steam
ūū NH3 – Haber process
ūū HNO3 – Ostwald process
ūū H2SO4 – including the contact process
ūū H3PO4 and Ca (H2PO4)2 (super phosphates)
ūū NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4
ūū H2NCONH2 (urea)
• Give sources of potash (mined imported potassium salts like KNO3, K2SO4 and KNO3).
• Evaluate the use of inorganic fertilisers on humans and the environment.
• Link Sasol to the production of fertilisers, i.e. ammonium nitrate (fertiliser and explosive).
• Define eutrophication.
• Discuss alternatives to inorganic fertilisers as used by some communities.
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Example of lesson preparation grid
Lesson preparation
Teacher: Grade: 12 School: A Nother Secondary School
Time 2 hours
Knowledge area Mechanics: Work, energy and power
Prior knowledge Identify forces acting on an object.
Draw force diagrams / free body diagrams.
Resolve forces into components along the direction of motion, and
perpendicular to the direction of motion.
Determine the net force acting on an object along the direction of
motion.
Core knowledge and Definition of work.
concepts Calculation of work done by a force.
Calculation of net work done on an object.
Teacher activities Learner activities Resources Assessment
methods
• Revise force diagrams • Answer questions for • Study & Master, • Baseline
and free body diagrams. baseline assessment. Grade 12 assessment
• Revise the resolution of • Discussion: work page 147 to to establish
forces into components done by a force, how page 169. learner
(horizontal and to determine angle • Scientific understanding
vertical components, between force and calculators of prior
and parallel and displacement, and what to compute knowledge.
perpendicular is meant by positive and trigonometric Teacher
components). negative work. ratios. assessment.
• Revise the calculation of • Completion of class work • Class work
net force acting on an activity. exercise: to
object (vector sum). • Completion of identify forces
• Define work done by a homework activity. acting on an
force. object, and
• Calculate work done by a calculate work
force using the equation done by each
→
W = FΔxCos θ force. Teacher
• Explain how the angle and self-
θ can be calculated for assessment.
different directions of • Homework
force and displacement. exercise:
• Explain what is meant completion
by positive work and of class work
negative work. exercise, and
• Calculate the net work additional
done on an object by questions.
adding the work done by Self-assessment
each force acting on the and peer
object (scalar sum). assessment.
• Calculate the net work
done on an object by
using the equation
→
Wnet = FnetΔx Cos θ

Updating your knowledge
As a professional educator, you should constantly update your knowledge on your subject. Here is a
list of addresses, websites and other resources that you may find useful for this purpose.
Careers
http://www.pacecareers.com
http://www.saip.org.za/careers/CareersWithPhysics.html
Education
http://education.pwv.gov.za
Organisations
Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf )
PO Box 72135, Lynwood Ridge, 0400; Tel: 012 349-5461
Cambridge University Press: http://uk.cambridge.org/africa/
Cape Town Science Centre: http://www.mtnsciencecentre.org.za/visit.html
Chevron/Caltex Oil: http://www.caltex.com
PO Box 4907, Johannesburg, 2000; Tel: 011 280-2000
Chamber of Mines: http://www.bullion.org.za
PO Box 61809, Marshalltown, 2107; Tel: 011 498-7421
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): http://www.csir.co.za
PO Box 395, Brummeria, Pretoria (Tshwane), 0184; Tel: 012 841-2911
Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs: http://www.energy.gov.za
Private Bag X59, Pretoria (Tshwane), 0001
Department of National Education Film Library
Private Bag X239, Pretoria (Tshwane), 0001; Tel: 012 322-6625
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism:
http://www.environment.gov.za
Department of National Health and Planning: http://www.doh.gov.za
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: http://www.dwaf.gov.za
Earthlife Africa: http://www.earthlife.org.za
PO Box 32131, Braamfontein, 2107; Tel: 011 339-3662
Environmental Education Centres:
• Abe Bailey Nature Reserve, Box 13, Carletonville, 2500; Gauteng; Tel: 018 788-3290
• Ben Lavin Nature Reserve, Box 782, Makhado, 0920; Limpopo; Tel: 015 516-4534, 078 477-3118
• South African Education and Environment Project: http://www.saep.org
B14 Waverley Court, Kotzee Road, Mowbray, 7700; Tel: 021 447-3610
• Delta Park Environmental Centre: http://www.deltaenviro.org.za
Road No. 3, Victory Park, Johannesburg, 2001; Tel: 011 888-4831
• Umgeni Valley Project: PO Box 394, Howick, 3290; KwaZulu-Natal; Tel: 033 330-3931
Environmental Education and Resources Unit: http://www.uwc.ac.za
Encyclopaedia Britannica online: http://www.britannica.com/
Environmental Education Association of Southern Africa (EEASA): http://www.eeasa.org.za
PO Box 394, Howick, 3290
Eskom: http://www.eskom.co.za
PO Box 1091, Johannesburg, 2000; Tel: 011 800-5401
Exploratorium: Dock Road, V & A Waterfront, Cape Town
Institute for Natural Resources: http://www.inr.org.za
PO Box 100396, Scottsville, 3209; Tel: 033 346-0796
Keep South Africa Beautiful: PO Box 1514, Randburg, 2125; Tel: 011 787-1080
Libraries
Use local municipal libraries, community health libraries, university and college libraries.
C18 SECTION C • planning

Museums
Museums provide a range of useful education resources, e.g. collections, books, outreach
programmes, courses. Find a suitable museum by searching on:
http://www.museumsonline.co.za
MTN Science Centres: http://www.ctsc.org.za
Gateway, Durban
National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI): http://www.naci.org.za
The Secretary (NACI), Box 1758, Pretoria (Tshwane), 0001; Tel: 012 392-9352
Quest: Science for South Africa (science magazine and website):
http://www.questinteractive.co.za
Published by the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf – see p. C18)
Research and Development in Mathematics, Science and Technology
(RADMASTE): http://www.radmaste.org.za
SASOL: http://www.sasol.com
Science in Africa online science magazine: http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za
Science Education Centre: http://www.sec.org.za
Funda Centre, Diepkloof, Soweto; Tel: 011 938-1760
Society of South African Geographers: http://www.ssag.co.za
PO Box 128, PO Wits, 2050; Tel: 011 339-1951
Shell Education Service
PO Box 747, Saxonwold, Johannesburg, 2123; Tel: 011 441-7000
Shell South Africa: http://www.shell.com
Education Program Organiser, Box 2231, Cape Town, 8000; Tel: 021 213-1111
South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement
(SAASTA): http://www.saasta.ac.za
PO Box 1758, Pretoria (Tshwane), 0001; Tel: 012 392-9300
South African Institute of Physics (SAIP): http://www.saip.org.za
The Secretary, Postnet Suite 228, Private Bag X10, Musgrave 4062
South African Traditional Healers Association: http://www.traditionalhealth.org.za
PO Box 3722, Johannesburg, 2001
Southern African Association of Science and Technology Centres:
http://www.saastec.co.za
Statistics on Africa and social issues: www.afdb.gov; www.fao.int; www.sadc.int; www.statssa.gov.za;
www.worldbank.org
Teachers’ centres
Most areas in the country are supported by teachers’ centres. They have a range of resources
for you to borrow, as well as facilities for making your own teaching aids.
Universities and colleges
Approach various departments at your nearest university and college regarding a wide range
of resources, such as visits, teaching aids, specimens, courses and speakers.
University of the Western Cape
Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7530; Tel: 021 959-2498
University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050; Tel: 011 716-1111
Wilderness Leadership School: http://www.wildernesstrails.org.za
Box 87230, Houghton, 2041; Tel: 031 462-8642
Wildlife Environmental Society of South Africa (WESSA): http://www.wessa.org.za
Box 394, Howick, 3290; Tel: 033 330-3931
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF): http://www.wwf.org.za
PO Box 456, Stellenbosch, 7599; Tel: 021 887-2801

SECTION D
TEACHING GUIDELINES
List of activities D1
Term 1
Module 1 Mechanics
Background information D5
Units 1 to 2 D6
Module 2 Matter and materials
Unit 1 D17
Term 2
Module 1 Mechanics (continued) D36
Unit 3 D36
Module 3 Waves, sound and light
Unit 1 D43
Module 4 Chemical change
Units 1 to 3 D47
Term 3
Module 5 Electricity and magnetism
Units 1 to 2 D70
Module 2 Matter and materials (continued) D83
Unit 2 D84
Module 4 Chemical change (continued) D88
Unit 4 D89
Module 6 Chemical systems
Unit 1 D99
••D-GUIDELINES CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:14 PM

List of activities
Module Unit Activity Page

Term 1
Module 1: Unit 1: Test yourself 1 35
Mechanics Momentum Test yourself 2 40
and impulse 1 Recommended experiment for formal assessment: Verify the 43
conservation of linear momentum
2 Recommended experiment for informal assessment: 46
Newton’s Cradle
Test yourself 3 47
Test yourself 4 50
Test yourself 5 51
Unit 2: Vertical 1 Recommended experiment for informal assessment: 64
projectile Investigate the motion of a falling body
motion in one Test yourself 6 70
dimension
Module 2: Unit 1: Organic Test yourself 1 80
Matter and molecules 1 Research project: Investigate the principles and applications 87
materials of an alcohol breathalyser
2 Experiment: Compare the physical properties of organic 90
compounds
Investigate saturated and unsaturated molecules
Test yourself 2 97
4 Practical activity: Build molecular models 101
Test yourself 3 101
Test yourself 4 106
5 Prescribed experiment for formal assessment: Prepare 108
different esters
Test yourself 5 109
Test yourself 6 118
6 Experiment: Make silicon rubber 127
7 Experiment: Make plastic sulfur 128
8 Recommended experiment for informal assessment: Make 129
‘slime’ and ‘silly putty’
Test yourself 7 130
9 Investigation: Investigating plastics 136
Term 2
Module 1: Unit 3: Work, Test yourself 7 154
Mechanics energy and Test yourself 8 160
(continued) power 2 Recommended practical investigation for informal 161
assessment: Determine the work done in climbing up a flight
of stairs
Test yourself 9 163
Module 3: Unit 1: The 1 Practical demonstration 1: Investigating the Doppler Effect 172
Waves, sound Doppler Effect Test yourself 1 174
and light Test yourself 2 176
Test yourself 3 180
SECTION D • TEACHING GUIDELINES D1

Module 4: Unit 1: Rate 1 Experiments: Investigate the factors that affect rate of 192
Chemical and extent of reaction
change reaction 2 Experiment: Design an experiment to test the effect of 197
surface area on reaction rate
Determine the quantitative reaction rate in the thiosulfate
reaction
4 Experiment: The magnesium reaction 199
Test yourself 1 200
Test yourself 2 204
Unit 2: 5 Recommended experiment for informal assessment: 208
Chemical Investigate reactions in equilibrium
equilibrium Test yourself 3 213
6 Research activity 219
Test yourself 4 221
Unit 3: Acids 7 Investigation: Investigate acids and bases 224
and bases Test yourself 5 226
Test yourself 6 230
8 Experiment: Investigate the reactions of acids and bases 230
9 Demonstrate the action of household acids and bases 232
Test yourself 7 238
10 Prescribed experiment for formal assessment: Use acid-base 239
titration in neutralisation reactions
Test yourself 8 247
Term 3
Module 5: Unit 1: Electric Test yourself 1 265
Electricity and circuits Test yourself 2 267
magnetism 1 Prescribed experiment for formal assessment: Part 1 267
Determine the internal resistance of a cell
Part 2 Determine the equivalent resistance of a series- 268
parallel network of known resistors using an ammeter and a
voltmeter and compare with the theoretical value
2 Recommended practical investigation for informal 270
assessment: Investigating short circuits and open circuits in
a series-parallel network of resistors
3 Application exercise on circuits and internal resistance 275
Unit 2: Electro- Test yourself 3 283
dynamics 4 Project: Build a simple generator 283
Test yourself 4 286
5 Project: Build a simple electric motor 286
6 Application exercise on practical motors 291
7 Application exercise on electricity generation in South Africa 292
Test yourself 5 297
Module 2: Unit 2: Optical 10 The photoelectric effect 306
Matter and phenomena Test yourself 8 309
materials and properties Test yourself 9 314
(continued) of materials Test yourself 10 319
D2 SECTION D • TEACHING GUIDELINES

Module 4: Unit 4: Electro- 11 Recommended experiment for informal assessment: Find 325
Chemical chemical the galvanic cell with the highest potential
change reactions 12 Recommended experiment for informal assessment: 326
(continued) Investigate the electrolysis of water
13 Experiment: Investigate the reduction of metal ions and 327
halogens
Test yourself 9 341
Test yourself 10 349
14 Investigation: Investigate corrosion 351
15 Investigation: Investigate chlorine 352
Module 6: Unit 1: Test yourself 1 362
Chemical Chemical Test yourself 2 367
systems industry Test yourself 3 371
Test yourself 4 375
1 Investigation: Investigate fertilisers 376
2 Class debate: Evaluate the use of fertilisers on humans and 376
the environment
3 Survey: Investigate water quality 376
SECTION D • TEACHING GUIDELINES D3

term one
Module 1: Mechanics
In this module learners will build on concepts in mechanics

taught in Grade 11.
There is one prescribed experiment for formal assessment
in this unit: Verify the conservation of linear momentum. You
will find it on page 43 of the Learner’s Book and page D7 of the
Teacher’s Guide. There is also one recommended experiment
for informal assessment: Investigate the motion of a falling body.
You will find it on page 64 of the Learner’s Book and page D10
of the Teacher’s Guide.
D5
••D1-Term 1 CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 5 2013/06/11 9:16 PM

Unit 1 Momentum and impulse
Term 1, MODULE 1
Test yourself 1 (LB p. 35)

1 a) Δ→
p=→ pf – →
pi
Δp = m→
→
vf – m→
vi
= 50 kg (+3 m·s–1) – 50 kg (+2 m·s–1)
= 50 kg·m·s–1 in the original direction of motion.
b) →
pi ∆→p
→
pf
pi = mvi = 0,1 kg × 34 m∙s–1 = 3,4 kg∙m∙s–1.

2 a) →
→
pi
∆→
p
→ →
b) pi pf
∆→
p
pf is opposite to the direction of the initial momentum. It should

→
be the difference in size between Δp and pi. Prediction: pf appears to

be smaller in size than pi (i.e. less than 3,4 kg∙m∙s–1), but opposite in
direction to pi.
c) Take direction towards the bat as negative.
Δ→ p=→ pf – →
pi
Δp = pf – m→
→ →
vi
5,4 kg·m·s–1 = pf – 0,1 kg (–34 m·s–1)
pf = +2 kg∙m∙s–1
→ pf = 2 kg·m·s–1 opposite to the original direction of the ball.

1 a) This is to control the amount of fuel and oxygen burnt to produce
the required amount of gas for upward propulsion. If they were
in the same compartment, then there is a danger of uncontrolled
burning, or even explosions.
b) The gases escaping downwards provide the downward force that the
rocket exerts on the gases. The gases in turn exert an upward force on
the rocket, which propels the rocket upwards.
c) Boosters are additional smaller rockets attached to the outside of
certains stages of the rocket. When they are fired downwards, they
exert a force upward on the main rocket, causing it to accelerate in
the upwards direction.
2 a) Δ→ p=→ pf – →
pi
Δp = m→
→
vf – m→
vi

= 20 kg (+13 m·s–1) – 20 kg (+10 m·s–1)
= 60 kg·m·s–1 in the original direction of motion.
b) Δ→ p=→ pf – →
pi
Δp = m→
→
vf – m→
vi

= 4 kg (–5 kg·m·s–1) – 4 kg (+10 m·s–1)
= –60 kg·m·s–1 in the original direction of motion.
D6 T e r m 1 • P H Y S I C A L S ci e n c e S

3 The rocket exerts a force on the fuel tank downward. By Newton’s
Third Law, the fuel tank exerts a force on the rocket upward. The net
force increases in the upward direction, thus changing the momentum
in the upward direction. Therefore the velocity in the upward direction
increases.
4 Learners are expected to research the impact of the explorations into
space. Some guidelines that can be provided include:
• The launching of satelites above Earth’s atmosphere – provides
technological benefits such as global positioning systems (GPS),
electronic communication, weather satelites and warning systems.
Humans have benefitted from this technology.
• The landing on the moon, and the first-hand knowledge of the
conditions on the moon.
• The landing of unmanned space crafts – for example, Curiosity’s
exploration of Mars, and the information sent to Earth.
• Any other space travel.
Knowledge gained from these space missions has advanced human

understanding of space and its vastness.
LB p. 43 Activity 1 Recommended
experiment for G
formal assessment
Verify the conservation of linear momentum
Answers to questions
1 pbefore = m1→
→
vi1 + m2→
vi2 = 0 (since both trolleys are initially stationary).
∆x
2 p = mv = m ∆t  and since ∆t for both are the same, p  m∆x.
__
3 Learner’s own findings and answer.

4 Learner should arrive at the conclusion that → pbefore = →
pafter which means
that momentum is conserved.
5 The most likely reason is that the trolleys do not travel the measured
distance in constant velocity as we cannot exclude friction. The presence
of the frictional force results in lower velocities for both trolley. This leads
to inaccurate readings.
Guidelines for assessment

Verify the conservation of linear momentum.
In this activity, learners are expected to conduct the experiment to verify
momentum conservation. The aim, apparatus, procedure and the table
to capture the relevant data are provided. Therefore, these aspects should
not be assessed. The aspects that should be assessed can be classified into
two categories; those for which learners can demonstrate understanding
of the procedure and their theoretical links, and those where learners need
to demonstrate the skills of conducting the experiment in terms of the
procedure outlined. Learner feedback for the former is obtained by means of
written responses to a set of questions asked, and by means of observation
and verification for the latter. The tools for assessment are a memorandum
for the questions, and a checklist for the skills that were observed.
The memorandum for the questions asked in the Learner’s Book is
provided. A checklist to assess how learners follow instructions to conduct
the experiment, is included on the next page.
Module 1 • Unit 1 D7

The learner ensures the following: Yes No
1 Bumpers and trolleys set up to affect motion of trolleys in a straight
line.
2 Trolleys are released simultaneously.
3 Several trials conducted to establish position of trolleys.
4 Initial positions of trolleys are correct.
5 Displacement of each trolley is correctly measured.
6 Mass of each trolley is correctly measured.
7 Positive and negative displacements recorded correctly, in metres.
8 Mass of each trolley is recorded correctly, in kg.
9 Product of mass and displacement for each trolley is correctly
computed and recorded.
10 The products are compared to ascertain accuracy of the results.
demonstration for G
informal assessment
Newton’s Cradle
1 We assume that there is no energy transferred to heat or sound when the
balls collide and that the collisions are elastic. This means that the balls at
the ends will continue to reach the same height, and they will continue
to swing. In reality some energy is transferred to heat and sound and the
ball will eventually come to rest.
2 a) m1→ vi1 + m2→
vi2 = m1→
vf2 + m2→ vf2 (since momentum is conserved)
m1vi1 + 0 = 0 + m2→
→
vf2 (since ball 2 starts from rest, and ball 1 comes to
rest)
The mass of each ball is the same, so → vf2 = →vi1 = →
vi.
The velocity of ball 2 just after the collision is the same as the velocity
of ball 1 just before the collision, namely → vi.
b) Before collision, Ek(total) = _ 21   m1→ vi12 + _ 12   m2→vi22
1 →2
= _ 2   mvi1 + 0
1 →2
= _ 2   mvi
After collision, Ek(total) = _ 12   m1→ vf12 + _ 12   m2→vf22
1_ → 2
= 0 +  2   mvf2
1 →2
= _ 2   mvi (because vf2 = vi)
Since total Ek before collision = total Ek after collision, we conclude
that the collision is elastic.
3 Origins of the Newton cradle – learners are expected to research this, and
engage in the contested nature of its origin.
Its utility is associated with the unusual continuity in the swing of the
balls, and the symmetrical nature of this movement. It is an aesthetically
pleasing sight, and is therefore referred to as an ‘executive toy’. However,
it is also used in many laboratories and science centres to demonstrate
elastic collisions.

1 Take the original direciton of the motion of the boy to be positive.
Total → pbefore = Total → pafter
m1vi1 + m2→
→
vi2 = (m1 + m2)→ vf
4 0 kg (+3 m∙s ) + 5 kg (−6 m∙s ) = 45 kg × vf
–1 –1
vf = +2 m∙s-1
→
= 2 m∙s–1 in the original direciton that

the boy was moving in.
2 a) In an isolated system, the total linear momentum is conserved in both
magnitude and direction.
b) Take motion to the left as positive.
pbefore = Total →
Total → pafter
(mA + mB)vi = mAvfA + mB→
→ →
vfB
(0,2 kg + 0,4 kg)(+3 m∙s-1) = 0,2 kg (+4 m∙s-1) + 0,4 → vfB
→
vfB = +2,5 m∙s –1
= 2,5 m∙s–1 to the left

c) Before explosion, Ek(total) = _ 12   mA→viA2 + _ 12   mB→ viB2
=  _21   (0,2 kg)(3 m∙s–1)2 + _ 12   (0,4 kg)(3 m∙s–1)2
= 2,7 J
After explosion, Ek(total) = _ 21   mA→vfA2 + _ 12   mB→ vfB2
= _ 21  (0,2 kg)(4 m∙s–1)2 + _ 21   (0,4 kg)(2,5 m∙s–1)2

= 2,85 J
Since total Ek before explosion ≠ total Ek after explosion, the explosion
is inelastic.

1 In this question, the velocity of the cricket ball is given in km∙h–1. The
velocity must be changed to m∙s–1.
54 km∙h–1 = 15 m∙s–1, and 36 km∙h–1 = 10 m∙s–1.
Take the original direction of the ball to be positive.
a) FnetΔt = Δp = mvf − mvi
= 0,15 kg (−10 m∙s–1 − 15 m∙s–1)
= −3,75 kg∙m∙s–1
= 3,75 kg∙m∙s–1 opposite to the original direction of the ball.
b) FnetΔt = Δp = −3,75 kg∙m∙s–1
Fnet (0,1 s) = −3,75 kg∙m∙s–1
Fnet = −37,5 N
Therefore the average force exerted by the bat is 37,5 N opposite to
the direction of the ball.
2 When the knees are bent upon landing, the time (Δt) for which the legs
exert a force on the ground, and hence time for which the ground exerts
a force on the legs is increased. The change in momentum (whether the
knees are bent or not) is constant:
1
Fnet  __  Δt   when Δp is constant.
i.e. if Δt is increased, Fnet decreases.
The smaller net force on the legs will make the landing less painfull.
3 a) total → pbefore = total →
pafter

(0,040 kg)(500 m.s ) + 0 = (0,040 kg)(200 m.s–1) + (6 kg) vf2
–1

∴ vf2 = + 2 m.s–1 in the original direction.
→
→
b) FnetΔt = Δp = m→ vf – m→ vi
480 NΔt = Δp = (0,04 kg)( + 500 m·s–1)– (0,04 kg)( + 200 m·s–1)
480 NΔt = Δp = 20 kg·m·s–1– 8 kg·m·s–1
Δt = 0,025 s

Δx
1 a) v = __ Δt ,  since the car is traveling at a constant velocity for 0,677 s.

∴ Δx = vΔt = 31 m.s–1(0,677 s)
= 20,99 m
→
b) FnetΔt = Δp = m→ vf – m→
vi
→
Fnet 6,45 s = (600 kg)(0 m·s–1) – (600 kg)(31 m·s–1)
→
Fnet = 2883,72 N opposite to the direction of the car’s motion.
2. a) This part is very general. Learners are expected to refer to:
i) Safe driving speeds.
ii) Safe following distance.
iii) Fatigue and the lack of driver alertness.
iv) The dangers associated with cellphone usage while driving.
v) The importance of effective and operational braking systems.
vi) Safe pedestrian crossing.
vii) The dangers associated with alcohol and drug usage for drivers
and pedestrians.
b) More specific responses are expected from learners for this part.
Physics principles must be listed, e.g.
i) Driving speeds and following distances must be safe, so that
vehicles can be brought to a stop over shorter distances when
necessary, to avoid accidents.
ii) Cars must be fitted with seatbelts to avoid injuries – application
of Newton’s Third Law.
iii) Cars should be fitted with airbags and crumple zones to prevent
injuries during accidents. These features in a car increase the
time of collision, and hence reduce the net force acting on the
occupants of the car – application of the impulse-momentum-
theorem.
iv) Drivers and pedestrians need to stay alert so that their reaction
time in potential accident situations can be reduced. This will
ensure that stopping times are shorter.
v) Braking systems need to be efficient, so that the forces applied
during braking are large enough to reduce speeds effectively.
Unit 2 Vertical projectile motion in one dimension

Term 1, MODULE 1
experiment for I
informal assessment
Investigate the motion of a falling body
1 To minimise the effects of air friction.
2 The mass piece must be aerodynamically shaped (or bullet-shaped), so
that it can cut through the air and minimise air friction.
3 Place padding on the floor (e.g. a thick rubber mat).

4 The dots are too close together, and therefore difficult to analyse. Also,
when the mass piece was released, there is no guarantee that the ticker
timer was switched on simultaneously.
5 a) If the experiment is repeated with different masses, then mass is the
independent variable.
b) Acceleration.
6 Learners need to compare their answers to 9,8 m.s–2.
7 Friction between tape and timer, air friction, wind, inaccurate
measurements.
8 No. The acceleration due to gravity is independent of mass.

1 B
2 D
3 a) Bongi: Δ→ v1Δt + _ 21   →
x – 16 m = → aΔt2
v1 = 0 m·s
→ –1
so
Δ→ x = _ 12   →
aΔt2 + 16 m
Alex: Δ→x=→v1Δt + _ 12   →

aΔt2
v1 = 12 m·s–1
→
so
Δx = 12 m·s–1 Δt + _ 12   →
aΔt2
 _12   →
aΔt2 + 16 m = 12 m·s–1 Δt + _ 12   →
aΔt2
16 m = 12 m·s–1 Δt
Δt = 1,33 s
b) v (m.s–1)
A
12 B
0 t (s)
1,33
A – ball thrown by Alex

B – ball thrown by Bongi
Height of ball B when it was released = shaded area under graph B.
Gradient of graph = acceleration
Δ→
v
Δt  = 9,8 m·s
__ –2
Δv →
 _______
(1,33 – 0)s  
= 9,8 m·s–2
Δ→ v = 13,034 m·s–1
Therefore, shaded area = _ 12  b × h = _ 12  (1,33s)(13,034 m·s–1) = 8,67 m
4 a) Velocity increases from t = 0 s, as the ball falls from maximum
height towards the ground and strikes the ground at t = 0,4 s.
Acceleration is constant throughout the fall.
b) Height from which the ball is dropped = displacement of ball
= area under the graph from t = 0 s to t = 0,4 s
1
=   2   b × h
_
1
=   2   (0,4 s)(4 m∙s )
_ -1
= 0,8 m
Module 1 • Unit D11

c) Take the ground to be zero position.
y (m)
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,7

0 t (s)
–0,8
Learner’s Book Unit 1 and 2 Summative assessment: Mechanics

pages 71–73
Term 1, MODULE 1
1 a) closed system
b) kinetic energy
c) impulse
d) Newton’s Third Law
e) the impulse–momentum theorem
f ) free fall
g) instantaneous velocity
h) displacement
i) acceleration/net force
j) velocity/final velocity
2 a) The momentum that an object has is in the direction of the velocity
of the object.
b) The momentum of a body is directly proportional to the velocity of
the body, and directly proportional to the mass of the body.
c) The impulse of an object is the change in momentum of the object.
d) Net force and impulse are always in the same direction.
e) Rockets can accelerate from the ground because the force of the hot
gases expelled downwards causes the rocket to accelerate upwards.
f ) Momentum is only conserved in collisions that occur in isolated
systems.
g) An object is in free fall if the only force acting on the object is the
gravitational force.
h) When an object is thrown upwards and returns to its starting point,
the upward speed is equal to the downward speed at this point.
i) At the highest position reached by an object thrown upward, the
velocity is zero. OR the acceleration is equal to the gravitational
acceleration.
j) The object will take longer to reach the ground if it is released from
rest.
3 a) B b) A
c) C d) B
e) A f ) D
4 a) Whether the wine glass falls on a carpeted floor or a concrete floor
from the same height, the change in momentum is the same. Now
1
Δt   (Δp constant). The contact time between the wine glass and
Fnet α  __
the carpeted floor is greater than the contact time between the wine
glass and the concrete floor because of the soft carpet fibres. Hence
the net force exerted by the concrete floor is greater than that exerted

by the carpet. Hence, the wine glass is more likely to break on the
concrete floor.
b) Bending your knees upon landing increases the contact time between
the floor and yourself. Since Fnet is inversely proportional to contact
time (Δt) when Δp is constant, increasing the contact time decreases
the net force, reducing the chances of injury to yourself.
5 Take the direction of the red ball’s motion as positive.
m1→ vi1 + m2→ vi2 = m1→v f1 + m2→
v f2
(0,6 kg)(5 m.s ) + (0,3 kg)(0 m.s–1) = (0,6 kg)(2 m.s–1) + (0,3 kg)→
–1
v f2
v f2 = 6 m s
→ . –1
Therefore, the green ball moves at 6 m.s–1 in the original direction of the
red ball.
6 Let the mass of each trolley be m.
Take the direction of trolley A as positive.
m1→ vi1 + m2→ vi2 = m1→v f1 + m2→
v f2
m1(3,2 m s ) + m2(0 m.s–1) = m3(0 m.s–1) + m2→
. –1
v f2
→v f2 = 3,2 m.s–1
Therefore, trolley B moves at 3,2 m.s–1 in the original direction of
trolley A.
7 When the girl catches the ball, momentum is conserved.
mG→ viG + mB→ viB = (mG + mB)→ vf
mG(0) + mB→ viB = (mG + mB)→ vf
m→
v m→
v
vf =   ______
B iB
(mG +  m )
  
≈ ___
mB iB     (Since mG is much bigger than mB)
B G
a) doubling the initial velocity of the ball (→ viB) doubles →vf ; →

vf = 4 m·s–1.
b) doubling the mass of the ball (mB) doubles vf ; vf = 4 m·s–1.
→ →
c) doubling the mass of the girl (mG) halves → vf ; →

vf = 1 m·s–1.
d) If the ball bounced of the girl and returned at the same speed, then:
viB = –→
→
vfB
mG→ viG + mB→ viB = mG→ vfG + mB→
vfB
mG(0) + mBviB = mGvfG + mB(–→
→ →
viB)
2m →
v mv
vfG = ____
→
mB  iB 
 = 2(2) = 4 m·s–1, since ___
mB iB    ≈ vf = 2 m∙s–1
G G
8 Take upward motion as positive.

When the ball is moving down:
→vf2 = → vi2 + 2→aΔy
= 02 + 2(–9,8 m∙s–2)(–3m)
→vf = – 7,67 m∙s–1 (This is the velocity with which ball strikes the ground.)
When the ball is moving up:
→vf2 = → vi2 + 2→aΔy
0 = vi2 + 2(–9,8 m∙s–2)(2,2 m)
(2)
→vi = +6,57 m∙s–1 This is the velocity with which ball leaves the ground.
→
FnetΔt = Δp = m→ vf – m→
vi (where →
vf is the velocity with which the ball leaves
the ground, and vi the velocity with which the ball strikes the ground)
→
→
Fnet (0,002 s) = 0,2 kg(+6,57 m∙s–1) – 0,2 kg(–7,67 m∙s–1)
→
Fnet = +1 424 N
The average force exerted by the floor on the ball is 1,424 N upward.
9 a) Take upward as positive.
→ vf2 = → vi2 + 2→
aΔ→y
02 = (30 m∙s–1)2 + 2(–9,8 m∙s–2)Δ→ y
Δy = 45,92 m
→
Module 1 • Unit 1 and 2 D13

b) vf = →
→
vi + → aΔt
–30 m∙s = +30 m∙s–1 + (–9,8 m∙s–2)Δt
–1
Δt = 6,12 s
c) y (m) position vs. time v (m.s–1) velocity vs. time
30 m.s–1
45,92 m
6,12 s
0 t (s)
3,06 s
0 –30 m.s–1
3,06 s 6,12 s t (s)
10 Take downward motion as positive.

Δ→ y=→ viΔt + _ 12   →
aΔt2
+36 m = vi(2,2 s) + _ 12   (+9,8 m∙s–2)(2,2 s)2
→
→ vi = +5,58 m∙s–1
Jannie threw the brick 5,58 m∙s–1 downward.
11 a) Let the time taken for B to reach the ground be t seconds. Therefore
time taken for A to reach the ground is (t + 1,4) seconds. Also let the
height of the building be y. Take upward as positive.
For object A:
Δ→ y=→ viΔt + _ 12   →
aΔt2
–y = (+10 m∙s–1)(t + 1,4)s + _ 12   (–9,8 m∙s–2)(t + 1,4)2s2 (equation 1)
For object A:
Δ→ y=→ viΔt + _ 12   →
aΔt2
1
–y = 0 +  2   (–9,8 m∙s–2)(t s)2
_
(equation 2)
Solving equations 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get t = 1,18 s.
Therefore time taken for B to reach the ground is 1,18 s.
b) Substituting for t = 1,18 s in equation 2, we get y = 6,82 m.
Therefore height from which objects were launched = 6,82 m.
c) y (m) position vs. time
A
6,82
B
0 t (s)
1,18 s 2,58 s
12 a) Independent variable: mass

Dependent variable: acceleration
b) Height from which object is dropped, OR size of objects.
c) What is the relationship between the mass of an object, and the
acceleration due to gravity when this object falls freely?
d) Use a ticker timer, and analyse the tape generated.
e) Protect the floor with padding, use mass pieces with similar shapes,
ensure ticker tape runs freely through the timer, etc.
f ) The acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the
object.

13 a) The change in velocity from t seconds to 2,4 seconds.
b) Area = l × b
= (2,4 − t) s × (−9,8 m∙s-2) = −13,72 m·s–1
t = 1 s
c) v (m∙s–1)
2,4
0 t (s)
23,52
14 Take upward motion as positive.

a) Consider the motion from the tenth floor to the large window:
→ vf2 = →vi2 + 2aΔy
(2→ v )2 = →v 2 + 2(−9,8 m∙s–2)(−6 m)
v = +6,26 m∙s-1
→
For the motion from the large window to the smaller window:
vf = →
→2
vi2 + 2aΔy
(24 m∙s ) = (2 × 6,26 m∙s–1)2 + 2(−9,8 m∙s–2)Δy
–1 2
Δy = −21,39 m
Therefore, the vertical distance between the large window and the
small window is 21,39 m.
b) Height of the tenth floor above ground:
Δy = → viΔt + _ 12   aΔt2
= (−6,26 m∙s–1)(2 s) + _ 21   (−9,8 m∙s–2)(2 s)2
= −32,12 m
i.e. the tenth floor is 32,12 m above the ground.
Therefore, large window is (32,12 m – 6 m) = 26,12 m above the
ground, and the small window (26,12 m – 21,39 m) = 4,73 m above
the ground.
y (m)
32,12
26,12

4,73
0 t (s)
t1 t2

term one
MODULE 2: matter and materials
This unit introduces the learner to organic chemistry. Not only

do 90% of all known compounds contain carbon, but all living
organisms are carbon-based. We surround ourselves with carbon
compounds, such as plastics, fibres and rubber. These products
enrich our lives and also provide jobs for thousands of chemists.
Learners should be made aware of the importance of organic
chemistry as well as the many opportunities for research and
development in this field. Link everyday commodity articles
with their chemical structure to bring the theory in context with
everyday life.
There is one prescribed experiment for formal assessment
in this unit: Activity 5: Prepare different esters. You will find
it on page 108 of the Learner’s Book and page D23 of the
Teacher’s Guide. There are also two recommended experiments
for informal assessment: Activity 3: Investigate saturated and
unsaturated molecules, and Activity 8: Make ‘slime’ and ‘silly
putty’. Activity 3 can be found on page 93 of the Learner’s Book
and page D19 of the Teacher’s Guide. Activity 8 can be found on
page 128 of the Learner’s Book and page D27 of the Teacher’s
Guide.
D16

Unit 1 Organic molecules
Term 1, MODULE 2

1 carbon and hydrogen
2 Carbon can make four covalent bonds.
Carbon atoms can join each other to form long chains. Atoms of other
elements can then attach to the chain.
Carbon atoms in a chain can be linked by single, double or triple covalent
bonds.
Carbon atoms can also arrange themselves in rings.
3 Pentane structural formula:
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
pentane
Pentane condensed structural formula: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 or

CH3(CH2)3CH3
Pentane molecular formula: C5H12
4 Molecule Structural formula Holomogous Functional
name series group
Methanoic O carboxylic –COOH
acid H C O H acid
Propanol H H H alcohol –OH

H C C C O H
H H H
Hexane H H H H H H alkane – C – C –

H C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
Butene H H H alkene C=C

H
C C C C H
H
H H
Propanal H H O aldehyde O
H C C C H C H
H H
Butyne H H alkyne –C C–
H C C C C H
H H
5 a) Lactic acid: alcohol group: – OH; carboxylic acid group: – COOH

b) Glucose: aldehyde group: – CHO; alcohol groups: – OH
O
=
c) Methyl methacrylate: alkene group: C = C ; ester group: – C – O –

LB p. 87 Activity 1 Research project I
Investigate the principles and applications of the alcohol

breathalyser
Ethanol can be oxidised by the strong oxidising agent potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) in the presence of an acid.
The orange dichromate ion (Cr2O72– ion) is converted to the green
chromium ion (Cr3+ ion). The ethanol is first oxidised to form the aldehyde
ethanal. Further oxidation will produce ethanoic acid.
The photoelectric intoximeter made use of the redox reaction between
alcohol and potassium dichromate. A breath sample is bubbled through an
aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate and silver nitrate.
The silver nitrate acts as the catalyst and allows the alcohol to be oxidised
at a reasonable rate. In an acidic solution, ethanol reacts with potassium
dichromate to reduce the dichromate ion to the chromium ion. This
reduction results in a change in colour from orange to green. This method
was used to test the levels of alcohol in a person’s breath.
Nowadays a breathaliser is used. This is a device for estimating blood
alcohol content from a breath sample. When the user exhales into a breath
analyser, any alcohol present in their breath is oxidised to acetic acid at the
anode.
CH3CH2OH(g) + H2O(ℓ) → CH3COOH(ℓ) + 4H + (aq) + 4e–
At the cathode, atmospheric oxygen is reduced:
O2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e– → 2H2O(ℓ)
The overall reaction is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and water.
CH3CH2OH(ℓ) + O2(g) → CH3COOH(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ)
The electrical current produced by this reaction is measured by a
microprocessor, and displayed as an approximation of overall blood alcohol
content (BAC) by the Alcosensor.
Tests done by various groups found that breath mints, onions,
toothpastes, mouthwash, pennies and batteries are all ineffective methods
to lower the result from the breathaliser test. They might fool the person
conducting the test, but not the analiser. Mouthwash and breath spray can
push up the reading on the breathaliser, as these products contain alcohol.
LB p. 90 Activity 2 Experiment G
Compare the physical properties of organic compounds

Investigation 1: Compare the smell of organic compounds
Demonstrate the wafting technique to your learners and make sure they all
do it correctly. They should not put their noses close to the beaker and inhale
sharply.
Investigation 2: Compare the vapour pressure of organic compounds

Manometers are not all the same. Test the apparatus beforehand to ensure
that a 2 ml sample of the organic liquid is enough to provide a noticeable
vapour pressure, that is, there is a noticeable change in the mercury levels in
the two arms of the manometer. Increase the sample size if necessary.
Investigation 3: Compare the solubility and density of organic compounds

To determine which layer is aqueous and which is organic, drip a drop of
water into the test tube. The drop will dissolve in the aqueous layer and sink

as a droplet through the organic layer. Use the table below to check that the
learners arrive at the correct conclusions.
Investigation 4: Compare boiling points of organic compounds

Use the method provided in the Learner’s Book. It can be dangerous to
determine the boiling points of organic solvents. Many solvents have harmful
vapours and are flammable. This investigation should only be done with
the correct apparatus and as a teacher demonstration. Never heat organic
solvents on an open flame.
Table of physical constants for the organic compounds
Compound Vapour Density Solubility in Boiling point

pressure (kPa (g/mℓ ) water (g/ℓ ) (°C)
at 20 °C)
Diethyl ether 58,7 0,713 69 34,6
Dichloromethane 47,5 1,326 13 39,8
Acetone 24,5 0,786 completely 56,5
Hexane 17,6 0,655 0,01 68,7
Ethyl acetate 9,7 0,894 83 77,1
Ethanol 5,9 0,789 completely 78,5
Propan-1-ol 2,1 0,803 completely 97,5
Butan-1-ol 0,6 0,810 73 117,6
experiment for G
informal assessment
Investigate saturated and unsaturated molecules
The chemicals used in this experiment are dangerous. Please read the safety
instructions and discuss them with your class.
Safety:
• Cyclohexane, cyclohexene and ethanol are extremely flammable; do
not use near a flame.
• Bromine vapours are poisonous and carcinogenic. Use in a fume
cupboard or well-ventilated room.
• Dispose of waste in an appropriate manner.
• Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidising agent and must be
disposed of separately. Do not mix with organic chemical waste.
Experiment 1: Compare reactivity of alkanes and alkenes with bromine
Follow the instructions in the Learner’s Book and conduct the experiment in
a fume cupboard or well-ventilated classroom. Bromine reacts rapidly with
cyclohexene to produce dibromocyclohexane, which is colourless. A successful
reaction is indicated when the reddish-brown bromine is used up and a
colourless product is formed. Cyclohexane will not react immediately, so place
the test tube with cyclohexane and bromine water in bright light for about 30
minutes. The cyclohexane will eventually discolour the bromine solution.
Experiment 2: Investigate the reactivity of organic compounds with potassium

permanganate
Potassium permanganate will stain your skin brown. Use gloves when
handling the chemical and making up the solution. KMnO4 is an oxidising

agent that can react with alkenes to form diols, but does not react with
alkanes. This is not a selective test for alkenes only, as KMnO4 will also
oxidise alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes and other groups. Cyclohexene should
react immediately and cyclohexane will not react.
Experiment 3: Test the reactivity of ethyne

Follow the method provided in the Learner’s Book.
1 Add a small amount of bromine solution to the unknown hydrocarbon.
The alkene will discolour the bromine solution immediately from
orange-brown to colourless.
2 CaC2(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) → C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
3 There should be no difference in the reactivity of cyclohexene and
ethyne. Both are unsaturated.
4 H H H H
H C H H C Br
C C C C
H H H H
+ Br2 → + HBr
H H H H
C C C C
H C H H C H
HH bromine HH hydrogen
cyclohexane solution bromocyclohexane bromide
H H
H C Br
C C
or H Br
+ H2
H H
C C
H C H
HH
1,1-dibromocyclohexane or hydrogen gas
any substitution product
H H H H
H C H H C H
C C C C
H H Br
H + Br2 →
C C H Br
H H C C
C H C H
HH bromine HH
cyclohexane solution 1,2-dibromocyclohexane

1 Saturated compounds: methane, ethanoic acid, pentanal
Unsaturated compounds: propene, butyne
2 H H O H H
H C C C H H C O C H
H H H H
ethanal dimethyl ether
3 H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C H H C C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H H
pent-1-yne pent-2-yne H C H
H
3-methylbut-1-yne
Pent-1-yne and pent-2-yne are positional isomers and 3-methylbut-1-yne is a
chain isomer.

LB p. 101 Activity 4 Practical activity G
Build molecular models

Allow learners to play around with the atoms and molecules. They should
rearrange the correct number of atoms in different structures to experience
how the three-dimensional structure of the molecules change. Emphasise
that they are building models of the molecules and that the molecules will
look different in reality, for example, atoms have no colour and are not all
the same size. Remind them that the carbon atom forms four bonds that are
tetrahedrally arranged around the atom.
1 The number of hydrogen atoms decreases when the number of bonds
increases. Propene will have two less hydrogen atoms than propane, and
propyne will have two less hydrogen atoms than propene. The molecular
formulae of the compounds are: propane C3H8; propene C3H6; propyne
C3H4.
2 All the compounds have three carbon atoms but different functional
groups.
H H H H H O H O H
H C C C O H H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H H
propanol propanal propanone
H H O H O H
H C C C O H H C O C C H
H H H H
propanoic acid methyl ethanoate
For the next 3 exercises, provide the correct number of atoms to each
learner and ask them to arrange the atoms in all the possible ways.
3 H H H H H H H H
H H
C C C C H H C C C C H C C C H
H H
H H H H H C H H
but-1-ene but-2-ene H
methyl propene
4 H H O H H O H O H
H C C C O H H C C O C H H C O C C H
H H H H H H
propanoic acid ethyl methanoate methyl ethanoate
5 H H H H H O H H H H OH H
H C C C C O H H C C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H C H H
butan-1-ol butan-2-ol H
methyl propan-2-ol
H H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C O H H C O C C C H H C C O C C H
H H C H H H H H H H H H H
H methyl propyl ether diethyl ether
methyl propan-1-ol

1 a) i) and iii) are identical
b) i) 2,4,4-trimethylhexane
ii) 2,5-dimethylheptane
iii) 2,4,4-trimethylhexane
2 Positional isomers: CH2 = CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH = CHCH2CH3
pent-1-ene pent-2-ene
Chain isomers:
H H
H C H H C H
H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H
2-methyl but-1-ene 2-methyl but-2-ene
3 a) 3-methylbut-1-ene d) pentanoic acid

b) 1,2-dichloroethane e) heptan-4-one
c) butan-2-ol f ) ethylmethanoate
4 a) H H
H C H H C H
H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H
H C H
H
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
b) H
H C H
H H H
H C C C C H
H H
2-methylbut-2-ene
c) H
H–C C C H
propyne H
H F F H H H
d)
H C C C C C C H
H H H H
2,3-difluorohex-3-ene
e) H H H H H H H O
H C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H C H
H
3-methyloctanal
f) H O H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H
pentan-2-one

g) H H H H
H
C C C C C H
H
H
1,3-pentadiene

1 a) Melting points and boiling points increase as the length of the
molecules increases. In larger molecules, the surface area in
contact between adjacent molecules increases, and there are more
opportunities for van der Waals forces to form weak interactions.
There are therefore stronger intermolecular forces between large
molecules than between small molecules.
b) The butane molecule forms a straight chain and individual molecules
can get close to one another. There are more points of contact
for intermolecular forces to form. Methylpropane molecules are
branched and more spherical, with fewer points of contact for
intermolecular forces. Melting and boiling points are lower for
methylpropane than for butane.
2 a) Intermolecular forces between alkane molecules: van der Waals
forces. Intermolecular forces between alcohol molecules: hydrogen
bonds.
b) The boiling points of the alkanes increase with molecular mass. As
the molecules become larger, greater parts of the molecules are
closer to the adjacent molecules and form momentary dipoles. More
energy is needed to free larger molecules from their neighbours, so
the boiling point increases.
c) Like dissolves like. This means that only molecules with
intermolecular forces of similar strength will dissolve in each other.
Both water and alcohols have polar molecules. The forces between
water molecules are hydrogen bonds, and so are the forces between
alcohol molecules. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules
and between alcohol molecules can be replaced easily by hydrogen
bonds between water and alcohol molecules. Alkanes are non-polar
molecules with weak van der Waals forces between them. Van der
Waals forces and hydrogen bonds have different order strengths and
cannot replace each other. Alkanes do not mix with water.
LB p. 108 Activity 5 Prescribed

experiment for formal G
assessment
Prepare different esters

The chemicals used in this experiment can be dangerous. Please read the
safety instructions and discuss them with your class.
Safety:
• Wear safety goggles.
• Organic solvents can have harmful vapours; use in a well-ventilated
room.
• Organic solvents can be flammable; extinguish all open flames.

• Concentrated sulfuric acid and glacial (concentrated) acetic acid are
very corrosive chemicals and will vigorously attack skin and tissue.
They must be handled with extreme care. Wash off any contacted area
immediately with large amounts of cold water.
Follow the method provided in the Learner’s Book.

1 See names of esters in table below.
Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester Smell
methanol acetic acid methyl acetate glue
methanol salicylic acid methyl salicylate wintergreen oil
ethanol acetic acid ethyl acetate nail polish remover
ethanol salicylic acid ethyl salicylate wintergreen oil
pentanol acetic acid pentyl acetate banana
pentanol salicylic acid pentyl salicylate floral
2 CH3OH + CH3COOH → CH3OCOCH3 + H2O

3
O H O
H H H H H
C O H H H H C
O H O C C C C C H
+ H C C C C C H H H H H H
O H H H H H H O H
4 See smells in above table.

5 Sulfuric acid act as the catalyst in the reaction.
6 Ether is not miscible with water, but the starting materials (which also
have a smell) are soluble in water. Pouring the product on water dissolves
the starting materials still in the mixture, meaning that the only thing
which is on the surface (and thus able to be easily smelled) is the ether
product.
Assessment of experimental part of activity 5Total allocated marks: 15

Assessment Rating
criteria 5 4 3 2 1 0
Organisation Method Method Method Method No idea how No attempt
– worked followed; partly partly not well to follow to do
through efficiently followed; followed; followed; method; dis- experiment
method organised; reasonably not well disorganised; organised;
in orderly neat organised; organised untidy messy
manner neat
Efficient use Experiment Some Experiment Not
of allocated completed parts of not attempted
time efficiently experiment completed;
and in time not inefficient
completed
in time
Teamwork Effective and Evidence of Some effort Learner Refused to
and enthusiastic some effort made, but does not participate
enthusiasm teamwork; made, but lacking in participate
good spirit not very enthusiasm and leaves
enthusiastic others to do
the work

Ability All apparatus Apparatus Apparatus No attempt
to use used sometimes used to use
apparatus correctly and used incorrectly apparatus
with care incorrectly
Assessment of learner report Total allocated marks: 5

Assessment Rating
Presentation Results Results Some results Some results Report late No results
of results neatly presented presented presented, and untidy presented
and presented in a report; in a report; but
neatness in a suitable handed in neat, but confusing,
report; on time late late
handed in
on time
Use the answers above as a marking memo for the report.

1 Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester Smell
ethanol methanoic acid ethyl methanoate rum
propanol ethanoic acid propyl ethanoate pear
butanol butanoic acid butyl butanoate pineapple
ethanol heptanoic acid ethyl heptanoate apricot
propanol hexanoic acid propyl hexanoate blackberry

1 a) oxygen
b) 2C2H2 + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O
c) The reaction is very exothermic and the flame is very hot.
2 a) esters
b) pleasant smells
c) O
C O C

d) ethanol + propanoic acid
e)
H H O H H H H O H H
conc.
H C C O H + H O C C C H H C C O C C C H + H2O
H2SO4
H H H H H H H H
ethanol propanoic acid ethyl propanoate water
f ) H2SO4 acts as a catalyst.

3 a) alkenes
b) i) Br Br H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
1,2-dibromobutane
ii) addition reaction: halogenation
iii) The orange-brown colour of the bromine solution is discoloured.

c) i) H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
butane
ii) addition reaction: hydrogenation
iii) vegetable oil is hydrogenated to increase its saturation level and
decrease the melting point to form soft solids (margarine) at
room temperature.
d) i) addition reaction: hydration
ii)
H O H H H O H H
H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H
H C H H C H
H H
2-methyl-1-propanol 2-methyl propan-2-ol
4 a) and b)
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H
H C C C C C C C H C C C H + H C C C H
H
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C
H
heptane propene methyl propane
5 a) H H H H Cl H
H C C C H + Cl2 (g) H C C C H + HCl (g)
H H H H H H
hydrogen
propane chlorine gas 2-chloropropane chloride
b) substitution
c) No reaction occurs.
6 a) CH3CH2CH2Br + NaOH → CH3CH2CH2OH + NaBr
b) substitution reaction
c) propan-1-ol
Make silicone rubber

Silicone rubber is a rubber-like material composed of silicone together with
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Silicone rubber is very flexible and widely
used in industry. It is generally non-reactive, stable, and resistant to extreme
environments and temperatures while still maintaining its useful properties.
Normal organic rubber has a carbon backbone which can leave it susceptible
to break down in heat and sunlight, but silicone rubber has a backbone that
consists of Si–O–Si units which can withstand aging much better.
Some learners may find that their polymers crumble when pressed.
They should gently press all of the materials together to get rid of the excess
alcohol from the polymer as they roll it in their palms to form a ball. Wet it
occasionally to make a smooth, glistening surface. They can add a drop of
food colouring to colour the ball.

LB p. 128 Activity 7 Experiment C
Make plastic sulfur

We strongly recommend that you use this experiment as a demonstration
to the class. The Learner’s Book contains the background information
for this demonstration. Mention that sulfur has three allotropes: rhombic
sulfur, monoclinic sulfur and plastic sulfur. Rhombic sulfur is the most stable
form and consists of puckered S8 rings. When heated, it slowly converts to
monoclinic sulfur (melting point 119 °C) which also consists of S8 rings.
When the liquid sulfur is heated above 150 °C, the rings begin to break up
and the short chains form a viscous entangled mass. Further heating produce
plastic sulfur, as explained in the Learner’s Book.

experiment for G
informal assessment
Make ‘slime’ and ‘Silly Putty’
Experiment 1: Make ‘slime’
Experiment 2: Make ‘Silly Putty’
Slime is a gel that will flow and stretch if you pull it slowly, although it will
break if pulled suddenly. You can rework chunks of the gel into a single mass.
When placed in a container, the gel takes on the shape of the container.
When placed on a flat surface, it flows to form a film. Silly Putty has similar
properties, but has a more rubbery and solid consistency.
1 The function of the borax is to cross-link the polymer chains. More borax
will result in a more stiff slime or putty.
2 You can use less borax, but there must be enough borax to allow cross-
linking of the polymer.
3 No; the water separates from the polymer product.
4 The polymer loses its elasticity.
5 Learner’s own work.

1 a) The IUPAC name is poly(ethene).
b) The IUPAC name of the monomer is ethene with structure:
H H
C C
H H
ethene
c) CH2CH2–CH2CH2–CH2CH2 n
d) Ethene is a gas, and polyethylene is a solid at room temperature.
e) No other products form during addition polymerisation.
2 O H O H H
n H O C C C O H + n H O C C O H
H H H
O H O H H
C C C O C C O + nH2O
H H H n
a) condensation polymerisation

b) Water also forms during this reaction.
3 a) A H H B O H C H O
C C C C H C C
H Cl H H H
H O
PVC polystyrene
C C
H H
polyvinyl acetate
b) A: CH2 = CHCl
B: C6H5CH = CH2
C: CH3COOCH = CH2
LB p. 136 Activity 9 Investigation G
Investigating plastics
Investigation 1: Plastics physical properties
Plastics have the following physical properties in common:
• practically unbreakable and durable
• electrical and thermal insulators
• easily moulded into different shapes and sizes
• corrosion resistant
• low density makes them light
• cost-effective
• hygienic, inert and safe; does not contaminate food or other products
• produced in different colours.
Learners should draw up their own tables.
Investigation 2: History of polymers

Polythene
Polythene, known in industry as polyethylene, was first produced
accidentally in 1933 by Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson at the Imperial
Chemical Industries Laboratory (ICI) in England. They reacted ethylene
with benzaldehyde under high pressure and found a small amount of a
white, waxy solid in the reaction vessel. Fawcett identified it as the polymer
polyethylene. This polymer had interesting moulding and electrical
properties and was patented in 1936.
PVC
Poly(chloroethene) is known as PVC in the industry and was discovered
by a French physicist Henri Victor Regnault, and German physicist Eugen
Baumann. It was first produced in the laboratory in 1912 and commercial
production started in 1931. Today the production of PVC is the second
largest of all plastics in the world.
Polystyrene
The styrene (phenylethene) monomer was first distilled from a balsam tree in
1831 by the French chemist Bonastre. Later, the German pharmacist Eduard
Simon gave the name styrol to this liquid. He found that when the liquid was
left to stand for several months it formed a jelly-like substance. Various other
chemists worked with the substance and found that by heating the liquid, a
reaction took place that changed it into a solid. In the 20th century the name
of the substance was changed to styrene. Commercial production of styrene

commenced in the 1930s, and played an important role during World War II
in the production of synthetic rubber.
Polypropylene
Propylene was first polymerised to a crystalline isotactic polymer by
Giulio Natta as well as by the German chemist Karl Rehn in March 1954.
In isotactic polypropylene the methyl groups are on the same side of the
polymer chain. It has a regular structure, making the polymer rigid and
tough. This pioneering discovery led to large-scale commercial production
of isotactic polypropylene by the Italian firm Montecatini from 1957
onwards. Syndiotactic polypropylene was also first synthesized by Natta and
his coworkers. In syndiotactic polypropylene the methyl groups alternate
between one side of the polymer chain and the other.
PVA
Polyvinyl acetate was discovered by Fritz Klatte, a German chemist in 1912.
He found that the catalysed reaction of acetylene with acetic acid gave a low
boiling liquid (vinyl acetate) that can easily be polymerised to form a range
of dense solid materials.
Polylactic acid
Polylactic acid was first discovered in the 1930s when a DuPont scientist,
Wallace Caruthers, produced a low molecular weight PLA product. In
1954, DuPont patented Carothers’ process. Initially the focus was on the
manufacture of medical grade applications due to the high cost of the
polymer, but advances in fermentation of glucose, which forms lactic acid,
has dramatically lowered the cost of producing lactic acid and significantly
increased interest in the polymer.
Investigation 3: Build a model

Learners’ own work
Investigation 4: Environmental issues regarding plastics

‘Research has shown that in industrial countries where plastic packaging is
used extensively the quality of food wasted before it reaches the consumer
is only 2%. The level of food wastage reaches 50% in developing countries
where packaging, refrigeration and distribution are not as sophisticated.’
Organise a class discussion or debate to discuss this statement and debate
the pros and cons of plastic packaging and the use of plastic products in
general. Ask learners to then write down their own thoughts about the
advantages and disadvantages of plastics and prompt them to take a stance
against littering and to actively promote recycling.
a) Plastics:
• are corrosion-resistant, inert and non-biodegradable, so they last for
a long time
• are also often colourful and can be seen from a distance
• have received a lot of negative publicity, e.g. fishing line entangles
seabirds and fish; grazing animals and birds eat plastic.
b) Plastics do not damage plant-life, but are a hazard to animals and birds as
they confuse it with food. Sea-animals and birds get entangled in fishing
line and plastic debris.
c) In previous eras disposable containers did not exist. There were no
tissues, plastic and paper bags, packaging material, and so on. People
reused containers and other items after washing them. Degradable plant

material was used to make compost. The volume of waste was much less
and could be buried or burnt.
Today we throw away many items than can be reused. By being more
aware and careful of what we dump, we can decrease the amount of
rubbish that we generate. Vegetable matter can still be used for compost-
making and many containers can be washed and reused. If everyone
decreases the amount of litter they create, it would make a huge impact
on the economy.
Investigation 5: Survey
Learners’ own opinions, initiative and work.
Optional activity Preparation of nylon G
When polymer chains are pulled while they are being formed, they become
more ordered and closely packed. The intermolecular forces between the
closely spaced chains increase. The fibre becomes stronger with greater
tensile strength. You can demonstrate this physical property of polymers by
making nylon in class. Some school laboratories might carry the ingredients
for this experiment.
You will need: 250 ml beaker, 100 ml beaker, hexamethylenediamine,

sebasylchloride, crucible tongs, glass rod
This is also an elimination reaction, but HCl is eliminated instead of H2O.

O O
n H2N(CH2)6NH2 + n Cl C(CH2)8C Cl →
hexamethylenediamine sebasylchloride
O O
N(CH2)6N C (CH2)8 C + n HCl
H H n
nylon 6,6
1 Dissolve 1 ml sebasylchloride in 50 ml of tetrachloroethene and pour into

a 250 ml beaker.
2 Dissolve 2,2 g hexamethylenediamine in 50 ml of distilled water.
3 Carefully add the hexamethylenediamine solution to the sebasylchloride
solution. Two layers form, and a thin layer of polymer can be seen at the
boundary between the two liquid layers.
4 Slowly lift the layer out of the beaker with the crucible tongs. A long
thread forms. Wrap the thread onto a glass rod and roll it up as new
polymer forms at the boundary between the two liquid layers.
5 While pulling and wrapping the polymer onto the glass rod, the
molecules of the polymer are aligned and become more closely packed.
Explain how this action changes the physical properties of the polymer.

Learner’s Book Unit 1 Summative assessment: Matter and materials
pages 137–144
Term 1, MODULE 2
1 a) hydrocarbons i) alkanes
b) functional group j) esterification
c) homologous series k) hydrohalogenation
d) unsaturated l) hydration
e) alkynes m) cracking
f ) CnH2n + 2 n) substitution
g) (structural) isomers o) polymerisation
h) IUPAC system p) condensation polymerisation
2 a) Hydrocarbons can contain the elements hydrogen and carbon.
b) C5H12 is a member of the alkane homologous series. C7H14 is an alkene.
c) Alkynes have the general formula CnH2n–2 and are unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
d) Ethanol is an example of a primary alcohol and is completely soluble
in water.
e) The boiling points of the alkenes increase with increasing molecular
mass.
f ) Alcohols and carboxylic acids have hydrogen bonds between their
molecules. Alkyl halides have van der Waals forces between their
molecules.
g) Chlorination of methane is a substitution reaction.
h) Unsaturated compounds undergo addition reactions to form
saturated compounds.
i) Two types of saturated structures can be interconverted by
substitution.
j) Polythene is an addition polymer made from ethyne monomers.
3 a) A b) B c) D d) D e) B
f ) C g) B h) C i) A j) D
4 a) D b) G c) F d) E e) K
f ) A g) B h) L i) H j) C
5 a) General formula: All members of a homologous series have the same
general formula. The general formula for the alkanes is Cn H2n + 2
where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
b) Homologous series: A family of organic molecules forms a
homologous series. All the molecules in a homologous series have
the same functional group, but different lengths of carbon chains.
Alkanes, alkenes and alcohols are examples of organic homologous
series.
c) Functional group: The distinctive group of atoms attached to a
carbon chain that all the members of the homologous series have
in common is called the functional group. Functional groups are
responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a homologous
series. The functional group of the alkenes is a double bond C=C and
the functional group of the alcohols is the hydroxyl group OH.
6 a) C b) G c) I d) H e) J
f ) E g) D h) F i) B j) A
7 a) Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae.

b) O H H O
H C O C H H C C OH
H H
methyl methanoate ethanoic acid
c) Ethanoic acid: The hydrogen bonds between ethanoic acid molecules

are stronger than the van der Waals forces between ester molecules;
more energy is needed to break bonds between ethanoic acid
molecules.
8 Ethanoic acid has the highest boiling point, so the intermolecular forces
must be the strongest. Each molecule can form two hydrogen bonds as
shown in the diagram. Propanol molecules also form hydrogen bonds,
but only one for each molecule and the boiling point is lower than that
of ethanoic acid. Propanal has a carbonyl group and the difference in
electronegativity between the O and C atoms result in a polar bond.
Dipole forces form between adjacent propanal molecules. Dipole-dipole
forces are weaker than hydrogen bonds, but stronger than the van der
Waals forces between non-polar butane molecules.
O H O δ– CH3CH2CH2 O H
CH3 C OH O C CH3 O
δ +
H O CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH HCCH2CH3
hydrogen bonds δ+ hydrogen bond
O
dipole-dipole forces δ–
ethanoic acid propanal propanol
9 Reaction type Homologous series involved Products formed

Combustion alkanes (alkenes, alkynes, CO2 + H2O
alcohols)
Substitution alkanes, haloalkanes, alcohols alkanes, haloalkanes,
(saturated compounds) alcohols (saturated
compounds)
Addition alkenes, cycloalkenes alkanes, haloalkanes,
and alkynes (unsaturated alcohols (saturated
compounds) compounds)
Elimination alkanes, alcohols, haloalkanes alkenes, haloalkenes
(satuated compounds) (unsaturated compounds)
Esterification alcohols + carboxylic acids esters + H2O
10 a) Cn H2n–2
b) i) addition reaction: halogenation
ii) 1,2- dibromopropane
Br Br H
H C C C H
H H H
1,2-dibromopropane
c) i) H H H
H C C C H
H O H
H
propan-2-ol

ii) Strong acid such as HCl, H2SO4 or H3PO4
d) carboxylic acids
e) i) esterification
ii) concentrated sulfuric acid
iii)
H O H H
H C O C C C H + H 2O
H H H
methyl proponoate water
11 a) ethyl propanoate
b) esters
c) ethanol
d) concentrated sulfuric acid
e) H H H H
O
H C C C C C
O H
H H H H
Pentanoic acid
12 a) alkenes
b) Cn H2n
c) H
H H C H H H
H C C C C H
H H
2-methylbut-2-ene
d) The compound contains a double bond and during an addition
reaction, more atoms can be added onto the molecule.
e) i) The brown bromine solution discolours.
ii) halogenation (addition reaction)
iii) 2,3-dibromo-2-methylbutane
H
H H C H H H
H C C C C H
H Br Br H
f ) i) W
ater must be in excess; a small amount of strong acid (HCl,
H2SO4 or H3PO4) to act as catalyst
ii) 2-methyl-butan-2-ol
H
H H C H H H
H C C C C H
H O–H H H
13 a) reaction III: elimination – dehydration
b) but-2-ene CH3CH = CHCH3
c) reaction I: hydration; reaction II: hydrohalogenation
OH
d) butan-2-ol CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3
e) 2-bromo-2–methylpentane CH3CCH2CH2CH3
Br
f ) alkenes

14 a) Large hydrocarbons are cracked to form smaller alkanes and alkenes
that are more useful.
b) C8H 18
c) CH3(CH2)6CH3 → CH3CH2CH2CH3 + CH3CH = CHCH3
d) butane and but-2-ene (or but-1-ene)
e) Thermal cracking happens at high temperature without a catalyst;
catalytic cracking happens at lower temperature with a suitable
catalyst.
15 a) Pent-1-ene contains a double bond and during reactions the double
bond can break and more atoms can be added on to the molecule.
b) H H H H H Br H H H
H
C C C C C H + HBr H C C C C C H
H
H H H H H H H H
pent-1-ene 2-bromopentane
c) hydrohalogenation (addition)
d) H
H O H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
pentan-2-ol
e) hydrolysis
f ) i) water
ii) HCl, H2SO4 or H3PO4
iii) hydration
g) i) pent-1-ene
ii) dehydrohalogenation (elimination)
16 a) Monomer: the smallest unit in a polymer which is repeated many
hundreds to thousands of times, e.g. ethene is the monomer in
poly(ethene).
Copolymer: made up of two or more types of monomer, e.g.
polyester is made from the monomers terephthalic acid and ethylene
glycol.
Homopolymer: contains only one type of monomer, e.g. poly(ethene).
b) Polymers are macromolecules with large molecular masses.
Intermolecular forces are stronger in large molecules and keep these
molecules in a solid state.
17 a) ethene
b) addition polymerisation
c) monomer: H H H H H H
ethene C C C C C C
H H H H H H
high pressure catalyst
heat
polymer: H H H H H H repeat unit: H H

polyethene
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H
d) plastic bags, squeeze bottles, films, toys, molded objects, electric

insulation, etc.
18 a) condensation polymerisation
b) ester bond

c) O O
n HO C C OH +n H O CH2CH2 OH
terephthalic acid ethylene glycol
280 0C catalyst
O O
C C O CH2CH2 O + n H20
n
polyester
19 a) lactic acid H
(polylactic acid) H C H
H O C C O H
H O
b) chloro ethene H H
(vinyl chloride) C C
H Cl
(PVC)
c) styrene H H
H
(polystyrene) C C H
H C C C C
H
C C
H H
d) ethene H H
(ethylene) C C
H H
(polythene)
e) ethenol H
(vinyl alcohol) H C C O H
(PVA) H
20 Plastics are used in packaging for the following reasons:
• good strength and elasticity
• durability
• photodegradability
• easily moulded into shapes
• low density gives light mass
• insulation properties
• hygienic, inert and safe; does not contaminate food
• corrosion and chemical resistant
• transparent and allows us to see the packaged product
• cost-effective.
Plastics are used for a wide variety of other products because they are:
• practically unbreakable and durable
• electrical and thermal insulators
• produced in different colours
• easily moulded in different shapes and sizes
• corrosion resistant.

term two
Unit 3 Work, energy and power

Term 2, MODULE 1 (continued)

1 a) Work done by a force is the energy transferred to or from an object,
given by the product of the magnitudes of the displacement and the
component of the force in the direction of the displacement.
b) The net work done on an object is the change in the kinetic energy of
the object.
2 a) WF = FΔx cos θ = 800 N (80 m) cos 180°
= – 64 000 J
→
WFf = Ff Δxcos θ = 240 N (80 m) cos 180°
b)
= – 19 200 J
c) Wnet = WF + WFf
= –64 000 J + –19 200 J = –83 200 J
d) Wnet = ΔEk = _ 21   mvf2 – _ 12   mvi2
–83 200 J = _ 12   (960 kg)vf2 – _ 12  (960 kg)(27,78 m∙s–1)2
vf = 24,46 m∙s–1.
3 WF = FΔxcos θ = (6 N)(20 m) cos 180° = –120 J
WFN = FN Δxcos θ = FN(20 m) cos 90° = 0 J
WFf = Ff Δxcos θ = (2 N)(20 m) cos 180° = –40 J
WFg = Fg Δx cos θ = (2 kg)(9,8 m∙s–2)(20 m) cos 60° = +196 J
Therefore, Wnet = –120 J + 0 J + (–40 J) + 196 J = +36 J
Wnet = ΔEk = Ekf – Eki
= _ 12   mvf2 – _ 12   mvi2
+36 J = _ 21   (2 kg)vf2 – _ 12   (2 kg)(0 m∙s–1)2
vf = 6 m·s–1.

1 A conservative force is a force where the work done by this force is
independent of the path taken by the object experiencing the force.
2 a) The only force acting on the stone is the gravitational force; hence
the mechanical energy is conserved.
(E p + E k)TOP = (E P + E K)BOTTOM
(mgh + _ 21   mv f2)TOP = (mgh + _ 12   mv i2)BOTTOM
m(9,8 m∙s–2)(20 m) + 0 = 0 + _ 12   mv i2
v i = 19,80 m∙s–1
b) The work is done by the gravitational force which acts opposite to
the direction of motion.
W Fg = F gΔycos θ = (0,05 kg)(9,8 m∙s–2)(20 m) cos 180°
= – 9,8 J

c) ΔE k = E kf – E ki = _ 12   mv f2 – _ 12   mv i2
= 0 – _ 12   (0,05 kg)(19,80 m∙s–1)2
= –9,8 J
d) ΔE p = E pf –E pi = mgh TOP – mgh BOTTOM
= (0,05 kg)(9,8 m∙s–2)(20 m) – 0
= 9,8 J
3 W Fg = ΔE k = –ΔE p
→
Since F g is the only force acting, W Fg = W net
Hence, W net = ΔE k (The work-energy theorem)
Also, W Fg = –ΔE p ( Because of the conservative nature of the
gravitational force. This relationship was established
earlier.)
Finally, ΔE k = –ΔE p ( Which confirms the conservation of mechanical
energy.)
4 a) F N
Ff
Fg
b) Wnc = ΔEp + ΔEk

= −mgh + ( _12 m 2
f
1 2
  v −    m
2   vi )
_
= −20 kg × 9,8 m∙s–2 × 10 m + [ _12  20 kg × (12 m∙s–1)2 − 0]

= −520 J
c) The only non-conservative force acting on the trolley is the frictional
force.
Therefore, Wnc = WFf = Ff Δx cos 180°
−520 J = 25 N (Δx)( −1)
Δx = 20,8 m
The displacement of the trolley along the incline is 20,8 m.

practical investigation G
for informal assessment
Determine the work done in climbing up a flight of stairs

1 To maintain a constant force to move you up the stairs, and hence a
constant net force. This will ensure that ΔEk = 0.
2 Work done by yourself (W) = work done by the non-conservative forces
(Wnc).
Wnc = ΔEp + ΔEk
W = ΔEp + 0 = mgh
Therefore work done by you = mgh.
3 a) Work done when walking or running is the same.
W 1
Δt  , which implies that P ∝   Δt   (W is constant)
b) P = __ __
Δtrunning < Δtwalking

Therefore, Prunning > Pwalking

4. Work done by a force is independent of the time for which the force acts,
1
while power developed by the force depends on the time (P ∝ __    when
 Δt
W is constant).

→ →
1 The only force acting on the car is the force of the engine, i.e. Feng = Fnet.
Therefore, Weng = Wnet = ΔEk = _ 12   mvf2 – _ 12   mvi2
= _ 12   (800 kg)(25 m∙s–1)2 – 0
= 250 000 J
Power dissipated by the engine:
Weng
Δt    
P = ___
250 000 J
= ______
10 s   
 
= 25 000 W
2 The force applied by the girl (F) is the only non-conservative force acting
on the girl.
Therefore, WF = Wnc = ΔEp + ΔEk
= mghTOP – mghBOTTOM + ΔEk
= (50 kg)(9,8 m∙s–1)(250 m) – 0 + 0
= 122 500 J
W 122 500 J
Pave = __
ΔtF   = ______
600 s   
 
= 204,17 W
3 a) →
FN
→
Fapp
→
Ff
→
Fg

b) Wnet = ΔK = 0 J (since the pram moves down at constant velocity)
Wnet = WFN + WFg + WFf + WFapp
→
0 J = 0 J + mgΔx cos θ + Ff Δx cos θ + WFapp
0 J = 0 J + (25 kg)(9,8 m∙s–2)(20 m) cos 75°
+ (35 N)(20 m) cos 180° + WFapp
WFapp = –568,21 J
→
c) WFapp = Fapp Δx cos θ
→
–568,21 J = Fapp (20 m) cos 180°
→
Fapp = 28,41 N up the incline.
→
d) Pav = Fapp v
= 28,41 N × 1 m∙s–1
= 28,41 W

1 a) P = 5000 W = 5000 J∙s–1
W
P = __Δt   
W
5 000 J∙s–1 = __
1s  
W = 5 000 J
Therefore, 5 000 J of energy is used to pump water every second.
b) Electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy, i.e. gravitational
potential energy to raise the water to the surface, and kinetic energy
to discharge the water.
c) Assuming no friction between the water and the pipes or the pump,
the only non-conservative forces acting on the water are the forces
exerted by the pump to raise and discharge the water. In one second:
Wnc = ΔEk + ΔEp = −(mgh − 0) + ( _12   mv2 − 0)
5 000 J = m(9,8 m∙s–2)(20 m) − 0 + _ 12   m(10 m∙s–1)2 − 0
m = 20,33 kg
Therefore, the maximum mass of water that can be raised and
discharged every second is 20,33 kg.
Learner’s Book
page 167–169
Unit 3 Summative assessment: Mechanics
Term 2, MODULE 1 (continued)
1 a) work done
b) kinetic energy
c) conservative force
d) net work
e) power
2 a) Work is done by the applied force when a mass is lifted upward.
b) A conservative force does no work on a body if the body is moved
around a closed path by this force.
c) When a force does work on an object that moves at a constant
velocity, the power due to the applied force is given by Fv.
d) Mechanical energy is conserved in a swinging pendulum, because the
tension in the string does no work on the pendulum bob.
e) Two people will only have the same power output when they run
down a flight of stairs in equal time if their masses are the same.
3 a) C b) C c) B d) C e) B
4 a i) Since the only force acting on the brick while it is in motion is the
gravitational force, mechanical energy is conserved.
(Ep + Ek)bottom = (Ep + Ek)top
(mgh + _ 12   mv2)bottom = (mgh + _ 12   mv2)top
m(9,8 m∙s–2)(1,5 m) + _ 12   mv2bottom = m(9,8 m∙s–2)(4 m) + _ 12   m(2 m∙s–1)2

vbottom = 7,28 m∙s–1
Therefore, Sifiso threw the brick at 7,28 m∙s–1.
ii) (Ep + Ek)bottom = (Ep + Ek)top
(mgh + _ 12   mv2)bottom = (mgh + _ 12   mv2)max height
m(9,8 m∙s–2)(1,5 m) + _ 21   m(7,28 m∙s–1)2 = m(9,8 m∙s–2)hmax + _ 12   m(0)2
hmax = 4,20 m
Therefore, height above the roof = 4,20 m – 4 m = 0,20 m.

b) It is advisable for Khaya to catch the brick on its return downwards
because the time taken for the brick to reach him will be greater,
allowing him more time to react, while the speed of the brick will be
the same at the point where it is caught.
5 a) Since the surface from A to B is frictionless, by the conservation of
mechanical energy we have:
(Ep + Ek)A = (Ep + Ek)B
mgh + 0 = 0 + _ 21   mv2
(0,04 kg)(9,8 m.s )(0,8 m) = _ 21  (0,04 kg)v2
–2
v = 3,96 m.s–1
b) For the motion from B to C, the only non-conservative force acting
on the bead is the frictional force. Therefore,
WFf = Wnc = ΔEp + ΔEk
= Ep(at C) – Ep(at B) + Ek(at C) – Ek(at B)
= mghC – mghB + _ 12   mvC2 – _ 12   mvB2
= (0,04 kg)(9,8 m∙s–2)(0,6 m) – 0 + _ 21   (0,04 kg)(1 m∙s–1)2 – _ 12   (0,04 kg)
(3,96 m∙s–1)2
= –0,0584 J
6 a) Assuming that each learner moves upward at a constant speed, and
ignoring friction, work is done on the crates by an applied force (non-
conservative force) in each case.
Wnc = ΔEp + ΔEk = mgΔh + 0 = mgΔh.
Since the crates have the same mass, and gain the same height, the
work done in each case is the same.
W
b)
P = __
Δt  
1
i.e. P ∝ __
 Δt
   (W is the same for both learners),
ΔtBongi < ΔtSam, therefore PBongi > PSam
7 F is the force applied by the engine to overcome friction.
100 000 m
v = 100 km.h–1 = _______ = 27,78 m.s–1
60 × 60 s  
 
P = Fv
20 000 W = F(27,28 m.s–1)
F = 720 N
Therefore the magnitude of the frictional force is 720 N.
8 The force applied by the motor on the elevator (Fapp) must balance the
weight and frictional force downwards, since the net acceleration of the
lift is zero (velocity is constant).
Fapp = mg + Ffr = (1 000 kg + 50 kg)(9,8 m.s–2) + 2 000 N
= 12 290 N
P = Fappv = (12 290 N)( 3 m.s–1)
= 36 870 J.s–1 = 36 870 W = 36,87 kW
9 m = 2 000 kg u = 10 m?s–1
v=0 Dx = 12,5 m
a=?
a) v2 = u2 1 2Dx
02 = (10 m?s–1)2 1 2a(12,5 m)
a = –4 m?s–2
a = 4 m?s–2 opposite to the direction of motion.
F = ma = 2 000 kg 3 (–4 m?s–2)
= –8 000 N
= 8 000 N opposite to the direction of motion.

b) The component of the gravitational force acting down the incline (F1)
is given by:
F1 = mg sin 5,74 = 1 960,28 N down the incline.
Frictional (Ffr) force also acts down the incline; Ffr = 200 N
To keep the van at constant velocity, the force exerted by the engine
(FE) is given by:
FE = F1 1 Ffr
= 1 960,28 N 1 200 N
= 2 160,28 N up the incline.
Therefore: P = Fv
= 2 160,28 N 3 10 m?s–1
= 21 602,8 W
10
Consider a mass of 1 200 kg of water. The work done to raise the water
from the well and to project it is given by the equation:
W = DEp 1 DEk
= mgh 1   1 mv2
__ 
2
= (1 200 kg)(9,8 m?s–2)(10 m) 1   12 (1 200 kg)( 15 m?s–1)2
__
 
= 252 600 J
Therefore, power of motor = W t   
__
 
252 600J
= _______
60 s
   
 
= 4210 W (1 minute)
11 a) From B to C, the only horizontal force acting on the ball is the
frictional force.
Wnet = WFf = Ff Δx cos 180°
= 1,8 N (2,5 m)(−1) = −4,5 J
Wnet = ΔEk = _ 12   mvf2 – _ 21   mvi2
−4,5 J = 0 − _ 21  (0,05 kg)vf2
vf = 13,42 m∙s–1.
Therefore the ball must have a speed of 13,42 m∙s–1 at B.
b) WFf = Ff Δx cos 180°

= 1,2 N (2 m) (−1) = −2,4 J
c) For the ball to land in the hole, it must be struck at A so that the
speed at B is 13,42 m∙s-1. Frictional force is the only non-conservative
force as it moves from A to B.
WFf = Wnc = ΔEp + ΔEk = (mgh – 0) + ( _12   mvf2 – _ 21  mvi2)
−2,4 J = 0,05 kg (9,8 m∙s–2)(0,6 m) − 0 + _ 21  (0,05 kg)(13,42 m∙s–1)2
−  _12  (0,05 kg)vi2
vi = 16,96 m∙s–1
Therefore, the speed at which the ball must be struck at A is
16,96 m∙s–1.

term two
MODULE 3: Waves, sound and light
This module focuses on the Doppler Effect. Start off by revising

the concepts of frequency, wavelength and period associated
with waves.
There is one practical demonstration in this unit:
Investigating the Doppler Effect. You will find it on page 172 of
the Learner’s Book and page D44 of the Teacher’s Guide.
D42

Unit 1 The Doppler Effect
Term 2, MODULE 3
Practical demonstration 1 (LB p. 172)
Investigating the Doppler Effect [Teacher demonstration]

Tie a tuning fork firmly to a piece of string. Set the fork into vibration by
hitting it with a wooden or rubber hammer. Now whirl the string and fork
in a horizontal circle. An electronic buzzer can be used instead of the tuning
fork.

1 The Doppler Effect is the apparent change in the frequency of sound
from a source due to the relative motion of the source and listener.
2 C
3 a) If both the source and listener are stationary, then vs = vl = 0 . If we
substitute these values into the Doppler Effect equation we have:
v ± v ± 0
 v ± vL  
fL = ( ____  vv ± 0
 ) fS = ( ____  ) fS = fS
  
S
b) If both the source and listener are moving in the same direction at the
same speeds, then vS = vL = x . If we substitute these values into the
Doppler Effect equation, we have:
v ± v v ± x
 v ± vL  
fL = ( ____  ) fS = (  ____
v ± x  ) fS = fS
  
S

1 We are required to find fL , given that vS = 20 m.s–1, fS = 512 Hz and
v = 340 m.s–1, vL = 0.
v ± v 340 m·s  
–1
 v ± vL  
fL = ( ____  ) fS = ( ____________
 340
      )512 Hz = 544 Hz
m·s–1 – 20 m·s–1
S
2 Since the observed frequency is lower than the emitted (source)
frequency, the bat is moving away from the observer.
This situation corresponds to a moving source and stationary listener,
with:
vL = 0 m.s–1, vS = x m.s–1 = speed of bat, fS = 80 MHz, fL = 78 MHz and
v = 340 m.s–1
v ± v
 v ± vL  
fL = ( ____  ) fS
S
 v +v x  ) fS
fL = ( ____
f
v + x = ( _
 fS  )(v)
L
f
x = ( _
 fS  )(v) – v
L
f
x = v (  _
f
S
   – 1)
L
80 MHz
= 340 m·s–1 ( _____  
78 MHz  – 1)
= 8,7 m·s–1
The speed of the bat is 8,7 m.s–1

1 a) Stars A and C are blue-shifted (increased frequencies) and are
therefore moving towards the reference star.
b) Stars B and D are red-shifted (decreased frequencies) and therefore
Learner’s Book moving away from the reference star, but Star B is more red-shifted
pages 169–171 and therefore moving fastest away from the reference star.
Learner’s Book
Unit 1 Summative assessment: Waves, sound and light
pages 181–183
Term 2, MODULE 3
1 a) A d) C
b) D e) A
c) C
2 a) False: the Doppler Effect is the change in frequency of the sound
waves.
b) True
c) False: when the spectral lines are shifted towards increasing
frequencies, the galaxy is moving towards the reference galaxy.
3 The object is moving to the top because the wavelength in this region has
become smaller, due to the Doppler Effect.
4 The source is moving and the listener is stationary. We use the equation:
v ±v 340 m.s –1
 v± vL   ) fS to obtain fL = ( ____________
fL = ( ____  340
      ) 450 Hz
m.s–1 – 20 m.s–1
S
fL = 478 Hz
The observed frequency is higher than the emitted frequency.
5 The listener moves away from the siren, and we use the equation
v ±v
 v± vL   ) fS to obtain
fL = ( ____
S
340 m.s–1– 27,78 m.s–1
fL = ( _____________

     
340 m.s–1
  ) 900 Hz
fL = 826 Hz. The observed frequency is lower than the emitted frequency.
6 The source is stationary and the listener is moving. We use the equation:
v ±v 340 m.s + x –1
 v± vL   ) fS to obtain 392 Hz = ( ________
fL = ( ____ 340 m.s–1   
) 380 Hz
 
S
vL = 10,7 m.s–1.
7 The source is stationary and the listener is moving. We are required to
find v L given that v S = 0; f S = 740 Hz; v = 340 m.s–1
We are also given Δf = 80 Hz, which is the difference in the two observed
frequencies. When the professor approaches the parked car his observed
v+v 340 m.s–1 + v
v   L  = (_________
frequency is f L = ____ 340 m.s–1
L
)(740Hz)
    
= (340 m.s + v L ) 2,18 Hz. When the professor drives away from the
–1
parked car his observed frequency is

v–v 340 m.s–1 – v
v   L 
f L2 = ____  = (________
340 m.s–1
L
)(740Hz) = (340 m.s–1 – v L ) 2,18 Hz.
    
The difference in the two frequencies is: Δf = f L1 – f L2
= (340 m.s–1 + v L ) 2,18 Hz – (340 m.s–1 – v L ) 2,18 Hz
We also know that Δf = 80 Hz. Therefore:
(340 m.s–1 + v L ) 2,18 Hz – (340 m.s–1 – v L ) 2,18 Hz = 80 Hz
80
2v L = ___
 2,18 m.s–1
   
v L = 18,4 m.s–1
The speed of the professor was 18,4 m.s–1.

8 a) The wavelength = length of one complete wave = 2 cm = 0,02 m.
340 m.s–1
 λv   = ______
b) from v = fλ we have f = _ 0,02 m   
 
= 17 kHz
c) The source is moving and the listener is stationary. We use the
v ±v
 v± vL   ) fS
equation: fL = ( ____
S
340 m.s –1
vS = (______
17 kHz  ) 
30 kHz – 340 m.s–1 = 260 m.s–1
 
9 a) The frequency is 474 Hz, since this is larger than the frequency
emitted by the source.
b) The source is moving and the listener is stationary. We have vS = 10
m.s–1; vL = 0 m.s–1; fS = 460 Hz; fL = 474 Hz
v ±v v
 v± vL   ) fS to obtain fL = ( ____
We use the equation: fL = ( ____ v – v   ) fS
S S
v vf
Rearrange the equation: (v – vS) = (  fv   ) fS → v = ____
_
 (f S –fL ) 
  Sf    = ____
L
(1– _S
 )  L S
10 m.s–1 × 474 Hz fL
  v =   
   
___________
474 Hz – 460 Hz
= 339 m.s–1
If we use the source moving away from the listener then:
–v f
S  L –10(447 Hz)
v =  ____    
= __________
      
(f –f ) 447 Hz – 460 Hz
 
L S
= 343,8 m.s–1
10 There will be two Doppler shifted frequencies, one occurring when the
chest moves towards the source and the other when the chest moves
away. The moving chest is regarded as the source of the sound, and the
receiver of the Doppler flow meter is the stationary listener.
For the first Doppler shifted frequency, when the chest moves towards
the Doppler flow meter, we have vS = 0,01 m.s–1; vL = 0 m.s–1; fS = 1 × 106
Hz; v = 1,5 × 103 m.s–1
v 1,5 × 103 m.s–1
fL1 = ( ___   
v – v  ) fS = ( ________________
  
  
1,5 × 103 m.s–1 – 0,01 m.s–1
 )(1 × 106 Hz)
S
= 1,000006667 × 106 Hz
For the second Doppler shifted frequency, when the chest moves away
from the Doppler flow meter, we have vS = 0,01 m.s–1; vL = 0 m.s–1;
fS = 1 × 106 Hz; v = 1,5 × 103 m.s–1
v 1,5 × 103 m.s–1
fL2 = ( ___  ) fS = ( ________________
v–  vS     ) (1 × 10 Hz) = 0,9999933 × 10
  
1,5 × 103 m.s–1 + 0,01 m.s–1
6 6
Hz
The change in frequency will be
1,000006667 × 106 Hz – 0,9999933 × 106 Hz
= 13,3 Hz
11 The observed wavelength (656,315 nm) from the nearby star is larger
than the wavelength (656,285 nm) in the reference star (sun). The
wavelength is red-shifted and hence the nearby star is moving away from
the sun.
12 a) If galaxy A is chosen as the reference galaxy, we notice that the lines
in the emission spectrum of galaxy B are shifted towards the blue
end, i.e. they are blue-shifted towards increasing frequencies, and
hence this galaxy is moving towards galaxy A.
b) If galaxy D is chosen as the reference galaxy, we notice that the lines
in the emission spectrum of galaxy C are shifted towards the red end,
i.e. they are red-shifted towards decreasing frequencies, and hence this
galaxy is moving away from galaxy D.
13 a) Star B, since its frequency has decreased. It is moving away from
the earth.
b) Star A, since it is moving towards the earth at a faster rate than star C.

term TWO
MODULE 4: Chemical change
In this module learners will be introduced to the importance of

the chemical knowledge of the chemist and chemical engineer
in the chemical industry. Emphasise the economic factors
that make a chemical business profitable – that is, high quality
product manufactured in the shortest possible time. Use the
Haber and Contact processes to explain the importance of
reaction kinetics and shifting the equilibrium.
Acid-base reactions were done in Grade 11 and learners
should be familiar with most of these concepts. pH and
volumetric analysis are new concepts.
There is plenty of opportunity for practical work in this
module. Some learners might find the theory in this module
difficult, and therefore it is very important that the theoretical
concepts are applied and demonstrated in the practical work.
There are two experiments recommended for informal
assessment:
Activity 3: Determine the quantitative reaction rate in the
thiosulfate reaction
Activity 5: Investigate reactions in equilibrium.
The prescribed experiment for formal assessment for
Term 2 is:
Activity 10: Use acid-base titration in neutralisation reactions.
You will find Activity 3 on page 198 of the Learner’s Book
and page D49 of the Teacher’s Guide.
Activity 5 can be found on page 208 of the Learner’s Book
Activity 10 can be found on page 239 of the Learner’s Book
D46

Unit 1 Rate and extent of reaction
Term 2, MODULE 4
LB p. 192 Activity 1 Experiments

G
Investigate the factors that affect rate of reaction
Experiment 1: The vinegar and baking soda reaction

a) A higher temperature and an increase in vinegar concentration speeds up
the reaction.
b) The volume of the acid does not affect the rate of reaction. The volume
affects the total amount of gas produced, depending on which was the
limiting reactant. If the acid was the limiting reactant, double the volume
of acid produces double the volume of gas.
c) When the reactants are more concentrated, more collisions per unit
time will occur, because there are more particles that can collide in a
given volume. More collisions will speed up the reaction. At higher
temperatures, the particles have more energy and move faster, so the
frequency of collisions also increases. There is a higher chance of
effective collisions resulting in a chemical reaction.
Experiment 2: The zinc and hydrochloric acid reaction

a) The factors that increased the rate of reaction were a larger surface area,
a higher temperature, a more concentrated HCl solution and addition of
a catalyst.
b) The factor that did not affect the rate of reaction was the total volume of
liquid.
c) Zinc pieces of similar size must have similar surface areas. Surface area is
one of the factors that affect rate of reaction and must be kept constant
when the effect of other factors are examined.
d) Copper powder acts as a catalyst to speed up the reaction.
e) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Experiment 3: The thiosulfate reaction

a) We are timing the appearance of a product.
b) Thiosulfate solution 1 has the highest concentration because no water is
added to dilute the original solution.
c) Sulfur is responsible for the cloudiness that develops in the solutions.
d) The concentration of the Na2S2O3 solution decreases from experiment
1 to 3. The time taken for the cross to disappear should be the shortest
in experiment 1 and the longest in experiment 3. A higher concentration
increases the rate of reaction.
e) The concentration of the HCl solution decreases from experiment 1 to
5. The time taken for the cross to disappear should be the shortest in
experiment 1 in which the HCl is most concentrated and the longest in
experiment 5 in which the HCl is most dilute.
f ) The temperature increases from experiment 1 to 7. The cross should
disappear much quicker in experiment 7 which is the warmest. A higher
temperature speeds up the reaction rate.
Experiment 4: The hydrogen peroxide reaction

a) We can speed up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by adding a
catalyst or by heating the solution.

b) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be slowed down by
removing the catalyst, by cooling the solution or by adding water to it,
thus diluting the solution.
c) You could weigh the amount of manganese(IV) oxide before you add it
to the flask. When the reaction is complete, filter off the manganese(IV)
oxide, dry and weigh it again.
d) Powdered manganese(IV) oxide would be a better catalyst because the
surface area is larger and the reaction rate will increase.
LB p. 197 Activity 2 Experiment P
Design an experiment to test the effect of surface area on reaction

rate
1 Learner’s own choice. Use apparatus and methods in activity 1 as a
guideline.
2 MgCO3 and CaCO3 release CO2 when reacted with HCl.
3 When you chew the tablet, you are breaking it up into smaller pieces
and increasing its surface area. A larger surface area will result in a faster
reaction and quicker relief from heartburn.
4 a) The mass decreases because CO2 gas is liberated and escapes into the
air.
b) & c)
Mass 0 0 1,0 3,7 4,2 4,5 4,7 4,9 5,0 5,0 5,0
of gas
released
(g)
Time 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
(min)
6
Mass of gas released (g)
5
4 B A
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (min)
d) The rate of reaction could also be changed by changing the surface

area (by breaking up the antacid tablet or grounding it into a powder)
and by changing the temperature of the acid.

experiment for G
informal assessment
Determine the quantitative reaction rate in the thiosulfate reaction

Sodium thiosulfate solution is reacted with hydrochloric acid to form a
precipitate of sulfur. The time taken for a certain amount of sulfur to form
is used to indicate the rate of the reaction. The effect of temperature on the
reaction rate is investigated.

Learners will understand the method better if you first demonstrate the
reaction.
The equation for the reaction is:
S2O32–(aq) + 2H+(aq) → SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ)
Note that sulfur dioxide forms as a by-product. SO2 is toxic and attacks
the mucus membranes. It might trigger an asthma attack. Perform the
experiment in a well-ventilated room or a fume cupboard. Wash away
all reaction mixtures with plenty of water as soon as the experiments are
completed.
Results:
A curve showing that an increase in temperature increases the reaction rate,
1
as measured by ___     should be obtained. This is not a direct proportionality
 time
and learners must draw a best-fit curve. As a guide, for every 10°C rise in
temperature the reaction rate doubles.
An increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction, as more
particles have enough activation energy to react and there is an increase in
frequency of collisions.
LB p. 199 Activity 4 Experiment P
The magnesium reaction

a) Here the factor of concentration is examined. An excess of magnesium
is used to ensure that there is enough magnesium to sustain the reaction
until all the HCl is used up.
b) The reactions slow down after a few minutes because the reactants are
being used up and products form. The concentration of the reactants
decreases.
c) The reaction will eventually stop when the acid is used up.
d) The curve in 1 is steeper than in 2 because the acid concentration in 1 is
higher than in 2.
Volume H2 released (cm3)
3 1 2
Time (min)

e) The third line on the graph should be much steeper because the reaction
rate for powdered magnesium will be much faster than magnesium
ribbon. An increase in surface area will increase the rate of reaction.
f ) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

1 Order of increasing rate:
a) rotting wood
b) milk turning sour
c) an egg cooking in boiling water
d) sodium hydroxide neutralising hydrochloric acid
2 a) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
b) Reactants: zinc (Zn) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
c) Products: zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and hydrogen (H2)
d) The zinc may have a layer of impurities (dirt and oxides) on its
surface that must be removed first. This is an exothermic reaction and
as the reaction progresses, the temperature increases and so will the
rate of reaction.
e) The acid concentration decreases as more products form and the zinc
surface area decreases as it is used up.
f ) The reaction rate of B is higher than that of A.
g) More concentrated acid was used; the reaction was carried out at a
higher temperature; the zinc was powdered.
3 a) Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Graph B D C E A
Experiments 1 and 5: Here the effect of surface area was tested. All
other factors were the same. The powdered marble will react faster
than the whole marble.
Experiments 2 and 3: Here the effect of temperature was tested.
Experiment 2 was done at a lower temperature and will react slower.
Experiments 1 & 5, 2 & 3 and 4 contain decreasing amounts
of acid. 1 & 5 have the largest amount of acid and will release the
most gas; 4 contains the smallest amount of acid and will release the
smallest amount of gas.
b) The acid concentration is the same in all the experiments.
c) The reaction in experiment 4 finished first.

1 At higher temperatures, the number of molecules with the minimum
kinetic energy needed for a reaction increases. The number of molecules
that can overcome the activation energy increases. The molecules move
faster, frequency of collisions increases; hence the rate of reaction
increases.
2 a and b)
Ea = 132 kJ
Potential energy
ΔH = –226 k
Reaction progress

Unit 2 Chemical equilibrium
Term 2, MODULE 4

experiment for G
informal assessment
Investigate reactions in equilibrium

The two different coloured Co(II) complex ions, [Co(H2O)6]2 + and [CoCl4]2–,
exist together in equilibrium in solution in the presence of chloride ions:
[Co(H2O)6]2 + (aq)(pink) + 4Cl–(aq) � [CoCl4]2–(aq)(blue) + 6H2O(ℓ)
Or simplified:
pink cobalt species + chloride ions � blue cobalt species + water molecules.
This equilibrium can be disturbed by changing the chloride ion concentration
or by changing the temperature.
A white background will help to show the colour changes to best effect.
The change in colour from blue to pink of the cobalt complexes is used
in cobalt chloride indicator papers for the detection of the presence of water.
Experiment 1: CoCl42–/Co(H2O)62+ equilibrium

a) The pink solution turns blue.
b) HCl ionises in water to form H+ ions and Cl– ions. There are already Cl–
ions in solution, so adding more Cl– ions will increase the [Cl–]. It seems
as if the reverse reaction happens faster to make more blue CoCl42–.
c) The solution will be pink.
d) The pink solution will turn blue.
e) The forward reaction is exothermic. Heat is given off during the forward
reaction. When heat is applied, more blue CoCl42– ions form to colour the
solution blue. The reverse reaction must have happened faster than the
forward reaction.
f ) The solution will turn pink.
g) A whitish precipitate forms and the solution turns pink.
h) The silver ions in silver nitrate form a white precipitate with the chloride
ions. Silver chloride is insoluble. When chloride ions are removed from
the solution, the [Cl–] decreases. The forward reaction must happen faster
because the solution turns pink.
i) During dry weather the cobalt chloride crystals will be blue. When there
is moisture in the air, the water vapour will shift the equilibrium to the
right and the crystals will turn pink.
Experiment 2: CrO42–/Cr2O72– equilibrium

The addition of HNO3 to a yellow K2CrO4 solution turns the solution
orange, which means that the forward reaction happens faster and more
orange Cr2O72– ions form. HNO3 ionises to form H+(aq) and NO3–(aq). There
are already H+ ions in solution, and increasing the [H+] favours the forward
reaction. A NaOH solution contains Na+(aq) and OH–(aq). The OH– ions
react with the H+ ions already in solution to form water. In this way H+ ions
are removed from the system, which favours the reverse reaction because the
solution turns yellow.

Teacher demonstrations
1 NO2/N2O4 equilibrium
The reversible reaction between nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen
tetroxide can be used to demonstrate the effect of temperature changes
on an equilibrium. NO2(g) is brown, whereas N2O4(g) is colourless.
An equilibrium is quickly established in a closed system. The forward
reaction is exothermic.
2NO2(g) � N2O4(g) + Heat

brown colourless
1 Place a spatula of copper turnings in a conical flask.

2 Add a few drops of concentrated nitric acid and stopper the flask.
Brown NO2 gas will form.
3 Pour the brown gas into a small round-bottomed flask and stopper.
Note: NO2 is poisonous – work in a fume cupboard.
4 When the flask is cooled, the forward reaction will be favoured and
more N2O4 will be formed. The colour of the gas in the flask will
become lighter.
5 When the flask is heated, the colour will turn darker brown. The
reverse (endothermic) reaction is now favoured and more brown NO2
is formed.
The forward reaction is exothermic. When the temperature
decreases, the forward exothermic reaction will be favoured and
more colourless N2O4 will form. When the temperature increases,
the reverse endothermic reaction will be favoured and more brown
NO2 will form. The contents of the flask will never turn colourless.
This is a reversible reaction and there will always be some brown NO2
molecules present.
2 CO2 equilibrium
Soda water can be used to illustrate the effect of pressure in an
equilibrium. Soda water is placed in a syringe and the plunger pulled out
to reduce the pressure in it. Bubbles of carbon dioxide are seen forming
as its solubility decreases. Methyl red indicator added to the soda water
turns from red to yellow, showing that the solution has become less acidic
as the equilibrium in solution adjusts.
Note that the colour change of methyl red is red below pH 4,2 and
yellow above pH 6,3.
You will need: fresh bottle of soda water, methyl red indicator, 50 cm3
plastic syringe, 5 cm nail, 100 ml beaker
Method
1 Modify the syringe: pull out the plunger so that the volume of air
in the syringe is 50 cm3. Warm the nail in a Bunsen flame and push
through the stem of the plunger as shown in the diagram. When the
nail is in place, the plunger can be locked at the 50 cm3 mark.
2 Pour 10–20 ml of soda water into the beaker and add a few drops of
methyl red indicator to give a red solution.
3 Remove the nail from the syringe and insert the plunger completely.
Draw about 5 ml of the soda water solution into the syringe. Close
the end of the syringe with your finger. Pull the plunger out to the
50 cm3 mark and lock it with the nail. Bubbles of CO2 will be seen

escaping from the water and the indicator will begin to turn orange.
Shake the syringe to speed up the ‘out-gassing’.
4 Hold the syringe in a vertical position with the nozzle pointing
upwards, remove your finger and the nail and push in the plunger to
expel the gas but not the solution. Seal the syringe again and repeat
the process in step 3. More bubbles will be seen and the indicator
will turn further towards a yellow colour. Several more cycles can be
repeated until the indicator becomes completely yellow.
Soda water contains carbon dioxide that has been dissolved under
pressure. The equilibria are:
1 CO2(g) � CO2(aq)
2 CO2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) � H2CO3(aq)
3 H2CO3(aq) � H+ (aq) + HCO3–(aq)

Learners have not done acid-base reactions at this stage, but they should
have a background knowledge from acid-base done in Grade 11. They
should remember that a solution of CO2 in water is acidic because of
the increase in [H+ ]. Reducing the pressure causes the CO2 to come out
of solution and the equilibrium in 1 moves to the left. The result is that
the other two equilibria also move to the left, removing H+ ions from the
solution and making the solution less acidic.
(Adapted from experiment developed by Nuffield Foundation/Royal
Society of Chemistry)

Learners should follow the steps in example 1 on page 211 to do question 1,
and example 2 on page 212 to do question 2.
1 H (g) + CO (g) � H O(g) CO(g)
2 2 2
molar ratio 1 1 1 1
n initially (mol) 0,80 0,80
n change (mol) 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,55
n at equilibrium 0,25 0,25 0,55 0,55
(mol)
0,25 0,25 0,55 0,55
c =  _Vn   (mol·dm–3)  ___
5,00
   = 0,05  5,00   = 0,05
___
 5,00   = 0,11
___
 5,00   = 0,11
___
[CO][H O]
K c = _______
[H ][CO2 ]  

 
2 2
(0,11)(0,11)
=  (0,05)(0,05)  
_______
 
= 4,84
2 H2(g) + I2(g) � 2HI(g)
molar ratio 1 1 2
n initially (mol) 6 x
n change (mol) 4 4 8
n at equilibrium 2 x–4 8
(mol)
c =  _Vn  (mol·dm–3)  _22  = 1 x – _ 42    82  = 4

_
[HI]2 4 2
K c = _____
 [H ][I  ]  
= ______
  (x – = 57
 4)   
2 2 (1)(____
2  ) 
 
x = 4,56 mol

LB p. 219 Activity 6 Research activity I
1 a) The reaction is endothermic. An increase in temperature increases

the K c value, so the forward reaction was favoured. Endothermic
reactions are favoured when there is an increase in temperature.
b) Although the K c value is low, the number of NO molecules in the air
is still vast and will further react to form other pollutants.
c) The high temperatures inside vehicle engines cause atmospheric
nitrogen to react with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide.
N2(g) + O2(g) � 2NO(g)
In the atmosphere, nitrogen monoxide quickly oxidises to form

brown nitrogen dioxide.
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
Sunlight causes the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide into nitrogen

monoxide and atomic oxygen.
NO2(g) → NO(g) + O(g)
Atomic oxygen is highly reactive and can initiate a number of

reactions, one of which is the formation of ozone.
O(g) + O2(g) → O3(g)
Ozone is a highly reactive substance which can further combine

with unburnt hydrocarbons in the air. These substances eventually
condense into small droplets of liquid in the air, called aerosol,
which scatter sunlight to make the air look hazy. This is known as
photochemical smog.
d) A catalytic converter is fitted to the exhaust system of an engine. It
looks like a metal canister and has no moving parts. The inside of the
converter has a honeycomb structure which provides a very large surface
area. The honeycomb structure is covered with a catalyst on which the
reactions take place. The catalyst is made of alloys of platinum, rhodium
and palladium. A catalytic converter reduces a vehicle’s toxic exhaust
emissions by approximately 90%.
Incomplete fuel combustion takes place in vehicle engines.
Incomplete combustion of octane is represented by the equation:
2C8H18(g) + 17O2(g) → 9,2CO2(g) + 8,8H2O(g) + 9,2H2(g) + 6,8CO(g)
A catalytic converter helps to promote the following overall reactions.
The oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:

2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
The reduction of nitrogen monoxide back to nitrogen:

2NO(g) + 2CO(g) → N2(g) + 2CO2(g)

The oxidation of unreacted hydrocarbons to water and carbon dioxide,
for example:
2C8H18(g) + 25O2(g) → 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)
The products that leave the exhaust are N2, CO2 and H2O. Although the
CO2 contribute to global warming, these products are less polluting than
the original gases from the vehicle engine.
[HbO ]
2 a) K c = ______
 [Hb][O2 ] 
  
2
b) At a high altitude, air pressure decreases and the oxygen
concentration in the atmosphere therefore also decreases. A decrease
in oxygen concentration will shift the equilibrium position shown
in the equation, to the left. This change depletes the supply of
oxyhaemaglobin. Not enough oxygen can reach the vital organs and
altitude sickness sets in.
c) The body starts to produce more haemaglobin molecules to rectify
the shift in equilibrium position and the equilibrium will then
gradually shift back towards the formation of oxyhaemaglobin. It
takes two to three weeks for the increase in haemaglobin production
to meet the body’s basic needs. Studies show that residents of high-
altitude areas have higher haemaglobin levels in their blood than
people living at lower altitudes.
3 The reaction is irreversible and only the forward reaction takes place.
The products are gases and will not react with each other under normal
conditions of temperature and pressure to form the liquid octane again.

1 a) Adding NaCl will increase the [Cl–]. The equilibrium will shift to the
right and more AgCl will precipitate.
b) Adding AgNO3 will increase the [Ag +]. The equilibrium will shift to
the right and more AgCl will precipitate.
c) Removing Cl– will decrease the [Cl–]. The equilibrium will shift to the
left and more AgCl will dissolve.
d) Adding NH3 will decrease the [Ag +]. The equilibrium will shift to the
left and more AgCl will dissolve.
2 a) Number of moles of product decreases.
b) Number of moles of product remains the same.
c) Number of moles of product increases.
3 a) The amount of methanol decreases.
b) The amount of methanol increases.
c) The amount of methanol remains the same.
d) The amount of methanol increases.
e) The amount of methanol remains the same.
4 a) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) � 2SO3(g) ΔH <O
[SO ]2
b) K c = ______
 [SO ]23[O ]  
2 2
(5,0 × 10 )
–2 2
=    
______________
  
(3,0 × 10 ) (3,5 × 10 )
–3 2 –3  
= 7,94 × 104
c) The forward reaction is exothermic. When the temperature is
increased, the endothermic reaction is favoured. The concentration
of the product, [SO3], will decrease and the concentrations of the
reactants, [SO2] and [O2], will increase.
d) The K c value will decrease.

e)
2SO3(g) → 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
Rate of reaction
2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
Time
f ) When the pressure is increased the reaction that results in a decrease

in volume is favoured. This is the forward reaction. The reaction
shifts to the right and the [SO3] increases and the [SO2] and [O2]
decrease.
g) i) The rate of reaction of the reverse reaction will increase: a
catalyst increases the rates of the forward and reverse reactions.
ii) The equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products will
be the same: a catalyst does not shift the equilibrium.
5 a) Such a small K c value indicates that virtually no product, NO(g), has
formed.
b) N2(g) + O2(g) � 2NO(g)
molar ratio 1 1 2
n initially (mol) 7,0 2,0
n change (mol) 0,20 0,20 0,40
n at equilibrium 6,80 1,80 0,40
(mol)
6,80 1,80 0,40
 Vn  (mol·dm–3)
c=_ 2    = 3,40
___
2    = 0,90
___
2    = 0,20
___
[NO]2
K c = _____
 [N ][O  
]   2 2
0,202
= _______
 (3,40)(0,90)
    
= 0,013
c) The forward reaction is endothermic. The K c value increased when
the temperature was increased. This means that the forward reaction
was favoured to form more product. According to Le Chatelier’s
principle the endothermic reaction is favoured when temperature is
increased.
Unit 3 Acids and bases

Term 3, MODULE 4
Investigate acids and bases

Learner’s own research. A table of acids and bases in food, drink and our
bodies follows on the next page. It is taken from a table on the Australian
website: sydney.edu.au.

••D2-Term 2 CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 57
Name Also known as Commonly found in Composition Description
acetic acid ethanoic acid vinegar, fruit, vegetables, cocoa, CH3COOH clear colourless liquid with distinctive
coffee, milk, wine odour, dissolves in water
ascorbic acid vitamin C fruit (citrus) and vegetables (tomato) C6H8O6 water-soluble antioxidant
butyric acid butanoic acid animal fats and oils CH2(CH2)2CO2H foul-smelling liquid (rancid butter)
carbonic acid acid rain rain water; carbonated beverages H2CO3 only found as solution in water
citric acid 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic citrus fruit C3H4OH(COOH)3 soluble white powder
acid
folic acid vitamin B9 green leaves, beans, apricots C19H19N7O6 Yellowish orange crystals not very
soluble
formic acid methanoic acid poison in ants, stinging nettles HCOOH colourless liquid with irritating odour
Module 4 • Unit 3
hydrochloric acid muriatic acid gastric juice in stomach HCl strong acid, clear solution when
diluted
lactic acid 2-hydroxypropanoic acid soured milk, wine, blood and muscles CH3CHOHCOOH colourless powder
malic acid L-hydroxy butanedioic acid wine, cranberries, grapes, apples C4H6O5 white, odourless crystals
oxalic acid ehtanedioc acid spinach and rhubarb leaves (COOH)2.2H2O transparent crystals
salicylic acid coal tar, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid aspirin C6H4(OH)COOH fine, white crystals
tartaric acid dicarboxylic acid wine, grapes HO2CCHOHCHOHCO2H white crystals
tannic acid tannin wood, bark, tea, coffee C14H14O11; C14H10O9 dark brown powder, astringent taste
ammonia volcanic gas, product of decom- NH3 colourless, very sharp odour
(base) position of animal and vegetable
matter
cadaverine (base) 1,5-diaminopentane seafood, odour of bad breath, rotten C5H14N2 colourless, unpleasant odour
food
caffeine (base) trimethylxanthine coffee, tea C8H10N4O2 very bitter, white crystalline powder
putrescine (base) 1,4-diaminobutane seafood, odour of bad breath, rotten H2N(CH2)3NH2 colourless, volatile, unpleasant odour
food
nicotine (base) cigarettes C8H14N2 liquid
D57
2013/06/11 9:17 PM
1 a) An acid is a proton donor.
b) A base is a proton acceptor.
2 Acids: HCl; CH3COOH; HNO3; H3PO4; H2SO4
Bases: NaOH; NH3; KOH; Na2CO3; NaHCO3
3 a) H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4–
acid 1 base 2 conj. base 1 conj. acid 2
b) NH3 + HCl → NH4+ + Cl–

base 1 acid 2 conj. acid 1 conj. base 2
c) H3PO4 + 3H2O → PO43– + 3H3O+

d) HNO2 + H2O → NO2– + H3O+

e) CO32– + H2O → OH– + HCO3–

base 1 acid 2 conj. base 2 conj. acid 1
4 a) An ampholyte acts as an acid and a base, depending on the other

reactants in the reaction.
b) H2PO4– as a base: H2PO4– + H+ → H3PO4
H2PO4– as an acid: H2PO4– → HPO42– + H+

1 a) 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O
b) 2HNO3 + K2O → 2KNO3 + H2O
c) H2SO4 + MgCO3 → MgSO4 + H2O + CO2
d) 2H3PO4 + 3Mg(OH)2 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 6H2O
e) 2CH3COOH + CuO → Cu(CH3COO)2 + H2O
f ) HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2O + CO2
g) H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2
2 a) NH4Cl(s) + H2O(ℓ) → NH4+ (aq) + Cl–(aq)
b) Cl– does not hydrolyse in water. NH4+ hydrolyses in water to form
hydronium ions that make the solution acidic.
NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3O+
Investigate the reactions of acids and bases

The experiments that follow are simple reactions that learners have come
across in previous grades.
Experiment 1: Investigate the reaction of acids with metals

The metals react with the acids to liberate hydrogen gas. The temperature of
the solutions will increase.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Experiment 2: Investigate the reaction of acids with metal oxides

Both MgO and CuO will react with acids on heating. The powders will
dissolve slowly. MgCl2(aq) is a colourless solution, but Cu(NO3)2(aq) contains
blue Cu2+ ions. No gas is liberated.
MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
CuO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Experiment 3: Investigate the reaction of acids with metal carbonates and metal
hydrogen carbonates
All carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to liberate large
bubbles of CO2. CO2 turns clear lime water milky.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
NaHCO3(s) + HNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
Experiment 4: Investigate the reaction of acids with metal hydroxides

Reaction:
HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) → KNO3(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
The acid is neutralised when the litmus paper turns purple and not blue. The
final pH of the solution should be 7.
Experiment 5. Investigate the reaction of bases with metal ion solutions

Both copper hydroxide and zinc hydroxide are insoluble precipitates. When
NaOH is added to the test tubes a blue precipitate of Cu(OH)2 forms in the
one test tube and white Zn(OH)2 in the other.
CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
ZnSO4(aq) + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
LB p. 232 Activity 9 Teacher demonstration G
Demonstrate the action of household acids and bases

Hydrogen chloride gas dissolved in water is known as hydrochloric acid. It is
also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salts. It is a highly corrosive strong
mineral acid and both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on
human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory organs, eyes, skin,
and intestines. Wear rubber or PVC gloves, protective eye goggles and
chemical-resistant clothing and shoes when handling concentrated acids.

Hydrochloric acid is used in household cleaning products, swimming pool
treatment to adjust the pH, and in the building industry to remove cement
and mortar from metal and bricks.
Sulfuric acid is a colourless to slightly yellow viscous liquid which is
soluble in water at all concentrations. Sometimes it is dyed dark brown
to alert people to its hazards. Historically it was known as oil of vitriol.
Concentrated sulfuric acid has strong dehydrating and oxidising properties.
At high concentration the acid can cause very serious damage upon contact,
as it causes chemical burns via hydrolysis and dehydration. It will lead to
blindness if splashed onto the eyes. So, strict safety precautions should be
taken when using it. Sulfuric acid is hygroscopic and absorb water vapour
form the air.
Sulfuric acid has a wide range of applications including domestic acidic
drain cleaner, electrolyte in lead-acid car batteries and various cleaning
agents.
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda is a highly caustic
metallic base. It is a white solid available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as a
50% saturated solution. Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water and ethanol.
It is hygroscopic and readily absorbs moisture from the air. Similar to the
hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolution of solid sodium hydroxide in water is
a highly exothermic reaction in which a large amount of heat is liberated,
posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing. The resulting
solution is usually colourless and odourless with a slippery feeling.
Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as a home drain cleaning agent.
It dissolves grease, oils, fats and protein deposits in pipes under sinks and
drains. Sodium hydroxide is used in some relaxers to straighten hair. It is also
used as a paint stripper on wooden objects.
Ammonia is also known as azane and is a colourless gas with a
characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.
Household ammonia is a solution of NH3 in water used as a general purpose
cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free
shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless
steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen
baked-on grime. Household ammonia ranges in concentration by weight
from 5% to 10% ammonia.

1 a) Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 → 2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
m 1,06 g
b)
cb = ___
 MV
    = _______________
     
(106,0 g·mol–1)(0,2 dm–3)
 = 0,05 mol·dm–3
n cV
 __
n    =   c V    
a ___ a a
b b b
2 ______________ c × 40 cm3
 
1   =    
_
   
a
0,05 mol·dm3 × 25 cm3
ca = 0,06 mol·dm–3
2 a) hydrochloric acid: strong acid; sodium hydroxide: strong base
b) bromothymol blue
c) the end point of the reaction
d) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
na ___ caVa
n    =   c V    
e)  __
b b b
ca × 25,0 cm3
1 _______________
 
1 =    
    
_
0,12 mol·dm3 × 18,8 cm3
 
ca = 0,09 mol·dm–3

f ) 50 cm3 and 250 cm3 of NaOH solution contain the same number of
moles of NaOH, because only water is added in the dilution.
Number of moles of NaOH in 50 cm3 water = number of moles of
NaOH in 250 cm3 water
n1 = n2
c1V1 = c2V2
0,21 mol·dm3 × 0,05 dm3 = c2 × 0,25 dm3
0,12 mol·dm–3 × 0,05 dm3
c2 = ________________
     
0,25 dm3
 
= 0,024 mol·dm–3
3 a) weak acid
b) pH higher than 7
c) phenolphthalein
d) (COOH)2 + 2KOH → K2(COO)2 + 2H2O
n cV
n   =   c V    
e)  __
a a a
___
b b b
1 0,12 mol·dm–3 × 20,0 cm3
 
2  =   
_
_______________
  
cb × 25 cm3
 
cb = 0,19 mol·dm–3

assessment
Use acid-base titration in neutralisation reactions

2NaOH(aq) + (COOH)2(aq) → Na2(COO)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
From the stoichiometric equation we have 1 mol (COOH)2 reacts with 2 mol
number of mol of acid _1
    =    ,  so number of mol of acid
NaOH. The mol ratio is  ______________
  
number of mol of base 2
must be _ 12   that of the base.
The CAPS prescribes 25 ml volumetric flasks, which are very small.
Normally we would suggest using a 0,05 mol·dm–3 (COOH)2 solution to
neutralise a 0,1 mol·dm–3 NaOH solution. The method that follows uses a
0,5 mol·dm–3 (COOH)2 solution to neutralise a 1 mol·dm–3 NaOH solution.
The reason is that it is very difficult to weigh 0,157 g of oxalic acid accurately
on a normal school mass meter/balance. If larger volumetric flasks are
available, it would be better to use them and use more dilute solutions. Use
the table below to adjust the weights and concentrations of solutions.
Experiment 1: Prepare a standard solution for volumetric analysis

We want to neutralise a 1 mol·dm–3 NaOH solution, so learners must make
up a 0,5 mol·dm–3 solution of oxalic acid. It is not necessary for the learners
to weigh exactly 1,57 g, but they must know the weight of their sample
accurately. If you have larger volumetric flasks available, use the table below
to calculate the mass of oxalic crystals needed. Remember: 1 mol acid
neutralises 2 mol base.
Table to make up an oxalic acid solution

0,05 0,25 0,5
Conc.
(will neutralise 0,1 mol·dm–3 (will neutralise 0,5 mol·dm–3 (will neutralise 1 mol·dm–3
(mol·dm–3)
NaOH) NaOH) NaOH)
Vol (cm3) 25 100 200 250 25 100 200 250 25 100 200 250
Mass (g) 0,1575 0,63 1,26 1,575 0,7875 3,15 6,3 7,875 1,575 6,3 12,6 15,75

Table to make up a sodium hydroxide solution
0,1 0,5 1,0
Conc.
(will neutralise 0,05 (will neutralise 0,25 (will neutralise 0,5
(mol·dm–3)
mol·dm–3 (COOH)2) mol·dm–3 (COOH)2) mol·dm–3 (COOH)2)
Vol (cm3) 250 500 1 000 250 500 1 000 250 500 1 000
Mass (g) 1 2 4 5 10 20 10 20 40
Explain to learners that the water of crystallisation must be added in when

calculating the molar mass, as it forms part of the crystals that are weighed
off.
The method for making up the standard solution is in the Learner’s Book.
m 1,57 g
5 c = ___    = ________________
 MV  126,0
    
g·mol–1 × 0,025 dm3
 = 0,50 mol·dm–3
Experiment 2: Perform an acid–base titration

Demonstrate to learners how to use a pipette correctly.
• Use a pipette filler to fill the pipette. Do not allow learners to suck up the
liquid with their mouths.
• Rinse the pipette with the oxalic acid solution.
• Fill the pipette by sucking up liquid past the filling line. Slowly let the
liquid out until the bottom curve of the meniscus touches the filling line.
• Release the liquid in a volumetric flask with gravity. Do not blow on
the pipette. Allow a few seconds for the liquid to drain. A drop will stay
behind in the tip of the pipette. This is normal.
Demonstrate to learners how to operate a burette correctly.

• Make sure the burette and its tap are clean. The tap must be able to turn
with ease. If not, grease the tap lightly with petroleum gel.
• Rinse the burette with NaOH solution.
• Fill the burette by using a small funnel and beaker.
• Allow some liquid to run out to fill the bottom part of the burette below
the tap. Make sure that there are no trapped air bubbles.
• Adjust the volume by opening the tap to zero the burette. The bottom of
the meniscus must be on the zero line.
• Manipulate the tap with the left hand while shaking the flask with the
right hand after each addition of alkali.
The titration method can be found in the Learner’s Book.

7 2NaOH(aq) + (COOH)2(aq) → Na2(COO)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
n cV
n   =   c V    
8  __
a ___ a a
b b b
1 mol 0,50 mol·dm–3 × V
 ____
2 mol
 = ____________
   c  
  
× 25,0 cm3
 
a
b
2 mol × 0,50 mol·dm–3 × Va cm3
cb = ___________________
     
1 mol × 25,0 cm3
  ]
= x mol·dm–3
Experiment 3: Determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar

Use exactly the same method as for the previous experiment. Learners can
use the same burette and NaOH solution and just replace the oxalic acid with
vinegar (after they have rinsed the volumetric flask very well).
To calculate percentage acetic acid in vinegar:
titration volume of acetic acid
  
__________________
  
25,0 cm vinegar
3   × 100%

Experiment 4: Determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide in drain
cleaner
In this experiment the base goes in the volumetric flask and the acid in the
burette. Make sure to clean and rinse the burette well to remove all traces of
sodium hydroxide.
Drain cleaner can be very corrosive and it must be handled with great
care. Learners must never suck up drain cleaner solution with their mouths.
Follow the same procedure as in the previous experiments.
To calculate percentage sodium hydroxide in drain cleaner:

titration volume of drain cleaner
  
____________________
  
25,0 cm drain cleaner
3   × 100%
Assessment of experimental part of activity 10 Total allocated marks: 15

Assessment Rating
Organisation Methods Most Some Few No idea how No attempt
– worked followed; methods methods methods to follow to do
through efficiently followed; followed; followed; methods; experiments
methods organised; reasonably not well disorgan- disorgan-
in orderly neat organised; organised ised; untidy ised; messy
manner neat
Efficient use All Some Experiments Not
of allocated experiments experiments not attempted
time completed completed completed;
efficiently in time; inefficient
and in time could
be more
efficient
Teamwork Effective and Some effort Does not
and enthusiastic made, but participate
enthusiasm teamwork; lacking in
good spirit enthusiasm
Ability to use All Apparatus Apparatus Apparatus Apparatus No attempt
apparatus apparatus used sometimes sometimes used to use
and used correctly used used incorrectly apparatus
equipment correctly incorrectly correctly
and with
care
Assessment of learner report Total allocated marks: 10

Assessment Rating
Presentation Results Results Some Some Report late No results
of results and neatly presented results results and untidy presented
neatness presented in a report; presented presented
in a suitable handed in in a report; but
report; on time neat, but confusing,
handed in late late
on time

Processing Results Most results Some Results Few results No
and accuracy correctly correctly results processed processed; calculations
of results processed processed processed; but inaccurate done
and and reasonably inaccurate
accurate reasonably accurate
accurate
Use the answers above as a marking memo for the report.

1 a) pH = –log[H+] = –log(0,0025) = – (–2,60) = 2,60
b) 0,00175 mol Ba(OH)2(aq) yield 2(0,00175) mol OH–(aq)
[H+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14
1 × 10 1 × 10 –14 –14
[H+] = _____
[OH–]   
 
= _____
0,0035   
= 2,86 × 10–12
 
pH = –log[H+] = –log(2,86 × 10–12) = –(–11,54) = 11,54
2 a) pH = –log[H+] 2,5 = –log[H+]
[H+] = 0,0032mol·dm–3
0,0032
[H2SO4(aq)] = ____
2    = 0,0016 mol·dm–3
b) pH = –log[H+]
13,2 = –log[H+]
[H+] = 6,31× 10–14mol·dm–3
[H+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14
1 × 10 1 × 10 –14 –14
[OH–] = _____
[H+]    
= _______
   6,31  
× 10–14
  
= 0,16 mol·dm–3
[KOH] = 0,16mol·dm–3
Learner’s Book Unit 1–3 Summative assessment: Chemical change

pages 250–258
Term 2, MODULE 4
1 a) collision theory
Learner’s Book
b) activation energy
pages 235–244 c) activated complex
d) electrolyte
e) endothermic
f ) dynamic
g) catalyst
h) Le Chatelier’s Principle
i) equilibrium constant
j) chlor-alkali process
k) acid
l) indicator
m) titration
n) equivalence point
o) ionic product
p) dilute solution
q) pH
2 Correct the following false statements:
a) The factors that increase the number of collisions are an increase in
temperature, concentration and pressure; OR the factor that does not
increase the number of collisions is an increase in volume.

b) A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
c) The reaction rate is the change in reactant or product concentration
in a certain time period.
d) All reactions, endothermic and exothermic reactions, need activation
energy to proceed.
e) When the reaction CuO(s) + H2(g) � Cu(s) + H2O(g) is in
[H O]
equilibrium, then Kc = ____
[H2 ]  . 
 
2
f ) The equilibrium constant for an exothermic reaction decreases with
an increase in temperature; OR the equilibrium constant for an
endothermic reaction increases with an increase in temperature.
g) The reaction reaches equilibrium when the concentrations of the
products and reactants remain constant.
h) If sulfur is burnt in a closed container, equilibrium is reached after a
while.
i) When the solution in equilibrium represented below is heated, it
turns green.
j) If at equilibrium Kc = 10–4, then [A][B]>[C][D]
k) The reaction 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) is an example of
a redox reaction.
OR
The reaction 2HCl(aq) + MgO(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) is an example
of an acid-base reaction.
l) The following acids are considered strong acids: HCl; HNO3; H2SO4.
(COOH)2 and H2CO3 are weak acids.
m) In the reaction CO32– + H2O � HCO3– + OH–, the conjugate acid-base
pair is H2O; OH– or CO32–; HCO3–.
n) Ammonium chloride dissolves in water to form an acidic solution
because hydronium ions form.
o) Indicators are acids or bases and the colour of the acid and its
conjugate base must be different.
p) The pH of a 0,02 mol·dm–3 hydrochloric acid solution is 1,7.
3 a) C e) C i) B m) C
b) B f ) A j) D n) B
c) D g) D k) D o) C
d) A h) C l) D p) C
4 Matching items Table 1: a) E b) H c) G d) A
e) F f ) D g) B h) C
Matching items Table 2: a) D b) E (or D) c) G d) F
e) C f ) H g) B
5 a) Copper is a catalyst.
b) A catalyst lowers the activation energy that is needed for the reaction
and more particles can acquire the activation energy for the reaction.
The reaction rate increases.
c) Caroline can heat the mixture, use more concentrated acid or use
zinc powder.
d) The reaction is exothermic because heat is given off.
6 a) i) The reaction proceeds in both directions: N2 and H2 react to form
NH3, and NH3 decomposes to form N2 and H2.
ii) In a dynamic equilibrium the macroscopic changes have stopped,
but the reactions continue on microscopic level. For each two
molecules of NH3 that form, two molecules NH3 decompose.
The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
Module 4 • Unit 1–3 D65

b) Le Chatelier’s Principle: A change in any of the factors that determine
equilibrium conditions of a system will cause the system to change in
such a manner as to reduce or counteract the effect of the change.
c) From the balanced equation:
4 volumes reactants � 2 volumes product
An increase in pressure will favour the reaction that causes a decrease
in volume; that is the forward reaction. The equilibrium shifts to the
right and more product forms.
d) At a temperature below 450 °C the rate of the reaction decreases and
the time to make product is too long to be economical.
e) The forward reaction is exothermic and a higher temperature favours
the reverse endothermic reaction. Less product forms.
7 a) When the temperature is raised the equilibrium will shift to the right
to make more product.
b) When more chlorine gas is added to the reaction mixture the
equilibrium will shift to the left to make more reactants.
c) When the pressure on the gases is increased the equilibrium will shift
to the left.
d) A catalyst will have no effect on the equilibrium.
8 a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
b) The concentration is lower. Water was added to dilute the acid.
c) Reaction rate (or volume of hydrogen gas produced per unit
time) increases with increase in concentration; OR the higher the
concentration of HCl, the faster the rate of the reaction.
d) To make a fair comparison and ensure that there is only one
independent variable.
e) Magnesium is the limiting reagent; when the magnesium is used up
the reaction will stop.
f ) i) 60 cm3 ii) 42 cm3
g) Experiment 1: The gradient of the graph is steeper.
h) The number of moles used in both experiments was the same.
i) The reaction rate increases with an increase in concentration.
j) i) Remains the same; the final volume of product is determined by
the amount of reactants and the temperature has no influence on
that.
ii) Increases; the reaction rate increases for all reactions as the
temperature rises.
9 a) The reverse reaction is endothermic.
0,2
b) [NO2] = __  0,5  = 0,4 mol·dm–3
0,8
[N2O4] = __
 0,5  = 1,6 mol·dm–3
[N O ] 1,6
K c = ____
 [NO
2 4
 
  = ___
     = 10
]2 0,42 2
 Vn    ) and
c) By halving the volume, the concentration is doubled (c = __
should therefore be 0,8 mol·dm–3. The increase in pressure favours
the forward reaction according to Le Chatelier and [NO2] decreases as
[N2O4] increases.
[N O ] [N O ]
d)
K c = ____
 [NO
2 4
]2
 
  = ____
0,62   
2 4
 = 10
2
[N2O4] = 3,6 mol·dm–3
N2O4 = cV = 3,6 mol·dm–3 × 0,25 dm3 = 0,9 mol

e) 2NO2 → N204
(forward reaction)
4,0 new equilibrium 2N02 � N204
Concentration (mol·dm–3)
3,6 N204
Rate of reaction
3,0 (reverse reaction)
N204 → 2N02
2,0 2N02 � N204
1,6
first equilibrium
1,0
0,6 N02
0,4
Time Time
10 a) CaCO3(s) � CaO(s) + CO2(g)
b) The reactant and products are in different phases.
c) K c = [CO2] = 0,0108
[CO2] = 1,08 × 10–2 mol·dm–3
(CO2) = cV = 1,08 × 10–2 mol·dm–3 × 0,5 dm3 = 5,4 × 10–3 mol
(CaCO3) used = n(CO2)
(CaCO3)used = nM = 5,4 × 10–3 mol × 100,0 g·mol–1 = 0,54 g
Mass at equilibrium = 5 – 0,54 = 4,46 g
d) Endothermic; according to Le Chalelier’s Principle an increase in
temperature will favour the endothermic reaction or the reaction that
uses energy. When the temperature was increased, K c increased and
therefore the concentration of carbon dioxide increased and more
product formed. The forward reaction had to be favoured.
e) i) Remains the same; K c is not affected by a change in volume.
ii) Increases; a higher pressure shifts the equilibrium to the left.
iii) Remains the same; the smaller volume increased the initial
concentration, which was counteracted by the shift in equilibrium
to the left.
11 a) The reaction is exothermic. Lowering the temperature favours a
higher yield of ammonia, but the rate of the reaction is drastically
reduced. Production is unprofitable.
b) i) NH (g) + O2(g) � NO(g) + H O(g) 3 2
Molar ratio 1 1 1 1
Initial [ ] 1 1 0 0
Change in [ ] 0,25 0,3125 0,25 0,375
Equilibrium [ ] 0,75 0,6875 0,25 0,375
[NO]4[H O]6
K c = ________
[NH ]4[O2 ]5  

 
3 2
(0,25) (0,375)
4 6
_________
4 5   
=  (0,75) (0,6875)  
= 2,2 × 10–4
ii) low; K c value is very small and indicated that there are more
reactants than product molecules in the reaction mixture at
equilibrium.
12 a) HCl(aq) and Na2CO3(aq), because the concentrations of both are
known.
b) Methyl orange: reaction between a strong acid and a weak base.
n cV
n   =   c V    
c)  __
a ___ a a

b b b
0,4 mol·dm–3 × 20 cm3
2 ______________
 
1  =   
0,25
  
_
mol·dm–3 × V b
 
V b = 16 cm3
Module 4 • Unit 1–3 D67

13 a) A d) D
b) C e) E
c) C
14 a) H
b) G
c) G
d) I
e) 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O
n cV
n    =   c V    
 a
__ a a
___
b b b
0,1 mol·dm–3 × V a
2 ______________
 
1  =   
  0,1
  
_
mol·dm–3 × 15 cm3
 
V a = 30 cm3
15 a) M(HCl) = 1,0 + 35,5 = 36,5 g·mol–1
7,3 g
 Vn   = ___
c = __ m
 MV    = ______________
 36,5
    
g·mol–1 × 0,25 dm3
 = 0,8 mol·dm–3
b) The concentration is known precisely.
c) pH = log[H+] = log 0,8 = 0,1
d) HCl ionises completely in water to form a high percentage of H3O+
ions.
e) NaCl solution is neutral with a pH = 7; HCl solution is acidic with a
pH below 7.
f ) HCl(g) + H2O(ℓ) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl–(aq)
Acid: HCl; Conjugate base: Cl–
Base: H2O; Conjugate acid: H3O+
g) Yes; there are ions which can act as charge carriers in the solution.
16 a) The point during a titration where an exact number of moles of
acid neutralises an exact number of moles of base, according to the
coefficients in the balanced equation.
b) Phenolphthalein
c) For NaOH: (cV)dilute = (cV)conc
(cV) 1,63 mol·dm–3 × 0,05 dm3
c dilute = _____
V conc   
 = ________________
     
1,0 dm3
  = 0,08 mol·dm–3
dilute
n(NaOH) = cV = 0,08 mol·dm–3 × 0,04 dm3 = 3,2 × 10–3 mol
2 mol NaOH react with 1 mol acid
n(acid) = 1,6 × 10–3 mol
m(acid) = nM = 1,6 × 10–3 mol × 90,0 g·mol–1 = 0,144 g
0,144 g
0,25 g  
% purity = _____ × 100 = 57,6%
 
17 a) pH = log[H+]
3 = –log[H+]
[H+] = 10–3 mol·dm–3
b) No, since the [H+] is smaller than 0,01 mol·dm–3 the acid does not
ionise completely. HCl is a strong acid that ionises completely.
18 n(NaOH) = cV = 0,5 mol·dm−3 × 0,028 dm3 = 0,014 mol
n(HCl)excess = n(NaOH) = 0,014 mol
n(HCl)total = cV = 1,0 mol·dm−3 × 50 × 10−3 dm3 = 0,05 mol
n(HCl) reacting with CaCO3 = 0,05 – 0,014 = 0,036 mol
0,036
n(CaCO3) = ____ 2    = 0,018 mol
m(CaCO3) = nM = 0,018 mol × 100,0 g·mol−1 = 1,8 g

term three
MODULE 5: Electricity and magnetism
Do a brief review of magnetism, electrostatics and electric

circuits taught in Grade 10 before commencing this module.
This can then be followed up by the revision of electric circuits
in Unit 1.
D69

Unit 1 Electric circuits
Term 3, MODULE 5
This unit places emphasis on electric circuits with real batteries where the
internal resistance of the battery is included in calculations. Unit 1 has a
prescribed experiment for formal assessment which consists of two parts.
The first part is an experiment to determine the internal resistance of a
battery, while the second part is to experimentally determine the equivalent
resistance of a series-parallel network of resistors and compare this result
with a theoretical value. This unit also has a recommended practical
investigation for informal assessment, where short circuits and open circuits
are investigated.

1 From ε = Vterminal + Ir we see that emf is equal to the terminal potential
difference when a battery has no internal resistance (ideal battery) or
when there is no current flowing through the battery.
2 From ε = Vterminal + Ir , we have Vterminal = ε – Ir = 9 V – 2 V = 7 V
V
The current through the 4,0 Ω resistor is I = ____R   
terminal  74 V
 = ___ Ω   = 1,75 A
V 2,0 V
Iint    = ____
The internal resistance is then r = __  1,75 A   
= 1,1Ω
3 ε = I(R + r) = 1,2 A (9,5Ω + 0,5Ω) = 12 V

1 He can connect two of the resistors in parallel and then connect this
combination in series with the third as shown below.
4Ω
4Ω
4Ω
The two parallel resistors have a combined resistance of 2 Ω from

 R1    = _ 14  + _ 14  → Rp = _ 42  = 2 Ω
__
The total resistance is then the sum of parallel combination and the series
4 Ω resistor, i.e Req = 2 Ω + 4 Ω = 6 Ω
2 The circuit diagram for the given arrangement is:
r 0,4 Ω
2Ω
8Ω

2Ω × 8Ω
The equivalent resistance of the parallel network is: _____
 2Ω  
+ 8Ω  = 1,6 Ω
 R ε+  r  
The current in the circuit is: I = _____  1,6 Ω12V
= ________   Ω  
+ 0,4 =6A
eq
The potential difference across the parallel branch is:
V = IR = 6 A × 1,6 Ω = 9,6 V
 rV  = 9,6 V/8 Ω = 1,2 A
The current in the 8 Ω resistor is: I = __
8

assessment
This activity can either be performed as an individual activity or as a group
activity depending on the availability of equipment.
Part 1 Determine the internal resistance of a cell

Explain to learners how closing the switch creates a new circuit, but that the
emf and internal resistance of the cell remain constant. The circuit is set up
as shown in the diagram in the Learner’s Book. The table below shows the
readings taken when an Energiser AA cell was used. The resistances used were
R1 = 4,7 Ω and R2 = 5,5 Ω. It is preferable to have the values of R1 and R2 as
close as possible to each other so that the difference between Vext1 and Vext2 is
as large as possible. Note that larger values of the resistances will result in the
current readings being smaller.
Voltmeter, in volts Ammeter, in amperes
Switch open 0,80 0,126
Switch closed 0,75 0,155
V –V
r = ______
ext1I – I  ext2 
 
2 2
(0,80 – 0,75) V
= __________
 (0,155
    = 1,7 Ω
– 0,126) A 
The answers below refer to the experiment conducted with the Energiser AA
cell. Make use of these answers if it is not possible to conduct the practical
experiment.
1 The cell was old and hence had a large internal resistance.
2 A fresh cell has an internal resistance of almost zero ohms. The results of
the experiment depends on the type of cell used and also how often the
cell was used prior to the experiment.
3 The emf is:
ε = Vext1 + I1r
= 0,80 V + 0,126 A × 1,7 Ω = 1,01 V
The battery used had 1,5 V as its rated emf.
4 By varying the rheostat, a number of different readings of Vext and the
corresponding current (I) readings can be taken. A graph of Vext on the
x-axis vs. I on the y-axis results in a straight line.
From the equation:

ε = Vext + Ir,
we have
I = – (_1r  ) Vext + ε_r   
–1
The slope of the Vext vs. I graph is then __
r  ,   and the intended resistance, r,
1
can be determined from r =   –slope
____
    

Part 2 Determine the equivalent resistance of a series-parallel
network of known resistors using an ammeter and a
voltmeter and compare with the theoretical value
The experiment was conducted with a 1,5 V AA Duracell battery and
resistors as marked on the circuit diagram below.
1,5 V
r S
A V
R1 = 15,7 Ω
R2 = 4,7 Ω
R3 = 5,5 Ω
The following results were obtained.

Voltmeter reading, in volts 1,26
Ammeter reading, in amperes 0,066
Equivalent resistance (measured), in ohms 19,09 (though only 19 Ω is practical)
Resistance, R1, in ohms 15,7
Parallel resistance, Rp, in ohms 2,53
Equivalent resistance (from theory), in ohms 18,23 (known only to 18,2 Ω)
1 The experimental results are close to the calculated value with an
error of about 5%. The main source of error is in the accuracy of the
measuring instruments. It is advisable to repeat the measurements, and if
digital multi-meters are being used, to switch the two meters around.
2 The two advantages of a parallel circuit over a series circuit are:
Components connected in parallel work independently of each other. If
however one of the components in a series network malfunctions, the
others stop working.
The potential difference of the source is divided amongst all the
components connected in series with it, while all the components
connected in parallel to a source have the same source potential
difference across them.

Assessment of experimental part of activity
Assessment criteria Rating

4 3 2 1 0
Organisation – works Methods Methods Method Little No knowledge
through procedure followed followed followed but knowledge of circuits and
in orderly manner efficiently efficiently but with some of setting had every step
without with some assistance up electric completed by
assistance assistance from teacher circuits, lots teacher
of assistance
from teacher
Efficient use of Both The first First First
allocated time experiments experiment experiment experiment
completed in completed completed, partly
allocated time and second but did not completed,
partly done attempt did not
second attempt
second
Ability to use All readings All readings Some of the Meters read
ammeter and correctly taken correctly read readings incorrectly
voltmeter and with incorrectly
correct number taken
of significant
figures
Results All results Partly correct Results No results
correct results inaccurate
Responses to All answers Some answers No answers
questions based on correct incorrect provided
experimental work
Total allocated marks: 15

practical investigation G
for informal assessment
Investigating short circuits and open circuits in a series-parallel
network of resistors
The circuit is connected as shown below with the following values: emf =
1,30 V, R 1 = 4,7 W, R 2 = 15,7 W and R 3 = 5,5 W.
ε
r S1
A1 R1 V2
V1
S2
A2 R2
V3
S3
A3 R3
V4
V5

The following sets of readings were obtained.
V1, in V2, in V3, in V4, in V5, in A1, in A2, in A3, in
volts (V) volts (V) volts (V) volts (V) volts (V) amperes amperes amperes
(A) (A) (A)
All 3 1,30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
switches
open
Switch 1,30 0 0 0 1,30 0 0 0
S1 closed
(S2 and S3
open)
Switch 1,27 0,22 0,94 0 0,94 60,6 60,6 0
S1 and S2
closed (S3
open)
All three 1,22 0,65 O,48 0,48 0,48 0,138 0,035 0,086
switches
closed
All three 1,20 0,43 0,68 0,68 0,68 0,116 0 0,116
switches
closed, and
R2 removed
All three 1,17 0,66 0,10 0 0 0,170 0,005 0,120
switches
closed and
with short
circuit
Note to the teacher:

1 In theory, with all the switches closed, voltmeters V3, V4, and V5 should
all have the same readings, since they are connected in parallel to each
other. However, in practice the readings may not be the same because the
reading instruments are not idealised meters.
2 The sum of the currents in ammeters A2 and A3 should be equal to
the reading on A1. This may not be achieved due to inaccuracies in the
reading instruments or due to the current in the circuit fluctuating with
time because of heat being developed in the conductors.
1 The voltmeter V1reads the emf of the cell.
2 The voltmeter V5 is connected in series with the resistor R1 and the
battery. Since voltmeters have very large resistances, the battery delivers
almost zero current to the circuit. Thus V5 measures the emf of the
battery.
3 The resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series so the potential difference
across each should add up to give the reading on V1.
4 a) When R2 is removed from the circuit, the effective resistance of the
parallel branch and the total resistance of the circuit both increase.
This results in a decrease in the current through the cell, and also
through resistor R1. The voltmeter reading V2 = IR1 will decrease
with this decrease in current. The decrease in current also results in
a decrease in the ‘lost volts’ (Vint = Ir). Since the emf of the battery
remains constant, the decrease in voltages across R1 and the internal

resistance is accompanied by a corresponding increase in voltage
across the resistor R3. Thus the reading on V4 increases.
b) This is explained in (a) above.
c) The voltmeter V3 reads the potential difference across the points to
which the resistor R2 was attached. Without the resistor, a potential
difference still exists between the points, but this potential difference
will now be larger because the resistance in this parallel branch has
increased.
5 Connecting a low resistance wire across R3 provides an alternative path
for the current in the circuit. Resistors R2 and R3 are effectively bypassed
by the current and the readings on A2 and A3 will be close to zero.
6 The external resistance of the circuit has now decreased. This results in
an increase in the current through the battery (reading on A1).
LB p. 275 Activity 3 Application

exercise on circuits and G
internal resistance
1 a) The circuit diagram is as follows.
ε = 12 V
r = 0,3 Ω
3Ω
4Ω
6Ω
4Ω × 6Ω
b) Req = _____
 4Ω  
+ 6Ω  + 3 Ω = 5,4 Ω
12V
 R ε+  r  
I = _____ = ________     
 5,4 Ω + 0,3 Ω = 2,1 A
eq
c) The potential difference across the parallel branch is the same as that
across the 4Ω resistor and is V = IR = 2,1 A × 2,4Ω = 5,0 V
V 2 (5,0 V)2
R   = _____
The power in the 4Ω resistor is P = __ 4 Ω   
= 6,25 W ≈ 6 W
 
2 a) We are given both the power dissipated in R and the voltage across it.
V 2 (18V)2
P   = _____
We use the power equation to find R: R = __  13,5 W   
= 24 Ω
b) We first find the resistance of the parallel network and then use this
and the given voltage to find the current in this network.
The 4 Ω and 8 Ω are in series and their equivalence is 12 Ω and this
is in parallel with R = 24Ω .
 12Ω
Requiv. = _______ × 24Ω
12Ω + 24Ω   = 8 Ω
 
18 V
The current through the parallel branch Req is then I = __  RV   = ___
8 Ω   
eq
= 2,25 A
V ___ 18 V
Or: The current through R is I =  _ R  =  24 Ω  
= 0,75 A and the
 
current through the (8 Ω + 4 Ω) combination is twice the current

through R since its resistance (12 Ω), is half of that of R. Therefore the
current in the upper half of the parallel branch is 2 × 0,75 A = 1,5 A.
The current in the parallel branch is the sum of the current
through each of the branches and is
I = 0,75 A + 1,5 A = 2,25 A.
The reading on the ammeter is then 2,25 A.

c) When the switch is open there is no current in the circuit, and the
reading on the voltmeter V1 (the terminal voltage) is the emf of the
battery. With the switch closed, the equivalent external resistance of
the circuit is R eq = 8 Ω + 10 Ω = 18 Ω
The current through the circuit is 2,25 A (calculated in (b)). We
can then find the internal resistance from ε = I(R + r):
45,9 V – 2,25 A(18 Ω)
ε – IR _____________
r = ____
I    =   
  2,25 A  = 2,4 Ω
 
Unit
r 2 = ε/I – R = 45 V/2,25A – 18Ω = 2,0Ω Electrodynamics
Term 3, MODULE 5
Start by revising the electricity and magnetism concepts from Grade 10 and
11. There are two projects in this section. In the first, learners build a simple
generator. In the second experiment, learners build a simple electric motor.

1 a) The plane of the coil must be parallel to the magnetic field (the
normal to the coil makes an angle of 900 with the magnetic field).
b) The plane of the coil must be perpendicular to the magnetic field (the
normal to the coil makes an angle of 00 or 1800 with the magnetic
field).
2 electrical
3 The brushes maintain electrical contact between the rotating coil and the
external resistor.
4 Replace the slip rings with a split ring commutator.
5 Similarity: Both the emfs fluctuate between maximum values and zeros.
Difference: The emf from a DC generator is always positive, while the
AC emf can be both positive and negative.
LB p. 283 Activity 4 Project:

Build a simple generator G
1 AC
2 • Use stronger magnets.
• Use a longer piece of enamelled wire.
• Spin the nail faster.
3 The emf generated is very small and an ordinary torch bulb, which has a
relatively large resistance, will not light up.
4 The strength of the magnetic field produced by field coils can be
controlled by adjusting the amount of current passing through them.
Field coils can produce multi-pole magnetic fields, which result in greater
magnetic flux penetrating the armature.

1 mechanical
2 The commutator changes the direction of the current in the coil after
every half a cycle of rotation. This allows the coil to rotate in one
continuous direction.

3 Replace the slip rings with a split ring commutator and replace the
external resistor with a battery.
4 Practical DC motors have many coils and multiple splits to have a
smoother running motor.
LB p. 286 Activity 5 Project:

Build a simple electric motor G
Below are diagrams for other types of simple motors.
nail
cork
coil of insulated
copper wire connecting
leads to battery
insulated copper
wire with insulation
scraped off on
outsides
paper clip
coil of copper wire
bar magnet
magnet
brushes battery
1 The portions of the coil making contact with the safety pins (which are
connected to the battery) have the upper part scraped free of insulation.
When this bare part makes contact with the safety pin, current flows
through the coil, and the coil rotates. After half a cycle of rotation, the
insulated part makes contact with the pins, and no current flows through
the coil. The coil continues to rotate in the same direction because of the
momentum gained. After this half cycle the insulation free part comes
again in contact with safety pins and current flows through the coil. Thus
current flows through the coil for every half a cycle, and the direction of
rotation is constant.
2 a) Turn the battery around so that the polarity of the current in the coil
is reversed.
b) Add another battery in series with the first or increase the number of
loops in the coil or use stronger magnets.

exercise on practical G
motors
1 Increasing the number of coils in the motor leads to a smoother running
motor.
2 Commutators change the direction of the current in the coil so that the
coil always rotates in the same direction.
Brushes are used to lead the current into and out of the coil.

3 Friction between the carbon brushes and the commutator leads to
the creation of sparks. The heat generated by the frictional forces can
sometimes convert the oxygen in the air into ozone, which gives off the
strange smell.
4 a) DC motors because they can run off small batteries such as torch
cells.
b) DC motor because of the high speed required and the portability.
c) AC universal motor because of the high speed required for cutting
timber.
d) DC motor because of the high speed required and the portability.
e) DC motors because they can run off small batteries such as torch
cells.
5 Induction motors give off less noise than universal motors. Because
induction motors do not have brushes and commutators, they have less
wear and tear and are less expensive to maintain.
6 No. Most induction motors run at one speed. Different speeds are
possible by having more than one set of coils in the stator. Recent
developments in power electronics have resulted in the making of
variable speed induction motors.
7 The current (and hence the speed) can be controlled by using rheostats or
electronic devices.
8 The advantages of DC motor is variable speeds and portability. The
disadvantages are that batteries need replacing or charging; wear and tear
and noise due to commutators and brushes.

exercise on electricity G
generation in South Africa
1 The rotating shaft of the turbine is connected to the rotor of the
generator. The generator rotor is a cylindrical electromagnet. As it turns,
the magnet poles cross the copper coils of the stator of the generator. An
emf is induced in the stator coils, allowing a current to flow. (Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction.)
2 Electricity generation is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction. When there is a change in magnetic flux linkage within a
conductor, an emf is induced in the conductor. The change in magnetic
flux linkage is brought about either by turning a conducting coil in a
magnetic field, or by turning an electromagnet that is surrounded by coils
of conducting wire. The magnitude of the induced emf in the conductor
is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage within the
conductor.
3 Nuclear energy (from nuclear fission) is transformed into heat (thermal)
energy used to convert water into steam. The thermal energy is
transformed into mechanical energy of the rotating turbine, which is
converted into electrical energy.
4 Some disadvantages of coal-fired power generation.
• The combustion of coal results in the release of pollutants into the
air, mainly from the impurities in the coal.
• Vast quantities of coal have to be burnt to generate electricity, and
coal is a non-renewable energy resource.
• Disposal of the ash from the burnt coal can result in environmental
pollution.

• Release of CO2, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, may
contribute to global warming.
5 Wind energy is free, renewable and clean (no pollutants). However,
wind turbines are expensive to construct; tend to be unpopular because
of their noise and size. They rely on the wind, which is variable and
unpredictable.

1 AC power is always positive and therefore its average value is not zero.
Since AC voltages and currents have negative values for the same period
of time as they have positive values, their average values will always be
zero.
2 We are given V = 34 V sin(ω t), from which we can deduce that
V max = 34 V. V max ___
√__2     = 34V
a) The rms voltage is then V rms = ___ √__2     = 24 V
b) The average power is:
V2 (24 V)2
P avg = ___
Rrms    = _____
100 Ω  
 = 5,8W
V 24V
c) The rms current in the source is I rms = ___
Rrms    = ____
 100 Ω   
= 0,24 A
Learner’s Book
pages 299–303
Unit 1 and 2 Summative Assessment
Term 3, MODULE 5
1 a) commutator d) terminal voltage

b) generator or dynamo e) short circuit
c) parallel
2 a) C b) C c) D d) C e) A
3 Both the emf and the internal resistance are unknowns, and thus we have
to set up two equations to solve for both of them.
We use the equation ε = I(R + r)
to get ε = 200 × 10–3(18 + r) … (1)
and ε = 500 × 10–3(7,0 + r) … (2)
Equating the two equations we have:
200 × 10–3(18 + r) = 500 × 10–3(7,0 + r)
∴ (36 + 2r) = (35 + 5r)
3r = 1
r = 0,3 Ω
Substituting this value for r into equation (1), we get:
ε = 200 × 10–3(18 + 0,3) = 3,7 V
4 a) The voltmeter will read 12 V which is the emf of the battery. Since
the voltmeter has a high resistance, the current through the battery
will be 0. The terminal voltage is thus the same as the emf, i.e. 12 V.
b) The ammeter effectively provides a short circuit for the current. The
only resistance in the circuit is the internal resistance since R = 0. We
then have ε = I(R + r) = Ir
12 V
I = _ εr   = ____
 1,5 Ω   = 8 A
The terminal voltage will be zero since R = 0
c) Using ε = I(R + r), we have:
ε
(R + r)  
I =  _____  (25 12 V
= ________     
+ 1,5) Ω = 0,45 A
The terminal voltage is then V XY = IR = 0,45 A × 25 Ω = 11,3 V

5 a) The 2 Ω resistor and 5 Ω resistor are in series (the current is the same
in each), and their equivalent is 2 Ω + 5 Ω = 7 Ω. This 7 Ω resistor is in
parallel with the 3 Ω resistor and their equivalent is:
7 Ω × 3 Ω
R|| = ______
 7 Ω  
+ 3 Ω  
= 2,1 Ω
The effective resistance of the circuit (including the internal resistance) is
then Reff = 2,1 Ω + 0,9 Ω + 9 Ω = 12 Ω
b) The current through the battery is I = __  24 V
 Rε     = ___  = 2 A
12 Ω  
eff
c) In order to find the current in the 5 Ω resistor, we first find the voltage
across the parallel branch. V|| = IR|| = 2 A × 2,1 Ω = 4,2V
We use this voltage to find the current in the 7 Ω parallel branch:
V 4,2 V
 R ||   = ____
I = __ 7 Ω   
 = 0,6 A
7Ω
Thus the current in the 5 Ω resistor is 0,6 A.
6 a) The voltage across the 6 Ω resistor is given. We use this to find the
V
current through the 6 Ω resistor. I6Ω = __  3 V
 R6Ω  = ___
6 Ω   = 0,5 A
6Ω
Since the 3 Ω resistor is in series with the 6 Ω resistor, the
resistance in this parallel branch is 3 Ω + 6 Ω = 9 Ω and the current in
the branch is 0,5 A.
The upper parallel branch has a resistance of 4 Ω + 5 Ω = 9 Ω.
Since both parallel branches have the same resistance and voltage,
they must have the same current i.e. the current in the upper parallel
branch is also 0,5 A. The current through the ammeter is the sum of
the currents through the parallel branches:
Iammeter = 0,5 A + 0,5 A = 1,0 A
b) The voltage across any parallel branch is
V|| = I9Ω × R9Ω = 0,5 A × 9 Ω = 4,5 V
The emf of the battery is:
ε = V|| + Ir = 4,5 V + 1,0 A × 0,5 Ω = 5 V
c) If the 5 Ω resistor is removed from the circuit, we are removing a
parallel branch, and hence the total resistance of the circuit will
increase. This will decrease the ammeter reading and in turn increase
the reading on the voltmeter.
7 a) The 4 Ω resistor and the 5 Ω resistor are in parallel. We can first
determine the voltage across the 4 Ω resistor and then use this to find the
current through the 5 Ω resistor:
V|| = V4Ω = I4ΩR4Ω = 2,0 A × 4,0 Ω = 8,0 V
V 8,0 V
I5Ω = __
 R ||   = ____
 5,0 Ω   = 1,6 A
5Ω
The total current in the circuit is:
I = 1,6 A + 2,0 A = 3,6 A
The voltage drop across the internal resistor is:
Vr = Irr = 3,6 A × 0,6 Ω = 2,16 V
The voltage across the unknown resistor is:
VR = 24 V – 8 V – 2,16 V = 13,84 V V
13,84 V
The unknown resistance is then: R = __I R   = _____
3,6 A   
= 3,8 Ω
 
R
b) The power generated in the internal resistance is

V2 (2,16 V)2
P = __ r    = 0,6 Ω   
r ______
= 7,8 W
 
8 a) The AC generator has slip rings whereas the DC motor will have
split-ring commutators.

Mechanical action is used in the AC generator to generate an emf,
whereas a battery or other source of emf will be used in a DC motor
to generate motion.
b) voltage
+Vmax B
C
A
time
–Vmax
D
c) To replace the direct current generator with an alternating current

generator, replace the slip rings with a split ring commutator.
d) voltage
B D
+Vmax
A
C time
–Vmax
9 a) Given R = 8 Ω, Pavg = 100 W. We are___

required to find Irms.
_____
Pavg
From Pavg = I2rmsR , we have Irms = __ R      = √ √
100 W
____
8 Ω     
  = 3,5 A
b) We first find the rms voltage from the equation:
Vrms = IrmsR = 3,5 A × 8 Ω = 28 V __ __
The peak voltage is then Vpeak = √ 2  Vrms = √ 2  × 28 V = 40 V
10 a) To find the rms current we first need the average power and the rms
voltage: Pavg = _ 12   Ppeak= _ 21    × 150 W = 75 W
From the voltage graph:
Vpeak60 V
Vrms = ___
√__2     = ___
√__2    
 = 42,4 V
From Pavg = VrmsIrms , we have:
Pavg
75 W
Irms = ___
 V    = ____
 42,4 V   
= 1,8 A
rms V 42,4 V
I rms   = ____
b) The resistance is R = ___ 1,8 A  
 = 24 Ω
rms
c) From the power graph the period of the wave is 0,10 s and the
 T1  = ____
frequency of the source is then f = _ 1
 0,10  s  
= 10 Hz
11 a) The rms current in each of the devices is:
Pavg
4 × 60 W
Irms(bulbs) = 4 × ___
 V    = ______
240 V   
= 4 × 0,25 A = 1,0 A
 
rms
Pavg 2 200 W + 1 800 W
Irms(hot plates) = ___
 V    = ____________

   240 V   
= 16,67 A
rms
Pavg 200 W
Irms(radio) = ___
 V    = ____
240 V  
 = 0,83 A
rms
The total current in the wires is:

Irms(total) = 1,0 A + 16,67 A + 0,83 A = 18,5 A
The total resistance of both the connecting wires is:
R = 2 × 8,3 × 10–3 Ω/m × 70 m = 1,16 Ω
The power generated in the total length of wire is:
P = I2rmsR = (18,5 A)2 × 1,16 Ω = 397 W
The heat generated in the wires is greater than the safety limit.

b) Safety hazards:
• electrical wires joined by insulating tape exposed when insulating
tape falls off when exposed to heat and rain.
• no earth wire to prevent short circuits
• no trip switch to prevent overloading of circuit
• exposed wires within reach of children.

term three
MODULE 2: Matter & Materials (continued)
This module focuses on the particle properties of light. Learners

encountered the wave properties of light when they studied
interference and diffraction. The photoelectric effect provides an
opportunity to demonstrate the scientific process. The history of
science shows how many experimental observations could not
be explained using the existing knowledge available at that time,
and how new hypotheses had to be made. The photoelectric
effect was discovered in 1887 but could not be explained in
terms of the wave theory of light. According to the wave theory,
the energy of a light wave is proportional to its amplitude. If
white light radiated on a metal does not eject electrons from
its surface, then increasing the intensity of the light should. By
increase in intensity of the light one is increasing its amplitude
and thus more energy is falling on the surface, which should
result in the ejection of electrons from the metal. However,
experimental evidence showed that this was not true. Thus a
radical departure from the wave theory of light had to be made
by Albert Einstein 15 years later to explain the photoelectric
effect. He drew upon the quantum theory of Max Planck to
introduce the concept of photons of light.
The second part of this module focuses on the emission
and absorption spectra of atoms. The emission and absorption
spectra confirm the existence of discrete energy levels in atoms,
and the quantisation of these energy levels.
D83

Unit 2 Optical phenomena and properties of materials
Term 3, MODULE 2
LB p. 306 Activity 10 Teacher demonstration T
The photoelectric effect

Photodiodes are not always readily available. Make use of the results in the
table below if it is not possible to perform the experiment.
Observations:
Ammeter Reading, in µA
Colour of Light
Far from phototube Close to phototube
White 0 0
Red 0 0
Yellow 0 0
Green 0 0
Blue 0 0
Violet 0,18 3,22

1 The photoelectric effect is the ejecting of electrons from the surface of a
material when light of certain frequency is radiated on the material.
2 a) E = hf = 6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 5,0 × 1014 Hz = 3,3 × 10–19 J
b) Since the energy of the photon (3,3 × 10–19 J) is less than the work
function (4,0 × 10–19 J), no photoelectrons will be emitted from the
metal.
c) Increasing the intensity does not increase the energy of the photons,
and therefore no photoelectrons will be ejected.
d) Red light has a smaller frequency than yellow light and therefore
its photons will carry less energy than that of the yellow light. No
photoelectrons will be ejected.
3 For a given frequency of light the photon energy will always be larger
than the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron, because some of
the photon energy is converted into the work function of the material.
It can be seen from hf = W 0 + KE max that hf is always larger than KE max .

1 a) From hf = W 0 , we have 1,5 × 10–19 J/6,63 × 10–34 J·s = 2,3 × 1014 Hz
hc ___________________ 6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 3,0 × 108 m.s–1
b) E = hf = __λ
   =      
310 × 10–9 m
  = 6,4 × 10–19 J
c) KEmax = hf – W0 = 6,4 × 10–19 J – 1,5 × 10–19 J = 4,9 × 10–19 J
d) i) No change.
ii) Decreasing the wavelength of the light implies that the frequency
is increased. This will result in an increase in the photon energy,
and a subsequent increase in the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons.
2 a) W0 = hf0 = 6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 6,8 × 1014 Hz = 3,58 × 10–19 J
b) KEmax = hf – W0 = 6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 6,8 × 1014 Hz – 3,58 × 10–19J
= 9,3 × 10–20 J
c) i) Reading on the ammeter will increase.

ii) No change on ammeter reading.
iii) Ammeter reading will become zero. Increasing the wavelength
results in a decrease in the frequency, and if the frequency
becomes smaller than the cut-off frequency, there will be no
photoelectrons ejected.

1 a) False. When light is passed through a cold gas, an absorption
spectrum is observed.
b) False. Emission spectra are observed when atoms move from higher
energy levels to lower energy levels.
2 The change in energy of the atom is
ΔE = –3,40 eV – (– 0,85 eV) = –2,55 eV
ΔE ___________2,55 × 1,6 × 10–19 J
h   =   
From ΔE = hf we have f = __ 6,63
  
× 10–34 J·s
  = 6,2 × 1014 Hz
Learner’s Book Unit 2 Summative assessment

pages 320–322
Term 3, MODULE 2
1 a) photoelectric effect
b) work function
c) photon
d) cut-off wavelength
e) emission
f ) line absorption
2 a) False. The photoelectric effect provides strong evidence that light has
a particle nature.
b) False. Electrons will only be ejected from the surface of a metal if the
work function of the metal is less than the energy of the photons
radiated on the metal.
c) False. If both green light and yellow light can eject electrons
from the surface of a certain metal, then green light will produce
photoelectrons with the larger kinetic energy.
d) True
3 a) C
b) A
c) D
4 a) The statement means that 4,32 × 10–19 J is needed to remove an
electron from the surface of sodium metal.
b) We are given W0 = 4,32 × 10–19 J and are required to find λ.
hc
From W0 = hf0 = __ λ   we have:
hc 6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 3,0 × 108 m.s-1
λ= __
 W    = ___________________

     
4,32 × 10–19 J
  = 4,6 × 10–7 m
0
c) We are given λ = 306 nm = 306 × 10–9 m and wish to find the

maximum kinetic energy.
We have KEmax = _ 12  mv2max = hf – W0 = hc
λ   – W0
__
6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 3,0 × 108 m.s–1

= ___________________

     
306 × 10–9 m
  – 4,32 × 10–19 J = 2,18 × 10–19 J
5 a) We can use the maximum speed of the ejected electrons to find the
maximum kinetic energy. The mass of an electron is given in the data
sheet as melectron = 9,11 × 10–31 kg

We use the given wavelength of 623 nm = 623 × 10–9 m and the
photoelectric equation to find the work function of the metal:
W0 = hf – _ 12  mvmax2 = __
hc _1
λ   –  2  mvmax2
6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 3,0 × 108 m.s-1
= ___________________
     
623 × 10–9 m
  – 9,64 × 10–20 J
= 2,2 × 10–19 J
The work function of the metal is: 2,2 × 10–19 J
W 2,2 × 10–19 J
b) The cut-off frequency for this metal is: f0 = __
h 0  = _________
 6,63 × 10–34 J·s 
 
 
= 3,35 × 10 Hz
14
6 a) We are given the cut-off wavelength λ0 = 350 nm = 350 × 10–9 m,

which we can use to find the work function.
hc
W0 = hf0= __ λ    
0
6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 3,0 × 108 m.s-1
= ___________________
     
350 × 10–9 m
 
= 5,68 × 10–19 J
We can now use the work function and the given wavelength
λ = 270 nm = 270 × 10–9 m to find the maximum kinetic energy of
the photoelectrons:
KEmax = _ 21  mvmax2 = hf – W0 = __
hc
λ    – W0
6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 3,0 × 108 m.s-1
= ___________________
     
270 × 10–9 m
  – 5,68 × 10–19 J
= 1,69 × 10–19 J
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is: 1,69 × 10–19 J
b) The wavelength of 360 nm in this case is greater than the cut-off
wavelength of 350 nm, and hence there will be no photoelectrons
ejected. (If you do the calculation as we did in (a), you will get
a negative value for the maximum kinetic energy, which is an
impossible value!)
7 10
9,5
9
8,5
Incident frequency 8
× 1014 Hz 7,5
7
6,5
6
5,5
5
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Maximum kinetic energy × 10–15 J
a) From the photoelectric equation we get:

 12  mv2 W
_
f = ___ h
    – __
h 0  
which is the equation of the graph drawn. The graph is in the form
y = mx + c
The cut-off frequency occurs at the y-intercept of the graph. This is
when KEmax = 0. When the graph is extrapolated to cut the y-axis, the
value is f = 5,5 × 1014 Hz. This is the cut-off frequency for sodium.
b) The gradient of the graph is _ h1  
Choosing the points (2,4; 9,0) and (1,0; 7,0) on the graph, we get the
gradient:
(9–7) × 1014 Hz
(2,4 – 1)   
_________
× 1014 Hz = 1,4 × 1033 s/J
 

1
Therefore h = ________
 1,4 × 10
 33   
s/J
= 7,1 × 10–34 J·s
W
c) The approximate work function is obtained from __
h 0  = f0
= 5,5 × 10 Hz
14
Using the value of h from (b) we get:

W0 = hf = 7,1 × 10–34 J·s × 5,5 × 1014 Hz = 3,9 × 10–19 J
Compare with the value given in the table of work functions
(4,32 × 10–19 J).
8 a) X is the cathode (gives off electrons).
b) We are given the cut-off wavelength λ0 = 592 nm = 592 × 10–9 m,
which we can use to find the work function.
W0 = hf0 = __  λhc  
0
6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 3,0 × 108 m.s-1
= ___________________
     
592 × 10–9 m
 
= 3,36 × 10–19 J
The work function of the metal is 3,36 × 10–19 J. This work function
corresponds to that of cesium.
c) At the cut-off wavelength, the ammeter reading is zero. As soon as
the wavelength is decreased, there will be a reading on ammeter. The
ammeter reading will remain constant for any further decrease in
wavelength. Since the wavelength is below the cut-off wavelength,
photoelectrons will be emitted and therefore there will be a current
in the circuit. Decreasing the wavelength further will increase the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons, but not the number
of photoelectrons. Therefore the current will be constant.
d) Since the wavelength is below the cut-off wavelength, there will be
a reading on the ammeter. Decreasing the intensity will result in
less photons and hence fewer photoelectrons. The reading on the
ammeter will gradually decrease.
9 a) Energy is given off because the atom goes from one excited state to a
lower excited state.
b) The energy of the photon is given by:
hc
E = hf = __ λ   
6,63 × 10–34 J·s × 3,0 × 108 m.s-1
= ___________________
     
656 × 10–9 m
 
= 3,03 × 10 J –19
The energy of the photon is: 3,03 × 10–19 J

10 a) The difference in energy between the two states is:
ΔE = – 10 eV – (-20 eV) = 10 eV
= 10 × 1,6 × 10–19 J
= 16 × 10–19 J
The energy of the absorbed photon is 1,6 × 10–18 J
b) The frequency of the photon is absorbed:
1,6 × 10–18 J
f = _ Eh  = _________
 6,63 × 10–34 J·s 
  = 2,4 × 1015 Hz
 
11 a) Figure B. In this figure there is a continuous distribution of energy

wavelengths, except for the four dips in energy corresponding to the
absorption of photons at those wavelengths.
b) Figure A shows that there are wavelengths for only certain values
of energy. This means that the energy distribution in an atom is not
continuous but discrete, i.e. the energy levels are quantised.

term three
MODULE 4: Chemical change (continued)
This unit concludes the discussion on chemical change.

Electrochemistry deals with the transformation between
electrical energy and chemical energy. Some reactions are
spontaneous and are used as sources of electrical energy, for
example batteries. Other reactions need an input of electrical
energy, for example electrolytic cells. This unit contains two
experiments recommended for informal assessment:
Activity 11: Find the galvanic cell with the highest potential
and
Activity 12: Investigate the electrolysis of water.
They can be assessed in Term 3.
D88

Unit 4 Electrochemical reaction
Term 3, MODULE 4

experiment for G
informal assessment
Find the galvanic cell with the highest potential
School laboratories might have a wider range of chemicals available that can
be used in combinations to test various electrochemical cell combinations.
Use whatever is available. You can also give different groups of learners
different combinations of half-cells and compare the results afterwards in a
class discussion.
In the combinations below, Cu2+ is the strongest oxidising agent and will
oxidise both Pb and Zn. The Pb2+/Pb half-cell falls in the middle and Pb2+ will
oxidise Zn and Pb will be oxidised by Cu2+ .
a) Possible investigative question: Which half-cell combination has the
highest potential?
b) Galvanic cell Cell potential (V)
Zn2+/Zn with Pb2+/Pb 0,63
Zn /Zn with Cu /Cu
2+ 2+
1,10
Pb2+/Pb with Cu2+/Cu 0,47
c) Zinc-lead cell:
Pb2+ + 2e– → Pb
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–
Pb2+ + Zn → Pb + Zn2+
Zinc-copper cell:
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–
Cu2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn2+
Lead-copper cell:
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
Pb → Pb2+ + 2e–
Cu2+ + Pb → Cu + Pb2+
d) The combination of half-cells determine the cell potential. The cell

potential for the zinc-copper cell is potentially the greatest and the
smallest cell potential is for the lead-copper cell.

experiment for G
informal assessment
Investigate the electrolysis of water

Some school laboratories might have a Hoffmann voltameter, which is
much easier to operate than the apparatus illustrated in the diagram. Set the
apparatus up beforehand and make sure that the test tubes and electrodes
are securely clamped in position to retort stands. Follow the method in the
Learner’s Book.

a) An electric current decomposes water to release hydrogen and oxygen
gas.
b) Pure water does not conduct an electric current. The ions from the
dissolved salt allows the current to flow and decompose the water.
c)
O2 H2
cell
water
anode cathode
oxidation reduction
d) Hydrogen gas explodes with a popping sound when a burning splint is

held at the test tube mouth. Oxygen gas will set a glowing split alight.
e) Electrolytic cell; energy must be supplied all the time for the reaction to
take place – electrical energy → chemical energy
f ) 2H2O(ℓ) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Two moles of water release two moles of hydrogen gas and one mole of
oxygen gas. The ratio of gases in the test tubes will be 2H:1O.
g) Distilled water is a non-conductor, but when an ionic compound is added
to the water, an electric current is conducted and the water decomposes
to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The hydrogen gas is double the
volume of the oxygen gas.
Investigate the reduction of metal ions and halogens

A similar experiment appeared in Grade 11. The reactions and method are
straight forward and they are described in the Learner’s Book.
Safety: Tetrachloromethane is toxic and prolonged exposure can cause
cancer; it is dangerous to the environment. Bromine is carcinogenic and
poisonous. Do the experiment in a fume cupboard.
Mg Zn Cu Fe
CuSO4(aq) Reaction Reaction No reaction Reaction
ZnSO4(aq) Reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
FeCl2(aq) Reaction Reaction No reaction No reaction
MgSO4(aq) No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
KCl(aq) KBr(aq) KI(aq)

Cl2(aq) Reaction – solvent Reaction – solvent
turns yellow turns pink
Br2(aq) no reaction Reaction – solvent
turns pink

Displacement of metals
a) Decreasing activity: Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu
b) Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Mg(s) + ZnSO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + Zn(s)
Mg(s) + FeCl2(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + Fe(s)
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zn(s) + FeCl2(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + Fe(s)
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Displacements of halogens
a) Cl2(aq) + 2KBr(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + Br2(ℓ)
Cl2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + I2(s)
Br2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → 2KBr(aq) + I2(s)
b) There are pure covalent bonds between the atoms in Br2 and I2 molecules.
No dipoles can form and the molecules are non-polar. They will dissolve
in non-polar solvents. Bromine colours the solvents reddish-brown to
yellow, depending on the concentration. Iodine colours the solvents pink
to purple.

1 Electrolytic cells Galvanic/Voltaic cells
Electrical energy → chemical energy Chemical energy → electrical energy
Reactions not spontaneous Reactions spontaneous
Uses: Electroplating Uses: Cells and batteries
Refining
Extraction of metals
2 a) The platinum electrode is the cathode.

b) Fe → Fe3+ + 3e–
c) O2 + 2H + + 2e– → H2O2
d) 2Fe + 3O2 + 6H + → 2Fe3+ + 3H2O2
e) K+ increases
f ) Platinum is an inert metal and does not react with the chemicals in
the half-cell or their products.
3 a) MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
b) Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidising agent and can easily
oxidise oxalic acid to CO2 and H+ ions. Oxalic acid is a strong enough
reducing agent to oxidise the permanganate ion to Mn2+ and H2O.
The cell potential for the reaction is positive:
E°cell = E°OA – E°RA = 1,51 – (–0,49) = 2,00 V
c) Oxidation: H2C2O4 → 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e–
Reduction: MnO4– + 8H + + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Net ionic equation:
2MnO4– + 5H2C2O4 + 6H + → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
(Net equation:
2KMnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + 6HCl → 2MnCl2 + 10CO2 + 8H2O + 2KCl)

4 a)
e–flow
V = 1,36
H2(g) 1atm Cl2(g) 1 atm
salt-bridge
anode cathode
Pt-electrode Pt-electrode
1 mol·dm−3 H+(aq) 1 mol·dm−3 Cl− (aq)
b) Pt(s)|H2(1 atm)|H+(1 mol·dm–3)||Cl–(1 mol·dm–3)|Cl2(g)|Pt(s)

c) The Cl2/Cl– half-cell will be the positive pole (cathode).
d) Oxidation half-reaction: Cr → Cr3+ + 3e–
e) E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode = 1,36 – (–0,74) = 2,10 V
5 a) Zn(s) + 2Ag +(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
E°cell = E°OA – E°RA = 0,80 – (–0,76) = 1,56 V
b) Cu(s) + 2Fe3+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq)
E°cell = E°OA – E°RA = 0,77 – 0,34 = 0,43 V
6 a) No
b) Yes: 6Br–(aq) + Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H +(aq) → 3Br2(ℓ) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(ℓ)
c) Yes: 6H+(aq) + 2Fe(s) → 3H2(g) + 2Fe3+(aq)
d) No
7 Cu does not dissolve in HCl because the H + ion is not a strong enough
oxidising agent to oxidise the Cu metal. The cell potential is negative:
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e– E° = 0,34 V
2H + 2e → H2
+ –
E° = 0,00 V
Cu + 2H + → Cu2+ + H2 E°cell = E°OA – E°RA = 0,00 – 0,34 = –0,34 V
Copper dissolves in nitric acid because acidified NO3– is a stronger
oxidising agent than H+ . The cell potential is positive.
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e– E° = 0,34 V
HNO3 + 3H+ + 3e– → NO + 2H2O E° = 0,96 V
3Cu + 2HNO3 + 6H+ → 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
E°cell = E°OA – E°RA = 0,96 – 0,34 = 0,62 V
8 a) The Cu will form the cathode and the Zn the anode.
b) The cell sap contains salicylic acid and salts that will act as the
electrolyte.
c) The potatoes have less cell sap than the lemons.
9 a) The cadmium electrode is the anode.
b) Cd + 2OH– → Cd(OH)2 + 2e–
c) Cd + 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O → 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2
d) E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode = 0,48 – (–0,82) = 1,30 V
e) During recharge the electrons will flow from the cathode to the
anode: NiO(OH) to Cd.

1 a) Bauxite is the principle ore of aluminium and consists mainly of
aluminium oxide and impurities – sand and iron(III) oxide.

b) Cryolite is added to lower the melting point of aluminium oxide. A
lower working temperature lowers the energy requirements of the
plant and makes it more economical.
c) Anode: 2O2– → O2 + 4e–
Cathode: Al3+ + 3e– → Al
Net reaction: 2Al2O3(s) → 4Al(ℓ) + 3O2(g)
d) The electrolysis reaction is carried out at temperatures of around
1 000 °C and at these temperatures the graphite anodes burn in the
oxygen that is released at the anodes.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
The anodes therefore have to be replaced regularly.
e) Recycling saves money, energy, time and space.
• Recyclable material, such as aluminium, should not be dumped in
a landfill site where it uses space.
• It costs time, energy and money to dispose of garbage and
transport it to the landfill site.
• Much less energy is required to remelt aluminium than to
produce it from its ore.
2 a) power source
anode cathode
cation
Mg2+
CI– anion

b) Anode: Oxidation: 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–
Cathode: Reduction: Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg
Net reaction: Mg2+ (aq) + 2Cl– (aq) → Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
3 a) Anode: 2H2O → O2 + 4H + + 4e–
b) Cathode: 2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH–
c) Net reaction: 6H2O → O2 + 4H + + 4OH– + 2H2
2H2O(ℓ) → O2(g) + 2H2(g)
d) The gases form in a ratio of 1 O2 : 2 H2.
e) A is the anode, because less gas developed there.
f ) In A (anode), H + ions form. The solution will be acidic and the
indicator will turn yellow. In B (cathode), OH– ions form. The
solution will be basic and the indicator will turn blue.

Investigate corrosion
1 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) → 2Fe2+ (aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
2 E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode = 1,23 – 0,45 = 0,78 V
3 No, it should be less than 1,23 V because the concentration of the H +
ions in the water droplet is not 1 mol·dm–3. However, experiments show
that even at pH 7 the potential for the reduction half-reaction is 0,81 V,
which means that the cell potential is positive and the reaction will be
spontaneous.
4 The water droplet provides the pathway for the ions to migrate and
serves as the salt-bridge.
5 CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) → H2CO3(aq)
6 Learners might find this question difficult to answer. Guide them by
explaining that through corrosion, iron objects deteriorate, rust away and
lose their usefulness. Sustainable development is aimed at reusing and
preserving resources for the future.
7 • Painting is an inexpensive and easy way to protect iron and steel.
We use it on vehicle bodies, ships, bridges, iron railings and many
other structures. When the painted surface is damaged, it must be
repainted to maintain its effectiveness.
• Oiling or greasing is used on moving parts that cannot be painted.
The oil or grease must be reapplied constantly to be effective.
• A plastic coating can be used to form a protective layer on items such
as refrigerators, garden chairs, and so on.
• In electroplating, a protective layer of chromium or tin is applied to
steel. Chromium is used on vehicle bumpers and bicycle handlebars.
Tin cans, used for preserving food, are made of steel coated on both
sides with a very thin layer of tin. Tin is used because it is unreactive
and non-toxic.
• In galvanising, steel is covered with a layer of zinc which is a more
reactive metal than iron. The protection still works if the zinc layer is
badly scratched because the zinc will corrode, and not the steel. Zinc
corrodes very slowly. Vehicle bodies are dipped into baths of molten
zinc to form a protective layer.
• Sacrificial protection is used on the hulls of ships and oilrigs.
Blocks of a reactive metal are attached to the iron surface. Zinc
or magnesium blocks are normally used and they will corrode in
preference to the iron.
Investigate chlorine
1. HCl + MnO2:
Oxidation: 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–
Reduction: MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– → Mn2+ + 2H2O
Net reaction:
2Cl–(aq) + MnO2(s) + 4H+ (aq) → Cl2(g) + Mn2+ (aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
HCl + MnO4–:
Oxidation: 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–
Reduction: MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Net reaction:
5Cl–(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 16H+ (aq) → 5Cl2(g) + 2Mn2+ (aq) + 8H2O(ℓ)
2. The reaction between Cl– and MnO2 is not spontaneous. MnO2 is not a
strong enough oxidising agent to oxidise Cl– to Cl2. The cell potential is
negative:
E°cell = E°OA – E°RA = 1,21 – 1,36 = –0,15 V
By increasing the concentration of the Cl– ions, the forward reaction is
favoured and the reaction will take place.
3. Chlorine is a bleaching agent and will bleach the colours in a costume
which will soon fade. Chlorine might also attack the fabric itself and it
might lose its elasticity.
4. Water contains many pathogens that can make us ill and cause diseases,
such as typhoid and gastro enteritis. Chlorine oxidises the bacteria and
kills them.
5. Learner’s own research. Ancient methods were sufficient because the
human population was so much smaller and contamination of water
sources was not a factor.
6. Learner’s own ideas. No upliftment and development can be effective
if people have to spend hours collecting water for domestic use. Water-
borne diseases cause many people, especially the very young and very
old, to become ill. Other family members must care for them and they
cannot go to work to earn wages.
7. Hydrogen peroxide can also be used as an oxidising agent, but it is too
unstable to use for commercial purposes. It will quickly decompose and
there will be no residual H2O2 to kill newly introduced pathogens.
8. There are different methods used. Reactions might include the following:
Lime is added to adjust the pH: acid-base reaction.
Polymeric coagulant (poly aluminium chloride): precipitates the solids to
form a ‘floc’.
Chlorine is added at various stages: redox reactions.
9. Commercial chlorinators have platinum electrodes that electrolyse a
brine solution. The products are similar to those formed in the chloralkali
process Cl2, H2 and NaOH. Swimming pool acid (HCl(aq)) must be added
to neutralise the NaOH that forms. Learner’s own research.
Learner’s Book
pages 353–357
Unit 4 Summative assessment
Term 3, MODULE 4
1 a) galvanic cell
b) electrolytic cell
c) reduction
d) oxidation-reduction/redox reactions
e) reducing agent
f ) oxidation
g) salt-bridge
h) standard hydrogen electrode
i) oxidising agent
2 a) The standard conditions used to measure standard electrode
potentials are:
temperature = 298 K (25 °C)

concentration = 1 mol·dm–3
pressure = 101,3 kPa
b) During electroplating of a steel teaspoon with silver, the teaspoon
is the cathode and the electrolyte is a solution of a soluble silver
compound.
c) A galvanic cell converts chemical energy to electrical energy.
d) During the industrial preparation of chlorine and sodium hydroxide,
electrical energy is converted to chemical energy.
e) In the reaction CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq), CuSO4 is the
oxidising agent and Zn is being oxidised.
f ) In a cell with notation Co|Co2+||Ni2+|Ni, Ni is the cathode, Ni2+ ions
are reduced and the mass of the Ni electrode increases.
g) The Ecell for a Ni|Ni2+||Ag +|Ag cell at standard conditions is 1,05 V.
3 a) B
b) C
c) B
d) D
e) C
f ) B
g) A
h) C
4 Matching items:
a) E
b) J
c) G
d) K
e) A
f ) F
g) C
h) I
i) H
j) L
k) D
l) B
5 a) Standard conditions: O2(g) pressure of 1 atm; Pb2+(aq) concentration
of 1 mol·dm–3; temperature of 25 °C (298 K)
b) Pb
c) Oxidation: Pb → Pb2+ + 2e–
d) Reduction: O2 + 4H + + 4e– → 2H2O
e) Net reaction: 2Pb(s) + O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) → 2Pb2+(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
f ) Ecell = E°OA – E°RA
= 1,23 – (–0,13)
= 1,36 V
6 a) H2O2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e–
b) H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– → 2H2O
c) 2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)
d) MnO2 is the catalyst.
e) The oxidising ability of hydrogen peroxide is responsible for its
bleaching action.
7 a) H2SO4 at standard conditions of 1 mol·dm–3 and 25 °C is not a
strong enough oxidising agent to oxidise Cu metal. By changing
the conditions to concentrated acid and a higher temperature, the
equilibrium shifts to the right, the forward reaction is favoured and
the normally non-spontaneous reaction can take place.

b) NO 3– + 2H+ + e– → NO2 + H2O
c) Cu(s) + 2NO–3(aq) + 4H+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)
8 Zinc is a stronger reducing agent than iron because it has a more negative
E° value. Zn will be oxidised in preference to Fe and will therefore
protect the Fe from being oxidised.
9 a) temperature: 298 K (25 °C); concentration of electrolyte: 1 mol·dm–3
b) Mg → Mg2+ + 2e–
c) Mg(s)|Mg2+(1 mol·dm–3)||Pb2+(1 mol·dm–3)|Pb(s)
d) Ecell = E°cathode – E°anode = 0,13 – (–2,36) = 2,23 V
e) i) Decreases
ii) Increases
The cell reaction is Mg + Pb2+ → Mg2+ + Pb. If the [Mg2+]
increases, the equilibrium will shift to the left and the forward
reaction will decrease. The result is a lower Ecell. If the [Pb2+]
increases, the forward reaction will be favoured and the reaction
will happen faster, with an increase in Ecell.
f ) Half-cell A to half-cell B. The concentration of cations (Pb2+)
decreases in half-cell B and concentration of cations (Mg2+) increases
in half-cell A. Cations flow in the salt-bridge to prevent a build-up of
cations in half-cell A and anions in half-cell B.
10 a) The process in which electricity is used to bring about a chemical
change and the electrical energy is converted to chemical energy.
b) C; The chloride ions are negative and move towards the positive
electrode.
c) Fe
d) 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–
e) The reduction reaction for Ca2+/Ca has a lower E° value than the
reduction reaction for Na +/Na. Na + is the stronger oxidising agent
and will react in preference to Ca2+ .
f ) Na metal is less dense than the liquid NaCl and will float.
g) The Na metal and Cl2 gas will react violently if they come into
contact.
11 a) A liquid or solution that conducts electricity.
b) Brine contains positive Na + and negative Cl– ions that are free to
move.
c) Chloride ions; chloride ions are oxidised to form Cl2.
d) 2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH–
e) Anode; chloride ions are oxidised to Cl2 – oxidation at the anode
f ) Contamination can be prevented by using a membrane or selective
ion-exchange diaphragm.
g) • Chlorine is poisonous and harmful to humans and the
environment.
• Leaching of sodium hydroxide into groundwater can carry health
risks for humans and the environment.
• Hydrogen gas can cause an explosion.

term three
MODULE 6: Chemical systems
This module on the chemical industry comprises only one unit

on the fertiliser industry. You should spend 6 hours teaching
time to complete this very short and last section of science for
the year. The unit looks at the application of science in industry
and covers the important industrial processes, such as the Haber,
Ostwald and Contact processes that manufacture inorganic
fertilisers to feed a growing population. There are no prescribed
activities in this unit.
D98

Unit 1 Chemical industry
Term 3, MODULE 6

1 Fertilisers are needed because there are not always enough nutrients in
the soil for healthy growth of plants.
2 a) Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
b) Plants obtain C, O and H from the atmosphere and rainwater
through their leaves and roots.
c) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
d) The nutrients dissolve in water in the soil and are absorbed by the
roots of plants.
3 Nitrogen is used to synthesise amino acids, proteins, enzymes and
chlorophyll. N is needed to develop green leaves in leafy crops.
Phosphorus is used to synthesise DNA and RNA, as well as ADP and
ATP. DNA and RNA are needed for cell division and growth, and ADP
and ATP are used in energy storage and transfer reactions. They provide
the energy required by all biological processes.
Potassium acts as a catalyst in many metabolic processes and functions
as a regulator of various processes, such as growth. Plants require
potassium for protein synthesis and the opening and closing of leaf
stomata. Potassium also functions in photosynthesis and activation of
some enzymes.
4 Nitrogen was obtained from guano (bird and bat droppings); phosphorus
was obtained from bone meal (animal bones treated with sulfuric acid);
potassium was obtained from potash and had to be imported (Germany
had the monopoly till after World War I).

1 a) 3H2(g) + N2(g) � 2NH3(g)
b) Fractional distillation is used to produce nitrogen gas from liquid
air; hydrogen is obtained as a by-product from coal gasification or by
reforming methane (natural gas).
c) Increase the pressure; increase the temperature; add a catalyst;
remove the product
d) The ammonia is separated from the reactants by liquefaction,
as ammonia has a much higher boiling point than nitrogen and
hydrogen. By releasing some pressure, the expansion causes cooling,
and ammonia is condensed and removed.
2 a) Step. 1: 4NH3(g) + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O(g)
Step. 2: 2NO + O2(g) → 2NO2
Step. 3: 4NO2 + 2H2O(ℓ) → 4HNO3(aq) + NO
b) Platinum/rhodium catalyst
c) Oxidation states of N in:
NH3: 3
NO: + 2
NO2: + 4
HNO3: + 5
All the reactions are redox reactions because the oxidation number of
N increases every time. N is oxidised in every reaction.

3 a) Sulfur dioxide
b) SO2 is soluble in water and will form H2SO3. The process requires that
SO2 must react with oxygen to form SO3 in the next step.
c) 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3 (reversible arrows can also be used)
d) H2SO4
e) V2O5 (vanadium(V) oxide)
f ) The SO3 vapour that forms is dissolved in 98% sulfuric acid to form
oleum, H2S2O7. This is to prevent the formation of acid mist that is
difficult to precipitate.
SO3(g) + H2SO4(ℓ) → H2S2O7(ℓ)
When water is added to the oleum, sulfuric acid is formed.
H2S2O7(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) → H2SO4(ℓ)
4 a) Sulfuric acid
b) Calcium sulfate (gypsum) and hydrogen fluoride
c) The phosphoric acid is filtered from the solid gypsum and then
concentrated through evaporation.

1 a) NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) → NH4NO3(aq)
b) There are three primary macronutrients: N, P and K. In a compound
fertiliser the N is supplied by NH4NO3, the P (and more N) is supplied
by (NH4)3PO4 and the K is supplied by KCl.
2 a) The primary macronutrients are in a ratio of 2N : 3P : 2K. These
nutrients make up 22% of the total bag contents.
b) N: 2 in every 7 parts contain nitrogen
P: 3 in every 7 parts contain phosphorus
K: 2 in every 7 parts contain potassium
These three elements make up 22% of the total mass of the fertiliser.
The percentages of N, P and K are:
2
7  × 22 = 6,29%
%N: _ 
3
7  × 22 = 9,43%
%P:  
_
2
%K:   7  × 22 = 6,29%
_
c) Learner’s own research

3 • Liquid fertilisers can be applied through irrigation systems, with
minimum wastage and environmental problems.
• Micronutrients can be homogeneously dispersed for uniform
application.
• Pesticides and herbicides can be added to the liquid fertiliser and only
one application to a crop field is needed.
• The concentrations of the fertiliser, pesticide and herbicide can be
accurately determined and applied uniformly.

1 Organic fertilisers:
• are derived from plant remains (compost) and animal excretions
(animal manure)
• contain small amounts of plant nutrients, typically less than 1% as
nitrogen compounds
• have a composition which is not uniform and is unknown
• improve soil quality
• are slow-releasing.


Inorganic fertilisers:
• are manufactured in chemical processing plants
• contain a high percentage of plant nutrients
• are predetermined and accurately controlled with regard to the
percentage of plant nutrients
• are mostly fast-releasing.
Also learner’s own opinion.
2 Learner’s own opinion.
3 a) Eutrophication is the process in which extra nutrients are added to
water, thereby increasing the growth of plants and bacteria, and
reducing the oxygen levels.
b) When fertiliser run-off lands up in rivers, streams and dams the
nutrient content of the water increases. The algae in the water grow
much faster and result in an algal bloom. The algae then die and
decompose. The algal bloom and decomposition use up much of the
oxygen in the water.
c) A lack of oxygen in the water causes the fish and other water-life to
die.
d) Farmers should not spread fertiliser shortly before it rains and should
make sure that they do not over-fertilise the land.
Investigate fertilisers
1 a) & b) The learner’s list of apparatus and own method must be
clearly set out. Results and conclusion must be clear and in full
sentences.
c) Learner’s own ideas, depending on which part of the country they
use as reference. The best suggestion would be to insulate the
fertiliser against temperature fluctuation by covering with insulating
material such as paper or hay.
2 a) Total grams of fertiliser per litre = 178,01 g
b) NaCl makes up the largest percentage of marine salt.
c) The ratio is 72:45:30. Total = 147
Percentage ration of elements: 49%:31%:20%
Rounded off it gives a ratio of 5:3:2, so the fertiliser number would
be 5 3 2.
d) 178,01 g of nutrition in 1 litre or 1000 mg of product (assuming that
the solvent is water with an SG of 1).
178,01
1 000  
% nutrition = ____  × 100 = 17,801%
LB p. 376 Activity 2 Class debate G
Evaluate the impact that the use of fertilisers has on humans and
the environment
A debate is a formal argument and takes the form of a series of persuasive
speeches. It has a clear, formal structure. The debate is controlled by a
neutral chairperson (normally the teacher) and all comments by the speakers
are directed through the chairperson. There are two teams, one arguing in
favour of a proposal or topic and the other against it. Each team has three
members. The team members speak in turn as follows.

• Speaker 1 for the proposal introduces the positive arguments, then
Speaker 1 against the proposal introduces the negative argument and
replies to some of the arguments of Speaker 1.
• Speaker 2 for the proposal introduces further points to support the
positive argument. Speaker 2 against the proposal then does the same.
• At this point the debate may be opened to the floor. This means that
anyone listening to the debate may make a point either for or against the
proposal.
• Speaker 3 for the proposal then sums up the team’s main points and tries
to address the issues raised by the opposition. Speaker 3 against the topic
speaks last and does the same.
• At the end of the debate, all who have listened and participated may vote
for or against the proposal.
Possible positive arguments

• The growing of crops on a commercial scale leaves the soil depleted of
nutrients. Inorganic fertilisers are necessary to replenish the nutrients in
the soil.
• The human population is growing at a rapid rate and more food is
needed to feed the people.
• The fertiliser industry employs many people who earn wages.
• Fertilisers that are exported earn foreign capital
Possible negative arguments

• All industrial activities have a negative impact on the environment.
• Industries use non-renewable resources and produce a lot of waste that
can pollute the environment
• Fertilisers that are not used with care can pollute the environment and
lead to eutrophication and other pollution problems.
LB p. 376 Activity 3 Survey G
Investigate water quality

1 Investigation on the causes of pollution of rivers near you: each area
in the country will have its own unique set of circumstances regarding
pollution. Learners’ own opinion.
2 Assess the use of fertilisers: learners’ own survey of the relationship
between fertiliser use and water pollution in their area.
Learner’s Book
Unit 1 Summative assessment
pages 377–380
Term 3, MODULE 6
1 a) fertilisers
b) non-mineral nutrients
c) primary nutrients
d) nitrogen
e) the Ostwald process
f ) fractional distillation
g) NPK compound fertilisers
h) double superphosphate

i) organic fertilisers
j) eutrophication
2 a) Fertiliser mixed in a ratio 3:1:5 (38%) contains 4,2% phosphorus.
b) During the catalytic oxidation of ammonia the platinum ensures a
high reaction rate.
c) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the three primary nutrients
needed by plants.
d) Phosphorus can be obtained from guano.
e) Ammonia is produced through the Haber process.
f ) The catalyst used in the Contact process is vanadium pentoxide
(vanadium (V) oxide).
g) Double superphosphate contains only calcium phosphate.
h) An NPK fertiliser contains the elements nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium.
i) Inorganic fertilisers are manufactured from ammonium nitrate,
ammonium phosphate and potassium chloride.
j) Leaching of nitrogen (and phosphorus) salts are responsible for
eutrophication.
3 a) i) C; H; O
ii) N; P; K
b) NH4 + ; NO3–
c) A
d) D
e) A
f ) i) C
ii) B
g) C
h) D
4 Manufacturing process Product
a) Haber process NH3
b) Contact process H2SO4
c) Fractional distillation N2
d) Acid-base reaction NH4NO3
e) mineral ore + sulfuric acid H3PO4
f ) Ostwald process HNO3
g) reforming of methane H2
5 Plant crops use the nutrients in the soil to grow. When the crops are
harvested, the nutrients are removed with the crops. The soil becomes
deficient in nutrients and the next crop will not have enough nutrients to
grow and develop properly.
6 Major elements (a) Non-mineral C, (c) H, (d) O
(macronutrients) nutrients available from
(b) air and water
Mineral nutrients: (e) N, (f ) P, (g) K
Primary nutrients
7 a) C, H, O
b) N, P, K
8 a) 2NO + O2 → 2NO2
b) Catalytic oxidation of ammonia
c) HNO3
d) C: (NH4)2SO4
D: NH4NO3

e) Nitrogen saturation of soil leads to the washing away of other
nutrients needed in the soil.
Washing of topsoil into lakes/dams causes it to become acidic.
Build up of nitrates in rivers (eutrophication) cause algae bloom that
depletes oxygen. This causes aquatic life to die.
Build up of nitrates in drinking water can cause death under infants
due to haemoglobin deficiency.
Ground water becomes acidic.
Promotes growth of alien plants.
9 a) Haber process
b) Ammonia
c) Ostwald process
d) Platinum/rhodium catalyst
e) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
f ) H2O
g) NH4NO3
h) Fertiliser and explosive
10 a) i) H2SO4
ii) H3PO4
iii) HF
b) i) (single) superphosphate
ii) double (triple) superphosphate
11 a) Fractional distillation of liquid air
b) N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
c) 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
d) H2S2O7 oleum/pyrosulfuric acid
e) (NH4)2SO4 ammoniumsulfate
f ) i) soil cannot replenish nutrients at a fast enough rate to sustain
growth; globally a bigger demand for food
ii) increase in oil price; increase in price of raw materials
12 a) The NPK ratio gives the proportion/ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium in a fertiliser.
b) 4:5:8
c) Lower N to prevent too much leaf growth at the cost of fruit growth.
d) Environment: eutrophication, or dead zones
Humans: water poisoning, or blue baby syndrome, or nitrates
potentially carcinogenic.

SECTION E
PHOTOCOPIABLE RESOURCES
T he Lesson preparation grid, Periodic Table, rubrics and

assessment grids on the following pages may be photocopied for
use with the Physical Sciences Grade 12 Learner’s Book.
Lesson preparation grid E1

Periodic Table E2
Table of cations E3
Table of anions E4
Solubility table E5
Generic checklist for graphs E6
Teacher assessment grids E7
••E-PHOTOCOPIABLE RESOURCES CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:18 PM

Lesson preparation grid
Lesson preparation
Teacher: Grade: School:
Time
Knowledge area
Knowledge/prior beliefs
Core knowledge and

concepts
Teacher activities Learner activities Resources Assessment methods
Y O U M AY P H O T O C O P Y T H I S PA G E F O R U S E W I T H T H E P H Y S I C A L S C I E N C E S G R A D E 1 2 L E A R N E R ’ S B O O K .
© CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS E1

E2 © CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Table of cations
Hydrogen H+ Beryllium Be2+ Aluminium Al3+ Chromium(VI) Cr 6+
Lithium Li+ Magnesium Mg2+ Chromium(III) Cr3+ Manganese(VII) Mn7+
Sodium Na+ Calcium Ca2+ Iron(III) Fe3+
Potassium K+ Barium Ba2+ Cobalt(III) Co3+
Silver Ag+ Tin(II) Sn2+
Mercury(I) Hg+ Lead(II) Pb2+
Copper(I) Cu+ Chromium(II) Cr2+
Ammonium NH+4 Manganese(II) Mn2+
Iron(II) Fe2+
Cobalt(II) Co2+
Nickel(II) Ni2+
Copper(II) Cu2+
Zinc(II) Zn2+

Table of anions
Fluoride F− Oxide O2−
Chloride Cl− Peroxide O22−
Bromide Br− Carbonate CO32−
Iodide I− Sulfide S2−
Hydroxide OH− Sulfite SO32−
Nitrite NO2− Sulfate SO42−
Nitrate NO3− Thiosulfate S2O32−
Hydrogen carbonate HCO3− Chromate CrO42−

−
Hydrogen sulfite HSO3− Dichromate Cr2O72
Hydrogen sulfate HSO4− Manganate MnO42−
Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4− Oxalate (COO)22− or C2O42−
Hypochlorite ClO− Hydrogen phosphate HPO42−
Chlorate ClO3− Nitride N3−
Permanganate MnO4− Phosphate PO43−
Acetate (ethanoate) CH3COO− Phosphide P3−

Solubility table
Soluble compounds Exceptions
Almost all salts of Na+, K+ and NH4+
All salts of Cl-, Br - and I- ⇔ Halides of Ag+, Ba2+ and Pb2+
Compounds containing F- ⇔ Fluorides of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

and Pb2+
Salts of
nitrate, NO3-
chlorate, ClO3-
perchlorate, ClO4- potassium perchlorate, KClO4
acetate, CH3COO-
Salts of sulfate, SO42- ⇔ Sulfates of Sr2+, Ba2+ and Pb2+
Insoluble compounds Exceptions
All salts of ⇔ Salts of NH4+ and alkali metal cations

carbonate, CO32-
phosphate, PO43-
oxalate, C2O42-
chromate, CrO42-
sulfide, S2-
Most metal hydroxides, OH-
Most metal oxides, O2-

Generic checklist for graphs
Assessment Criteria Rating
2 1 Comments
Correct type of graph Correct type Not correct
(bar/histogram/line/pie type
chart)
Suitable heading Complete Not present or
describing variables incomplete
Independent variable on Present Not present
x-axis (horizontal)
Suitable scale on x-axis Correct Incorrect
(horizontal)
Labelling x-axis Correct Incorrect
(horizontal)
Units for independent Correct Incorrect
variable on x-axis
(horizontal)
Dependent variable on Present Not present
y-axis (vertical)
Suitable scale on y-axis Correct Incorrect
(vertical)
Labelling y-axis (vertical) Correct Incorrect
Units for independent Correct Incorrect
variable on y-axis
(vertical)
Plotting points (check All correct All incorrect
any three) or 1–2 correct
Neatness (joining points) Tidy Untidy
Size of graph Large, clear Small, unclear

Teacher assessment grid A
Summative assessment: Practical work
Class:_________________________________________________________ Date:__________________________
(Add marks in the appropriate column)
Experiment 1: Experiment 2: Project TOTAL

Chemistry Physics
Learner’s name Total marks 20 Total marks 20 Total marks 20 60 marks

grid B Teacher assessment
Summative assessment: Control tests
Class:_________________________________________________________ Date:__________________________
Control test 1 Control test 2

Total marks Marks out Total marks Marks out Total marks
Learner’s name 50 of 10 50 of 10 out of 20

Teacher assessment grid C
Summative assessment: Assessment tasks
Class:_________________________________________________________ Date:__________________________
Control tests Mid-year Practical work TOTAL

examination
Learner’s name Total marks 20 Total marks 20 Total marks 60 100 marks

SECTION F
DOCUMENTS
This section is for you to file the Curriculum and Assessment

Policy Statement (CAPS) for Physical Sciences. You may add any
other documents you receive to this section and list them here
for easy reference.
••F-DOCUMENTS CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:18 PM

••F-DOCUMENTS CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 2 2013/06/11 9:18 PM
Grade
Study & Master
12
Physical Sciences
Study & Master Physical Sciences Grade 12 has been especially
developed by an experienced author team for the Curriculum
and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS). This new and easy-to-
use course helps learners to master essential content and skills in
Physical Sciences.
The comprehensive Learner’s Book:
explains key concepts and scientific terms in accessible
language and provides learners with a glossary of scientific
terminology to aid understanding
provides for frequent consolidation in the Summative
assessments at the end of each module
includes case studies that link science to real-life situations
and present balanced views on sensitive issues
includes ‘Did you know?’ features providing interesting
additional information
highlights examples, laws and formulae in boxes for
easy reference.
The innovative Teacher’s Guide includes:
guidance on the teaching of each lesson of the year
answers to all activities in the Learner’s Book
assessment guidelines
photocopiable templates and resources for the teacher.
After years of working in laboratories Karin Kelder taught at a range

of schools, tutored mainstream learners and was involved in outreach
programmes at disadvantaged schools in the Overberg. She is now a
fulltime author. Derick Govender is a subject advisor for Physical Sciences
in KZN, a national moderator for School Based Assessments and for
Marking Standards. Jagathesan Govender now lectures in Physics at
UKZN after a long career as subject advisor for Physical Sciences as well
as an examiner and moderator of provincial matric examination papers.
www.cup.co.za
I S B N 978-1-107-69148-3
9 781107 691483
SM_Physical Sciences_12_TG_CAPS_ENG .indd 2 2013/06/11 8:34 PM

Study Master Physical Sciences Grade 12 Teacher S Guide

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Physical

Karin H Kelder • Derick Govender

SM_Physical Sciences_12_TG_CAPS_ENG .indd 1 2013/06/11 8:34 PM

Karin H Kelder • Derick Govender

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,

Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press 2013

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

First published 2013

Editor: Sanne Paarman

The photocopy masters in this publication may be photocopied or

••0-Prelims_CUP_PS_TF_Gr12.indd 2 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

Section Title Contents Page

••0-Prelims_CUP_PS_TF_Gr12.indd 3 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

••0-Prelims_CUP_PS_TF_Gr12.indd 4 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

General aims of the South African Curriculum A1

••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

General aims of the South African Curriculum

The purpose of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R to 12

The principles of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R to 12

••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

High knowledge and high skills

Human rights, inclusivity, environmental and social justice

Valuing indigenous knowledge systems

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Credibility, quality and efficiency

Qualities and skills of learners

Inclusive education and training should:

••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 3 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 4 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

Look out for a learner who:

Please note that:

Extreme poverty: This barrier to learning requires extreme sensitivity from

The key to managing inclusivity is ensuring that barriers are identified

••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 5 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

Specific aims of Physical Sciences

Skills required for the study of Physical Sciences:

Physical Sciences aims to promote knowledge and skills in these fields:

••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 6 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

Physical Sciences also prepares learners for future learning, specialist

Developing language skills: Reading and writing

Recommended informal assessment

Time allocation of Physical Sciences in the curriculum

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••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 8 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

••A-INTRODUCTION CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 9 2013/06/11 9:11 PM

Overview of practical work

Overview of formal assessment and recommended informal

A10 SECTION A • INTRODUCTION

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Weighting of topics (40 week programme)

SECTION A • INTRODUCTION A11

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Informal or daily assessment B1

••B-ASSESSMENT CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:13 PM

Assessment should be both informal (assessment for learning) and formal

Informal or daily assessment

••B-ASSESSMENT CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 1 2013/06/11 9:13 PM

••B-ASSESSMENT CUP_TF_PS_Gr12.indd 2 2013/06/11 9:13 PM

a) Name the type of reaction represented by P. (1)

e) secondary alcohol (1)

4.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum. (3)