Report

on
BASEMENT

SUBMITTED BY

SHARMA RICHA M.

ROLL NO. 2018163T

03-11-2020
 BASEMENT
BASEMENTS ARE COMMON IN TALL BUILDINGS AS CAR PARKS, STORAGE OF SERVICES
AND UNDERGROUND SHOPPING CENTRES. THE TERM “BASEMENT” HAS BEEN REGARDED AS
SYNONYMOUS TO THE TERM “DEEP PIT”, WHICH APPLIES TO EXCAVATIONS OVER 4.5 M
DEEP.

PURPOSE OF BASEMENT :

THE MAIN PURPOSE OF CONSTRUCTING BASEMENTS ARE:

➢ TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SPACE,

➢ AS A FORM OF BUOYANCY RAFT,
➢ IN SOME CASES, BASEMENTS MAY BE NEEDED FOR REDUCING NET BEARING PRESSURE
BY THE REMOVAL OF THE SOIL.

IN MOST CASES, THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE BASEMENT IN A BUILDING

➢ IS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR THE OWNER,
➢ AND THE FACT THAT IT REDUCES THE NET BEARING PRESSURE BY THE WEIGHT OF THE
DISPLACED SOIL MAY BE QUITE INCIDENTAL.

IN CASES WHERE BASEMENTS ARE ACTUALLY NEEDED FOR THEIR FUNCTION IN REDUCING
NET BEARING PRESSURE, THE ADDITIONAL FLOOR SPACE IN THE SUBSTRUCTURE IS AN
ADDED BONUS
BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

➢ BASEMENTS REQUIRE CAREFUL DESIGN IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE CORRECT LEVEL OF

WATERPROOFING REQUIRED FOR THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
➢ THERE ARE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION. TYPE A, B AND C.
➢

TYPE A BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

TYPE A IS A TANKED PROTECTION. THIS CONSTRUCTION

CONSISTS OF A WATER RESISTANT LAYER IN THE FORM OF
A MEMBRANE, USUALLY INSTALLED TO THE EXTERNAL
FACE OF THE STRUCTURE. THERE ARE MANY VARIATIONS
OF TYPE A CONSTRUCTIONS. THIS FORM OF BASEMENT
CONSTRUCTION DOES NOT HAVE INTEGRAL PROTECTION
AGAINST WATER PENETRATION AND THEREFORE
COMPLETELY RELIES ON THE WATERPROOFING
MEMBRANE.

TYPE B BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

TYPE B IS A STRUCTURALLY INTEGRAL PROTECTION. THIS IS
USUALLY A FORM OF PRESTRESSED OR REINFORCED CONCRETE
THAT IS WATER RESISTANT. THE CONCRETE IS NOT AS EFFECTIVE
IN RESISTANCE TO WATER VAPOUR MOVEMENT SO IS OFTEN
INCORPORATED INTO A TYPE A OR TYPE C CONSTRUCTION.

TYPE C BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

TYPE C BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATES A
DRAINAGE CAVITY WITHIN THE STRUCTURE WHICH COLLECTS
WATER AND REMOVES IT TO A PUMP DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
TYPE A – IN FOCUS:
THESE STRUCTURES RELY ON A WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE TO KEEP WATER OUT. THIS
MEMBRANE CAN BE INSTALLED IN FOUR WAYS:
➢ ON THE EXTERIOR FACE OF WALLS AND FLOOR – EXTERNAL
➢ ON AN EXTERNAL SOURCE OF SUPPORT – REVERSED
➢ WITHIN THE CONSTRUCTION – SANDWICHED
➢ ON THE INTERIOR FACE OF WALLS – INTERNAL
IF THE TANKING SYSTEM IS INSTALLED IN A LOCATION THAT HAS A HIGH WATER TABLE,
ANY DEFECTS IN THE TANKING WILL ALLOW WATER TO ENTER THE STRUCTURE AS FREE
WATER. IF THIS WATER IS NOT REMOVED, THE BASEMENT WILL FILL TO THE LEVEL OF THE
WATER TABLE.

EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL TANKING IS THE PREFERRED OPTION OF A TYPE A CONSTRUCTION, PROVIDING
SITE CONDITIONS PERMIT. THE EXTERNAL WATER PRESSURE FORCES THE MEMBRANE
AGAINST THE STRUCTURE THUS CREATING A STRONG RESISTANCE. ALTHOUGH A
RELIABLE SYSTEM, ACCESS FOR REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE CAN BE DIFFICULT AND IT
CAN BE EXPENSIVE TO INSTALL.

REVERSED
THIS METHOD APPLIES THE TANKING MEMBRANE TO A SURFACE (OFTEN PILING SUPPORT
OR TEMPORARY/ENABLING WORKS) PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAIN STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS AGAINST IT.
SANDWICHED
SHOULD EXTERNAL TANKING BE UNSUITABLE, IT IS SUGGESTED SANDWICHED TANKING
TO BE USED. THIS METHOD PLACES THE MEMBRANE TO A STRUCTURAL MASONRY WALL
(OR FLOOR), AND FULLY SUPPORTED BY A LOADING COAT (CONCRETE SLAB FOR FLOORS
AND BLOCKWORK FOR WALLS) WHICH WILL PREVENT IT FROM BEING DETACHED AND
PUSHED AWAY FROM THE SURFACE BY EXTERNAL PRESSURES.

INTERNAL
INTERNAL TANKING IS APPLIED TO THE INSIDE OF A STRUCTURAL WALL, HOWEVER, IT IS
SUSCEPTIBLE TO HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, AND AS SUCH MUST BE XED USING
MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE OR IN SOME CASES A NON STRUCTURAL INNER
SKIN.
TYPE B

PROTECTION AGAINST WATER INGRESS WHICH IS PROVIDED BY THE STRUCTURE.

TYPE B PROTECTION RELIES UPON THE DESIGN AND MATERIALS INCORPORATED

INTO THE EXTERNAL SHELL OF THE STRUCTURE ITSELF. STRUCTURES THAT PROVIDE
TYPE B PROTECTION SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED OF REINFORCED WATER-RESISTANT
CONCRETE OR STRUCTURAL STEEL.

TYPE B DESIGNS PLACE ADDED IMPORTANCE ON THE DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURE

AND THE SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS AS WELL AS THE QUALITY OF THE
WORKMANSHIP INVOLVED IN PREPARING AND PLACING CONCRETE. THIS IS DUE TO
THE FACT THAT THE PATTERN OF ANY SEEPAGE ENCOUNTERED IS OFTEN
ASSOCIATED WITH POOR JOINTS, CRACKS OR OTHER DISCONTINUITIES SUCH AS
SERVICE PENETRATIONS.
TYPE C (DRAINED) PROTECTION

PROTECTION AGAINST WATER INGRESS INTO USABLE SPACES WHICH IS PROVIDED BY

THE INCORPORATION OF AN APPROPRIATE INTERNAL WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

TYPE C PROTECTION OFFERS A WATERPROOFING SOLUTION BY ALLOWING

GROUNDWATER TO PENETRATE THROUGH THE EXTERNAL WALL OR FLOOR AS FAR AS THE
CAVITY BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL SHELL AND INTERNAL LINING/FINISHES, COLLECTING IT
VIA A CAVITY DRAIN MEMBRANE AND THEN DIVERTING IT INTO CONTROLLED DRAINAGE
AND A DESIGNATED SAFE POINT OF DISPOSAL.

CAVITY DRAIN MEMBRANES ARE STUDDED ON THE EXTERNAL FACING SURFACE,

ALLOWING ANY WATER THAT PENETRATES THE STRUCTURE AND REACHES THE
MEMBRANE TO FLOW INTO THE DESIGNED DRAINAGE CHANNELS THAT CARRY THE WATER
TO EITHER A SUMP AND PUMP CHAMBER OR AWAY FROM THE STRUCTURE IF PASSIVE
DRAINAGE IS POSSIBLE.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS

THERE ARE ESSENTIALLY THREE GENERAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING A BASEMENT:

➢ OPEN CUT METHOD.

➢ CUT AND COVER METHOD.
➢ TOP DOWN METHOD.

OPEN CUT METHOD

THIS IS THE SIMPLEST AND MOST STRAIGHT FORWARD TECHNIQUE OF PROVIDING AN
EXCAVATION TO THE REQUIRED DEPTH. THE SIDES OF THE EXCAVATION ARE SLOPED TO
PROVIDE STABILITY, WITH POSSIBLE SLOPE PROTECTION TO MAXIMISE THE ANGLE OF
THE SLOPE. UPON EXCAVATING TO THE REQUIRED DEPTH, THE BASEMENT IS
CONSTRUCTED FROM BOTTOM UPWARDS. AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE BASEMENT,
THE REMAINING EXCAVATED AREAS BETWEEN THE BASEMENT AND THE SIDE SLOPE ARE
BACKFILLED.

➢ VERY OLD METHOD

➢ USED IN OPEN SPACE AREA WHERE THERE IS NO OBSTRUCTION & NO BUILDING

/STRUCTURE NEAR BY

➢ ECONOMICAL COMPARED TO THE OTHER TYPE

➢ BEYOND 6M DEEP, UNECONOMICAL AS IT WILL INVOLVE A MASSIVE EXCAVATION

WORK AND WILL REQUIRE RETAINING WALL

➢ CAN BE USED IN ALMOST ANY SOIL CONDITION

➢ A SLOPED OPEN CUT EXCAVATION IS THE MOST COST AND SCHEDULE EFFECTIVE.
➢ WHEN THE TRENCH IS VERY DEEP AND/OR EXPENSIVE BACKFILL MATERIALS ARE
REQUIRED, THEN A VERTICAL CUT AT THE TOE OF THE SLOPE SUPPORTED BY SHORING
MAY BE EFFECTIVE

ADVANTAGES

➢ ALLOWS CONTINUOUS EXCAVATION, LAYING AND BACK FILLING OPERATIONS.

➢ MINOR BREAK DOWN SUSUALLY DO NOT CAUSE DELAYS TO ALL ACTIVITIES.
➢ THE OPEN TRENCH NEEDS ONLY THE DESIGN OF THE CUT BANK SLOPE.
➢ BECAUSE THERE ARE NO ADDITIONAL SUPPORT OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT, IT IS THE
ECONOMICAL CHOICE.
➢ THE OPEN TRENCH PROVIDES EASY ACCESS TO THE WORK BECAUSE EQUIPMENT AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ARE MINIMIZED.
➢ THE OPEN CUT METHOD IS SUITABLE FOR MOST GROUND CONDITIONS, EXCEPT FOR
OOZING MUD (SOFT MUD OR LIME) AND RUNNING SANDS
DISADVANTAGES

➢ THE SLOPE OF THE BANK REQUIRES MORE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL VOLUME THAN
THE OTHER OPTIONS.
➢ THE ONLY BANK SUPPORT IS THE STRENGTH OF THE SOIL. IF DRYING, FLOODING, OR
CHANGE OF SOIL PROPERTIES WEAKENS THE SOIL, THEN SLOUGHING AND COLLAPSE
CAN HAPPEN WITH LITTLE OR NO WARNING.
➢ THE SLOPED BANKS REQUIRE A WIDER WORK AREA.
➢ THE BANK SLOPES MAY FORCE THE USE OF LARGER EQUIPMENT BECAUSE THE
DISTANCE TO REACH INTO THE TRENCH IS INCREASED AND A GREATER VOLUME OF SOIL
MUST BE EXCAVATED AND BACKFILLED.

CUT AND COVER CONSTRUCTION

➢ THE CUT AND COVER CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN USED FOR MANY YEARS
AS A MEANS FOR BUILDING UNDERGROUND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
➢ THIS METHOD INVOLVES THE INSTALLATION OF TEMPORARY WALLS TO SUPPORT THE
SIDES OF THE EXCAVATION, A BRACING SYSTEM, CONTROL OF GROUND WATER, AND
UNDER PINNING OF ADJACENT STRUCTURES WHERE NECESSARY.
BOTTOM-UP CONSTRUCTION OFFERS SEVERAL ADVANTAGES:

➢ IT IS A CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION METHOD WELL UNDERSTOOD BY

CONTRACTORS.
➢ WATERPROOFING CAN BE APPLIED TO THE OUTSIDE SURFACE OF THE STRUCTURE.
➢ THE INSIDE OF THE EXCAVATION IS EASILY ACCESSIBLE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT AND THE DELIVERY, STORAGE AND PLACEMENT OF MATERIALS.
➢ DRAINAGE SYSTEMS CAN BE INSTALLED OUTSIDE THE STRUCTURE TO WATER OR
DIVERT IT AWAY FROM THE STRUCTURE.

DISADVANTAGES OF BOTTOM-UP CONSTRUCTION INCLUDE:

➢ SOMEWHAT LARGER FOOTPRINT REQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION THAN FOR TOP-

DOWN CONSTRUCTION.
➢ THE GROUND SURFACE CAN NOT BE RESTORED TO ITS FINAL CONDITION UNTIL
CONSTRUCTION IS COMPLETE.
➢ REQUIRES TEMPORARY SUPPORT OR RELOCATION OF UTILITIES.
➢ MAY REQUIRE DEWATERING THAT COULD HAVE ADVERSE AFFECTS ON
SURROUNDING INFRASTRUCTURE.

TOP-DOWN CONSTRUCTION

WITH TOP-DOWN CONSTRUCTION IN FIGURE, THE TUNNEL WALLS ARE

CONSTRUCTED FIRST, USUALLY USING SLURRY WALLS, ALTHOUGH SECANT PILE
WALLS ARE ALSO USED. IN THIS METHOD THE SUPPORT OF EXCAVATION IS OFTEN
THE FINAL STRUCTURAL TUNNEL WALLS. SECONDARY FINISHING WALLS ARE
PROVIDED UPON COMPLETION OF THE CONSTRUCTION. NEXT THE ROOF IS
CONSTRUCTED AND TIED INTO THE SUPPORT OF EXCAVATION WALLS. THE SURFACE
IS THEN REINSTATED BEFORE THE COMPLETION OF THE CONSTRUCTION. THE
REMAINDER OF THE EXCAVATION IS COMPLETED UNDER THE PROTECTION OF THE
TOP SLAB. UPON THE COMPLETION OF THE EXCAVATION, THE FLOOR IS COMPLETED
AND TIED INTO THE WALLS. THE TUNNEL FINISHES ARE INSTALLED WITHIN THE
COMPLETED STRUCTURE. FOR WIDER TUNNELS, TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT PILES
OR WALL ELEMENTS ARE SOMETIMES INSTALLED ALONG THE CENTER OF THE
PROPOSED TUNNEL TO REDUCE THE SPAN OF THE ROOF AND FLOORS OF THE TUNNEL.

TOP-DOWN CONSTRUCTION OFFERS SEVERAL ADVANTAGES IN COMPARISON TO

BOTTOM-UP CONSTRUCTION:

➢ IT ALLOWS EARLY RESTORATION OF THE GROUND SURFACE ABOVE THE

TUNNEL THE TEMPORARY SUPPORT OF EXCAVATION WALLS ARE USED AS THE
PERMANENT STRUCTURAL WALLS.
➢ THE STRUCTURAL SLABS WILL ACT AS INTERNAL BRACING FOR THE SUPPORT OF
EXCAVATION THUS REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF TIE BACKS REQUIRED IT
REQUIRES SOMEWHAT LESS WIDTH FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AREA.
➢ EASIER CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF SINCE IT CAN BE CAST ON PREPARED GRADE
RATHER THAN USING BOTTOM FORMS.
➢ IT MAY RESULT IN LOWER COST FOR THE TUNNEL BY THE ELIMINATION OF THE
SEPARATE, CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE WALLS WITHIN THE EXCAVATION AND
REDUCING THE NEED FOR TIE BACKS AND INTERNAL BRACING.
➢ IT MAY RESULT IN SHORTER CONSTRUCTION DURATION BY OVERLAPPING
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

DISADVANTAGES OF TOP-DOWN CONSTRUCTION INCLUDE:

➢ INABILITY TO INSTALL EXTERNAL WATERPROOFING OUTSIDE THE TUNNEL

WALLS.
➢ MORE COMPLICATED CONNECTIONS FOR THE ROOF, FLOOR AND BASE SLABS.
➢ POTENTIAL WATER LEAKAGE AT THE JOINTS BETWEEN THE SLABS AND THE
WALLS
➢ RISKS THAT THE EXTERIOR WALLS (OR CENTER COLUMNS) WILL EXCEED
SPECIFIED INSTALLATION TOLERANCES AND EXTEND WITHIN THE NEAT LINE OF
THE INTERIOR SPACE.
➢ ACCESS TO THE EXCAVATION IS LIMITED TO THE PORTALS OR THROUGH SHAFTS
THROUGH THE ROOF.
➢ LIMITED SPACES FOR EXCAVATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE BOTTOM SLAB.
RAFT FOUNDATIONS

➢ A RAFT FOUNDATION IS A CONTINUOUS SLAB OF CONCRETE USUALLY COVERING AN

AREA EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE BASE OF A BUILDING OR STRUCTURE TO
PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR WALLS OR LIGHTLY LOADED COLUMNS AND SERVE AS A BASE
FOR THE GROUND FLOOR.
➢ THE WORD RAFT IS USED IN THE SENSE THAT THE SLAB OF CONCRETE FLOATS ON THE
SURFACE AS A RAFT DOES ON WATER. RAFT FOUNDATIONS ARE USED FOR LIGHTLY
LOADED STRUCTURES ON SOILS WITH POOR BEARING CAPACITY AND WHERE
VARIATIONS IN SOIL CONDITIONS NECESSITATE A CONSIDERABLE SPREAD OF LOADS.
➢ BEAM AND RAFT AND CELLULAR RAFT FOUNDATIONS ARE USED FOR MORE HEAVILY
LOADED STRUCTURES, WHERE THE BEAMS OR CELLS OF A RAFT ARE USED TO PROVIDE
WIDE SPREAD OF LOADS.
THE THREE TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RAFT FOUNDATIONS ARE:
➢ SOLID SLAB RAFTS.
➢ BEAM AND SLAB RAFTS.
➢ CELLULAR RAFTS.

SOLID SLAB RAFT FOUNDATION

THESE ARE CONSTRUCTED OF UNIFORM THICKNESS OVER THE WHOLE RAFT AREA.
THE EFFECT OF THE LOAD FROM COLUMN AND THE GROUND PRESSURE IS TO CREATE
AREAS OF TENTION UNDER THE COLUMN AND THE AREAS OF TENTION IN THE UPPER PART
OF THE RAFT BETWEEN THE COLUMN.
OFTEN THE NOMINAL MESH OF REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED IN THE FACES WHERE
TENTION DOES NOT OCCUR TO CONTROL SHRINKAGE CRACKING OF THE CONCRETE.

BEAM AND SLAB RAFT FOUNDATION :

BEAM AND SLAB RAFTS ARE ALTERNATIVES TO THE SOLID SLAB RAFT AND ARE USED
WHERE POOR SOILS ARE UNCOUNTERED.
THE BEAMS ARE USED TO DISTRIBUTE THE COLUMN LOAD OVER THE AREA OF THE RAFT,
THAT RESULTS IN THE REDUCTION OF THE SLAB THICKNESS.
THE BEAMS CAN BE UPSTAND OR DOWNSTAND DEPENDING UPON THE BEARING CAPACITY
OF SOIL NEAR THE SURFACE.
DOWNSTAND BEAMS WILL GIVE A SAVING ON EXCAVATION COSTS WHEREAS UPSTAND
BEAMS CREATE A USABLE VOID BELOW THE GROUNG FLOOR IF A SUSPENDED SLAB IS
USED.
CELLULAR RAFT FOUNDATION

THESE TYPE OF FOUNDATIONS ARE USED ON SOFT COMPRESSIBLE SUBSOIL SUCH AS SOFT
CLAY OR PIT.
SO DURING CURING PROCESS THE REINFORCEMENT AT THE BOTTOM SHOULD BE
PROVIDED TRUE LEVEL SURFACE FROM WHICH THE REINFORCEMENT CAN BE
POSITIONED.
A BLINDING LAYER OF 50 TO 75MM THICK OF WEAK CONCRETE OR COURSE SAND SHOULD
BE PLACED UNDER REINFORSED CONCRETE (RAFT) FOUNDATION.
THE FUNCTION OF THIS LAYER IS TO FILL IN ANY WEAK POCKETS ENCOUNTERED DURING
EXCAVATION.

REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF RAFT FOUNDATION

BASEMENT WATERPROOFING :
 BRITISH STANDARD BS8102: 1990 – CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES
AGAINST WATER FROM THE GROUND DEFINES PERFORMANCE LEVELS FOR THE DRYNESS
OF BUILDING BASEMENTS IN FOUR GRADES AS FOLLOWS:
TO ACHIEVE THE PERFORMANCE LEVEL REQUIRED, ONE OR A COMBINATION OF THE
FOLLOWING WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS MAY BE ADOPTED:
➢ MEMBRANE SYSTEM
➢ INTEGRAL SYSTEM
➢ CAVITY/DRAINAGE SYSTEM

MEMBRANE SYSTEM :
IT PROVIDES A PHYSICAL BARRIER FORMING A TANKING SYSTEM USING EITHER SHEET
MEMBRANES OR LIQUID MEMBRANES OR BOTH TO THE FLOW OF WATER [42, 43]. SHEET
MEMBRANES ARE PREFORMED, FACTORY-MADE IN ROLLS, WHICH ARE BONDED OR CAST
AGAINST THE SUBSTRATE TO FORM A CONTINUOUS MEMBRANE BY LAPPING. SIDE LAPS
OF 100 MM AND END LAPS OF 150 MM ARE COMMON. LAPPING MAY BE ACHIEVED BY
TORCHING/FLAMING, USE OF BONDING COMPOUND OR SELF-ADHESIVE MEMBRANES.

GENERIC TYPES OF SHEET MEMBRANES

LIQUID MEMBRANES COME IN EITHER ONE OR TWO-COMPONENT IN LIQUID OR GEL

FORM. THEY ARE APPLIED EITHER BY BRUSH, ROLLERS OR SPRAY. LIQUID MEMBRANES
GIVE THE FLEXIBILITY FOR WORKS ON UNEVEN SURFACE AND COMPLICATED DETAILS.
 GENERIC TYPES OF LIQUID MEMBRANES

TYPICAL DETAILS FOR BASEMENT WATERPROOFING

USING A MEMBRANE SYSTEM

INTEGRAL SYSTEM :
IT PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST WATER PENETRATION BASED ON THE USE OF
ADMIXTURES WITH WATERPROOFING PROPERTIES IN THE CONCRETE MIX TO FORM
CONCRETE WITH SURFACES THAT ARE REPELLENT TO WATER, AND/OR TO FILL THE
CAPILLARY PORES HENCE REDUCES THE PERMEABILITY OF THE CONCRETE. THERE ARE
TWO MAIN TYPES OF INTEGRAL WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS:
➢ THE HYDROPHILIC AND
➢ HYDROPHOBIC SYSTEMS.
 A HYDROPHILIC SYSTEM TYPICALLY USES A CRYSTALLIZATION TECHNOLOGY THAT
REPLACES THE WATER IN THE CONCRETE WITH INSOLUBLE CRYSTALS.
A HYDROPHOBIC SYSTEM USES REACTIVE HYDROPHOBIC PRE-BLOCKING INGREDIENTS,
FATTY ACIDS, SILICA FUME ETC TO BLOCK PORES WITHIN THE CONCRETE, PREVENTING
WATER PASSAGE.

INTERIOR CAVITY AND EXTERIOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM :

A CAVITY SYSTEM ALLOWS WATER TO ENTER THE STRUCTURE, CONTAIN AND DIRECT
IT TO SUMPS FROM WHERE IT IS REMOVED BY DRAINAGE OR PUMPING. CAVITY SYSTEM IS
SUITABLE FOR CASES WHERE THE USE OF TANKING SYSTEM (I.E. PHYSICALLY STOPPING
THE WATER), COULD RESULT IN HIGHER WATER TABLE AND/OR UNACCEPTABLE STRESSES
BEHIND THE STRUCTURE. THE INNER WALL IS GENERALLY NON-LOAD BEARING AND MAY
NEED TO BE DESIGNED TO BE FREE STANDING TO PREVENT MOISTURE PATHS OCCURRING
ACROSS TIES. CAVITIES UNDER FLOOR MAY BE FORMED FROM NO-FINES CONCRETE OR
PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS SUCH AS PROFILED DRAINAGE SHEETS OR PURPOSE-MADE TILES.

CAVITY SYSTEM
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF WATERSTOPS
 COLUMN 600 x 300
COVER 40
℄ ℄ ℄ ℄ ℄ ℄ ℄ ℄
HELICAL BAR 8 Ø @ 150 C/C

1050 1150 1150 1050

℄ ℄
COVER 225

450
MAIN BAR 16 Ø 8 NOS.

4400
4500

1200
900
℄
PILE CAP 450 Ø

450
℄ ℄

PCC BED PLAN OF PILE

1050 1175 1175 1175 1175 1175 1175 1050 450 600 450
DETAIL B 9150 2400
9450 2700 SCALE : 1:10
D E T A I L C
L IFT PLAN ℄ ℄ ℄ ℄
SCALE : 1:25 450 600 1175 1175

SCALE : 1:100 COLUMN 600 x 600

1050
℄ 2025
℄
450 1125 450
7080

℄
℄ ℄
DETAIL C COVER 225

450
℄ PILE CAP 600 HT

1150
℄
A'
℄ COLUMN 600 x 600 PCC BED 150 THK

2325

1125
2025

℄
A ℄
DETAIL A PILE CAP 450 Ø
PILE CAP 450Ø

1150
℄
450
SHEAR WALL 300 THK
7445

℄
2025
B' 2325

1050
℄
PCC BED
B ℄

7955

PART PLAN D E T A I L A D E T A I L B V I E W

SCALE : 1:100 SCALE : 1:25 SCALE : 1:25 SCALE : 1:25

450

SPLIT & TURN ENDS

450
20 - 40 THK MS STRAP CAST
℄

LIFT LIFT FIRE LIFT

COVER 40 COVER 40 INTO CAST IRON SHOE
2.05 x 2.00 2.05 x 2.00 2.05 x 2.00
4570

COLUMN 600 x 600 COLUMN 600 x 600

LIFT LOBBY
℄

MAIN BAR 18 Ø MAIN BAR 18 Ø

1585 4260

220
CAST IRON SHOE
UP
℄ ℄

LINKS 12 Ø @ 300 C/C LINKS 12 Ø @ 300 C/C

30
FEMALE TOILET
4.1 x 3.1 M
MALE TOILET PLINTH BEAM 600 THK
5.67 x 3.1 M

D E T A I L D
7625

PANTRY
3.2 x 2.7 PILE CAP PILE CAP

PCC BED WITH WATER PROOFING PCC BED WITH WATER PROOFING
SCALE : 1:10
℄

230 THK DRY RUBBLE SOLING 230 THK DRY RUBBLE SOLING
7445

MURRUM FILLING MURRUM FILLING

OFFICE 3
24 x 30 M
HELICAL BAR 8 Ø HELICAL BAR 8 Ø SPLIT & TURN ENDS
℄

MAIN BAR 16 Ø MAIN BAR 16 Ø

7445

LINKS 12 Ø @ 150 C/C LINKS 12 Ø @ 300 C/C

20 - 40 THK MS STRAP CAST
INTO CAST IRON SHOE
℄

4100

PILE CAP 450 Ø PILE CAP 450 Ø

7445

UP
3345

SERVER
ROOM
20 - 40 THK MILD STEEL STRAP 20 - 40 THK MILD STEEL STRAP
℄

DETAIL D
7955 7955 7955 CAST IRON SHOE
℄ ℄ ℄ ℄ CAST IRON SHOE CAST IRON SHOE

K E Y P L A N SEACTION A-A' SECTION B-B' VIEW OF CAST IRON SHOE

SCALE : 1:200 SCALE : 1:25 SCALE : 1:25 SCALE : 1:10

NOTE : ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM

SIGN SHARMA RICHA M.

D.B.H.C.O.A
P I L E F O U N D A T I O N SUB. :- A.L.D.S
SCALE SHEET NO. ROLL NO. DATE
- 01 2018163T 08/09/2020
BASEMENT FOUNDATIONS :- BEAM AND SLAB RAFT FOUNDATION 20 THK FLOOR FINISH

40 20
· THE BEAMS ARE USED TO DISTRIBUTE THE COLUMN LOAD OVER THE AREA OF THE RAFT, 40 THK SCREEDING

1500
THAT RESULTS IN THE REDUCTION OF THE SLAB THICKNESS. 150 THK PCC BED

· THE BEAMS CAN BE UPSTAND OR DOWNSTAND DEPENDING UPON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF BRICK BAT COBA OR MURRUM FILLING
230 THK BRICK WALL
SOIL NEAR THE SURFACE.

4000
450 x 700 RCC INVERTED BEAM 20 THK EXTERNAL PLASTER

300 x 600 INVERTED BEAM

BASEMENT CONTRUCTION TECHNIQUE :- TYPE A IS A TANKED PROTECTION.

3000
300 THK BASEMENT SLAB
· THIS CONSTRUCTION CONSISTS OF A WATER RESISTANT LAYER IN THE FORM OF A MEMBRANE, CONCRETE WATA
450
USUALLY INSTALLED TO THE EXTERNAL FACE OF THE STRUCTURE.

150
150 THK PCC BED
· THIS FORM OF BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION DOES NOT HAVE INTEGRAL PROTECTION AGAINST RCC CHAJJA

40
40 THK SHAHABAD TANKING
WATER PENETRATION AND THEREFORE COMPLETELY RELIES ON THE WATERPROOFING

150
150 THK PCC BED DRIP MOULD
MEMBRANE.
230 THK DRY RUBBLE SOLING 20 THK WINDOW FRAME

750
VENTIALATOR

1200
SECTION B-B' 20 THK WINDOW SILL

SCALE :- 1:10 CONCRETE WATA

20 THK EXTERNAL PLASTER
3600

75 THK PLINTH PROTECTION

DETAIL C
230 THK DRY RUBBLE SOLING
GL GL
3000

20 THK FLOOR FINISH

1ST BASEMENT LVL DETAIL B
12 Ø BARS 150 C/C IN HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
40 THK SCREEDING
16 Ø BARS 150 C/C IN VERTICAL DIRECTION
2850

DETAIL A
BASEMENT GUTTER GRATING COLD JOINT

250 WIDE GUTTER CHANNEL WATER STOPS

230 THK DIAPHRAGM WALL

230 THK DIAPHRAGM WALL
S E C T I O N A - A ' 40 THK SHAHABAD TANKING
40 THK SHAHABAD TANKING
SCALE :- 1:100 200 THK 1ST LVL BASEMENT SLAB
D E T A I L C

SCALE :- 1:10
18910
℄ ℄ 18450
℄ ℄
6000 6000 6000
D E T A I L B
℄ 20 THK FLOOR FINISH
600 x 600 SUMP
SCALE :- 1:10
40 THK SCREEDING
A A'
6000

150 THK PCC BED

230 THK DIAPHRAGM WALL
DETAIL D 230 THK DIAPHRAGM WALL

GUTTER GRATING

40 20
℄
450 x 450 RCC COLUMN 250 WIDE GUTTER CHANNEL

1500
B B' COLD JOINT
450 x 700 RCC INVERTED BEAM
18910
18450
6000

SUMP OUTLET WATER STOPS

250 WIDE GUTTER CHANNEL 16 Ø BARS 150 C/C IN VERTICAL DIRECTION

4000
GUTTER GRATING

10 THK PCC LINING BRICK BAT COBA OR MURRUM FILLING

℄ HAUNCH BAR
75 THK BRICK WALL

3000
30 THK PCC BED 12 Ø BARS 150 C/C IN HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
6000

300 THK BASEMENT SLAB

150
150 THK PCC BED

40
40 THK SHAHABAD TANKING

150
℄ 150 THK PCC BED
230 THK DRY RUBBLE SOLING
18680
D E T A I L D

K E Y P L A N
SCALE :- 1:5 D E T A I L A

SCALE :- 1:100 SCALE :- 1:10

NOTE : ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM

SIGN SHARMA RICHA M.

D.B.H.C.O.A
B A S E M E N T SUB. :- A.L.D.S
SCALE SHEET NO. ROLL NO. DATE
- 02 2018163T 20/10/2020